I.

EXPERIMENT TITLE
Neutralization Titration (acid-alkalimetry)
II. EXPERIMENT DATE
Tuesday, April 2nd, 2024
III. EXPERIMENT TIME
09.30-12.00 A.M
IV. PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT
1. Make and determine the standardization of acid solutions.
2. Make and determine the standardization of base solutions.
V. BASICS THEORY
Titration or also known as titrimetry and volumetric analysis is a
quantitative analysis method used to determine the concentration of a solution using
another solution that has been standardized or a solution whose concentration is
known. In this titration method, there are terms titrant or titer and titrat. Titrant or
titer is the term for the solution that will be used to measure its concentration. Titrant
is added to the analyte until the equivalence point is reached, where the indicator
solution changes color. The indicator solution used is adjusted to the titration
method used.
5.1 Acid-Alkalimetry
Acidimetry and alkalimetry are one of the four main classes of reaction
classifications in titration analysis. These two categories include titrations of free
bases or bases resulting from hydrolysis of weak base salts with standard bases
(acidimetry) and hydrolysis of weak base salts with standard bases (alkalimetry). In
these reactions, hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions compound to form water (Basset,
1994). Acid-alkalimetric titration is a quantitative analysis method used to
determine the concentration of acid or base in a solution (Skoog et al., 2018). This
method is based on the neutralization reaction between acids and bases, where the
acid and base react stoichiometrically to produce salt and water (Day &
Underwood, 1986).
The principle of acid-alkalimetry is that there is a neutralizing reaction
between the hydrogen ions of the acid and the hydroxide ions of the base to produce
neutral water. If acetosal or acetylsalicylic acid is titrated directly with a strong base,
there will be a rise in pH, which makes it difficult to find the end point of the
titration. However, if the reverse titration method is used, the end point of the
titration will be easier to find because it is a reaction between a strong acid and a
strong base (Wulandari & Santika, 2022).
5.2 Acid-Base Reactions
The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxyl ions (OH-) in a
solution can be used to identify whether the solution is basic, acidic, or neutral. A
solution is acidic (pH<7) if the concentration of hydrogen ions in it is higher than
that of hydroxyl ions. On the other hand, a solution is alkaline (pH>7) if the
concentration of hydroxyl ions in it is higher than the concentration of hydrogen
ions. A solution is considered neutral (pH = 7) if the concentration of hydrogen and
hydroxyl ions in it is equal (Wardani, 2020).
An acid-base reaction is a reaction between an acidic solution and a basic
solution that has a neutral outcome. Depending on the solution being reacted, this
reaction is also referred to as an acid neutralization reaction. One of these reacted
solutions is called a standard solution. Standard solution is divided into two, namely
primary standard solution and secondary standard solution. Primary standard
solution is a standard solution whose concentration can be known precisely and can
be used to measure the concentration of other solutions, while secondary standard
solution is a standard solution whose concentration can be determined by
calculating the exact weight of the dissolved solute.
5.3 Acid-Base Titration
Acid-base titration is a chemical analysis method commonly used in
laboratories to determine the relative concentrations of acidic or basic solutions
(Harris, 2015). This method is based on the stoichiometric reactions that occur in
solution between acids and bases. The main objective of acid-base titration is to
determine the exact volume of titrant solution, or standard solution, required to
reach the equivalence point where the number of moles of base present in the
titrated solution equals the number of moles of acid added.
5.4 Standardization
Standardization can be done by titration. In titration, a solution of a fixed
concentration (standard solution) is reacted to determine the concentration of the
solution (Syukri, 1999). Decomposing a sample of a desired solute and weighing it
accurately in a solution whose volume is accurately measured can sometimes be
used to make a standard solution. A high-purity standard solution made by weighing
and dissolving a certain substance (the concentration is determined by the mass
minus the volume of the solution) is called a primary standard solution, while a
secondary standard solution is a standard solution made by decomposing a solute
sample and accurately measuring its volume to make a standard solution. Below are
the requirements that a primary standard substance must meet:
a. The substance should be easy to obtain, easy to purify, and easy to dry.
b. The substance should have a high equivalence, so that weighing errors
are negligible. The substance should be readily soluble under the
conditions in which it is used. The substance should be able to be tested
for impurities by qualitative tests or other tests of known sensitivity (the
total amount of impurities, generally should not exceed 0.01-0.02 %).
c. Reactions with standard solutions should be stoichiometric and
practically instantaneous. Titration errors should be negligible or easily
determined experimentally.
d. The material must remain fixed, unchanged when weighed in air. This
condition means that the material should not be hygroscopic, not
oxidized by air, or exposed to carbon dioxide. These criteria must be
observed so that the composition does not change during storage.
5.5 Indicator
Acid-base indicators are substances that change color as a result of changes
in the pH of their environment. Each acid-base indicator has its own trajectory, as
well as its base color and acid color. Some indicators have a single color, such as
phenolphthalein, which is red when basic but colorless when acidic. Other
indicators have the same trajectory, but the intensity of the color differs according
to the pH such that phenolphthalein appears darker when the pH is higher (Harjadi,
1990).
The titration is stopped when the indicator changes color. When there is an
equivalence point, the color of the indicator changes. The terms "equivalence point"
and "titration end point" are used in acid-base titration. The equivalence point is the
point where the acid and base react exactly during the titration process of the
titration, and the indicator is used to determine the equivalence point. The titration
end point is the point at which the color changes (Sukmariah, 1990).
5.6 Formulas
In the neutralization titration process, there are several calculations which
are as follows:
𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
2
Where V1 is the single volume and V2 is the duplo volume. The formula is used to
calculate the average volume of the compound when the experiment is conducted
more than once.
In a titration experiment, there is a solution of known concentration and a
solution of unknown concentration. Therefore, calculations are needed to know
exactly the concentration of the unknown solution by means of:
Μ𝑎 . 𝑉𝑎 . 𝑎 = Μ𝑏 . 𝑉𝑏 . 𝑏
Information:
Ma : Molarity of acid
Va : Volume of acid
a : Valence of acid
Mb : Molarity of base
Vb : Volume of base
b : Valence of base
The formula is also used when finding the Relative Percentage Different (%RPD)
by determining the concentration of unknown compounds in the duplicate and
duplo after the experiment, then determining the %RPD on the calculation results
of the concentration of the duplicate and duplo by means of:
X1 − X 2
%RPD = .%
X average
Where X1 is the single concentration obtained from the calculation of the compound
concentration, as well as X2 which is the duplo concentration obtained from the
calculation of the compound concentration. In Xaverage is the average concentration
that has been obtained from the calculation of finding the overall compound
concentration.
 Next, find the percentage of compound content using the following formula:
(Vp . N)titrant . BEtitrat . Fp
%Content = . 100%
Compound weight
Information:
Vp : Volume of titrant
N : Normality of titrant
BE : Equivalent weight
Fp : Dilution factor
From several components of the formula, BE can be known by the formula:
BM
BE =
Ekuivalen (jumlah mol ion H +
Where BM is the molecular weight of a compound. In addition, the calculation of
Fp can be obtained using the formula:
V2
Fp =
V1
Where V2 is the final volume at pentitration and V1 is the initial volume when it
will be titrated.
VI. TOOLS AND MATERIALS
1. Tools
a. 50 ml burette 1 piece
b. Erlenmeyer flask 50 ml 3 pieces
c. 50 ml volumetric flask 1 piece
d. Watch glass 1 piece
e. Weighing balance 1 piece
f. Hyacinth pipette 1 piece
g. Drip pipette 4 pieces
h. Stative and clamps 1 pair
i. Funnel 1 piece
2. Materials
a. 0,1 N HCl solution
b. 0,1 N NaOH solution
c. 0,1 N H2C2O4 solution
d. Sample of NaHCO3
e. Sample of CH3COOH
f. Phenolphthalein indicator
g. Methyl orange indicator
h. Aquadest
VII. EXPERIMENT FLOW

7.1 Preparation and Determination (Standardization) of Acid Solution

 Preparation of ± 0,1 N HCl Solution

Pure concentrated HCl

1. Measured ± 9 ml of HCl using a measuring cup

2. Put into a volumetric flask that already contains 500 ml of
distilled water
3. Stirred until well mixed

HCl ± 0,1 N standard solution

1. Titration between HCl and NaOH

a. Determination of ± 0,1 N HCl with NaOH Solution

HCl standard solution NaOH solution

1. The burette is rinsed using 1. Pipette 5 ml

HCl solution
2. Placed in a 250 ml
2. HCl is added to the burette erlenmeyer
until it exceeds the zero
point 3. Added 3 drops of methyl
orange indicator
3. Open the tap slowly so that
all parts of the burette 4. Placed the erlenmeyer
under the tap are filled and under the burette and
there are no bubbles cover it with white paper

4. HCl is lowered to zero

1. The NaOH is titrated with HCl

2. Observed the color changes that occur
3. Stop the titration when a color change occurs
 4. Read and record the number on the burette
5. Calculated the volume of HCl used
6. Repeated the experiment 2 times
7. Calculated the average concentration of NaOH

Results

Reaction:

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) ↔ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

2. Titration between HCl and NaHCO3
a. Preparation of NaHCO3 Solution

NaHCO3

1. Taken ±0,21 grams baking soda

2. Put in a volumetric flask of 50ml
3. Diluted with aquades
4. 10 ml sample taken
5. Transfered to erlenmeyer flask
6. Shaken until miixed with perfectly

Standar solution
NaHCO3

b. Determination of ± 0,1 N HCl with NaHCO3

Standar solution
HCl Solution NaHCO3

1. The burette in rised with 1. Pipette of 10 ml

using a solution of HCl 2. Put into 50 ml
2. HC lis put into the burette erlenmeyer flask
until exceeds zero point 3. Added methyl
3. The fauced is opened orange
slowly so that all parts of 4. Put the erlenmeyer
the burette under the flask under the
fauced are filled buerette and give
4. HC is lowered to zero white paper
point
5. Record the number

1. Oxalic acid solution titrated with HCl

2. Observe the changes that occur
3. Stop the titration when a color change occur
4. Record the number on the burette
5. Calculate volume of HCl used
6. Repeat the experiment 2 times
7. Calculate the average concentration of
NaHCO3

Results
Reaction:
NaHO3(aq) + HCl(aq)→NaCl(l) + H2O(L) + CO2(g)
7.2 Preparation and Determination (Standardization) of Basic Solution
 Preparation of ± 0,1 M NaOH solution
NaOH
1. Measured ±4,2 grams with a smell goblet
or watch glass
2. Dissolved in distilled water in a glass
3. Diluted ±0,1 L volume (use heated
disatilled water)
4. Shaken well to mix
5. Stored in a bottle with robher stopper
NaOH Solution
±0,1 N

NaOH Concentrated
1. Dissolving 50 grams of NaOHY in 50
mL Aquous
2. Leave it until the solution is clear and
there is a precipitate
3. Measured 6,5 mL Using a measuring
cup
4. Diluted with boiled water to the 1L
volume
NaOH solution ±0,1 M

1. Titration between NaOH with H2C2O4

a. Determination of ± 0,1 M NaOH with H2C2O4 Solution

NaOH Solution H2C2O4 Solution

1. The burette is rinsed with using a 1. Pipette of 10 mL

solution of NaOH 2. Put into 250 mL
2. NaOH is put into the burette until erlenmeyer flask
exceeds zero point 3. Added PP indicator
3. The faucet is opened slowly so that all 4. Put the erlenmeyer flask
parts of the burette under the faucet are under the burette and
filled give white paper
4. NaOH is lowered to zero point
5. Record the number
 1. Oxalic acid solution titrated with
NaOH
2. Observe the danges that occur
3. Stop the titration when a color change
occurs
4. Record the number on the burette
5. Calculate the volume of NaOH
6. Repeat the experiments 2 times
7. Calculate the average concentration
of oxalic acid

Result

Reaction:
2NaOH(aq) + H2C2O4 → Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O
2. Titration between NaOH with CH3COOH
a. Preparation of CH3COOH Solution

CH3COOH

1. Measured ± 10 ml using measuring cup.

2. Put into a volumetric flask or 1L size goblet
that already contains 50 ml of aquadest.
3. Added aquadest until the meniscus limit
4. Shaken until well mixed

CH3COOH Solution

b. Determination of ± 0,1 N NaOH with CH3COOH Solution

NaOH Solution CH3COOH Solution

1. The burette is rinsed 1. Take 10 ml vinegar acid.

using NaOH(aq).
2. Dissolved with water in a
2. NaOH is added to the
burette until it exceeds volmetric flask.
the zero point. 3. Transferred the 10 ml
sample in Erlenmeyer
3. Open the tap slowly so
that all parts of the flask.
burette under the tap are 4. Added 3 drops of
fillled and there are no air phenolphthalein
bubbles. indicator.
4. NaOH is lowered to zero. 5. Placed the Erlenmeyer
flask under the burette
and cover it with white
paper.

1. The CH3COOH(aq) is titrated with NaOH.

2. Observed the color change that occur.
3. Stop the titration when a color change
occurs.
4. Read and record the number on the
burette.
5. Calculated the volume of NaOH used.
6. Repeated the experiment 2 times.
7. Calculated average CH3COOH
concentration.
 Results

Reaction:
NaOH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) → CH3COOONa(aq) + H2O(l)
VIII. EXPERIMENT RESULT

No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion

Before After
1. Preparation and Determination
(Standardization) of Acid Solution

 Preparation of ± 0,1 N HCl

Solution

Pure concentrated HCl

1. Measured ± 9 ml of
HCl using a measuring
cup
2. Put into a volumetric
flask that already
contains 500 ml of
distilled water
3. Stirred until well mixed

HCl ± 0,1 N standard solution

No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
1. Titration between HCl and NaOH

a. Determination of ± 0,1 N HCl with

NaOH Solution  HCl (aq)  NaOH 1.) Principle of From the 2x
= (aq) + Neutralization repitions based
HCl standard solution colorless methyl Titration on the first
orange Titration of strong experiment that
 NaOH indicator base with a strong have been carried
1. The burette is rinsed using (aq) = = orange acid produces a salt out, found that
HCl solution colorless or neutral solution, a the average of
2. HCl is added to the burette  NaOH neutralization concentration is
until it exceeds the zero  Methyl (aq) + reaction occurs when 0,085 M, with a
point orange methyl the strong acid and % content is
indicator orange strong base are in 0,159% and %
3. Open the tap slowly so that = orange indicator equivalent RPD value is
all parts of the burette + HCl concentration, and 0,12% which is
under the tap are filled and (aq) = this solution is under 2,7% so
there are no bubbles brick red completed ionization the titration is
in water. accurate and no
4. HCl is lowered to zero needs to be
2.) Reaction repeated.
NaOH (aq) + HCl
NaOH solution (aq) ↔ NaCl (aq) +
H2O (l)
1. Pipette 5 ml
2. Placed in a 250 ml
erlenmeyer
No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
3.) pH Indicator
3. Added 3 drops of Indicator that used in
methyl orange this experiment is
indicator the methyl orange
4. Placed the erlenmeyer (MM) with range
under the burette and 3,2-4,4.
cover it with white
paper 4.) Formulas
 The average of
concentration
1. The NaOH is a.Ma.Va = Vb.Mb.b
titrated with HCl Mb = 0,085 M
 % Content
2. Observed the color = x100%
changes that occur
= 0,159%
3. Stop the titration  % RPD
when a color = = 0,12%
change occurs
4. Read and record 5.) Acceptance
the number on the % RPD ≤ 2,7%
burette 0,12% ≤ 2,7%

5. Calculated the
volume of HCl
used
times
7. Calculated the
average
concentration of
NaOH
No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After

6. Repeated the
experiment 2
times
7. Calculated the
average
concentration of
NaOH

Results
No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
2. Titration between HCl and NaHCO3 From the 2x
• Baking • Baking 1.) Principle of repitions based
a. Preparation of NaHCO3 Solution
soda → soda + neutralizatiom the first
NaHCO3 powder aquades titration. In the experiment that
• Aquades → titration process have been carried
1. Taken ±0,21 grams → colorless
of strong acid and out, found that
colorless
baking soda weak base, the the average
2. Put in a volumetric weak base will concentration is
not be ionized 0,05M, with a %
flask of 50ml
completely. This content is 4,2%
3. Diluted with aquades is because the and RPD% value
4. 10 ml sample taken weak base enters is 0%. The
5. Transfered to the solution with RPD% value is
low electrolyte under 2,7% so
erlenmeyer flask ability. Thus, the the titration is
6. Shaken until mixed salt produced in accurate and No.
with perfectly the process will needs to be
be more repeated.
Standar solution dominantly
acidic.
NaHCO3
2.) Reaction
NaHCO3(aq) +
HCl(aq)→
No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
b. Determination of ± 0,1 N HCl with • HCl → • Baking NaCl(l) + H2O(l)
NaHCO3 colorless soda + C02(g)
HCl Solution • Methyl solution +
orange methyl→
1. The burette in rised → orange 3.) pH indikator
orange indikator that
with using a solution of
used in this
HCl experiment is the
2. HC lis put into the methyl orange
burette until exceeds (MM). With
range 3,2-4,4.
zero point
3. The fauced is opened 4.) Formulas
slowly so that all parts • The average of
concentration
of the burette under the
a.Ma.Va=Vb.Mb.
fauced are filled b
4. HC is lowered to zero Mb=0,05M
point
• Content %
5. Record the number 𝑉𝑝.𝑁.𝐵𝐸.𝐹𝑝
x100
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝.𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
% =4,2%

• RPD%
𝑋1−𝑋2
= 𝑥 =0%
No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
5.) Acceptance
Standar solution
%RPD ≤ 2,7%
NaHCO3
0% ≤ 2,7%
1. Pipette of 10 ml
2. Put into 50 ml
erlenmeyer flask
3. Added methyl orange
4. Put the erlenmeyer
flask under the
buerette and give

1. Oxalic acid solution titrated

with HCl
2. Observe the changes that occur
3. Stop the titration when a color
change occur
4. Record the number on the
burette
5. Calculate volume of HCl used
6. Repeat the experiment 2 times
7. Calculate the average
concentration of NaHCO3

Results
No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After

2. Preparation and determination

(standardization) of base solution

 Preparation of ±0,1 M NaOH

Solution

NaOH

1. Measured ±4,2
grams with a smell
goblet or watch
glass
2. Dissolved in
distilled water in a
glass
3. Diluted ±0,1 L
volume (use heated
disatilled water)
4. Shaken well to mix
5. Stored in a bottle
with robher stopper

NaOH Solution ±0,1 N

No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After

NaOH concentrated

1. Dissolving 50 grams
of NaOHY in 50 mL
Aquous
2. Leave it until the
solution is clear and
there is a precipitate
3. Measured 6,5 mL
Using a measuring
cup
4. Diluted with boiled
water to the 1L
volume

NaOH solution ±0,1 M

No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
1. Titration between NaOH with  NaOH  Standar 1.) Principle of From the 2x
H2C2O4 solution solution Neutralization repitions based
a. Determination of ± 0,1 M = H2C2O4 Titration the first
NaOH with H2C2O4 Solution colorless + The
experiment that
 Standar aqueous neutralization
titration between have been carried
solution =
NaOH Solution out, found that
oxalic colorless NaOH (sodium
acid = solution hydroxide) and the average
1. The burette is rinsed with
colorless  Standar H2C2O4 (oxalic concentration is
using a solution of NaOH
 PP solution acid) is a titration 0,068 M, with a
2. NaOH is put into the where strong
indicator H2C2O4 % content is 0,32
burette until exceeds zero + base (NaOH) is
= % and RPD%
point colorless aqueous used to neutralize
3. The faucet is opened value is 0,41 %.
 Aqueous + PP weak acid
slowly so that all parts of = indicator (H2C2O4). The
the burette under the colorless = reaction between The RPD%
faucet are filled colorless that, will produce value is under
4. NaOH is lowered to zero solution of alkaline or pH 2,7% so the
point  Standar >7 titration is
5. Record the number solution 2.) Reaction
accurate and No
H2C2O4 2NaOH(aq) +
H2C2O4 Solution H2C2O4 → needs to be
+
aqueous Na2C2O4(aq) + repeated.
1. Pipette of 10 mL + PP 2H2O(l)
2. Put into 250 mL indicator 3.) pH Indicator
erlenmeyer flask + NaOH the indicator that
3. Added PP indicator Solution used in this
4. Put the erlenmeyer = experiment is
phenolphatlein
flask
No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
under the burette and - Trial 1 which means the
give white paper = pink pH trajectory in
- trial 2 8,3-10,0
= pink
1. Oxalic acid solution titrated 4.) Formulas
with NaOH  Average
2. Observe the danges that concern
occur a.Ma.Va=Vb.
3. Stop the titration when a Mb.b
color change occurs Mb=0,068 M
4. Record the number on the  % content
𝑉𝑝.𝑁.𝐵𝐸.𝐹𝑝
burette x1
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝.𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
5. Calculate the volume of 00% =0,32 %
NaOH  Average
6. Repeat the experiments 2 concent
times 𝑀1+𝑀2
= 0,045 M
7. Calculate the average 2

concentration of oxalic acid

5.) Acceptance
Result 𝑋1−𝑋2
= 𝑥
=0, 41%

%RPD ≤ 2,7%
0,41 % ≤ 2,7%
No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
2. Titration between NaOH with • NaOH • CH3OOH 1. Principle of Based on the
CH3COOH solution: solution + Neutralization results of the
a. Preparation of CH3COOH colorless aquuadest Titration fourth
: colorless The principle is experiment,
Solution
• CH3CO based on the namely the
CH3COOH OOH • CH3COO neutralization titration of
solution: H reaction between NaOH with
1. Measured ± 10 ml using colorless solution + acids and bases, CH3COOH, it
measuring cup. aquadest where the can be seen that
2. Put into a volumetric • Phenolph + equivalence the average
thalein phenolpht point is concentration
flask or 1L size goblet
indicator halein determined by obtained is 0,63
that already contains 50 measuring the M, with a
: indicator:
ml of aquadest. colorless colorless pH. The reaction percentage
between a strong content value of
3. Added aquadest until the
• Aquadest • CH3COO base and weak 18% and an RPD
meniscus limit. H acid will produce percentage value
:
4. Shaken until well mixed a solution pH of 0,41%. This
colorless solution +
aquadest that is alkaline or means that the
CH3COOH Solution + pH > 7. RPD percentage
phenolpht value obtained
halein 2. Reaction meets the
b. Determination of ± 0,1 N NaOH NaOH(aq) + acceptability
indicator
with CH3COOH Solution CH3COOH(aq) → because the value
+ NaOH
solution: CH3COONa(aq) + is below 2,7%.
NaOH Solution
o 1st H2O(l) Therefore, it can
experi be concluded that
this experiment
No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
men: 3. Rate of Indicator provides
1. The burette is rinsed soft The indicator consistent results
using NaOH(aq). pink used is with high
2. NaOH is added to the phenolphthalein precision and
burette until it exceeds o 2nd which means the accuracy.
the zero point. experi pH trajectory is
ment: 8,3-10,0.
3. Open the tap slowly so
soft
that all parts of the pink 4. Formulas
burette under the tap • Determinatio
3. are fillled and there are n of Mass
no air bubbles. Standardizati
4. NaOH is lowered to on
𝑛
zero. Μ=
𝑉
𝑔𝑟
CH3COOH Solution 0,65 =
60 𝑥 0,05 𝐿
1. Take 10 ml vinegar 𝐿 = 0,02 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
acid.
• %Content
2. Dissolved with water %=
𝑉𝑝 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 𝐵𝐸 𝑥 𝐹𝑝
𝑥100%
𝜌𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑥 1000
in a volmetric flask. = 18%

3. Transferred the 10 ml
• Average
sample in Erlenmeyer Concentratio
flask. n
4. Added 3 drops of 𝑀1 + 𝑀2
𝑀=
phenolphthalein 2
𝑀 = 0,63 𝑀
indicator.
No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
5. Acceptability
5. Placed the 𝑋1 − 𝑋2
Erlenmeyer flask %𝑅𝑃𝐷 =
𝑋𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
under the burette and %RPD = 0,41%
cover it with white
paper.

1. The CH3COOH(aq) is
titrated with NaOH.
2. Observed the color
change that occur.
3. Stop the titration
when a color change
occurs.
4. Read and record the
number on the burette.
5. Calculated the volume
of NaOH used.
6. Repeated the
experiment 2 times.
7. Calculated average
CH3COOH
concentration.
No. Experiment Flow Experiment Result Hypothesis/Reaction Conclusion
Before After

Results
IX. ANALYSIS
One way of quantitative chemical analysis is titration, which has numerical
calculation results. In this experiment, the neutralization titration (assidi-
alkalimetry). If separated into two parts of the word, there are two kinds of titration,
namely acidic titration and alkalimetric titration. Acidic titration uses acid as titrant
and base as titrate, while alkalimetric titration uses base as titrant and acid as titrate.
In this experiment, only alkalimetric neutralizing titration was carried out, namely
the standardization of NaOH solution with oxalic acid and NaOH solution with
HCl. Standardization is the process of determining the concentration of a secondary
standard solution by titrating it with a primary standard solution (Kenkel, 2003).
9.1 Standard Solutions
Standard solutions meet several criteria that must be met: 1) Must be
available directly in pure form or under conditions of known purity. In other words,
the amounts of impurities should not be more than 0.01-0.02 percent of the original
substance. 2) The substance should not be too hygroscopic, hygroscopic is the
ability of a substance to absorb water molecules from its environment (Purwitasari,
2022). Because of this it can cause water to be bound when weighing it. 3) Primary
standards must have a high equivalent weight to reduce errors when weighing. 4) It
is better if it is a highly dissociated acid or base. In this practicum there are two
standard solutions, for acids, the standard solution used is HCl. Conversely, for
bases, the standard solution used is NaOH.
9.1.1 HCl Standard Solution
In the titration of acid solutions, a standard solution is needed as a
preparation solution before performing an acid titration. In its manufacture,
first pure concentrated HCl is prepared. After that, measure about 9 ml using
a measuring cup. Then put it in a 1 liter measuring flask or cup that has been
filled with 500 ml of distilled water. More distilled water is added to the
upper limit of the measuring flask, then shaken until well mixed. From this
manufacture, a 0.1 N HCl standard solution will be formed which will be
used for acid titration.
9.1.2 NaOH Standard Solution
Just like acid titration, base titration also requires a standard solution
 as a preparation solution before performing titration. Before making a
standard solution, first prepare NaOH which has been measured about 4.2
grams using a watch glass. Furthermore, the measured NaOH is dissolved
using distilled water in a glass, then diluted with a volume of about 0.1 liters
using heated distilled water. Then shaken until well mixed and stored in a
bottle with a rubber cover. From the above preparation, a 0.1 N NaOH
standard solution will be formed which will be used during the base titration
process.
9.2 Titration between HCl and NaOH Solution
In the first experiment, HCl as the primary standard solution acts as a titrant,
while NaOH as a secondary solution act as a titrate. Before titration, it is good to
prepare tools and materials then the burette is washed using HCl solution. Then HCl
is added to the burette until it exceeds the zero point, then the burette faucet is
slowly opened so that the entire bottom of the faucet is all filled and there are no air
bubbles. HCl solution is lowered until it runs out or to zero point. Then HCl solution
is added back to the burette for the titration process. Flushing the burette using a
titrant solution (HCl) function so that other impurities disappear with the titrant
solution which will then be lowered, then a new titrant solution is added with the
burette that has been rinsed. This is so that during the titration process produces
maximum results and accurate calculations.
After the burette was rinsed, the next step NaOH was taken using a 5 ml
drop pipette and placed in a 250 ml erlenmeyer flask. Then 3 drops of methyl orange
indicator were added, when the addition of methyl orange indicator to NaOH did
not experience any color change. The addition of methyl orange has a role to give
color to the basic solution and when the condition is neutral, the solution becomes
yellow. After adding the indicator, then the solution in the erlenmeyer is placed
under the burette with a white paper base so that when there is a color change it is
clearly visible. When everything is ready, the NaOH solution is titrated with HCl
solution drop by drop. Then observe the color change in the solution, if the solution
has a yellow color change then the titration is stopped and start reading and
recording the end point of the titration on the burette. In this first experiment, the
final volume of titration for siplo was 4.5 ml and 4 ml in duplo, resulting in an
average volume of 4.25 ml. Producing an average NaOH concentration of 0.085 M,
0.12% RPD calculation results, and a percentage content of 0.135%. These results
are obtained based on the calculation of the formula as follows:
9.2.1 The Average Volume
𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
2
Vaverage = 4,25 ml
9.2.2 The Average of Concentration
a . Ma . Va = Vb . Mb . b
1 . 0,1 N . 4,25 ml = 5 ml . Mb . 1
Mb = 0,085 M
9.2.3 Relative Percentage Different
X1 − X 2
%RPD = .%
X average
%RPD = 0,12%
9.2.4 Percentage of Substance
(Vp . N)titrant . BEtitrat . Fp
%Content = . 100%
Compound weight
%Content = 0,135%
9.2.5 Graphics
Berdasarkan data yang sudah didapatkan, terbentuk suatu grafik
dengan kurva sebagai berikut:
 In the graph, the x-axis shows volume and the y-axis shows pH. It is known
according to the graph that the pH at the equilibration point is 7 and the
average volume of HCl at equilibration is 4.25 ml and the final volume is
9.25 ml.
9.3 Titration between HCl and NaHCO3
Before performing the titration, you must first dilute the NaHCO3 solid. The
first step is to take 0.21 grams of NaHCO3 solids that have been weighed on a
balance sheet, then put in a 50 ml measuring flask and dissolved with distilled water.
After that, 10 ml of the sample was taken and transferred to an erlenmeyer flask.
Shaken until completely mixed. In the second experiment, the primary HCl standard
solution served as the titrant, and the secondary NaHCO3 solution served as the
titrate. Before titration, all equipment and materials were prepared, then the burette
was rinsed with HCl solution. Then the HCl solution is added to the burette to
exceed zero point and the burette faucet is opened slowly so that the entire bottom
is filled and there are no air bubbles. After the HCl solution is lowered to the end or
to zero point, a new HCl solution is taken and then added to the burette for the
titration process. Utilizing the titrant solution (HCl) to rinse the burette removes
other impurities along with the titrant solution to be lowered. Then, a new titrant
solution is added to the rinsed burette state. This is done to ensure that the titration
process produces optimal results and accurate calculations.
After rinsing the burette, the next step was to take NaHCO3 using a 10 ml
drop pipette and put it in a 50 ml erlenmeyer flask. After that, 3 drops of methyl
orange indicator were added, there was no color change when the indicator was
added to NaHCO3. After that, the solution was placed under the burette with white
paper so that the color change could be seen clearly. When everything is ready, the
NaHCO3 solution is titrated drop by drop with HCl solution. Then the color change
of the solution is observed. If the solution starts to turn yellow, the titration is
stopped and begins to read and record the end point of the titration on the burette.
In the second experiment, the final volume of the ciplo titration was 5 ml and 5 ml
in duplo, resulting in an average volume of 5 ml. In this experiment, the average
NaOH concentration was 0.05 M, the RPD calculation result was 0%, and the
percentage content was 0.95%. These results were obtained using the following
formula:
9.3.1 The Average Volume
𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
2
Vaverage = 5 ml
9.3.2 The Average of Concentration
a . Ma . Va = Vb . Mb . b
1 . 0,1 N . 5 ml = 10 ml . Mb . 1
Mb = 0,05 M
9.3.3 Relative Percentage Different
X1 − X 2
%RPD = .%
X average
%RPD = 0%
9.3.4 Percentage of Substance
(Vp . N)titrant . BEtitrat . Fp
%Content = . 100%
Compound weight
%Content = 0,95%
9.3.5 Graphics

In the graph, the x-axis shows the volume, and the y-axis shows the pH.
Based on the graph, the pH at the equivalence point is 3-4, and the average
HCl volume at equivalence is 5 ml and the final volume is 15 ml.
9.4 Titration between NaOH with H2C2O4
In the third experiment, H2C2O4 is used as a secondary solution that
functions as a titrant, and NaOH is used as a primary standard solution that
functions as a titrant. Before titration, all equipment and materials were prepared
and then rinsed the burette using NaOH solution. Then the NaOH solution is added
to the burette to exceed zero point and the faucet is opened slowly so that the bottom
of the faucet is completely filled so that there are no air bubbles. After the NaOH
solution is lowered to the end or to zero point, the solution is again added to the
burette for the titration process. Flushing the burette with titrant solution (NaOH)
removes other impurities along with the titrant solution to be lowered. Then the new
titrant solution is added back to the rinsed burette state. This is done to ensure
accurate calculations and the best results when titrating.
After flushing the burette, the H2C2O4 solution was prepared. H2C2O4
solution was added using a pipette as much as 10 ml and put into a 250 ml
erlenmeyer flask. Then added phenolphthalein indicator as much as 3 drops, then
placed under the burette with a white paper base so that it is clearly visible if there
is a color change. After all is done, the H2C2O4 solution is titrated with NaOH
solution drop by drop. Next, the solution is observed for color changes. If the
solution starts to turn pink, the titration is stopped and begins to read and record the
end point of the titration on the burette. In this third experiment, the final volume
of titration was 15.5 ml in duplicate and 12 ml in duplicate, which resulted in an
average volume of 13.75 ml. In this experiment, the average H2C2O4 concentration
was 0.068 M, the calculated RPD was 0.41%, and the percentage content was
0.045%. These results were obtained from the following formula calculation:
9.4.1 The Average Volume
𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
2
Vaverage = 13,75 ml
9.4.2 The Average of Concentration
a . Ma . Va = Vb . Mb . b
1 . Ma . 10 ml = 13,75 ml . 0,1 N . 1
Mb = 0,068 M
9.4.3 Relative Percentage Different
 X1 − X 2
%RPD = .%
X average
%RPD = 0,41%
9.4.4 Percentage of Substance
(Vp . N)titrant . BEtitrat . Fp
%Content = . 100%
Compound weight
%Content = 0,45%
9.4.5 Graphics

In the graph, the x-axis shows the volume, and the y-axis shows the pH.
Based on this graph, the pH is at the equivalent point of 12-14, and the
average NaOH volume is at the equivalent point of 13.75 ml.
9.5 Titration between NaOH with CH3COOH
In the titration of basic solutions, a standard solution is required as a
preparation solution before performing a basic titration. During production, pure
concentrated CH3COOH is first produced. Then measure approximately 10 ml with
a measuring cup. Then put into a 1 liter measuring flask or beaker containing 50 ml
of distilled water. More water is added to the top of the flask and shaken until well
mixed. A standard solution of 0.1 N CH3COOH is produced from this preparation
and used for base titration. In the fourth experiment, NaOH as the primary standard
solution acts as a titrant and CH3COOH as a secondary standard solution acts as a
titrant. Before performing titration, it is recommended to prepare tools and materials
and clean the burette with NaOH solution. Next, add NaOH to the burette until it is
above the zero point. Next, open the burette faucet slowly to ensure that the entire
bottom of the faucet is filled and there are no air bubbles. The NaOH solution is
reduced until it runs out or decreases to zero. The NaOH solution is then returned
to the burette for the titration process. Rinsing the burette with titrant (NaOH)
reduces impurities by removing other impurities along with the titrant. Then after
the burette is rinsed, fresh titrant is added again. This is to ensure maximum results
and accurate calculations in the titration process. In this experiment, the average
NaOH concentration was 0.63 M, the RPD calculation was 0.41%, and the content
was 18%. These results are obtained from the calculation of the following formula:
9.5.1 The Average Volume
𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
2
Vaverage = 63 ml
9.5.2 The Average of Concentration
a . Ma . Va = Vb . Mb . b
1 . Ma . 10 ml = 63 ml . 0,1 N . 1
Mb = 0,63 M
9.5.3 Relative Percentage Different
X1 − X 2
%RPD = .%
X average
%RPD = 0,41%
9.5.4 Percentage of Substance
(Vp . N)titrant . BEtitrat . Fp
%Content = . 100%
Compound weight
%Content = 0,45%
9.5.5 Graphics
In this graph, the x-axis shows the volume and the y-axis shows the pH.
Based on the graph, the pH is at the equivalent point of 8-9 and the average
amount of NaOH is at the equivalent point of 63 ml.
 X. DISCUSSION
Error in taking vinegar acid which should be taken as much as 1 ml, but 10
ml was taken. This is what causes the titration process to be very long and even to
reach the equivalence point must drip very much NaOH solution. In addition, this
also affects the volume calculation which should not be as much as the calculation
for the titrate volume.
XI. CONCLUSION
Based on the four experiments, the results can be concluded. In the first
experiment, the titration between HCl and NaOH found an average concentration
of 0.085 M, with a percentage content of 0.135% and a %RPD value of 0.12% and
produced a brick red solution. In the second experiment, the titration between HCl
and NaHCO3 found an average concentration of 0.05 M with a percentage content
of 4.2% and a %RPD value of 0% and produced a brick red solution. In the third
experiment, the titration between NaOH and H2C2O4 produced a soft pink solution.
The resulting average concentration of 0.068 M with a percentage content of 0.32%
and %RPD is 0.41%. In the fourth experiment, the resulting solution is soft pink in
color. It also produced an average concentration calculation of 0.63 M with a
percentage content of 18% and a %RPD value of 0.41%.
From the results that have been presented, the first to fourth experiments
resulted in an RPD percentage below 2.7%. This means that the experiments
conducted have a fairly high consistency of precision and accuracy.
XII. SUGGESTIONS
There are several recommendations that can be taken from the research that
has been carried out for the evaluation of the next practicum to be carried out better:
1. Practitioners should be more careful when performing titrations and reading
the volume meniscus on the burette.
2. Practitioners should be more careful when using experimental tools,
especially those made of glass.
3. Practitioners must be more careful by entering the indicator first before
performing the titration.
4. Practitioners should share tasks with group members to produce optimal
work.
XIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Day, R. A., & Underwood, A. L. (1986). Quantitative Analysis (5th ed.). Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Harjadi, W. (1990). Ilmu Kimia Analitik Dasar. Gramedia. Jakarta.
Harris, D. C. (2015). Quantitative Chemicals Analysis. W. H. Freeman and
Company.
Kenkel, J. (2003). Analytical Chemistry for Technicians. Washington Lewis
Publishers.
Skoog, D, A., West, D. M., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S. R. (2018). Fundamentals of
Analytical Chemistry (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengange Learning.
Sukmariah. 1990. Kimia Kedokteran Edisi 2. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara.
Syukri. (1999). Kimia Dasar 2. Bandung. Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Wulandari, M. A., & Santika, I. W. M. (2022). Penetapan kadar Tablet asetosal
dengan metode asidi-alkalimetri. Journal scientific of mandalika.
XIV. ATTACHMENT
a. Question Answers
1. Why should the NaOH solution use water that has been brought to a boil?
Answer:
The purpose is because alkali metal (Na) is exothermic and easily reacts
with water, using boiling water when making NaOH solution is intended to
avoid explosions that can cause injury to the practitioner.
2. What is the difference between:
a. Raw solution dan standard solution?
Answer:
- Standard solutions have a known concentration through weighing
and dilution or calculation.
- Standard solutions are solutions with concentrations that have been
accurately determined.
b. Acidimetry dan alkalimetry?
Answer:
Acidi is a titration that uses acid as a titrant and base as a titrate, while
alkalimetry is a titration that uses base as a titrant and acid as a titrate.
3. Justify the use of indicators in the above titration!
Answer:
Methyl orange indicator is used to determine the equivalence point, exact
point, or equivalence point at a certain pH. This is because the titration
between strong acids with weak bases and strong acids with strong bases
has a pH range of 3,1- 4,4. Thus, the indicator will change color around the
equivalent of the titration, so that when the titration reaches the equivalent
point.
d. Documentation

 Determination of HCl with NaOH solution

No Experiment Picture Description

Titran (in the burette)
1. Taken HCl solution

2. The burette is rinsed using

HCl (aq)

3. Opened the tap slowly so

that all parts of the burette
under the tap are filled
and there are no bubbles
4. Added HCl (aq) to the
burette for the first
volume before titration

Titrat (in the erlenmeyer)

4. Taken NaOH solution

5. Added 5 ml of NaOH in a
250 ml erlenmeyer
6. Added 3 drops of methyl
orange indicator

Titration
7. The NaOH solution is
titrated with HCl

8. Observed the color change

that occur

1st erlenmeyer
9. Read and record the
volume number on the
burette

2nd erlenmeyer
10. Read and record the
volume number on the
burette

Results
11. Comparison of results
from the 1st erlenmeyer
and 2nd erlenmeyer
 • Determination of NaHCO3 and HCl solution
No. Pictures Description
1. A 50ml beaker glass is placed in the place for
weighing

2. Taken 0,21 grams of baking soda and laid out in a

beaker glass

3. The scales show that baking soda has reached

0,21 grams

4. We gave a little aqueous baking soda so that it is

easy to dilute it in a measuring flask.
5. Baking soda is included in a measuring flask

6. Baking soda is diluted in a measuring flask until

completely mixed

7. Diluted baking soda and aqueous

8. Before being put in Erlenmeyer, it is measured

first using a measuring cup as much as 10ml
9. An already measured solution of baking soda is
put in Erlenmeyer

10. The solution was given 3 drops of methyl orange

11. Solutions that have been given methyl orange are

then titrated with HCL

12. Initial Volume

13. Final Volume

14. After 2 experiments, the final result obtained was

an orange to red solution.
 ● Determination of NaOH with Oxalic Acid solution

No. Experiment Picture Description

● NAOH Solution
1. the burette is rinsed using a
NAOH solution
and then, until exceeds zero
point

2. the faucet is opened slowly for

all parts of the burette under the
faucet are filled.

NAOH is lowered into zero point

● H2C2O4 • H2O Solution

3. Preparation of 10 mL oxalic acid
solution

4. Addition of 10 mL of distilled
water to oxalic acid
5. Addition of 3 drops of
Phenolphthalein indicator

6. Put the Erlenmeyer flask under

the burette and give a white
paper

● The Titration
7. Dropped with NaOH solution
drop by drop until pink color

stop the Titration when A color

change occurs
8. The results of the first oxalic acid
titration with a volume of 12 mL
NaOH solution turned pink

9. The results of the second oxalic

acid titration with a volume of
15.5 mL NaOH solution turned
pink

10. Final result of two repetitions

then calculate the average

concentration of oxalic acid
 • Determination of NaOH Solution with CH3COOH Solution
No. Experiment Picture Description
• NaOH Solution
1. The burette is rinsed using NaOH(aq).

2. • NaOH is added to the burette until it

exceeds the zero point.
• Open the tap slowly so that all parts of
the burette under the tap are filled and
there are no air bubbles.
• NaOH is lowered to zero.

• CH3COOH Solution
4. • Pipette 10 ml.
• Placed in a 50 ml volumetric flask.
No. Experiment Picture Description
5. Added 10 ml aquadest until 50 ml.

6. Dissolved with aquadest in a volumetric flask.

7. Extracted 10 ml and transferred the 10 ml

sample in an Erlenmeyer flask.

8. Added 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.

No. Experiment Picture Description

• Titration

9. • The CH3COOH(aq) is titrated with

NaOH.
• Observed the color changes that occur.
• Stop the titration when a color change
occurs.
• Read and record the number on the
burette.
• Calculated the volume of NaOH used.
• Repeated the experiment 2 times.
• Calculated average CH3COOH
concentration.
10. Results of 2 experiments of NaOH tiitration
with CH3COOH.
ACC 15/04/24