IOT BASED AVOID FIRE ACCIDENT IN E-VEHICLE

WITH MULTIPLE FAULT DETECTION AND LI-ION

BATTERY MANAGEMENT

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

ANANTHARAJ.C (923020105301)
KAVITHA.R (923020105303)
SUTHI.S (923020105304)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ARULMURUGAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
THENNILAI, KARUR-639206

ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2024

i
 ANNA UNIVERSITY:CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “IOT BASED AVOID FIRE

ACCIDENT IN E-VEHICLE WITH MULTIPLE FAULT DETECTION
AND LI-ION BATTERY MANAGEMENT’’ is the bonafide work of
“ANANTHARAJ.C, KAVITHA.R, SUTHI.S’’who carried out the work
under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr.P.MANOJKUMAR,M.E.,MISTE., Mr.P.MANOJKUMAR,M.E.,MISTE.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, Electronics Engineering,
Arulmurugan College of Arulmurugan College of
Engineering, Engineering,
Thennilai, Karur-639 206. Thennilai, Karur-639 206.

Submitted to the ProjectViva -Voce held on,

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that one gets on completing a project cannot be fully

enjoyed without mentioning the people who made it possible. We express our
sincere thanks and grateful acknowledgement to our chairman
Thiru.V.CHANDRASEKARAN, and Correspondent
Dr.P.V.KANDASAMYM.Tech.,MBA.,MIE.,Arulmurugan College of
Engineering for providing ample facilities in the college of undertaking our
project.
We extend our gratitude to our respectable Principle of our College
Dr.P.SHANMUGAMM.E.,Ph.D.,MISTE.,FIE., for his valuable suggestions
and encouragement throughout the project.
We have immense pleasure in expressing our sincere gratitude to
Mr.P.MANOJKUMAR,M.E.,MISTE., Head of the Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering for his meticulous guidance which
was an inspiration to all.
We also extend our sincere thanks and gratitude to our project super
visorMr.P.MANOJKUMAR,M.E.,MISTE.,Department of Electrical and
Engineering, who has been a force to unveil the immense talent in us. We thank
her for leading us to reap our knowledge in our way,
We also extend our sincere thanks to our project
coordinatorMr.P.MANOJKUMAR,M.E.,MISTE.,Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering for providing all the necessary facilities for our
project.

And we also express our gratefulness to all teaching and non-

teaching staff members, lab technicians and Parents, family members,
friends for their affectionate , blessings and co-operation at all stages of
this academic venture.

iii
 ABSTRACT

The IoT-based Avoid Fire Accident in EV Vehicle with Multiple Fault

Detection and Li-ion Battery Management is a comprehensive system designed
to enhance the safety and reliability of electric vehicles (EVs). The project
incorporates advanced monitoring mechanisms to ensure the optimal
functioning of the electric vehicle. Key parameters such as temperature and
voltage levels of the Li-ion battery are continuously tracked in real-time. The
integration of IoT technology enables remote monitoring and reporting of these
crucial metrics, providing valuable insights to both vehicle owners and
manufacturers. This system employs a sophisticated fire detection sensor to
enhance safety measures. In the event of a fire being detected, the system is
programmed to automatically stop the vehicle to prevent further escalation of
the situation. This proactive approach significantly reduces the risk of fire-
related accidents in EVs. The system also includes a comprehensive dashboard
featuring an LCD display and IoT connectivity, allowing users to access real-
time data and receive immediate notifications in case of any abnormalities. The
incorporation of a buzzer further ensures that users are promptly alerted to
address any issues that may arise during the vehicle's operation. The project not
only focuses on monitoring critical parameters of the Li-ion battery but also
addresses safety concerns by integrating a fire sensor and an automatic
shutdown mechanism. The combination of real-time data visualization, IoT
connectivity, and immediate response capabilities contributes to a robust and
proactive solution for the safe operation of electric vehicles, mitigating potential
risks and enhancing overall user confidence in EV technology.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES Vii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview 1

1.2Embeddedsystem 3

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 8

3 EXISTING SYSTEM
3.1 Introduction 18

3.2Block diagram 18

3.3Disadvantage 19

4 PROPOSED SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction 20

4.2 Block diagram 20

4.3 Block explanation 21

4.4 Circuit diagram 22

4.5 Advantage 22

5 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 Arduino IDE 23

5.2 Proteus 25

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6 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 Power supply unit 27

6.2 Arduino UNO 28

6.3 Voltage sensor 32

6.4 Temperature sensor 34

6.5 Fire sensor 35

6.6 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 37

6.7 NodeMCU 38

6.8 Buzzer 40

6.9 DC Motor 41

7 SOURCE CODE
7.1 Arduino IDE 43

7.2 IOT Code 54

8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

ENHANCEMENT
8.1 Conclusion 59
8.2 Future enhancement 60

9 REFERENCE 61

10 HARDWARE PHOTO COPY 72

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 LIST OF FIGURE

FIG NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1.1 Embedded system 3

1.2 Characteristics of an embedded system 5
1.3 Basic structure of embedded system 6
3.2 Block diagram 18
4.2 Block diagram 20
4.4 Circuit diagram 22
5.1 Arduino IDE 23
5.2 Arduino IDE 24
5.3 Arduino IDE 25
5.4 Proteus 26
6.1 Power supply unit 27
6.2 Power supply unit board 28
6.3 Arduino board and microcontroller 28
6.4 Arduino 30
6.5 Voltage sensor 33
6.6 Temperature sensor 34
6.7 Fire sensor 36
6.8 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 38
6.9 NodeMCU 40
6.10 Buzzer 41
6.11 DC Meter 41

vii
 OBJECTIVE

The objective of the IoT-based Avoid Fire Accident in E-Vehicle with

Multiple Fault Detection and Li-ion Battery Management system is to enhance
the safety and reliability of electric vehicles. By continuously monitoring
parameters such as battery temperature and voltage levels in real-time. The
integrating IoT technology, the system enables remote monitoring and reporting
of these critical metrics, providing valuable insights to vehicle owners and
manufacturers.A sophisticated fire detection sensor and automatic vehicle
shutdown mechanism ensures proactive measures are taken to prevent fire-
related accidents, thus reducing risks and enhancing user confidence in EV
technology. Through real-time data visualization, IoT connectivity, and
immediate response capabilities, this project aims to offer a robust solution for
the safe operation of electric vehicles, ultimately improving overall safety
standards in the EV industry.

viii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
The purpose of our project, "IoT-based Avoid Fire Accident in EV
Vehicle with Multiple Fault Detection and Li-ion Battery Management," is to
address critical safety concerns in electric vehicles (EVs) while enhancing their
reliability and performance. As the adoption of EVs continues to rise, ensuring
the safety of these vehicles becomes paramount. Our project focuses on
integrating advanced monitoring mechanisms, IoT technology, and proactive
safety measures to mitigate potential risks and provide users with peace of mind
during their EV journeys. Implementing such a comprehensive system comes
with its own set of challenges. One of the primary implementation problems is
ensuring seamless integration of various sensors and monitoring devices within
the vehicle's architecture without compromising its design and functionality.
This requires careful planning and coordination to optimize space utilization
and minimize interference with other vehicle components. Another challenge
lies in the development of robust algorithms for real-time data analysis and fault
detection. The system must be capable of accurately interpreting data from
multiple sensors, detecting abnormalities, and initiating appropriate actions to
prevent potential hazards. Achieving this level of intelligence and
responsiveness demands extensive testing and refinement to ensure reliability
under diverse operating conditions. Furthermore, ensuring compatibility and
interoperability with existing EV models poses another implementation hurdle.
Our system must be adaptable to different vehicle configurations and
manufacturers' specifications to facilitate widespread adoption across the EV
industry. This necessitates collaboration with OEMs and standardization bodies
to establish common protocols and interfaces for seamless integration. Despite
these implementation challenges, the benefits of our project are significant. By

1
continuously monitoring key parameters such as battery temperature and
voltage levels, we can detect potential issues before they escalate, thereby
preventing fire accidents and enhancing overall safety. The integration of IoT
technology enables remote monitoring and reporting, providing users with real-
time insights into their vehicle's health and performance. Moreover, the
automatic shutdown mechanism triggered by the fire detection sensor adds an
extra layer of protection, minimizing the risk of fire-related accidents and
ensuring user safety. This proactive approach not only safeguards lives but also
protects investments by preventing costly damages to EVs and their
surroundings. Additionally, the comprehensive dashboard and notification
system empower users with actionable insights and timely alerts, allowing them
to take proactive measures and address any issues promptly. This enhances user
confidence in EV technology and promotes wider adoption of electric vehicles,
ultimately contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable transportation
ecosystem.

2
 1.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Fig: 1.1 block diagram of Embedded system

A system is an arrangement in which all its unit assemble work together

according to a set of rules. It can also be defined as a way of working,
organizing or doing one or many tasks according to a fixed plan. For example,
a watch is a time displaying system. Its components follow a set of rules to
show time. If one of its parts fails, the watch will stop working. So we can say,
in a system, all its subcomponents depend on each other.

As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is attached to

another thing. An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware
system having software embedded in it. An embedded system can be an
independent system or it can be a part of a large system. An embedded system
is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system which is designed to

3
perform a specific task. For example, a fire alarm is an embedded system; it
will sense only smoke.

An embedded system has three components −

 It has hardware.

 It has application software.

 It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the

application software and provide mechanism to let the processor run a
process as per scheduling by following a plan to control the latencies.
RTOS defines the way the system works. It sets the rules during the
execution of application program. A small scale embedded system may
not have RTOS.

So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software

driven, reliable, real-time control system.

1.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

 Single-functioned − an embedded system usually performs a specialized
operation and does the same repeatedly. For example: A pager always
functions as a pager.

 Tightly constrained − All computing systems have constraints on design

metrics, but those on an embedded system can be especially tight.
Design metrics is a measure of an implementation's features such as its
cost, size, power, and performance. It must be of a size to fit on a single
chip, must perform fast enough to process data in real time and consume
minimum power to extend battery life.

 Reactive and Real time − Many embedded systems must continually

react to changes in the system's environment and must compute certain

4
 results in real time without any delay. Consider an example of a car
cruise controller; it continually monitors and reacts to speed and brake
sensors. It must compute acceleration or de-accelerations repeatedly
within a limited time; a delayed computation can result in failure to
control of the car.

 Microprocessors based − It must be microprocessor or microcontroller

based.

 Memory − It must have a memory, as its software usually embeds in

ROM. It does not need any secondary memories in the computer.

 Connected − It must have connected peripherals to connect input and

output devices.

 HW-SW systems − Software is used for more features and flexibility.

Hardware is used for performance and security.

Fig: 1.2 block diagram 0f characteristics

5
1.2.2 ADVANTAGES

 Easily Customizable
 Low power consumption

 Low cost
 Enhanced performance

1.2.3 BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

The following illustration shows the basic structure of an embedded
system

Fig: 1.3 block diagram of basic structure

 Sensor − It measures the physical quantity and converts it to an electrical

signal which can be read by an observer or by any electronic instrument
like an A2D converter. A sensor stores the measured quantity to the
memory.

 A-D Converter − An analog-to-digital converter converts the analog

signal sent by the sensor into a digital signal.

 Processor & ASICs − Processors process the data to measure the output
and store it to the memory.

6
 D-A Converter − A digital-to-analog converter converts the digital data
fed by the processor to analog data

 Actuator − An actuator compares the output given by the D-A Converter

to the actual (expected) output stored in it and stores the approved
output.

7
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 TITLE: IoT Enabled Battery Status Monitoring System for Electric
Vehicles
AUTHOR: Sthitprajna Mishra; Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi;

YEAR:2023

DESCRIPTION:

Our energy usage is rising dramatically as generations change. Almost

seldom is a continuous source of energy possible. Devices that can efficiently
manage and store energy are required in such circumstances. This stored energy
has to be watched over, secured, and practical. The energy that has been stored
is safeguarded against overloading and overheating by an easy-to-use battery
management system. In this paper, a battery balancing technique for electric
vehicles is proposed. With an increase in the number of EV batteries connected
directly to relays. The system's operation is to short circuit any modules that
aren't working properly and might harm the car's performance. This method
effectively minimizes the cost because the complete battery wouldn't need to be
changed frequently due to a damaged Module. The use of this technique
lengthens the battery's lifespan and improves charging, discharging,
overcharging, and other circumstances. This study proposes and implements a
precise and efficient Node-RED electrical battery management system.

8
2.2TITLE:Battery State Estimation and Control System for Mobile Charging
Station for Electric Vehicles

AUTHOR: R. Gopalakrishnan; D. Sri Vidhya; P. Bharath; P. Kaviyan; P.

Sivaselvam

YEAR: 2023

DESCRIPTION:

A drastic development of automobile industry requires a new technology

to provide a superior service to people to handle their transportation needs. The
raise of Electric Vehicles (EV) attracts many people due to their pollution free
transportation support to an environment. Due to the EVs reliance on the
battery’s finite energy source, real power efficiency plays a major role. For most
efficient operation of power in the battery, Battery Management System (BMS)
has to be kept tracked and regulated during charging and draining of
rechargeable batteries. Optimized BMS monitoring system was employed in the
proposed system to keep track of the battery’s charge, voltage, current and
environmental temperature. The proposed system was tested in an EV with
Lithium Ferro Phosphate Battery and Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) Motor.
The proposed system was analysed with the volume of a battery charge, health
and its life span. This provides the development of architecture for intelligent
BMS.

9
2.3 TITLE: Battery Monitoring System for Electrical Vehicles (EVs)

AUTHOR:MahendraMeena; JeeneshKotwal; ShailuSachan

YEAR:2023
DESCRIPTION:

Lithium-ion batteries are more frequently used in vehicle batteries,

require effective monitoring in order to function better in every situation. The
State of Charging (SoC) and Temperature of battery are the two most crucial
factors when it comes to batteries because when a battery is overcharged, gases
like oxygen and hydrogen are released. In this paper, Battery Management
System (BMS) that addresses the electrical and thermal risks associated with
lithium-ion batteries is presented. The BMS is designed to provide secure and
dependable battery operation. This BMS uses sensors to monitor the battery’s
voltage, current, and temperature as well as to identify the emission of harmful
gases when the battery is overcharged. These values can also be shown on the
cloud, which introduces the idea of the Internet of Things (IoT).

10
2.4 TITLE: Dual Battery Charger System for Electric Vehicle

AUTHOR: Jyoti M. Kharade; Akshata A. Patil; Nikita V. Yadav; Bhimrao D.

Kamble;

YEAR: 2021

DESCRIPTION:

This paper presents the dual battery charging system using Arduino
control. Nowadays Electric Vehicles are facing more problems due to the
increased battery charging time. This paper provides the solution to reduce the
charging time by incorporating a dual battery charging system. The proposed
dual battery charging system consists of number of cells to form a complete
battery. This battery is divided into two parts using switch at the time of
charging and then it charges the battery from both sides up to fully charge by
using two chargers. The battery automatically disconnects from the charger
when it fully get charged i.e. up to the set point and it starts charging when
battery has reached a below limit. By using this system, the charging time of the
battery reduces to approximately half of the charging time required by normal
way. This system displays current, voltage and charging state of battery on
display board, which helps in monitoring the battery performance.

11
2.5 TITLE: A Battery Monitoring System based on IoT for Electric Vehicles
AUTHOR:PSasirekha; E Sneka; B Velmurugan
YEAR: 2023
DESCRIPTION:
Electric vehicles (EVs), which are considered as dynamic electrical
energy storage units, are widely used because of their outstanding electrical
characteristics and versatility. However, their widespread adoption has a
significant adverse effect on the grid and carries the risk of harming their
batteries when they become profoundly discharged. EV batteries require a
precise state of charge estimation to minimize the lisk of damage, prolong their
lifespan, and in order to safeguard the equipment power. Based on simplicity of
implementation and reduced overall complexity, this study suggests a real-time
Battery Monitoring System (BMS) employing the coulomb method of counting
for SOC estimation and MQTT which is messaging-based as an internal
communication protocol. Utilizing an adequate central CPU, interfacing
devices, and sensor technology, the proposed BMS is implemented. In order to
monitor and regulate the discharging and charging of rechargeable battery
packs, which increases the operational efficiency, battery management systems
are important in electric vehide technology. Monitoring involves keeping a
close eye on the important operating factors including voltage, current, fire, and
temperature while charging and draining a battery. This is a hardware-timed
sensor system that tracks various variables, like temperature, voltage, and fire
and reports them on IOT so you can see exactly when everything has reached
the right value.

12
2.6 TITLE: Overview on Battery Management System and Energy Storage
System of Electric Vehicle
AUTHOR:SanithaMichail C; Chithra M; Nithara P V
YEAR: 2022

DESCRIPTION:

World is moving towards the path of reducing pollution by reducing the

carbon foot prints and eliminating the emission of greenhouse gases. Electric
vehicle (EV) technology is a boon that has been developed by mankind towards
this goal. But EVs are still facing a lot of challenges in Energy Storage System
(ESS) and Battery Management System (BMS). Energy storage techniques used
in different types of ESSs used in EVs, comparison between different ESSs and
its challenges are discussed in this paper. Different functions of battery
management systems (BMS), importance of monitoring the battery health and
various algorithms used for monitoring the status of battery are also reviewed in
this paper.

13
2.7 TITLE: Smart Electric Vehicle with Safety System

AUTHOR: M. Sivaramkrishnan; Naveenkumar. P; Selvaraj.K; Gokul S;

Srithar. N
YEAR: 2023

DESCRIPTION:

Smart Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular as an

environmentally-friendly, user-friendly, and cost-effective means of transport.
The Smart Electric Vehicle with Safety System is a groundbreaking innovation
that combines cutting-edge technology with EVs to enhance safety, monitoring,
and user experience. This system integrates the Internet of Things (IoT) and a
feature-rich mobile app to provide real-time updates and critical information
about the EV's parameters. The mobile app empowers drivers with essential
insights, such as battery level and speed, ensuring efficient range management
and confident driving. An intuitive battery level gauge and s peed graph assist
drivers in making informed decisions for their journeys. The SEVs goes beyond
conventional safety features by incorporating advanced monitoring capabilities.
It includes obstacle detection, alerting drivers to potential hazards, and
indicating the brake application status for improved control over the vehicle.
Furthermore, the system boasts an automatic accident detection mechanism that
triggers an emergency response in case of an accident. The app promptly sends
an alert with the vehicle's real-time location to the registered mobile number,
enabling immediate assistance. The SEVSS heralds a new era in electric
mobility by fostering safer driving practices and offering a user-friendly
experience. As the automotive industry embraces smart solutions, this system
paves the way for the widespread adoption of EVs, contributing to a greener and
more sustainable future for transportation.

14
2.8 TITLE: Integrating Cloud Computing with IoT for Battery Monitoring in
Electric Vehicles

AUTHOR: J. Selvi; T. S. BalajiDamodhar; P. Sathyanathan;

YEAR: 2023
DESCRIPTION:
Cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) for battery monitoring
in electric vehicles (EVs) can improve battery performance and efficiency. EV
batteries, IoT devices, cloud infrastructure, data transmission, storage,
processing, analysis, visualization, user interface, and integration with EV
management systems are used in this integration. These components are
integrated to provide a complete system for real-time monitoring, predictive
maintenance, and performance improvement of EV batteries. Sensors are
essential to this system. The battery's electrical characteristics, temperature,
environmental conditions, and potential concerns are collected via voltage,
current, and temperature sensors. The technology improves battery
performance, lifespan, real-time monitoring and alarms, predictive maintenance
insights, and charging and discharging techniques. Stakeholders may make
informed decisions and take proactive steps to enhance EV battery efficiency
and lifetime using cloud infrastructure, data analysis and visualization tools, and
IoT. Advancing electric mobility and sustainability, the system monitors,
manages, and improves battery performance.

15
2.9 TITLE: Energetic and Smart Design of Battery Management Scheme to
Improve the Lifetime of Electric Vehicles
AUTHOR: V M. Varatharaju; Chidambaranathan C M
YEAR: 2023

DESCRIPTION:
In order to maximize efficiency, electric vehicles use Battery
Management Systems (BMS) to manage their rechargeable batteries. The
battery's safety and dependability are ensured by the battery management
system, and the battery's age is extended without being damaged. Various
monitoring methods are used to keep track of the battery pack's charging
capacity, voltage-levels, current-ratings and ecological pressure ratio. A variety
of analogue and digital sensors are employed with microcontrollers for this
purpose. Several powerful batteries have been developed as a result of the
tremendous advances in the field of batteries over the past ten years. High-
power batteries with suitable battery management systems are essential for the
safe and reliable operation of Electric Vehicles (EVs). This paper will address
the power sources utilized by electric automobiles and the primary problems of
battery control systems, as well as compare both the lithium ion battery as well
as the metal based nickel-hydride batteries in regards to growing older along
with the impact caused by climate through the use of the State-of-Charge (SOC)
and closed device electricity. This study's goal is to compare and contrast
different intelligence techniques along with the control methods used in electric
vehicle battery management platforms. The study assesses the characteristics,
structure, configuration, accuracy, benefits, and downsides of intelligent
algorithms for estimating the condition of a battery. Focusing on parts,
characteristics, aims, outcomes, advantages, and restrictions, this research
analyses the various controllers used for warming, cooling, balancing, and
protecting batteries.

16
2.10 TITLE: A Wireless Battery Temperature Monitoring System for Electric
Vehicle Charging
AUTHOR: Bo Wang; Javier Hernandez Fernandez
YEAR: 2019

DESCRIPTION:
Thermal monitoring during charging increases the safety and efficiency
of Electric Vehicles (EVs) batteries. Up to now, no thermal sensing solutions
are able to perform temperature sensing for each battery cell in the EV due to
the cost, deployment complexity, and/or safety reasons. In this paper, a
complete wireless thermal monitoring system for EV battery charging
surveillance is presented. The designed sensing device is wireless, fully passive,
with small feature size, and low-cost thus can be deployed on a large scale for
cell-level battery temperature sensing. The maximum reading distance of the
device is >5 m in the ambient, with a sensing precision of ±1.5 °C (3σ) from
−20 to 80 °C. The whole system is validated in-house using a 18650-36V-4.4A
Li-ion battery cell to track its temperature change when being charged at
different C-rates.

17
 CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The existing system for electric vehicle battery monitoring using a
voltage sensor, current sensor Arduino if temperature high cooling system will
be on and message send using GSM is designed to monitor the battery
performance of an electric vehicle in real-time. The system uses a voltage
sensor and current sensor to measure the battery's voltage and current values
respectively. The data is then fed into an Arduino microcontroller, which is
programmed to analyze the data and calculate the battery's state of charge and
state of health. If the temperature of the battery exceeds a predetermined
threshold, a cooling system is activated to prevent damage to the battery.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig: 3.1 block diagram of existing system

18
3.3 DISADVANTAGE
 While the system uses GSM for sending messages, the reliability of GSM
networks can vary depending on factors such as network coverage and
signal strength.
 The system only focuses on voltage, current, and temperature monitoring

19
 CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED SYSTEM
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The IOT based avoid fire accident in EV vehicle with multiple fault
detection and li-on battery management is proposed. This system consists of
voltage sensor to detect the voltage and update in IOT.The temperature sensor is
used to sense the battery temperature; if there is increase in temperature buzzer
alert is given and displayed in LCD.For safety purpose the system is interfaced
with fire sensor that detects the fire in the battery and gives alarm.The
overvoltage button indicates when the voltage exceeds certain level.The
measured parameters are updated in IOT and displayed in LCD display.

4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig: 4.1 block diagram of proposed system

20
4.3 BLOCK EXPLANATION
Voltage Sensor: This sensor is responsible for measuring the voltage of the
battery. It detects the electrical potential difference between two points in the
battery system and sends this data to the IoT platform for monitoring and
analysis.

Temperature Sensor: The temperature sensor monitors the temperature of the

battery. It provides real-time temperature data to the IoT system. If the
temperature exceeds a predefined threshold, indicating a potential overheating
issue, the system triggers a buzzer alert and displays a warning message on the
LCD screen.

Fire Sensor: This sensor is crucial for safety. It detects the presence of fire or
extreme heat near the battery. If a fire is detected, the sensor activates an alarm
to alert nearby individuals and initiates appropriate safety protocols.

IoT Platform: The IoT platform serves as the central hub for data collection,
processing, and analysis. It receives data from various sensors such as voltage
and temperature sensors, processes this data, and provides insights into the
battery's health and performance. It also facilitates remote monitoring and
control of the battery system.

Buzzer: The buzzer is an audible alarm device that is activated in case of

critical events such as overheating or fire detection. It alerts nearby individuals
to potential safety hazards associated with the battery.

LCD Display: The LCD display provides a user interface for visualizing
important information such as battery voltage, temperature, and alarm
notifications. It allows users to quickly assess the status of the battery system
without accessing the IoT platform.

21
4.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig:4.2 Circuit diagram

4.5 ADVANTAGE
• Maintain the safety and the reliability of the battery

• Battery state monitoring and evaluation

• It improves the battery performance

• It enhances the life span of battery

• It controls the charging, discharging and temperature ranges and keeps

them within their range.

• It predicts the batteries capabilities in near future

22
 CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 ARDUINO IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software
platform used for programming and developing applications for Arduino
microcontroller boards. It provides a user-friendly interface that simplifies the
process of writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino hardware. The
IDE is open-source, which means that its source code is freely available for
modification and improvement by the community. This collaborative nature has
contributed to its widespread popularity among hobbyists, students, educators,
and professional developers alike.

Fig: 5.1 Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE is its simplicity and ease of use. It employs a simplified
version of the C++ programming language, making it accessible to individuals
with various levels of programming experience. This makes it an excellent tool
for beginners who are just starting to learn about microcontrollers and
embedded systems. The IDE includes a set of pre-defined functions and
libraries that abstract the complexities of low-level hardware interaction,
allowing users to focus on writing code for their specific projects.

23
 Fig: 5.2 Arduino IDE

Furthermore, the Arduino IDE is cross-platform compatible, meaning it

can run on different operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux. This
versatility ensures that users can develop their projects on the platform that they
are most comfortable with. Additionally, the IDE provides a comprehensive set
of tools for code editing, including syntax highlighting, auto-completion, and
error checking, which significantly aids in the development process. These
features streamline the coding experience, allowing users to write and debug
their programs efficiently.

The Arduino IDE also facilitates seamless integration with a wide range
of sensors, actuators, and other electronic components commonly used in
embedded systems. It includes a vast library repository that provides pre-written
code modules for interfacing with various devices. This extensive library
support drastically simplifies the process of working with sensors, displays,
motors, communication modules, and more, enabling users to quickly prototype
and develop their projects.

The Arduino IDE stands as a pivotal tool in the world of microcontroller

development. Its user-friendly interface, cross-platform compatibility, and
extensive library support make it an ideal choice for hobbyists, students, and
professionals looking to create innovative electronic projects. With its active
community and continuous development, the Arduino IDE remains at the
forefront of embedded systems programming, driving innovation in the field of
electronics and automation.

24
 Fig: 5.3 Arduino IDE

5.2 PROTEUS
Proteus is a simulation and design software tool for electrical and
electronic circuit design created by Labcenter Electronics. It also has a 2D CAD
drawing capability. The tagline "From concept to completion" is appropriate. It
is a software package that includes schematic, simulation, and PCB design. The
ISIS program is used to create schematics and model circuits in real time. The
simulation enables for human interaction during run time, resulting in real-time
simulation. ARES is used to design PCBs. It provides the capability of seeing
output in 3D perspective of the created PCB as well as components. The
product's designer can also create 2D drawings.

ARES provides surface mount and through-hole PCB design with up to

14 inner layers. It contains the imprints of several types of discrete components,
including ICs, transistors, headers, connections, and others. The PCB Designer
has access to both automatic and manual routing methods. It is possible to
convert the ISIS schematic straight to ARES.

25
 The software running on a microcontroller and any analogue or digital
devices connected to it. The schematic displays the microcontroller model along
with the other elements of your product design. It simulates the way a real chip
would execute your object code (machine code).The logic levels in the circuit
vary in accordance with what your program code sends to a port, and your
program code will detect, exactly as in real life, if the circuit modifies the state
of the processor's pins. All I/O ports, interrupts, timers, USARTs, and other
peripherals present on each supported chip are entirely emulated by the VSM
CPU models. It is not just a simple software simulator since the complete
system is emulated and the interaction of all these peripherals with the external
circuit is meticulously detailed down to the waveform level. With more than
750 supported microprocessor types, hundreds of embedded SPICE models, and
one of the largest libraries of embedded simulation peripherals in the world,
Proteus VSM continues to be the ideal option for embedded simulation.

Fig: 5.4 block Diagram of Proteus

26
 CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

Fig: 6.1 Power Supply Unit

A Power Supply Unit (PSU) is an essential component in most electronic

devices, including computers, consumer electronics, and various other electrical
appliances. Its primary function is to convert electrical energy from a source
(usually the electrical grid or a battery) into a form suitable for powering the
internal components of the device it serves. Below is a brief explanation of a
typical PSU and its main components:

The PSU takes electrical energy from an input source, which can be the
standard alternating current (AC) from a wall outlet or direct current (DC) from
a battery. The input voltage varies depending on the region;

This component filters out any unwanted electrical noise or interference

from the input power source to provide clean and stable power to the PSU.

In the case of an AC input, the rectifier converts the AC voltage into DC

voltage. A rectifier typically uses diodes to ensure that the current flows in one
direction.

27
 The PSU ensures that the output voltage (5V, 12V) is stable and within
the specified range. This is crucial to prevent damage to sensitive electronic
components. Voltage regulation is achieved using components like voltage
regulators.

The PSU provides various connectors and cables that deliver power to the
different components of the device, such as the motherboard, hard drives,
graphics cards, and other peripherals.

Fig: 6.2 Power Supply Unit board

6.2 ARDUINO UNO

Fig: 6.3 Arduino board and microcontroller

In order to link with external electronic circuits, the Arduino Uno is

equipped with a USB interface, six analog input pins, and fourteen I/O digital

28
ports. Six of the 14 I/O ports are available for PWM output. In the actual world,
it enables the designers to sense and control external electronic components.

The 8-bit ATmega328P microprocessor is the foundation of the Uno

microcontroller board. To support the ATmega328P microprocessor, it also
includes additional parts such a voltage regulator, crystal oscillator, serial
communication, etc.

6.2.1 FEATURES

 More frequency and number of instructions per cycle: An Atmega328

microcontroller is installed on the board, which includes a number of
functions like as timers, counters, interrupts, PWM, CPU, I/O pins, and is
based on a 16MHz clock, allowing for a higher frequency and number of
instructions per cycle.
 Built-in regulation: When connected to an external device, this board
has a built-in regulation mechanism that maintains the voltage under
control.
 Flexibility and ease of use: The board incorporates 14 I/O digital and 6
analog pins that allow external connection with any circuit with the
board. These pins provide external devices that can be attached to them
with flexibility and convenience of usage.
 Configurable pins: The six analog pins have a resolution of 10 bits and
are identified by the letters A0 through A5. These pins have a
measurement range of 0 to 5V, but the AREF pin and the analog
Reference() function allow them to be set to a higher voltage.
 Increased Flash Memory: The amount of code-based instructions is
stored in 13KB of flash memory.
 Minimal Voltage: The board just needs 5 V to switch on, which may be
done directly with a USB port or an external adapter. Nevertheless, it can

29
 accept external power sources up to 12 V, which can be controlled to only
5 V or 3.3 V depending on the project's requirements.
 Plug and Play: There is no need for a hard and fast interface to connect
the devices to the board. Simply plug the external device onto the board's
pins, which are arranged out in the shape of a header.
 USB interface: The Arduino Uno includes a USB interface, which is a
USB port on the board that allows for serial communication with a
computer.
 Alternative power sources: In addition to USB, a battery or an AC to
DC adapter can be used to power the board.

Fig : 6.4 Arduino Uno

30
6.2.2 PIN CONFIGURATION
LED - Arduino Uno comes with built-in LED which is connected through pin
13. Providing HIGH value to the pin will turn it ON. Providing LOW will turn
it OFF.

VIN - It is the input voltage provided to the Arduino Board. This pin is used to
supply voltage. It is different than 5 V supplied through a USB port. If a voltage
is provided through power jack, it can be accessed through this pin.

5V - This board comes with the ability to provide voltage regulation. 5V pin is
used to provide output regulated voltage. The board is powered up using three
ways i.e. USB, Vin pin of the board or DC power jack. USB supports voltage
around 5V while Vin and Power Jack support a voltage ranges between 7V to
20V.

GND - These are ground pins. There are more than one ground pins are
provided on the board. They can be used as per requirement.

Reset -This pin is incorporated on the board which resets the program running
on the board. Instead of physical reset on the board, IDE comes with a feature
of resetting the board through programming.

IOREF -It is the abbreviation of Input Output Voltage Reference. This pin is
very useful for providing voltage reference to the board. A shield is used to read
the voltage across this pin which then select the proper power source.

PWM – Pulse Width Modulation is provided by 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 pins. These

pins are configured to provide 8-bit output PWM.

SPI - It is abbreviation of Serial Peripheral Interface. Four pins 10(SS),

11(MOSI), 12(MISO), 13(SCK) provide SPI communication with the help of
SPI library.

31
AREF - It is called Analog Reference. This pin is used for providing a
reference voltage to the analog inputs.

Serial Communication - Serial communication is carried out through two pins

called Pin 0 (Rx) and Pin 1 (Tx). Rx. &Tx. - Rx (Receiver) pin is used to
receive data while Tx (Transmitter) pin is used to transmit data.

External Interrupts - Pin 2 and 3 are used for providing external interrupts. An
interrupt is called by providing LOW or changing value.

6.3 VOLTAGE SENSOR

A voltage sensor is an electronic device that measures the voltage level of

an electrical circuit. It provides information about the potential difference
between two points in the circuit, helping to monitor and control electrical
systems. Voltage sensors are essential components in various applications, from
power distribution and renewable energy systems to electronic devices and
automotive systems.

6.3.1 PIN CONFIGURATIONS

Vcc (Power Supply): This pin is responsible for providing the required power
to the voltage sensor. It is usually connected to the positive terminal of the
power source. The voltage level supplied to this pin depends on the
specifications of the sensor, and it is essential to ensure that the voltage falls
within the specified operating range to avoid damaging the sensor.

GND (Ground): The ground pin serves as the reference point for the electrical
circuit. It is connected to the negative terminal of the power source. The ground
pin completes the electrical path, allowing current to flow through the sensor.

32
Output: The output pin provides a signal that represents the measured voltage
level. This can be in the form of an analog voltage, a digital signal, or a
communication protocol. The voltage level or signal provided at this pin is
proportional to the voltage being measured by the sensor.

FEATURES

Voltage sensors are designed to provide precise measurements of voltage

levels, ensuring reliable and accurate data.

They are capable of measuring a wide range of voltage values, from low
millivolt levels to high kilovolt levels, depending on the specific sensor's
capabilities.

Many voltage sensors incorporate isolation techniques to protect sensitive

electronics from potential electrical hazards. This isolation helps prevent
damage to the measurement circuitry.

Voltage sensors typically have fast response times, allowing them to

quickly detect changes in voltage levels.

They are designed to consume minimal power, making them suitable for
battery-powered or energy-efficient applications.

Fig: 6.5 voltage sensor

33
6.4 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

DH11

Fig: 6.6 Temperature sensor

The DHT11 sensor is a widely used digital temperature and humidity

sensor. It is a cost-effective and easy-to-use component known for its accuracy
and simplicity in measuring environmental conditions.
6.4.1 APPLICATIONS:
 The DHT11 sensor is used in a wide range of applications, including:
 It is employed in DIY weather monitoring stations to measure
temperature and humidity levels.
 Integrated into systems that regulate temperature and humidity in
environments like homes, offices, and greenhouses.
 Used in smart home applications for controlling HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems.
 Deployed in environments where maintaining specific temperature and
humidity levels is critical, such as in laboratories or storage facilities.
 Integrated into Internet of Things (IoT) devices for remote monitoring of
environmental conditions.

34
  Employed in automotive applications where monitoring cabin conditions
is necessary.
 Integrated into devices like thermostats, dehumidifiers, and air purifiers.

6.5 FIRE SENSOR

A fire detector is a device that senses fire, typically as an indicator of fire.

Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part
of a fire alarm system, while household fire detectors, also known as fire
alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself or
several detectors if there are multiple fire detectors interlinked.

Fire detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a

disk or square about 150 millimetres (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in)
thick, but shape and size vary. Fire can be detected either optically
(photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization); detectors may use either, or
both, methods.

Sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and thus deter, smoking in areas
where it is banned. Fire detectors in large commercial, industrial, and residential
buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered
by the building power with a battery backup. Domestic fire detectors range from
individual battery-powered units, to several interlinked mains-powered units
with battery backup; with these interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, all
trigger even if household power has gone out.

35
 Fig: 6.7 Fire sensor

This is a very easy to use low cost semiconductor Gas sensor Module
with analog and digital output. This module uses MQ2 Fire & Flammable gas
sensor as a gas sensing element. It requires no external components just plug in
Vcc& ground pins and you are ready to go.

For Digital output the threshold value can be easily set by an on-board
potentiometer. Using this module you can easily interface MQ2 Fire &
Combustible gas Sensor to any Microcontroller, Arduino or even Raspberry Pi.

Since this Gas Sensor module is sensitive to fire it can be used in for fire
detection. MQ2 Gas Sensor is also sensitive to flammable/combustible gasses
like LPG, Propane & Hydrogen.

6.5.1 Specifications:-

 Power Supply: 5 Volts

 Interface Type: Analog & Digital
 High Sensitivity to Fire & combustible gasses like Hydrogen, LPG &
Propane.
 Low Cost.
 Stable & Long Life.
 On board Power indication.
36
6.6 LCD
A 16x2 LCD display is often used with microcontrollers and other
electronic devices for displaying information such as sensor readings, messages,
or status updates. These displays are commonly used in DIY projects,
embedded systems, and many consumer electronics.

LCDs are a common type of display technology used in various

electronic devices, from digital clocks to calculators to more advanced devices
like industrial control panels and microcontroller projects. They are known for
their low power consumption and the ability to display text or simple graphics.

This indicates the size of the LCD display in terms of character cells. A
16x2 LCD has 16 columns and 2 rows of characters, meaning it can display 16
characters in a row and 2 rows of characters. Each character cell can typically
display a single alphanumeric character or symbol.

6.6.1 PIN CONFIGURATION

 VSS (Ground): Connected to the ground (0V) of your power supply.

 VDD (Supply Voltage): Connected to the positive supply voltage
(usually +5V).
 VO (Contrast Adjustment): This pin is used for contrast adjustment. It
is connected to a potentiometer to control the contrast of the characters on
the display.
 RS (Register Select): This pin is used to select between data (RS=1) and
command (RS=0) modes.
 RW (Read/Write): This pin is used to read (RW=1) or write (RW=0)
data to the LCD.
 E (Enable): The enable pin is used to trigger the read or write operation.
A high-to-low transition on this pin latches the data or command.

37
  D0 to D7 (Data Pins): These pins (D0 to D7) are used for transferring
data to/from the LCD in 8-bit mode. In many cases, D0 to D3 may not be
connected or left unconnected when using the LCD in 4-bit mode.

Fig: 6.8 LCD Display

6.7 NODEMCU
NodeMCU is an open source Lua based firmware for the ESP8266 Wi-Fi
SOC from Espressif and uses an on-module flash-based SPIFFS file system.
NodeMCU is implemented in C and is layered on the Espressif NON-OS SDK.

The firmware was initially developed as is a companion project to the

popular ESP8266-based NodeMCU development modules, but the project is
now community-supported, and the firmware can now be run on any ESP
module.

38
6.7.1 Features:

 Open-source

 Interactive

 Programmable

 Low cost

 Simple

 Smart

 WI-FI enabled

6.7.2 Specification:

The Development Kit based on ESP8266, integates GPIO, PWM, IIC, 1-

Wire and ADC all in one board.

Power your developement in the fastest way combinating with

NodeMCU Firmware!

 USB-TTL included, plug&play

 10 GPIO, every GPIO can be PWM, I2C, 1-wire

 FCC CERTIFIED WI-FI module (Coming soon）

 PCB antenna

39
 Fig: 6.9 NodeMCU

6.8 BUZZER
A buzzer is an electrical device designed to produce audible sound
signals. It is a compact and straightforward component that, when activated,
emits a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Buzzer
mechanisms typically consist of an electromagnet that, when energized, causes
a diaphragm or a vibrating element to create sound waves. Buzzer devices are
commonly used for various purposes, such as alarms, notifications, and
indicators in electronic devices, household appliances, automobiles, and
industrial machinery. They serve as effective means of drawing attention to
specific events, warnings, or status changes. The simplicity and reliability of
buzzers make them indispensable in situations where auditory alerts or signals
are needed, providing a cost-effective solution for communication through
sound.

40
 Fig: 6.10 Buzzer

6.9 DC MOTOR

Fig: 6.11 DC gear motor

Direct current (DC) motors are a fundamental part of modern technology,

converting electrical energy into mechanical motion. They operate on the
principle of Lorentz force, where a magnetic field interacts with current-
carrying.

41
 Conductors to generate rotational motion. At their core, DC motors
consist of two main parts: the stator and the rotor. The stator is the stationary
part of the motor and contains coils of wire, typically wrapped around a core,
creating a magnetic field when electricity flows through them. The rotor,
usually attached to an output shaft, comprises a set of conductors or coils that
interact with the stator's magnetic field. When electric current flows through the
coils in the stator, it generates a magnetic field. This field interacts with the
magnetic field produced by the rotor, causing the rotor to experience a force and
start rotating. The direction of the current flow through the coils determines the
direction of the magnetic field and subsequently the rotation direction of the
motor. DC motors are classified into two main types: brushed and brushless.
Brushed DC motors employ brushes and a commutator to switch the direction
of current flow in the rotor, allowing it to continuously rotate. However, these
brushes can wear out over time, requiring maintenance. On the other hand,
brushless DC motors use electronic controllers to switch the currents in the
stator windings, eliminating the need for physical brushes and resulting in more
efficient and durable operation. These motors find widespread use in various
applications due to their simplicity, controllability, and ability to deliver high
torque at low speeds. From powering electric vehicles and industrial machinery
to being integral parts of household appliances and robotics, DC motors play a
pivotal role in countless devices and systems across industries. Their versatility
allows for precise control of speed and direction using methods like pulse-width
modulation (PWM) or by varying the voltage supplied to the motor.
Additionally, advancements in motor design and control technologies continue
5to improve their efficiency, reliability, and performance, making DC motors
indispensable components in modern engineering and technology.

42
 CHAPTER 7
SOURCE CODE
7.1 ARDUINO IDE
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystallcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

#include <Adafruit_Sensor.h>

#include "DHT.h"

#define DHTPIN 2 // what pin we're connected to

#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11

int t;

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

//////////////////////////////voltage1////////////////

float correctionfactor1 = 0;

int analogInput1 = A0;

float vout1 = 0.0;

float vin1 = 0.0;

// two resistors 30K and 7.5k ohm

43
float R1_1 = 30000; //

float R2_1 = 7500; //

float value1 = 0.0;

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/////////////////////////////////////////////////

constintsensorIn = A2;

intmVperAmp = 185; // use 100 for 20A Module and 66 for 30A Module

double Voltage = 0;

double VRMS = 0;

doubleAmpsRMS = 0;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////

intx,y,z;

int R;

int vin1_1;

44
ints,f;

int F;

void setup()

dht.begin();

/*******************************/

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.begin (16,2);

/*******************************/

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("LITHUM-ION ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("BSH MONI SYS ");

delay(3000);

lcd.clear();

/**********************************************/

pinMode(A0,INPUT); //volt 1

pinMode(A2,INPUT);//current sensor

45
pinMode(2,INPUT);// temp

pinMode(7,INPUT);// fire

pinMode(3,OUTPUT);//ev

pinMode(4,OUTPUT);//motor

pinMode(5,OUTPUT);//buzzer

/***************************************************************
**/

void loop()

Voltage = getVPP();

VRMS = (Voltage/2.0) *4.7; //root 2 is 0.707

AmpsRMS = (VRMS * 1000)/mVperAmp;

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

46
lcd.print("C:");

lcd.print(AmpsRMS);

dht11();

voltage1();

if( (f==1)||(s==1)) /////fire and buzzer contion

digitalWrite(5,HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(5,LOW);

else if( (f==0)||(s == 0))

47
{

digitalWrite(5,LOW);

F=digitalRead(7);

if(F==LOW) ////fire sensor

lcd.setCursor(7,1);

lcd.print("F_H");

f=1;

digitalWrite(3,LOW);

else

lcd.setCursor(7,1);

48
lcd.print("F_L");

f=0;

digitalWrite(3,HIGH);

Serial.println("T");

Serial.println(t);

delay(200);

Serial.println("S");

Serial.println(s);

delay(200);

Serial.println("a");

Serial.println(vin1);

delay(200);

Serial.println("b");

Serial.println(vin1_1);

delay(200);

49
Serial.println("c");

Serial.println(AmpsRMS);

delay(200);

Serial.println("d");

Serial.println(f);

delay(200);

void voltage1()

value1 = analogRead(analogInput1);

vout1 = (value1 * 5) / 1023.0; // see text

vin1 = vout1 / (R2_1/(R1_1+R2_1));

vin1 = vin1+1.5 - correctionfactor1;

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("V:");

50
lcd.setCursor(2,0);

lcd.print(vin1);

vin1_1=((vin1/12)*100);

lcd.setCursor(8,0);

lcd.print("BP:");

lcd.print(vin1_1);

lcd.print("% ");

void dht11()

int h = dht.readHumidity();

51
 t = dht.readTemperature();

float f = dht.readTemperature(true);

if (isnan(h) || isnan(t) || isnan(f))

//Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");

return;

lcd.setCursor(11,1);

lcd.print("T:");

lcd.setCursor(13,1);

lcd.print(t);

if(t > 36) /////temp

lcd.setCursor(15,1);

lcd.print("H");

s=1; ///temp high motor offf buzzer on

digitalWrite (4,HIGH);

52
 }

else

lcd.setCursor(15,1);

lcd.print("L");

s=0; /////temp low motor on buzzer offf

digitalWrite (4,LOW);

floatgetVPP()

float result;

intreadValue; //value read from the sensor

intmaxValue = 0; // store max value here

intminValue = 1024; // store min value here

uint32_t start_time = millis();

while((millis()-start_time) < 3000) //sample for 3 Sec

53
readValue = analogRead(sensorIn);

// see if you have a new maxValue

if (readValue>maxValue)

/*record the maximum sensor value*/

maxValue = readValue;

if (readValue<minValue)

/*record the minimum sensor value*/

minValue = readValue;

// Subtract min from max

result = ((maxValue - minValue) * 5.0)/1024.0;

return result;

7.2 IOT CODE

// Mail: [email protected]

// projectiot2024

54
// Fill-in information from your Blynk Template here

#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_ID "TMPL3kN3Gtvxm"

#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_NAME "battery"

#define BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN
"xfMNTi3gsUc0bu5FVOyTCcQnOl_SUzbg"

#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>

// Your WiFi credentials.

// Set password to "" for open networks.

charssid[] = "projectiot2024";

char pass[] = "";

int a;

//Change the virtual pins according the rooms

#define VPIN_1 V0 //temp

#define VPIN_2 V1 //current

#define VPIN_3 V2 //Battery volt

55
#define VPIN_4 V3 //Battery percentage

#define VPIN_5 V4 //fire state

int t,s,vin1_1,AmpsRMS,f;

float vin1,c;

BLYNK_CONNECTED()

Blynk.syncVirtual(VPIN_1);

Blynk.syncVirtual(VPIN_2);

Blynk.syncVirtual(VPIN_3);

Blynk.syncVirtual(VPIN_4);

Blynk.syncVirtual(VPIN_5);

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

56
delay(100);

Serial.begin(9600);

Blynk.begin(BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN, ssid, pass);

void loop()

Blynk.run();

if (Serial.available()>0)

a=Serial.read();

// Serial.print(a);

if(a=='T'){ t=Serial.parseInt(); Blynk.virtualWrite(VPIN_1,t); }

else if(a=='c'){ c=Serial.parseFloat(); Blynk.virtualWrite(VPIN_2,c); }

else if(a=='a'){ vin1=Serial.parseFloat(); Blynk.virtualWrite(VPIN_3,vin1); }

57
else if(a=='b'){ vin1_1=Serial.parseInt(); Blynk.virtualWrite(VPIN_4,vin1_1);
}

else if(a=='d'){ f=Serial.parseInt(); Blynk.virtualWrite(VPIN_5,f); }

58
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

8.1 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the proposed IOT based avoid fire accident in ev vehicle
with multiple fault detection and li-on battery management represents a
significant advancement in ensuring the safety and efficiency of battery
operations. By integrating sensors for voltage, temperature, and fire detection,
along with manual input controls like the overvoltage button, the system
provides comprehensive monitoring capabilities. Real-time data collection and
analysis facilitated by the IoT platform enable proactive management of battery
health, allowing for timely interventions in case of abnormalities such as
overheating or voltage fluctuations. The incorporation of visual and audible
alerts through the LCD display and buzzer enhances user awareness and
facilitates quick response to critical situations, ultimately contributing to the
reliability and longevity of electric vehicle batteries while prioritizing safety.
Furthermore, the system's ability to update measured parameters to the IoT
platform ensures accessibility to crucial information remotely, enabling
stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding battery maintenance and
operation. As electric vehicles continue to gain traction as a sustainable
transportation solution, the importance of robust battery management systems
cannot be overstated. The proposed system not only addresses immediate safety
concerns but also lays the groundwork for future advancements in battery
technology and management, ultimately contributing to the widespread
adoption and viability of electric vehicles in the global automotive landscape.

59
8.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
 Explore the use of blockchain technology for secure and transparent data
logging and authentication, enhancing data integrity and trustworthiness
in the system.
 Investigate the incorporation of energy harvesting technologies, such as
regenerative braking or solar panels, to supplement the vehicle's power
supply and extend battery range.
 Integrate the battery management system with other vehicle systems, such
as the propulsion system and onboard diagnostics, for comprehensive
vehicle health monitoring and diagnostics.

60
 CHAPTER 9
REFERENCE

[1] Zhai C., Luo F., Liu Y. A novel predictive energy management strategy for
electric vehicles based on velocity prediction IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 69
(2020), pp. 12559-12569.

[2] Zhang X., Li Z., Luo L., Fan Y., Du Z. A review on thermal management
of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles Energy, 238 (2022), Article
121652.

[3] K. E. H. Lai, K. C. Ng, W. T. Chan, C. H. T. Lee, and J. D. D. Eng, "Real-

time monitoring system for electric vehicle battery management using Internet
of Things (IoT) and machine learning techniques," 2020 IEEE International
Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), 2020, pp. 1-6.

[4] R. Kumar and S. K. Sharma, "IoT based real-time monitoring system for
electric vehicle battery management using Arduino," 2020 2nd International
Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA),
2020, pp. 1035-1041.

[5] T. Liu, H. Yu, H. Guo, Y. Qin, and Y. Zou, “Online energy management
for multimode plug-in hybrid electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat.,
vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 4352–4361, Jul. 2019.

[6] M. Z. Rahman and A. I. Al-Odienat, "Real-time monitoring system for

electric vehicle battery management using Internet of Things (IoT)," 2019
IEEE 5th International Conference on Control, Automation and Robotics
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HARDWARE PHOTO COPY

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