Agronanotechnology in The Arid Zones in Northern Mexico

Agronanotechnology in the arid zones of northern Mexico: Research,
challenges, and new trends

Mónica Anzaldo Montoya1 , Yoscelina Iraida Hernández-García2 , Luis Guillermo Hernández-Montiel3 , Luis
Hernández-Adame*3,4
1
CONAHCYT-El Colegio de San Luis A.C., San Luis Potosí, México, Parque de Macul #155, Fracc. Colinas
del Parque, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México. C.P. 78294, México.
2
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Programa de Doctorado Transdisciplinario en Desarrollo
Científico y Tecnológico para la Sociedad, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco,
Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
3
Grupo de Nanotecnología y Biocontrol Microbiano, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, La
Paz 23096, Baja California Sur, México.
4
CONAHCYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa
Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, México.
*Corresponding author: [email protected] (L. Hernández-Adame)
Abstract. The agri-food systems in arid zones face challenges related to

climate change, desertification, and soil contamination from agrochemicals'
actions, among others. The agronanotechnology can generate alternatives to
Citation: Anzaldo-Montoya, M.,
these problems, but it is necessary to monitor its development to have elements
Hernández-García, Y.I., Hernández- to apply policies that are oriented to the attention of these regions with a social
Montiel, L.G. and Hernández-Adame,
L. 2024. Agronanotechnology in the perspective. This scientific paper aims to present provide a study of the situation
arid zones of northern Mexico: of agronanotechnology in the arid zones of northern Mexico. Using bibliometric
Research, challenges, and new trends.
Journal of the. Professional tools, the academic output in the field and map the public research agenda,
Association for Cactus Development.
26: 1-29.
focusing on providing the set of crops to which the local research is directed
https://doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v26i.53 was analyzed. Furthermore, the literature associated with the risks to human
4
health and the environment derived from some nanomaterials of agri-food
Associate Editor: Pablo Preciado- interest and clarify the areas of opportunity and trends was reviewed. The
Rangel
results show a total of 224 research articles authored by 1029 scholars in 161
Technical Editor: Tomas Rivas-Garcia journals published from 2004 to 2022; that research on this topic reached its
Received date: 28 August 2023
highest value in 2018 and then levels off at a value around of ~37%. The
Accepted date: 02 December 2023 findings show a research agenda related to crops of economic interest for the
Published date: 19 January 2024 export market like tequila, tomato, avocado, chili, watermelon. In México,
agronanotechnology is an emerging field that deals with some crops of
economic interest, but its development needs to be intertwined with the needs
of rural producers.
Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.
Submitted for possible open access
Keywords: agronanotechnology, arid zones, food safety, nanomaterials,
publication under the terms and
nanoscience.
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY NC SA) license
_______________________________________________________
(https://creativecommons.org/license
Introduction
s/by-nc-sa/4.0/).
The arid zones are geographic extensions in which the low availability of water
in the soil and humidity in the environment are their main characteristics.
Usually, these zones have high water evaporation rates with high levels of solar
radiation, which favor the formation of highly alkaline soils due to the
accumulation of carbonates with electrical conductivity levels that reach up to 8
dS m-1 (Martínez-Ruiz et al., 2016). In Mexico, 52% of the territory corresponds
to arid or semi-arid zones, located mainly in the northern states, Baja California,
Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora, Durango, San Luis Potosí,
Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas. The arid zones of the
country have low precipitation, between 50 and 230 mm of rain per year,
accompanied by extreme temperatures that range between 38 and 52 °C in the
summer months (Márquez-Berber et al., 2006).
Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development. 2024, 26: 1-29 https://www.jpacd.org/jpacd
Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development. 2024, 26: 1-29 Anzaldo-Montoya et al.
Under these characteristics, agricultural production in arid zones constantly challenges small
and large-scale farmers, including subsistence agriculture. Despite adverse conditions, the arid
zones of northern Mexico contribute 39% of the country's agricultural production value
(SIACON, 2021). The table 1 shows a summary of the main agricultural products harvested in
this region, including edible cacti and their derived fruits which, although little studied, possess
important nutritional properties and can represent a significant economic contribution to the
region's agrifood sector (Corso-Rios et al., 2016). Other agricultural activities in this region are
of economic and cultural importance, such as cattle and goat raising, aquaculture, and dairy
production.
The biophysical characteristics and socioecological conditions of the arid zones constantly
challenge agricultural production. Currently, the region faces effects related to climate change,
desertification, and soil contamination by agrochemicals, among others. The research in
agronanotechnology can generate alternatives to these problems; however, monitoring its
development from an interdisciplinary perspective is necessary to establish governance that
links research agendas with the demands of the regional productive and social sectors
(Bhandari et al., 2023). The bibliometrics is a reliable approach for assessing scientific
production and research agendas through systematically identifying, selecting, and analyzing
references. The bibliometrics uses statistics to describe publishing trends and to highlight
relationships between published works (Ninkov et al., 2022). It is widely used to map the
dynamic of science and compare countries and institutions (Gingras, 2021). The bibliometric
methods and tools are particularly important to all science and technology fields due to the
increasing speed at which knowledge and scientific publications are produced currently (Aria
and Cuccurullo, 2017); at the same time, this information needs to be related with decision
making.
Recently, some studies in agronanotechnology used bibliometrics (Stopar, 2016; Hugar, 2020;
Liu et. al., 2023; Lakner et al., 2021). However, there are still very few studies related to arid
areas. It was possible to identify only two reports. One performs a bibliometric analysis about
stress factors affecting agricultural productivity globally (Sisodia et al., 2023) and the other one
is a bibliometric analysis describing the progress of piosphere knowledge and its implications
for conservation and scientific collaboration (Shahriary et al., 2021). Bibliometric studies carried
out in México on agronanotechnology neither on arid zones did not find. The agriculture and
food production face enormous challenges, so a local perspective of the development of
agronanotechnology can be helpful to scholars and different stakeholder in order to take
informed decisions.
The aim of this scientific paper is to present a study of the situation of agronanotechnology in
the arid zones of northern Mexico. The study includes an overview of the characteristics of
agronanotechnology as a line of research, and its main applications; an analysis of the
academic output in the field and a map of the public research agenda. Furthermore, we review
the literature associated with the risks to human health and the environment derived from some
nanomaterials, included the status of nano-standardization.
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https://www.jpacd.org Electronic ISSN: 1938-6648
This scientific paper is organized as follows, section 2 describes the methods; section 3
describes the results and discussion; section 4 describes the challenges and trends for
nanotechnology in the agricultural sector, and section 5 presents the conclusions.
Material and Methods

The bibliometric analysis was performed using the Web of Science (WoS) database.
Furthermore, the corresponding literature on agronanotechnology and its relationship with
social, environmental, and regulatory aspects in Mexico was reviewed.
The bibliometric analysis was performed on the Web of Science platform using the search
strategy described in Table 2. This search was applied to WoS topic search (TS), including the
paper title, abstract, and keywords. The search query was conducted in July, 2023. A total of
615 documents were obtained (including articles, books, book chapters, reviews, and
conference papers) from 2004 to 2022. The records obtained went through a manual review
process of eliminating duplicates and papers unrelated to the topic of study, finally getting a
total of 425 documents.
In a separate process, the names of the states in Mexico that appear in the affiliation field were
identified and standardized to identify the scientific production of those that correspond to the
arid zones of Northern Mexico mentioned previously, obtaining a total of N=224 papers
published by academic institutions in the region under study (Baja California, Baja California
Sur, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora, Durango, San Luis Potosí, Coahuila, Nuevo León,
Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas). Analyses were conducted using Biblioshiny, a web interface for
bibliometrix (Aria and Cuccurullo, 2017). Graphs were produced using either Microsoft Excel
or Datawrapper.
Results and Discussion

The bibliometric analysis
The table 3 shows the main indicators of the bibliometric data. The published works comprised
224 documents, 1029 authors from 2004 to 2022, with an average yearly publication of 5.15,
average citations per document of 30.63, and an international co-authorships percentage of
36.44. The most productive and cited authors are identified in table 3, respectively.
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Table 1. Main agricultural products harvested in the arid zones of northern Mexico.
Agricultural products Baja Baja California Coahuila Chihuahua Durango Nuevo San Luis Sinaloa Sonora Tamaulipas Zacatecas
California Sur León Potosí
Shriveled alfalfa
Medicago sativa
Green Alfalfa
Medicago sativa
Cotton
Gossipyum
Oat as Green Fodder
Avena sativa
Barrel cactus
Echinocactus grusonii
Sugar cane
Saccharum
officinarum
Onion
Allium cepa
Dried chili
Capsicum
Green chili
Capsicum
Jiotilla
Escontria chiotilla
Asparagus
Asparagus officinalis
Strawberry
Fragaria
Bean
Phaseolus vulgaris
Maize green forage
Zea mays
Maize
Zea mays
Apple
Malus domestica
Orange
Citrus sinensis
Nopalitos
4 of 29
Agricultural products Baja Baja California Coahuila Chihuahua Durango Nuevo San Luis Sinaloa Sonora Tamaulipas Zacatecas
California Sur León Potosí
Opuntia ficus-indica
Nut
Juglans
Potato
Solanum tuberosum
Pastures and
Meadows
Cydonon dactylon
Saguaro
Carnegiea gigantea
Grain sorghum
Sorghum
Grain wheat
Triticum
Tuna Alfajayucan
Opuntia albicarpa
Tuna amarilla
Opuntia ficus indica
Tuna blanca burrón
Opuntia oligacantha
Tuna blanca
crystalline
opuntia albicarpa
Tuna criolla
Opuntia ficus indica
Tuna roja
Opuntia megacantha
Grapes
Vitis Vinifera
Source: Data from Consultation Agrifood Information System (SIACON) up to June 2023. The symbol indicates crop´s production in the state.
5 of 29
Table 2. Bibliographic recovery at web of science.

Search strategy Filters
ts=(nano* AND (fertiliz* OR agriculture Exclude – Web of Science Categories: Clinical Neurology or
OR agro()chemicals OR pesticides OR Endocrinology Metabolism or Entomology or Fisheries or
novel()food processing or Medicine General Internal or Medicine Research Experimental
feed()processing OR food or Oncology or Parasitology or Reproductive Biology or
delivery()systems OR nanocides OR Veterinary Sciences or Virology or Allergy or Agriculture Dairy
agrochem* NOT drug delivery NOT Animal Science or Neurosciences or Marine Freshwater
biomedic* NOT drug release)) AND Biology or Infectious Diseases or Immunology or
cu=mexico Pharmacology Pharmacy or Nutrition Dietetics or Public
Environmental Occupational Health.
and Exclude – Research Areas: Genetics Heredity or Life
Sciences Biomedicine Other Topics or Pharmacology
Pharmacy.
Table 3. Main Indicators of the articles collected.

Indicator Results
Timespan 2004:2002
Sources 161
(Journals,
Books, etc)
Documents 224
Average years 5.15
from publication
Most frequent Nanoparticles; nanotechnology; antioxidants; silver nanoparticles; nanomaterials
Trend Topics
Most frequent Benavides-Mendoza, Adalberto (Universidad Autonóma Agraria Antonio Narro-UAAAN); Juárez-Maldonado,
Subject Antonio (Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro-UAAAN); Cadenas-Pliego, Gregorio (Centro de
Category Investigación en Química Aplicada-CIQA); Fernández-Luqueño, Fabian (Centro de Investigación y de
Estudios Avanzados-CINVESTAV SALTILLO); Iqbal-Hafiz, M.N. (Tecnológico de Monterrey)
Single-authors 2
docs
Co-Authors per 6.36
Doc
International co- 36.44
authorships %
Average 30.63
citations per doc
Most local cited Tapia-Hernández et al., 2015, (141); López-Vargas et al., 2018, (108); García-López et al., 2019, (89);
documents Hernández-Hernández et al., 2018, (62); García-López et al., 2018, (61).
Most cited Iqbal-Hafiz, M.N. (1016): Bilal, M. (887); Cadenas-Pliego, G. (709); Benavides-Mendoza, A (627); Juárez-
authors Maldonado, A. (558)
In the studied region, 72.7% of the papers are classified as articles, 18.7% as reviews and the rest
as book chapters, letters to the editor and conference proceedings. The papers identified were
published in 161 journal titles. This high number indicates an enormous dispersion in the channels
of scientific communication and a wide variety of approaches to the analysis of NT applied to
agriculture. The journals that accumulated the most papers are, Molecules with 7 papers, followed
by Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca with 6 papers, Chemosphere 5 papers and
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 4 papers.
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Figure 1. Publications by year in the field of nanotechnology applied in agriculture. The bars in
blue indicate the total number of papers and the bars in orange indicate the northern states
publications.
The figure 2 shows three aspects of scientific production, a) the geographic distribution of
publications in the area of study, b) the main academic institutions and c) the foreign institutions
with the greater scientific collaboration (number of co-authorships). In terms of the States, the
largest number of papers is found in Coahuila, Sonora, and Nuevo Leon; together, these entities
accumulate slightly more than half of the scientific production in the subject. The three academic
institutions with the highest number of papers are the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro
(UAAAN), the Universidad of Sonora (UNISON) and Centro of Investigación in Química Aplicada
(CIQA). Regarding scientific collaboration, all the papers are co-authored and 34% of them have
at least one international collaboration. The countries with which the authors from the country's
northern region have the greater collaboration are the United States of America and China (68 and
19 papers, respectively). They are followed by India (13), Brazil (9), Italy (9) and Spain (7). The
collaboration with China is expected to continue to grow as it is the country with the highest
scientific production in nanotechnology. South Korea is also boosting scientific production in agro
nano (Parisi et al., 2014).
As for collaboration with foreign institutions, the most frequent relationships are with the University
of El Paso Texas (20 papers), University of Houston (9 papers), University of Puerto Rico Rio
campus Piedras (7 papers) and University of California Los Angeles (6 papers).
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Figure 2. a) Geographical distribution of scientific production b) Main institutions in Mexico c) Main

countries of collaboration. Map created with Datawrapper.
The figure 3 shows a cloud of author keywords most cited in the documents. The figure was
generated using the frequency of author keywords of the papers published in institutions in northern
Mexico. This visualization allows us to map the topics of greater interest to academics in the studied
region, types of nanomaterials, applications, among others. If we exclude the terms that appear
determined by the search strategy such as "nanotechnology", "nanoparticles" and "nanomaterials",
and others related to agriculture and food stand out, such as pesticides, nanofertilizers,
germination, morphology, among others.
Figure 3. Author keyword cloud. Created with Biblioshiny.
Agronanotechnology and its vision as a line of research in Mexico

The nanotechnology (NT) is a branch of science devoted to studying and manipulating matter at
the scale of atoms and molecules. The main objective of NT is to achieve the controlled assembly
of atoms to form nanoparticles (NPs) and produce materials that, at the microscale, present
8 of 29
different or improved properties (Elmer and White, 2018). Currently, NT drives innovation in various
sectors such as telecommunications, electronics, cosmetics, textiles, and medicine, creating
products and applications such as high-speed microchips of tiny size, to the creation of new
vaccines against COVID-19 (Ortega-Berlanga et al., 2020; Palestino et al., 2020).
The agronanotechnology is expected to be one of the fastest-growing disciplines (Elmer and White,
2018). It is an emerging and multidisciplinary field that deals with developing and applying
nanomaterials in the agricultural sector. Its main characteristic is generating organic, inorganic, or
hybrid (mixture of both) NPs, used as the main active compound or vehicles to transport
biomolecules (Tejeda-Villagómez et al., 2022). Their constant development has allowed the
creation of a wide variety of products and systems that are used for the transport and release of
nutrients, improvement of packaging, and development of nanosensors, nanofertilizers,
antimicrobial agents, nanopesticides, nanoherbicides, nanofungicides, among others (Chhipa,
2019; Anzaldo and Hernandez, 2020; Bhandari et al., 2023). Additionally, there is a growing interest
in the application of agronanotechnology to provide viable alternatives to the excessive use of
agrochemicals and antibiotics, which have seriously deteriorated crop soils and induced the
formation of more virulent and resistant pathogens (Wu et al., 2023).
The development of NT and its different applications is due to the intimate participation of physics,
chemistry, and biology (Hernández-Adame et al., 2019a). On the other hand, in the case of
agronanotechnology, the participation of agricultural sciences and social sciences becomes
necessary to orient innovations to consider cultural, economic, and environmental aspects at early
stages of research. These interdisciplinary collaboration exercises have been carried out for some
time in other countries. However, they are still far from being popular among decision-makers,
managers, or scientists in Mexico. The early stage of agronanotechnology development represents
an opportunity for innovation processes to be more open. It can serve as the starting point to
identify the lines of research cultivated in academic institutions and begin to elucidate mechanisms
of social orientation of research agendas, aspects to which this work seeks to contribute.
Nanoparticles with potential use in phytosanitary control

The nanoscience aims to be a platform for developing low-cost, efficient, and environmentally
friendly agricultural products. In this sense, using nanomaterials has proven to be an effective
alternative to reduce or eliminate the excessive use of chemicals or biological agents for
phytosanitary control (Basavegowda and Baek, 2021). The literature shows that NPs based on
oxides, metals, metalloids, carbon, quantum dots, biopolymers, or liposomes, have been evaluated
in developing phytosanitary formulations (Worrall et al., 2018). A compilation of the most commonly
used nanomaterials in agriculture is presented in Table 4, where the main characteristics of each
nanomaterial are described along with their potential for use in plant pathology or other agricultural
benefits.
Of the wide variety of nanomaterials available, formulations based on Ag, Cu, TiO2, ZnO, and Al2O3
NPs are the most widely used. These systems have shown high antimicrobial activity against a
wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms, including Podosphaera xanthii (Hafez et al., 2020),
Sphaerotheca pannosa (Burketová et al., 2022), Colletotrichum musae), Bipolaris sorokiniana,
Phytophthora parasitica, Fusarium spp. (Li et al., 2021), or Meloidogyne spp. (Khan et al., 2022),
among others. Likewise, foliar, stem, and root inoculation have been evaluated, demonstrating that
these systems can be absorbed by different parts of the plants and increase their effectiveness in
pathogen control or plant growth, as has been observed in Solanum lycopersicum (Ahmed et al.,
2023), Zea maize (Francis et al., 2022), Phaseolus vulgaris (Ponce-Garcia et al., 2022), Glycine
9 of 29
max (Yusefi-Tanha et al., 2022), Cucumis sativus (Gupta et al., 2022), Mangifera indica
(Muhammad et al., 2022) and other crops.
Table 4. Types of nanoparticles with potential use in plant pathology.

Nanoparticles (NPs) Main characteristics Applications References
Organic NPs-based
on covalently linked
natural polymers. Its
shape might be
Biopolymers based on Transport agents for
spherical or without a
sugar, starch, the administration of
definite form. Its size Tariq et al., 2023
cellulose, collagen, drugs and
depends on the
gelatin, silk fibroin antimicrobial agents
molecular weight of
the macromolecule
and ranges from 20 to
1000 nm.
Biopolymer-based
NPs covalently bound
Dendrimers by a core and radial Chauhan et al., 2020
growth to form a
sphere. Delivery vehicles for
Arrangement of drugs, gene products
phospholipids in a and antimicrobials
spherical shape with
Liposomes Worrall et al., 2018
the ability to
encapsulate water-
soluble compounds
Graphene and Ali et al., 2017; Pan et
Graphene oxide Sheets Antimicrobial agents, al., 2016; Zhao et al.,
transport vehicles for 2011
Single-walled or multi- delivery of nutrients
Single or multi-walled Prasad et al., 2014;
walled carbon and genetic material
nanotube Lahiani et al., 2013
nanotubes
They are used as
NPs synthesized in
bactericides,
different shapes as
fungicides, nano-
cubes, spheres, rods, Rizwan et al., 2019;
Metals and metal fertilizers, transport
and sheets with sizes Vanti et al., 2019;
oxides vehicles for
less than 100 nm and Wang et al., 2020
antimicrobial agents,
usually with modified
nutrients, and genetic
surface chemistry.
material.
In addition, it has been demonstrated that extracts of cacti and their fruits rich in active compounds
such as Stenocereus queretaroensis (Padilla-Camberos et al., 2021) or Opuntia ficus (Silva-de-
Hoyos et al., 2012), present high reducing capacity to synthesize NPs with antimicrobial potential.
This fact opens an opportunity for new applications of products produced in the arid zones of
Mexico (Worrall et al., 2018).
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Agricultural nanosensors
The nanosensors are another rapidly growing field of agronanotechnology. These devices consist
of biological components such as receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, and
microorganisms connected to an NP and a transducer to generate an output or signal that humans
can use (Kang et al., 2010). The nanosensors help in real-time tracking of crop health and
progression by collecting accurate information regarding moisture content, soil fertility, presence
of pathogens, nutrient monitoring, onset of plant diseases, residual agrochemicals, etc. (Duhan et
al., 2017; Raliya et al., 2017). The information provided by nanosensors enables timely decision-
making to increase the quality and quantity of agricultural products. The literature reports, for
example, the development of nanosensors to monitor the presence of pathogens (Srivastava et
al., 2018) and to estimate nitrogen uptake in crops (Beegum et al., 2022), or when the disease
progresses and begins to spread through different parts of the crop (John et al., 2022). Ali et al.,
(2017) who has used this technology, shows remarkable improvements in crop yields and efficient
use of inputs, translating into economic gains and reducing soil stress. Likewise, nanosensors have
been developed to monitor nutrients in crops, thus being able to effectively determine the period
and number of agrochemicals to be used based on crop needs (Beegum et al., 2022). These data
have helped to develop other technological platforms, such as precision agriculture.
The different nanoparticles based on oxides, metals, polymers, quantum dots, and carbon
structures have been used to develop nanosensors. The table 5 shows a compilation of the
development of nanomaterials used as nanosensors and the target molecule, where the detected
compounds or microorganisms (agrochemicals, bacteria, etc.) from the agricultural sector are
shown (Chhipa, 2019).
Table 5. Nanoparticles used in the development of nanosensors for the agricultural sector
Nanoparticle (NPs) Agrochemical or interest compound detected Reference
ZnO-chitosan Trichoderma harzianum Siddiquee et al., 2014

Titanium dioxide
Atrazina (herbicide) Yu et al., 2010
(TiO2)
Graphene oxide Nitrates Pan et al., 2016
Graphene Herbicide detection Zhao et al., 2011
Multi-walled Carbon
Glyphosate and glufosinate (herbicides) Prasad et al., 2014
Nanotubes
PEDOT Nanofibers Nitrates Ali et al., 2017
Acetamiprid (insecticide) Shi et al., 2013
Urea and urease activity Deng et al., 2016

Zhao et al., 2014a; Y.
AuNps Pantoea stewartii sbusp. (bacterium)
Zhao et al., 2014b
Organophosphate (pesticides) Kang et al., 2010
Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and
Lin et al., 2014
Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV)
Dubas and Pimpan,
AgNps Herbicide detection
2008
Quantum dots DNA detection Bakhori et al., 2013
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Nanofertilizers
A nanofertilizer is a nanomaterial that can either be a plant nutrient or a carrier of a plant nutrient.
They are used to increase soil fertility, plant nutrient bioavailability, and product quality. Many
nanoparticles are currently used as nanofertilizers among which carbon nanotubes, ZnO, TiO2,
AgNPs, CuO, FeS2, and SiO2 stand out. Compared to synthetic fertilizers, nanomaterials'
objectives are slow degradation and better biodistribution that allows releasing nutrients efficiently
within the plant (Qureshi et al., 2018). This can benefit crops because adequate fertilization periods
of up to 5 times longer can be achieved compared to synthetic fertilizers (Subramanian et al., 2015).
Concerning the method of administration, the literature reports several studies concerning doses,
treatment periods, and modes of application for many crops. For example, Faizan et al. (2018),
evaluated different concentrations of ZnO in tomato plants; their results showed that these NPs
induce an increase in parameters related to plant height, root length, fruit weight, chlorophyll,
photosynthetic rate, protein content, lycopene, β-carotene, fruit number, yield, gas exchange by
leaves, and increase in the mRNA expression level of SOD and GPX genes that induce plant
resistance to salinity (Alharby et al., 2016; Faizan et al., 2018). A compilation of the most used
nanomaterials in crops of agricultural interest produced in arid zones and some produced in non-
arid areas are shown in Table 6. In addition, the doses, mode of application, and beneficial effects
are described.
Table 6. Different types of nanoparticles used as nanofertilizers, dosage used, treatment time and
response.
Nanomaterial as
Crops Main results References
fertilizer
Hordeum
vulgare,
Glycine max,
Zea mays,
Triticum
The nanotubes induce increased
Multi-walled carbon aestivum, Zea Lahiani et
germination, seedling growth, water
nanotubes mays, Arachis al., 2013
uptake, and biomass accumulation.
hypogaea,
Allium
sativum
growth
enhancement
Nanohydroxyapatite
The HA-NPs were effective at supplying P,
nanoparticles (HA-
Soybean with application of the nanoparticles Liu and Lal,
NPs) with triple
(Glycine max) increas(ing) the growth rate and seed yield 2014
superphosphate
by 32.6 and 20.4%
(TSP)
P-doped
P-nFh uptake rates were like the P
nanoFerrihydrite Bollyn et
Rice administered as phosphate. The results
nanoparticles al., 2019
show positive effect on plant growth.
(P-nFh)
Coffea Increase in the rate of photosynthesis and Rossi et al.,
arabica biomass. 2019
ZnO NPs
Triticum Higher grain yield and biomass Du et al.,
aestivum accumulation. 2019
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Nanomaterial as
Crops Main results References
fertilizer
Improvement of plant growth, enzymatic
Nicotiana
activities, and anatomical properties of
tabacum Raliya and
plants.
Tarafdar,
Positive effect on growth physiology,
Cyamopsis 2013
improvement in biomass accumulation,
tetragonoloba
and nutrient concentration.
Cicer
arietinum;
Pinacia
oleracea;
Daucus Das et al.,
FeS2 NPs Increase in germination and yield.
carota; 2016
Brassica
juncea and
Sesamum
indicum
Spinacia Wang et
Improvement in photosynthesis
oleracea al., 2020
CuO NPs
Solanum Giannousi
Induce resistance to different diseases.
lycopersicum et al., 2013
Arachis
Increased plant growth and biomass Najafi et
Fe/SiO2 NPs hypogaea,
accumulation al., 2017
Zea mays
Solanum Shenashen
Al2O3 NPs Induce resistance to Fusarium spp.
lycopersicum et al., 2017
Spinacia Induce higher accumulation of biomass, Yang et al.,
TiO2 NPs
oleracea chlorophyll, nitrogen, and protein content. 2007
Triticum Growth inducers and tolerance to heat Iqbal et al.,
aestivum stress. 2019
Vigna Improves root nodulation and soil microbial Pallavi et
AgNPs
sinensis diversity. al., 2016
Vigna Resistance to bacteria X. axonopodis pv. Vanti et al.,
unguiculata malvacearum 2019
Rizwan et
TiO2 y SiO2 Oryza sativa Growth enhancement
al., 2019
Potential risks to human health and the environment

A pressing concern is the potential risks of agronanotechnology products on the environment and
human health. The toxicology suggested that emphasis should be placed on the care of the
synthesis processes and the use of NPs. However, the fact that the standard model of research
activities is separated from the value-adding stages and commercialization generally carried out in
private companies hinders the multidisciplinary analysis necessary to anticipate and limit the
undesired or unexpected consequences of the constant use of nanomaterials in agriculture, nor in
all the sectors and commercial areas in which they are already being used (Anzaldo and
Hernández, 2020). For example, metallic NPs and their derivatives are usually produced by
chemical synthesis, which sometimes involves using highly toxic agents or generating harmful by-
products. In this sense, green chemistry synthesis or using natural agents to reduce and stabilize
13 of 29
NPs can be an alternative to reduce the toxicity and negative impact of excessive use of NPs or
high doses. However, their low yield in producing the same NPs and poor ability to induce the
formation of NPs with defined shapes and sizes have made their application impractical (Ying et
al., 2022).
On the other hand, it is important to have studies on the monitoring, biodistribution,

bioaccumulation, and degradation of metal NPs and their derivatives in different farming systems
because the constant use of NPs in agricultural soils can emulate the serious contamination
problem of agrochemicals; since, over time, their continuous use can increase the concentration
of NPs in soils and water, degrading ecosystems (Wu et al., 2023). The responsible use of
nanotechnology is a key factor in the care of the environment and human health. The use of organic
NPs, the main characteristics of which are biodegradability, biocompatibility, and zero toxicity, is
undoubtedly the most promising alternative.
The research centers and public and private universities in Mexico have hygiene and safety
commissions that follow strict protocols to monitor the correct use of nanomaterials and their
wastes. In Mexico lacks a roadmap to plan and regulate the development of NT in its multi-sectorial
diversity. However, there is a specific instance that addresses the advances in international
standardization, namely, the Technical Committee ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies of the
International Standard Organization (ISO). Since 2013, the Mexican government created the
Technical Committee for National Standardization in Nanotechnologies (CTNNN) coordinated by
the National Metrology Center (CENAM), which has as its main functions to attend the
standardization work of ISO/TC 229 and develop national application standards on the subject
(CENAM, n.d.). The CTNNN has published 19 standards on terminology, nomenclature,
measurement, and characterization of nanomaterials' physical, chemical, and toxicological
properties (SINEC, n.d.).
In terms of environmental and health protection, five standards have been published that address
protocols on occupational risk and recommendations for labeling products containing
nanomaterials (Table 7). There is currently a lack of a specific regulatory framework for commercial
applications of agronanotechnology, which constitutes a pending agenda for the future of this
technology in Mexico. To address the concerns of academic institutions, industry and consumers
about compliance with quality standards and toxicity aspects in terms of health and the
environment, specific regulatory mechanisms are needed to guide the actors' decisions along the
production chain, including decisions about what to research or which products to finance. For
example, in Mexico, there is a need to develop adequate protocols to evaluate the efficiency and
safety of nanomaterials in plants or soil, since there is a local circulation of agronano products from
other countries.
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Table 7. Standards for nanotechnologies in Mexico related to socio-environmental issues

Date of Publication in
the Federal Official Standard Scope
Gazette
Provides guidance on safety
measures related to manufactured
NMX-R-12901-1-Occupational nanomaterials, including the use of
risk management applied to engineering controls and personal
February 01, 2017
engineered nanomaterials Part protective equipment, guidance on
1: Principles and approaches. the control of accidental spills and
releases, and the proper handling of
these materials in their disposal.
Describes the use of a banded control
approach for the control of risks
NMX-R-12901-2- Occupational associated with occupational
risk management applied to exposures for nano-objects, and their
September
engineered nanomaterials Part aggregates and agglomerates larger
25, 2019
2: Use of the control banding than 100 nm (NOAA), even if
approach knowledge related to their toxicity and
quantitative exposure estimates is
limited or non-existent.
Describes a process for identifying,
assessing, addressing, making
decisions about, and communicating
potential risks from the development
NMX-R-13121 Nanomaterial
June 3, 2020 and use of manufactured
risk evaluation
nanomaterials, in order to protect the
health and safety of the public,
consumers, workers, and the
environment.
Provides guidance on the format and
NMX-R-13830 Guidance on content of voluntary labeling for
voluntary labelling for consumer manufactured nano-objects and
August 11, 2015
products containing products, preparations and mixtures
manufactured nano-objects containing manufactured nano-
objects.
It provides a compilation and
NMX-R-16197 Compilation and
description of in vitro and in vivo
description of toxicological
June 03, 2020 methods that may be useful for
screening methods for
toxicological screening of
manufactured nanomaterials
manufactured nanomaterials.
Source: Data from Sistema Integral de Normas y Evaluación de la Conformidad del Gobierno de México.
Research agenda in agronanotechnology in the arid zones of Mexico

According to the present bibliometric analysis, sixteen crops of importance for agronanotechnology
research were found; the most studied is Solanum lycopersicum L. (12 papers), followed by green
beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (3 papers), Persea americana Miller (2 papers) and habanero chile
(Capsicum chinense) (2 papers). Concerning cacti and their derivatives, it is important to highlight
the need for more participation of the scientific community in this field, despite the importance of
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these products since they can only be produced in these arid regions of the country. The table 8
show the most recent published works according to the crop type.
Table 8. Selection of articles on crops of major interest for agronanotechnology in the arid zones
of Northern Mexico.
Crop Title Type of Author(s) Year
Nanomaterial
Lettuce Impact of ZnSO4 and ZnO ZnSO4 and Benavides- 2023
plants nanoparticles on seed germination ZnO Mendoza
(Lactuca and seedling growth on lettuce. Nanoparticles et al.
sativa L.)
Tomato Effect of carbon-based nanomaterials Carbon- González- 2022
(Solanum on Fusarium wilt in Tomato. based nano Garcia et
lycopersicum materials al.
L.)
Lettuce Commercial and phytochemical NPsZnO Fortis- 2022
leaves quality in biofortified orejona lettuce Hernandez
(Lactuca with zinc oxide nanoparticles. et al.
sativa L.)
Apple fruits Effects of edaphic fertilization and NPs of Se Montaño- 2022
(Malus foliar application of Se and Zn and Zn Herrera et
domestica nanoparticles on yield and bioactive al.
L.) compounds in apple.
Tomato Gas exchange parameters, fruit yield, ZnO Pérez- 2021
(Solanum quality, and nutrient status in tomato Velasco et
lycopersicum are stimulated by ZnO nanoparticles al.
L.) of modified surface and morphology
and their application form.
Green beans Efficiency of foliar application of zinc ZnO Palacio- 2021
(Phaseolus oxide nanoparticles versus zinc nanoparticles Márquez et
vulgaris L.) nitrate complexed with chitosan on complexed al.
nitrogen assimilation, photosynthetic with chitosan
activity, and production of green
beans.
Avocado In-vitro evaluation of copper CuNPs Cruz et al. 2021
(Persea nanoparticles as a potential control
americana agent against the fungal symbionts of
Miller) the invasive ambrosia beetle
Euwallacea fornicates.
Vanilla Silver nanoparticles affect the
AgNPs Pastelín- 2020
(Vanilla micropropagation of vanilla. Solano et
planifolia) al.
Sweet potato Effect of copper oxide nanoparticles CuNPs Bonilla- 2020
plants on two varieties of sweetpotato Bird et al.
plants.
Habanero Foliar Application of Zinc Oxide ZnO, ZnSO4 García- 2019
papers nanoparticles and Zinc Sulfate boosts López et
(Capsicum the content of bioactive compounds in al.
chinense) habanero peppers.
16 of 29
Crop Title Type of Author(s) Year

Nanomaterial
Fishes Immobilizing yeast beta-glucan on Zinc-layered Angulo et 2018
zinc-layered hydroxide nanoparticle hydroxide al.
improves innate immune response in nanoparticle
fish leukocytes.
Pepper Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles boosts ZnO García- 2018
(Capsicum phenolic compounds and antioxidant López et
annuum L.) activity of pepper during germination. al.
Pea Copper oxide nanoparticles and bulk CuNPs Ochoa et 2018
(Pisum copper oxide, combined with indole- al.
sativum) 3-acetic acid, alter aluminum, boron,
and iron in Pea seeds.
Wheat Toxicity assessment of cobalt ferrite Cobalt ferrite López– 2018
nanoparticles on wheat plants. nanoparticles Luna et al.
Challenges and trends

From the data analysis presented here, it is possible to affirm that agronanotechnology has allowed
the development of novel systems used in the agricultural sector; however, we must recognize that
this line of research has yet to reach its maturity stage. The critical issues and challenges related
to the biodistribution, degradation, and biosafety of nanomaterials used in soils and agricultural
systems still need further study. This fact opens different niches of opportunity, ranging from
focusing future efforts to produce multifunctional nanomaterials on a large scale by friendlier
methods to the production of fully biodegradable and biocompatible nanomaterials to mitigate their
accumulation and environmental impact (Hernández-Adame et al., 2019b). An alternative may be
the generation of multifunctional nanomaterials that can reduce the growth of pathogenic
microorganisms and, at the same time, serve as fertilizers for the crop. Regarding degradation and
to avoid bioaccumulation, possibly the use of biodegradable biopolymers or natural products based
on chitosan, gelatin, polylactic acid, β-glucans, or bioplastics based on starch or cellulose can serve
as structural matrices in the elaboration of NPs that can be naturally degraded by enzymes or
oxidation-reduction processes (Moussout et al., 2016). On the other hand, it is expected that new
scaling-up methods in the production of NPs will make it possible to integrate new NPs-based
systems into the portfolio of agricultural products that serve as an alternative for reducing the use
of agrochemicals, developing new packaging for storing and distributing food, developing
nanosensors, nanovaccines, nanopesticides, resistance inducers, soil improvers, and
nanofertilizers.
Moreover, it is important to monitor and guide this technology’s trajectory by governance

approaches that assume as a starting point that the uses of sciences and technology are not
neutral. Approaches that consider the current moment humanity is facing are characterized by the
emergence of natural and manufactured risks. This requires that all actors involved in knowledge
production assume that the problems we pose are in contexts of post-normal science, where facts
are uncertain, values are in dispute, and the stakes are high. Hence, decisions are urgent
(Funtowicz and Ravetz, 2000).
Based on these premises, trends in the governance of agri-nanotechnology could revolve around
two thematic clusters. The first is the governance of regulation, which implies advancing the
analysis of risks to human health and the environment, as well as the social effects on the food
production cycle. It is a reality that governments and companies allocate very few resources to
17 of 29
identify and assess risks. Consequently, more elements to implement some regulations are
needed. In this regard, an interesting work is that of the research routes proposed in the European
Environment Agency report "Late lessons from early warnings: Science, precaution, innovation"
(Gee et al., 2013), which classifies NTs as an emerging risk and warns of the need to use the
precautionary approach. Another report is that of the International Risk Governance Council (IRG),
which in 2008 published a risk analysis on the use of nanomaterials in food and cosmetics,
proposing a path of incremental regulations based on the precautionary principle. Both reports and
their recommendations are still valid.
The second thematic cluster is the governance of technology promotion. Along these lines, there
is a clear need for further inquiry into how to orient agronanotechnology to the needs of smallholder
food systems. According to the Committee on World Food Security, smallholders provide 70% of
global food production and, paradoxically, suffer food insecurity (CFS, 2015).
From the bibliometric point of view and based on the data presented for the case of Mexico,
scientific production in agronanotechnology is still incipient. However, the linear trend in the
production growth suggests that there will be an increase in publications. It is impossible to predict
the direction it will take since the dispersion of the titles of the journals where this line of work is
published still associates the authors with their disciplines of origin. However, it is likely that in
terms of the application types, it will continue to add to research in food and agriculture. The high
concentration in the geographical distribution of capabilities is not surprising since this is a
characteristic of scientific activity in Mexico in all disciplines. What is interesting is the forms of
collaboration that agronanotechnology is shaping, where, as it was shown, there were no published
works of individual authorship. Also, it can be seen that collaboration between Mexican institutions
prevails over international collaboration.
Conclusions
In Mexico, food production is becoming increasingly difficult due to problems related to climate
change, overpopulation, decreasing fertile land, and increasingly restricted access to fresh water.
NT can be an alternative to address these challenges. As have been shown in this study, this
science offers potential benefits to the agricultural sector with the innovation of nanoparticle-based
systems for use as pathogen control agents, nanosensors, or nanofertilizers, among many other
applications. In Mexico, there are specific research capabilities, and that experimental work is being
carried out taking advantage of the infrastructure in some entities of the republic. The focus is
mainly on crops of interest to the agricultural export sector, such as tequila, tomato, avocado, some
types of chili, and fruits such as watermelon. It was also found that there is an interest in some
work that addresses the toxicological aspects of the NPs in agri-food systems. In this sense, it
would be necessary to explore with producers of other crops in the region what problems they are
facing and consider cacti and their derivatives within the research agendas since they have
important commercial, health, and nutritional value.
The technology alone is not enough and is necessary to consider the pre-existing inequalities in
rural areas, the social consequences, and the effects on biodiversity. The promotion of
agronanotechnology in the country requires, therefore, funding for the identification and evaluation
of risks, the generation of regulations for products currently on the market, the creation of
transdisciplinary work networks that involve groups related to toxicology, ecology, the
governmental sector, social sciences, and agricultural producers. In addition, it requires a better
understanding of how global food production works in a regime characterized by the co-optation of
technology by large agri-food consortiums. In this sense, two of the authors of this paper participate
18 of 29
in the National Technical Committee for Standardization in Nanotechnologies, and from there, we
seek to collaborate in the responsible governance of this technology.
Ethics statement
Not applicable
Consent for publication

Not applicable
Availability of supporting data

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding
author on reasonable request.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
Not applicable
Author contributions
Conceptualization, L.H.A. and M.A.M; formal analysis, L.H.A., M.A.M., Y.I.H.G. and L.G.H.M.;
investigation, L.H.A, MAM and Y.I.H.G; writing—original draft preparation, L.H.A., M.A.M., Y.I.H.G
and L.G.H.M.; writing—review and editing, L.H.A., M.A.M. and Y.I.H.G; supervision, L.H.A.; project
administration, M.A.M and L.H.A.
Acknowledgments
Mónica Anzaldo Montoya acknowledges to CONAHCYT’s Frontier Science Project No. 304320.
Luis Hernandez-Adame acknowledges to CONAHCYT’s project No. 316934.
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Agronanotechnology in The Arid Zones in Northern Mexico

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Agronanotechnology in the arid zones of northern Mexico: Research,

challenges, and new trends

Abstract. The agri-food systems in arid zones face challenges related to

Material and Methods

Results and Discussion

Table 2. Bibliographic recovery at web of science.

Table 3. Main Indicators of the articles collected.

Figure 2. a) Geographical distribution of scientific production b) Main institutions in Mexico c) Main

Figure 3. Author keyword cloud. Created with Biblioshiny.

Agronanotechnology and its vision as a line of research in Mexico

Nanoparticles with potential use in phytosanitary control

Table 4. Types of nanoparticles with potential use in plant pathology.

ZnO-chitosan Trichoderma harzianum Siddiquee et al., 2014

Acetamiprid (insecticide) Shi et al., 2013

Urea and urease activity Deng et al., 2016

Potential risks to human health and the environment

On the other hand, it is important to have studies on the monitoring, biodistribution,

Table 7. Standards for nanotechnologies in Mexico related to socio-environmental issues

Research agenda in agronanotechnology in the arid zones of Mexico

Crop Title Type of Author(s) Year

Challenges and trends

Moreover, it is important to monitor and guide this technology’s trajectory by governance

Consent for publication

Availability of supporting data

Anzaldo, M. and Hernández, Y.I. 2020. La nanotecnología aplicada a la agricultura y la alimentación

Beegum, S. and Das, S. 2022. Chapter 17. Nanosensors in agriculture. Agricultural

Benavides-Mendoza, A., Betancourt-Galindo, R. and Francisco-Francisco, N. 2023. Impact of ZnSO4-

CENAM (n.d.). Centro Nacional de Metrología. https://www.cenam.mx/servicios/

Fortis-Hernandez, M., Garcia-Delgado, J.D., Preciado-Rangel, P., Trejo-Valencia, R., Sanchez-

Giannousi, K, Avramidis, I. and Dendrinou-Samara, C. 2013. Synthesis, characterization and

López–Luna, J., Camacho–Martínez, M.M., Solís–Domínguez, F.A., González–Chávez, M.C.,

Montaño-Herrera, A., Santiago-Saenz, Y.O., López-Palestina, C.U., Cadenas-Pliego, G., Pinedo-

Padilla-Camberos, E., Sanchez-Hernandez, I.M., Torres-Gonzalez, O.R., Ramirez-Rodriguez, P.,

Palacio-Márquez, A., Ramírez-Estrada, C.A., Gutiérrez-Ruelas, N.J., Sánchez, E., Ojeda-Barrios,

Palestino, G., García-Silva, I., González-Ortega, O. and Rosales-Mendoza, S. 2020 Can

Pastelín-Solano, M.C., Ramírez-Mosqueda, M.A., Bogdanchikova, N., Castro-González, C.G. and

Pérez-Velasco, E.A., Valdez-Aguilar, L.A., Betancourt-Galindo, R., Martínez-Juárez, J., Lozano-

Silva-de-Hoyos, L.E., Sánchez-Mendieta, V., Rico-Moctezuma, A., Vilchis-Nestor, A.R., Camacho-

SINEC (n.d.). Catálogo de Normas. Sistema Integral de Normas y Evaluación de la Conformidad.

Sistema de Información Agroalimentaria de Consulta (SIACON) 2021. Módulo Agrícola Estatal.

Stopar, K. 2016. Presence of nanotechnology in agriculture: Bibliometric approach. Acta agriculturae

Tejeda-Villagómez, E., Hernandez-Adame, L., Nieto-Navarro, F. and Anzaldo-Montoya, M. 2022.

Velázquez-Carriles, C., Macias-Rodríguez, M.E., Carbajal-Arizaga, G.G., Silva-Jara, J., Angulo, C.

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