A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON INVESTMENT

PRACTICES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS

(With Special Reference to NABIL Bank Limited, Standard Chartered Bank
Nepal Limited and Himalayan Bank Limited)

By
Muskan Thapa
Shanker Dev Campus
T.U. Regd. No. 7-2-355-65-2000
Campus Roll No. : 235/061

A Thesis Submitted to:

Office of the Dean
Faculty of Management
Tribhuvan University

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of

Master of Business Studies (M.B.S)

Kathmandu, Nepal
November, 2008

1
 RECOMMENDATION
This is to certify that the Thesis

Submitted by:
Muskan Thapa

Entitled:
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON INVESTMENT
PRACTICES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS
(With Special Reference to NABIL Bank Limited, Standard Chartered Bank
Nepal Limited and Himalayan Bank Limited)
has been prepared as approved by this Department in the prescribed format of the
Faculty of Management. This thesis is forwarded for examination.

………………………… .……….….…….………
Kishor Maharjan Dr. Kamal Deep Dhakal
(Thesis Supervisor) (Campus Chief)

2
 VIVA-VOCE SHEET

We have conducted the viva –voce examination of the thesis presented

by
Muskan Thapa

Entitled:
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON INVESTMENT
PRACTICES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS
(With Special Reference to NABIL Bank Limited, Standard Chartered Bank
Nepal Limited and Himalayan Bank Limited)

And found the thesis to be the original work of the student and written
according to the prescribed format. We recommend the thesis to
be accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirement for

Master Degree of Business Studies (M.B.S.)

Viva-Voce Committee

Head, Research Department …………………….………

Member (Thesis Supervisor) …..………………………..

Member (External Expert) …..………………………..…

3
 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Management

Shanker Dev Campus

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work reported in this thesis entitled “A

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON INVESTMENT PRACTICES OF
COMMERCIAL BANKS (With Special Reference to NABIL Bank Limited,
Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited and Himalayan Bank Limited)”
submitted to Office of the Dean, Faculty of Management, Tribhuvan University, is
my original work done in the form of partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Master’s Degree in Business Study (M.B.S.) under the supervision of Mr. Kishor
Maharjan of Shanker Dev Campus.

………………………………
Muskan Thapa
Researcher
T.U. Registration No. 7-2-355-65-2000
Campus Roll No. : 235/061

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank Tribhuvan University for giving chance to
prepare the thesis for a partial requirement to the fulfillment of M.B.S. program
held under Tribhuvan University.

I express my profound gratitude to my supervisor Mr. Kishor Maharjan, for his

patience and continuous guidance with valuable comments and kind support to me
all way through this thesis.

I also owe an indebtedness to all reputed authors whose writings have provided me
the necessary guidance and invaluable materials for the enrichment of my research
paper in all possible ways. I would like to express my genuine appreciation to all
the staff of Shanker Dev Campus, Central Library Staff and Security Board
Library that provide me necessary information & data. And also express my
gratitude to the staff of various corporate bodies who bigheartedly made accessible
the requisites information.

At last but not least, my paramount dedication is to my family members and friend
Mr. Suresh Raut and Mr. Prakash Dhakal who have been uninterrupted source of
sustain for me while in during the tribulation of this research work.

I have tried to cover all the possible matters that I felt, important to sum up the “A
Comparative Study on Investment Practices of Commercial Banks (With
Special Reference to NABIL Bank Limited, Standard Chartered Bank Nepal
Limited and Himalayan Bank Limited)”. I am hopeful that this task will be
helpful to the students of business studies & to those who want to make further
researchers under this topic.
Muskan Thapa

5
 Researcher
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Abbreviations
Page No.
CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background of the Study 1
1.1.1 Profile of the Concern Banks 5
1.2 Focus of the Study 8
1.3 Statement of Problem 9
1.4 Objective of the Study 11
1.5 Scope of the Study 11
1.6 Significance of the Study 12
1.7 Limitation of the Study 13
1.8 Scheme of the Study 13

CHAPTER-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Review of Supportive Text 15
2.1.1 Commercial Banks 15
2.1.2 Investments 18
2.1.3 Feature of a Sound Lending and Investment Policy 20
2.1.4 Some Important Terms 23
2.2 Review of Relevant Studies 26
2.2.1 Review of Books, Articles and Journals 26
2.2.2 Review of Thesis 32
2.3 Review of Legislative Provision 38

6
2.4 Research Gap 43
CHAPTER – III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 45
3.2 Population and Sample 46
3.3 Nature and Sources of Data 46
3.4 Methods of Analysis 47
3.4.1 Financial Tools 47
3.4.2 Statistical Tools 54

CHAPTER – IV DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Financial Tools 58
4.1.1 Liquidity Ratio 59
4.1.2 Assets Management Ratio (Activity Ratio) 66
4.1.3 Profitability Ratio 73
4.1.4 Growth Ratio 80
4.2 Statistical Tools 84
4.2.1 Coefficient of Correlation Analysis 85
4.2.2 Trend Analysis and Projection for Next Five Years 90
4.2.3 Test of Hypothesis 95
4.3 Major Findings of the Study 109

CHAPTER – V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary 115
5.2 Conclusion 119
5.3 Recommendations 124

Bibliography
Appendix

7
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

1.1 List of Licensed Commercial Banks 4
4.1 Current Ratio (Times) 60
4.2 Cash and Bank Balance to Total Deposit (%) 61
4.3 Cash and Bank Balance to Current Assets Ratio (%) 63
4.4 Investment on Government Securities to Current Assets Ratio (%) 64
4.5 Loan & Advances to Current Assets Ratio (%) 65
4.6 Loan & Advances to Total Deposit Ratio (%) 67
4.7 Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio (%) 68
4.8 Loan & Advances to Total Working Fund Ratio (%) 69
4.9 Investment on Government Securities to Total Working
Fund Ratio (%) 71
4.10 Investment on Shares & Debenture to Total Working
Fund Ratio (%) 72
4.11 Return on Total Working Fund Ratio (%) 74
4.12 Total Interest Earned to Total Outside Assets Ratio (%) 75
4.13 Total Interest Earned to Total Working Fund Ratio (%) 76
4.14 Total Interest Paid to Total Working Fund Ratio 77
4.15 Return on Loan & Advances Ratio (%) 78
4.16 Return on Equity Ratio (%) 79
4.17 Growth Ratio of Total Deposit (%) 81
4.18 Growth Ratio of Loan and Advances (%) 82
4.19 Growth Ratio of Total Investment 83
4.20 Growth Ratio of Total Net Profit 84
4.21 Correlation between Total Deposits and Loan and Advances 85

8
4.22 Correlation between Deposit and Total Investment 87
4.23 Co-efficient of Correlation between Outside Assets and
Net Profit 89
4.24 Trend Value of Total Deposit 91
4.25 Trend Value of Total Investment 92
4.26 Trend Value of Net Profit (Rs in million) 94

9
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Title Page No.

4.1 Growth Ratio of Total Deposit 81
4.2 Growth Ratio of Loan and Advances 82
4.3 Growth Ratio of Total Investment 83
4.4 Growth Ratio of Total Net Profit 84
4.5 Trend Value of Total Deposit 91
4.6 Trend Value of Total Investment 93
4.7 Trend Value of Net Profit 94

10
 AB B RE VI AT I O NS

A.D. : Anno Domini

A/C : Account
AGM : Annual General Meeting
ATM : Automatic Teller Machine
B.S. : Bikram Sambat
C.V : Coefficient of Variation
EPS : Earning Per Share
F/Y : Fiscal Year
HBL : Himalayan Bank Ltd
i.e. : That is
JVB : Joint Venture Bank
NABIL : Nabil Bank Ltd.
NBL : Nepal Bank Limited
NIDC : Nepal Industrial Development Corporation
NRB : Nepal Rastra Bank
P.E. : Probable Error
r : Coefficient of Correlation
RBB : Rastriya Banijya Bank
Rs. : Rupees
S.D. : Standard Deviation
SCBNL : Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Ltd.
TU : Tribhuwan University

11
 CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION

1.4 General Background of the Study

Nepal is a landlocked and agricultural country which lies in South East Asia.
Nepal is one of the least developed countries in the world with per capita income
of US$ 272. Draped along the greatest heights of the Himalayan, Nepal is a land
of sublime scenery time- worn temples & some of the best walking trails on earth.
Nepal being listed among least developed country is trying to embark upon the
path of economic development by economic growth rate & developing all sectors
of economic. Nepal is a poor country and the problem of fulfilling basic needs
poses a huge burden, but it is rich in scenic splendor & cultural treasures. The
nation has long exerted a pull on the western imagination. Nepal, officially nation
of Nepal, constitutional monarchy in southern Asian, bounded on the North by the
Tibetan autonomous region in china & on the East, South & West by India.

Financial institutions are the back bone of the economic development of any
country. A small financial institution is a vital contributor to the financial health of
the national economic. The financial institutions are often fragile and susceptible
to failure because of poor management, particularly financial management.
National development of any economic development is supported by financial
infrastructure of that country. Financial infrastructure indicates the financial
strength, position and environment of the institutions. The various branches of
bank in towns and villages offering various types of services. In past, they just
used to accept deposits from the saver of money and give loan to the users of
money. Savers of the money are those units whose earning exceeds expenditure on

12
real assets and user of money are those units whose expenditure on real assets
exceeds their earnings.
Banking plays a significant role in the development of national economic is a
financial institution which primary classes in borrowing and lending. Modern bank
prefers varieties of function; therefore it is difficult to decide the function of a
modern bank because of their complexity and versatility in operation. Various
authors have defined the word "Bank" in different ways. "A commercial bank is
dealer in money and it substitutes for money such a check or a bills of exchange,
he also provides a variety of financial service" (The new Encyclopedia of
Britannica, 1985: 600: Vol. 4).

One of the functions of commercial bank is investment policy, which help to

economic development of the country. The process of the economic development
depends upon various factors, however economists are now convinced that capital
formation and its proper utilization plays a paramount role for rapid economic
development. Hence, investment policy is one such tool that helps for proper
utilization of resources.

Investment policy is an important ingredient of overall nation economic

development because it insures efficient also allocation of funds to archive the
materials and economic well being of the society as a whole. In this regard, joint
venture Bank investment policy push drives to achieve priority of commercial
sector in the context of Nepal economic development.

Banking plays a significant role in the development of national economic is a

financial institution which primary classes in borrowing and lending. Modern bank
prefers varieties of function; therefore it is difficult to decide the function of a
modern bank because of their complexity and versatility in operation. Various
authors have defined the word "Bank" in different ways. "A commercial bank is

13
dealer in money and it substitutes for money such a check or a bills of exchange,
he also provides a variety of financial service" (The new Encyclopedia of
Britannica, 1985: 600: Vol. 4).

Banks constitute an important segment of financial infrastructure of any country.

A bank is the financial departmental store, which render various financial services
besides taking deposits and lending loans. Banks are to be not as the dealer of
money but as the lender of the economic development. For the strengthening the
economy of any country both the private and public sector should play a great
role. Both private and public sector have been contributing to our nation.
Integrated and speedily development of the country is possible only when
competitive banking service reaches nook and corners of the country. Commercial
banks occupy an important place in the framework of every economy because they
provide capital for the development of industry, trade, business and other
resources deficit sectors by investing the saving collected as deposits. All the
economic activities of each and every country are greatly influenced by the
commercial banking business of the country.

Only in 1990 A.D. after restoration of democracy, the government took the liberal
policy in banking sector. As an open policy of Nepal Government to get
permission to invest in banking sector from private & foreign investor under
commercial bank act 1975AD. , different private banks are getting permission to
establish with the joint venture of other countries. The development of
Commercial Bank’s in Nepal is categorized in three phases on the basis of
financial institutions policies adopted by the country from time to time.

Now, there are 25 commercial banks in operation. Among them two are under
government control and other 15 are private and joint venture banks. One of the
most important achievements of the growth of commercial banks is domestic

14
 savings. Joint Venture Banks (JVB’s) gave a new horizon to the financial sector of
the country. They were expected to bring the foreign capital, technology,
experience, healthy competition, expertise and skills in Nepal. The following table
below shows in a chronological order a list of the licensed commercial banks and
their branches operating in Nepal.

Table 1.1
List of Licensed Commercial Banks
S.N. Commercial Banks Established Date Head Office
1. Nepal Bank Ltd. 1937/11/15 Kathmandu
2. Rastriya Banijya Bank 1966/01/23 Kathmandu
3. Nabil Bank 1984/07/16 Kathmandu
4. Nepal Investment Bank Ltd. 1986/02/27 Kathmandu
5. Standard Chartered Bank 1987/01/30 Kathmandu
6. Himalayan Bank Ltd. 1993/01/18 Kathmandu
7. Nepal Bangladesh Bank 1993/06/05 Kathmandu
8. Nepal SBI Bank Ltd. 1993/07/07 Kathmandu
9. Everest Bank Ltd. 1994/10/18 Kathmandu
10. Bank of Kathmandu Ltd. 1995/03/12 Kathmandu
11. Nepal Credit and Commercial Bank 1996/10/14 Siddhartha Nagar
12. Lumbini Bank Ltd. 1998/07/17 Naryanghat
13. Nepal Industrial and Commercial Bank Ltd. 1998/07/2 Biratnagar
14 Macchapuchhre Bank Ltd. 2000/10/03 Kathmandu
15. Kumari Bank Ltd 2001/04/03 Pokhara
16. Laxmi Bank Ltd. 2002/04/03 Kathmandu
17. Siddhartrha Bank Ltd 2002/12/24 Kathmandu
18 Agricultural Development Bank Ltd. 1968/01/02 Kathmandu
19 Global Bank Ltd. 2007/01/02 Birgunj, Parsa
20 Citizen Bank Ltd. 2007/06/21 Kathmandu
21 Prime Bank Ltd. 2007/09/24 Kathmandu
22 Sunrise Bank Ltd. 2007/10/12 Kathmandu
23 Bank of Asia Nepal Ltd. 2007/10/12 Kathmandu
24 NMB Bank Ltd. 2008/05/02 Kathmandu
25 Development Credit Bank Ltd. 2008/05/25 Kathmandu

15
Source: http://brf.nrb.org.np
In the study of this thesis, three banks are selected and explained in detail of them
in below:

1.1.1 Profile of the Concern Banks

A. Nabil Bank Limited
NABIL Bank Ltd, the first joint venture commercial bank in Nepal was
established in 1984 under the company act 1964 as Nepal Arab Bank Ltd. Dubai
Bank Ltd. was the initial joint venture partner with fifty percent (50%) equity
investment. The shares owned by Dubai Bank Ltd., (DBL) were transferred to
Emirates Bank International Limited, Dubai by virtue of its annexation with the
letter. Letter on, Emirates Bank International Limited, Dubai sold its entire 50%
equity holding to National Bank Ltd., Bangladesh. Being the largest equity holder,
National Bank Ltd., Bangladesh is managing the bank in accordance with the
technical services agreement signed between it (NABIL) and the bank on June
1995. Nepal Arab Bank Limited changed its name as Nabil Bank Limited
(NABIL).

The promoters and their shares holding patterns of Nabil Bank Ltd are as follows:
National Bank Limited, Bangladesh - 50.00%
Financial Institutions - 20.00%
Nepalese Public - 30.00%

Share Capital of Nabil Bank Ltd.

a. Authorized capital
5,000,000 ordinary shares @ Rs.100 per share = Rs. 500,000,000.
b. Issued capital
4,916,544 ordinary shares @ Rs. 100 per share = Rs. 491,654,400.
c. Paid up capital

16
4,916,544 ordinary share @ Rs. 100 per share = Rs. 491,654,400.
The bank has changed its name as Nabil Bank Ltd. The bank expanded its banking
services towards the different regions and part of the country by establishing
altogether seventeen branches in urban as well as rural areas of the country.

Besides banking facilities it provides other facilities too, they are given as:
 Tele Banking
 Credit Card Facilities
 Safe Deposit Locker
 International Trade and Bank Guarantee
 Western Union Money Transfer
 SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Inter bank financial Tele-communication)
 ATM (Automatic Teller machine)

B. Himalayan Bank Limited

Himalayan Bank Limited was incorporated in 1992 by the distinguished business
personalities of Nepal in partnership with Employees Provident Fund and Habib
Bank Limited, one of the largest commercial banks of Pakistan. Banks operation
was commenced from January 1993. It is the first commercial bank of Nepal with
maximum share holding by Nepalese private sector. Beside commercial activities,
the Bank also offers industrial and merchant banking. The promoters and their
shares holding patterns of Himalayan Bank Ltd are as follows:

Nepali Promoters - 51.00%

Habib Bank of Pakistan - 20.00%
Karmachari Sanchaya Kosh - 14.66%
General Public - 15.34%

17
Share Capital of Himalayan Bank Ltd.
a. Authorized capital
10,000,000 ordinary shares @ Rs.100 per share = Rs. 1000,000,000.
b. Issued capital
6,500,000 ordinary shares @ Rs. 100 per share = Rs. 6500000
c. Paid up capital
5362500 ordinary share @ Rs. 100 per share = Rs. 536250000

Besides banking facilities it provides other facilities too, they are given as:
 Tele Banking
 Credit Card Facilities
 Safe Deposit Locker
 International Trade and Bank Guarantee
 Western Union Money Transfer
 SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Inter bank financial Tele-communication)
 ATM (Automatic Teller machine)

C. Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited (SCBNL)

Standard Chartered Bank Limited was established in 1985 as a second foreign
joint venture bank under the Company Act 1964 by the name of Nepal Grindlays
Bank Limited. ANZ Grindlays Bank PLC held 50 percent, 33.34 percent shares
are held by Nepal Bank Limited and remaining 16.66 percent shares by general
public of Nepal. ANZ Grindlays Bank PLC is managing the bank under joint
venture ad technical service agreement singed between ANZ Grindlays Bank
Limited had changed its name as standard Chartered Bank Limited (SCBNL). Its
share subscription is given as:

ANZ Grindlays Bank PLC - 50.00%

Nepal Bank Limited - 33.37%
Nepalese Public - 16.66%

18
Share Capital of SCBNL
a. Authorized capital
10,000,000 ordinary shares @ Rs.100 per share = Rs. 1000,000,000.
b. Issued capital
5,000,000 ordinary shares @ Rs. 100 per share = Rs. 500,000,000.
c. Paid up capital
4,132,548 ordinary share @ Rs. 100 per share = Rs. 413,254,800.

The following extra facilities have been providing by the bank.

 Credit Cards
 Tele Banking
 Any Branch Banking
 ATM (Automatic Teller Machine)
 VISA Card
 24 Hours Banking

1.5 Focus of the Study

In Nepal, banking sector seems to be growing more rapidly than industry and
commerce itself because more and more banks are being established and
apparently they all are providing good return to the investors. Strength and sound
management of their resources directly affect the profit or profitability. A
comparative analysis of investment policies of NABIL, SCBNL and HBL is
crucial as it determines the strength and weakness of these three joint venture
commercial banks on the aspect of investment policies.

The study focuses on the problems of resources mobilization and proper utilization
of such resources by the joint venture commercial banks of Nepal. viz. NABIL,
SCBNL and HBL. This study consists, mainly, the study of investment policies

19
and rifled on the position of Joint Venture Commercial Bank's deposits and
allocation of it on different sectors of the economy.

The focus of this study is also to provide the information to the management,
shareholders, investors and customers, general public, competitors as well as those
concern parties who want to know the operating efficiency and financial position
of a bank.

1.6 Statement of Problem

Various financial institutions have been established to assist the process of
economic development of a country. All commercial banks have played a vital
role by accepting deposits and providing various types of loans. Loan affects
overall development of a country. The problem of lending has become very
serious for a developing country like Nepal. This is due to lack of sound
investment policy of commercial banks.

Investment greatly depends on saving behavior of citizens but the saving rate of
Nepalese is very low because most of the citizens are below the poverty level.
They don’t have enough income for daily consumption. Some people hardly save
some money but they want to save for the future. Only few people invest in
industries. People must be motivated to use their savings and mobilize their excess
fund in economic activities.

Commercial banks are fond of making loans only on short term basis against
moveable merchandise. There is hesitation to invest on long term projects because
they are much more safety minded. So, they follow conservative loan policy,
which is based on strong security. They are found to be more interested in
investing in less risky and highly liquid sectors i.e. treasury bills, development
bonds and other securities. They keep high liquid position and flow lower fund to

20
the productive sectors, this results into lower profitability to commercial banks and
ignorance to the national economic growth process.

Nepalese commercial banks have not formulated their investment policy in an

organized manner. They mainly rely upon the instructions and guidelines of Nepal
Rastra Bank. They don’t have clear view towards investment policy. There is a
lack of sound investment policy of commercial bank. Furthermore, the
implementation of policy is not in an effective manner.

With some 25 commercial banks and many development banks operating in

Nepal, the market seems over crowded and the banks are now finding a tough
competition among themselves. Since the entry barriers are not so high due to the
governments liberal policy, this competition is expected to be more intense in the
near future, as there is always the possibility of a new player entering this sector.

Profit is must to a bank, not only from the point of view of bank but also from the
view of shareholders and depositors. And profit is only possible if the bank makes
proper and safe investment policy. Every bank must make profit to survive in the
competitive market where there is excess money and very little investment
opportunity exists. Therefore, appropriate investment policy is the basic function
of all the commercial banks, joint venture banks and other financial institutions.

This study basically deals with following issues of the banks:

1. Utilization of available fund: Does NABIL Bank have a more effective
and efficient fund mobilization and investment policy than Himalayan
Bank and SCBNL.
2. What is the relationship of investment, loan and advances with total
deposit and total net profit of NABIL Bank and compare this
performance with that of Himalayan Bank and SCBNL?

21
 3. To what extent has affect the total earning of the bank?
4. Are they maintaining sufficient liquidity position?

1.4 Objective of the Study

The basic objective of this study is to examine and evaluate the investment
practices of NABIL Bank Ltd. and compare the same with Himalayan Bank Ltd.
and SCBNL. To achieve this prime objective the following objectives are
considered in the study:-
a. To analyze trend of investment made by NABIL Bank Ltd, SCBNL and
Himalayan Bank Ltd., and compare this with the total deposit of these
commercial banks.
b. To analysis the different investment sectors of NABIL Bank Ltd.,
SCBNL and Himalayan Bank Ltd.
c. To evaluate and criteria efficient, inefficient, the liquidity assets
management efficiency and profitability position of the selected banks.
d. To recommend the policies to be adopted by the selected banks on the
basis of the study.

1.6 Scope of the Study

Investment is a primary factor for economic development of any country.
Investment refers to as using present money to get long term benefit. Investment in
its broadest sense means the sacrifice of current money for future money. Two
different attributes are generally involved, they are time and risk. The sacrifice
takes place in the present and is certain. The reward or result of sacrifice comes
later and the magnitude is generally uncertain. Time and risk are predominates for
investment. Such as investment in government bond time is predominating, where
as in common stock time and risk both are important (Sharpe, 2000:1).

22
The scope of the study lies mainly in filling a research gap on the study of
investment policy of commercial banks. The study is basically confined to
reviewing the investment policy of commercial banks in the five year period. The
study is expected to definitely provide a useful feedback to the policy makers of
commercial banks of Nepal, and also to the government and the central bank in
formulating appropriate strategies for the improvement in the performance of
commercial banks.

1.7 Significance of the Study

The proper mobilization and utilization of domestic resources become
indispensable for any developing country aspiring for a sustainable economic
development and there is no doubt that commercial banks have a vital role in the
collection of dispersed small saving of the Nepalese people and transforming them
into meaningful capital investment. The success and prosperity of the bank relies
heavily upon the successful investment of collected resources to the important
sectors of economy. Successful formulation and effective implementation of
investment policy is the prime requisite for the successful performance of
commercial banks. Good investment policy has a positive impact on economic
development to the country and vice-versa. So, the investment policy of
commercial banks should be in accordance with the spirit of the economic
upliftment of the people.

As mentioned above, there are many loopholes in the in the investment policies of
commercial banks of Nepal which affects their performance to the great extent. It
becomes every body's concern when their performance doesn't see so satisfactory
in terms of utilizing its resource efficiently in productive sectors. The study of
commercial banks investment policy focusing on interest rate structure, portfolio
management and credit management will strive to disclose the internal weakness
and furnish the ideas for improvement. Therefore, the researcher has undertaken

23
the study to analyze the existing investment policy of commercial banks and point
out the defects inherent in it and provide package of suggestions for its
improvement.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

In the context of Nepal, data problem is major problem for study. Every works
have restriction and limitation without limitation work is not done sweet and taste.
This study has been made by using certain methodology and based available data
which is related with the study.

This study is simply a partial requirement of M.B.S program so this study is

limited by the following factors.
1. Among the various JVB’s, the study focuses only on three JVB’s namely,
NABIL bank limited, Himalayan bank limited and SCBNL.
2. The study covers the period of five years only i.e. from FY 2002/03 to
2006/07.
3. The study is based on secondary data and therefore, the findings are based
on the information provided by the banks.
4. The utilization tools have assuming and limitation which is not satisfied to
us.
5. The time factor is major limitation of this study become this study is
completed within a short span of time.

1.8 Scheme of the Study

This study has been organized over altogether five chapters. Starting from
Introduction, Review of Literature, Research methodology, Presentation &
Analysis of data and summary, to conclusion & Recommendation as get of the
entire study. A brief outline of this chapter has been outlined as under.

24
The first chapter entitled “Introduction” introduces the subject, present the
research problem, reason for studying, objective of the study, along with
limitation.

The second chapter entitled “Review of Literature” concerned with the study of
investment patterns have been reviews & presented.

The third chapter discussed the “Research Methodology” used in the study. It
comprises research design, nature & source of data, data gathering method and
analytical tools used.

The fourth chapter deals with the “Presentation & Analysis” of data & scoring the
empirical finding out the study through definite course of research methodology.

The last chapter i.e. “Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations” of the study,
which is followed by the basic conclusion of the study based in the fourth chapter
on the basic of these conclusion and recommendation has also been presented for
consideration.

25
 CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of literature is the study of past research studies and relevant materials. It
is an advancement of existing knowledge and in-depth study of subject matter. It
starts with a search of a suitable topic and continues throughout the volumes of
similar or related subjects. It is very rare to find out completely new problem. In
literature review, researcher takes hints from past dissertation but he or she should
take heed of replication. Literature review means reviewing research studies and
other pertinent prepositions in the related area of the study so that all the past
studies their conclusions and deficiencies and further research take place. It is a
vital and mandatory process in research works. During the review of this research,
in depth study and theoretical investigation regarding Investment Policy aspects
and their present application and potentialities made. Investment “Range of
investment held by an investor, company etc”(Oxford Dictionary: 1994). Hence,
in this chapter, the focus has been made on the review of literature relevant to the
investment policy of commercial banks in Nepal. For this study, different Journals,
Article, Books, Annual reports, and some research paper related with this topic has
been reviewed.

2.1 Review of Supportive Text

Review of supportive text provides the fundamental theoretical framework and
foundation to the present study. For this various books, research paper, articles etc.
dealing with theoretical aspects of investment and portfolio analysis are taken into
consideration.

2.1.1 Commercial Banks

Commercial banks are the major financial institutions which occupy the quite an
important place in the framework of every economy because they provide capital

26
for the development of industry, trade and business and other resource deficit
sectors by investing the saving collected as deposits. Besides these commercial
banks renders numerous services to their customer in view of facilitating their
economic and social life. Commercial banks, play active roles, have changed the
economic structure of the world. Thus the commercial banks become the heart of
financial system.

"Bank is a financial intermediary accepting deposits and granting loans, offer the
widest menu of services of any financial institutions" (Rose, 2002:4).

"Financial institutions are currently viewed as catalyst in the process of economic

growth of a country. A key factor in the development of an economy is the
mobilization of domestic resources. As intermediaries the financial institutions
helps the process of resource mobilization" (Shrestha, 1995:1).

A commercial bank is a corporation, which accepts demand deposits subject to

check and makes short-term loans to business enterprises, regardless of the scope
of its other services (American Institute of Banking, 1972: 345).

Commercial bank is engaged in performing the routine banking business of

accepting the deposits of public and granting loans. A commercial bank receives
money from the depositors and lends it to trade, commerce and industry.
Commercial bank allows its customers to draw cheque against their deposits. In
addition to the primary function of receiving deposits and lending to others it
undertakes a wide variety of function like collection of cheques, bills, dividends
etc. on behalf of customers, payment of insurance premium, subscription, rent, and
salary on behalf of customer, transfer of funds, purchase and sale of securities etc.
Apart from the agency functions, the banker also provides certain general utility
services like safe custody deposits and safe deposit locker facilities, issuing of

27
traveler’s cheques, credit cards, debit cards, ATM, LC, gift cheques or vouchers. It
can also act as a referee and guarantor of its customers.

"The commercial bank pool together the saving of the community and arrange for
their productive use. They supply the financial need of the modern business. They
accept the deposits from the public which are repayable on demand or on short
notice. They can not afford to invest their funds in long term securities or loans.
Their business is restricted to financing the short term needs of trade and industry.
They provide the working capital required by the industries in their day to day
transactions. They grant the loan in the form of cash credit and over draft. They
also render a number of subsidiary services such as collection of bills and cheques,
safe keeping of the valuables of their customers etc. Commercial Banks deals with
other people's money. They have to find out the ways of keeping their assets liquid
so that they could meet the demands of their customers. In their anxiety to make
profits, the bank can not afford to lock up their funds in assets which are not easily
realizable. The depositor must be made to understand that the bank is fully
solvent. The depositors' confidence could be secured only if the bank is able to
meet the demand for cash promptly and fully. The banker has to keep adequate
cash for this purpose" (Radhaswamy, 1979:495).

“The role of banks is more significant in financing the private sector. It is true that
the growth of private sectors solely depend upon banking. Banking is the mother
industry that caters to the development of industry, trade and commerce. In a rapid
developing economy the banker has to play a more effective role in national
reconstruction. After all banking can be said to be the basic activity in planning.
Bank advances and investments are indicatives of the role played by them in the
economic development of the country” (Desai, 1967:7).

28
2.1.2 Investments
The word investment sounds very good & attractive that is why every individual
in the world is interested in it. In Layman’s sense, there is always a return if there
is investment. This may be favorable as well as unfavorable to the investor’s stand
point.

The word "Investment" sounds very good, attractive and prestigious too. The form
"Investment" has primary significance in financial sector, which refers to the
process of determining the proper area in order to lodge a firm's fund to procure
expected gain or profit known as the favorable return by its maximum utility at
minimized risks. In laymen's sense, there is always a return if there is investment.
This return may favorable as well as unfavorable to the investor's standpoint.

The word investment conceptualized the investment of income, saving or other

collected funds. Investment covers a wide range of activities. It is commonly
known fact that an investment is only possible where there adequate savings. If all
the incomes and saving are consumed to solve the problem of hand to mouth and
to the other basic needs, then there is no existence of investment therefore both
saving and investment are interrelated.

"A distinction is often made between investments and saving. Saving is defined as
foregone consumption, investment is restricted to "real" investment of the sort that
increases national output in the future" (W.J Sharpe and G.J Alexander, 4th
Edition: 1).

Investment is concerned with the management of an investor's wealth. Which are

the sum of current income and the present value of all future income. Funds are
invest come from assets already owned borrowed money and saving or forgone
consumption by foregoing today and investing the saving, investors expect to

29
enhance their future consumption possibilities i.e. It is invested to increase wealth.
Investors also seek to manage their wealth effectively obtaining the most form it,
while protecting it form inflation, taxes and factors.

Easily, the amount of risk is uncertain as well. Investment in its broad sense means
the sacrifice of current money for future money. Two different attributers are
generally involved time and risk. The sacrifice takes place in present and in
certain. The reward comes later, if at all and the magnitude is generally uncertain.
In some case, the elements of time predominate (For e.g. Government bonds in
1994).

Investment brings forth vision of profit, risk, speculation & wealth. For the
uninformed, investing may result in disaster. In general sense; investment means
to pay out money to get more. But in the broadest sense, investment means the
sacrifice of current money for future money. Two different attributes are generally
involved time & risk. The sacrifice takes place in the present and is certain. The
reward comes later, if at all, and the magnitude is generally uncertain (Sharpe,
Alexander & Baily, 2003:1). Shrestha (2002) write investment as utilization of
saving for something that is expected to produce profit or benefits. Investment is
employment of funds with the aim of achieving addition income or growth in
value. It involves the commitment of resources that have been saved or put away
from current consumption, in the hope that some benefits will accrue in the future.
Investment generally involves real assets and financial assets. Real assets
investment involves some kinds of tangible assets such as building, land,
machinery, factory etc. and financial assets investment are pieces of paper
representing an indirect claim to real assets held by someone else. Real assets are
generally less liquid than financial assets.

30
According to Reilly “ Investment is the current commitment of funds for a period
of time to derive a future flow of funds that will compensate the investing unit for
the time funds are committed, for the expected rate of inflation and also for
uncertainty involved in the future flow of the funds” (Frank & Reilly, 1998:265).

According to Gitman and Joehnk, “Investment is any vehicle into which funds can
be placed with the expectation that will preserve or increase in value and
generated positive returns” (Gitman & Joehnk, 1990:248).

F. Amling “Investment may be defined as the purchase by an individual or

institutional investor of a financial or real asset that produces a return proportional
to the risk assumed over some future investment period”.

Dr. Preeti Singh defined investment as “Investment is the employment of funds

with the aim of achieving additional income or growth in value”.

A banker does not prefer to invest his funds in company shares and debentures.
The shares and debentures may be very easily sold on the stock exchange. But the
bank will incur a loss if the market value of the securities falls. Unlike the
government securities there is no maturity date for shares. The income from shares
depends upon the prosperity of the company issuing the shares. If the company
becomes insolvent the banker loses heavily. If a bank has certain amount of funds
which can be left undisturbed for a number of years, investment in long term
government securities becomes profitable proposition” (Radhaswamy, 1979:549).

2.1.3 Feature of a Sound Lending and Investment Policy

The income and profit of the bank depends upon its lending procedures, lending
policy and investment of its funds in different securities. The greater the credit
created by the banks, the higher will be the profitability. A sound lending and

31
investment policy is not only prerequisite for banks profitability, but also crucially
significant for the promotion of commercial savings of a backward country like
Nepal.

Many authors have given some necessities or some of the main characteristics for
sound lending and investment policies, which must be considered by the
commercial banks:

i. Safety and Security

The bank should never invest its funds in those securities, which are too volatile
i.e. which are subject to too much depreciation and fluctuations because a little
difference may cause a great loss. It must not invest its funds into speculative
businessman who may be bankrupt at once and who may earn millions in a minute
also. Security means adequate collateral having good value. This can be easily
sold off if required at any point of time. The bank should accept that type of
securities, which are commercial, durable and marketable having fair market
value. For this purpose ‘MAST’ should be applied while reaching an investment
decision, where MAST stands for,
M = Marketability
A = Ascertainability
S = Stability
T = Transferability

ii. Profitability
A commercial bank can maximize its volume of wealth through maximization of
return on their investments and lending. So, they must invest their funds where
they can gain maximum profit. The profit of commercial banks depends on the
interest rate, volume of loan, its time period and nature of investment in different
securities.

32
iii. Liquidity
Liquidity is the ability of the firm to satisfy its short-term obligations as they come
due. Generally, people used to deposit their earnings in the different accounts of
the banks, having confidence that the bank will repay their money whenever it is
needed. In order to maintain the confidence to the depositors, the bank must
always be ready to meet current or short-term obligations when they become due
for repayment.

iv. Purpose of Loan

In the viewpoint of security, a banker should always know that why a customer is
in need have loan. If a borrower misuses the loan granted by the bank, he can
never repay therefore in order to avoid this situation each and every bank should
demand all the essential detailed information about the scheme of project or
activities.

v. Diversification
“A bank should not lay all its eggs on the same basket.” This saying is very
important to the bank and it should always be careful not to grant loan in only one
sector. To minimize risk, a bank must diversify its investment on different sectors.
Diversification of loan helps to sustain loss according to the law of average
because if securities of a company deprived, there may be appreciation in the
securities of other companies. In this way the loss can be minimized or recovered.

vi. Tangibility
A commercial bank should prefer tangible security to an intangible one. Though it
may be considered that tangible property doesn’t yield an income apart from
intangible securities, which have lost their value due to price level inflation.

33
vii. Legality
Illegal issued securities may cause problems to the investors. Therefore, all
commercial banks should follow the directives of NRB, Ministry of Finance and
other relevant organization at the time of mobilizing funds.

viii. National Interest

In additional to its own profitability the bank should also consider the national
interest. Even though the bank cannot get maximum return from such investment,
it should carry out its obligation towards the society and the country. The bank is
required to invest on such sectors as per the government and Nepal Rastra Bank’s
instruction. Investment on government bonds, priority and deprived sector lending
are the examples so such investments.

2.1.4 Some Important Terms

The study in this section comprises of some important banking terms for which
efforts have been made to clarity the meaning, which are frequently used in this
study, which are given below.

i. Loan and Advance

Loan, advance and overdraft are the main source of income for a bank. Bank
deposits can cross beyond a desired level but the level of loans, advances and
overdraft will never cross it. The facilities of granting loan, advances and
overdrafts are the main service in which customers of the bank can enjoy.

Funds borrowed from banks are much cheaper than those borrowed from
unorganized moneylenders. The demand for loan has excessively increased due to
cheaper interest rate. Furthermore, an increase in economic and business activities
always increases the demand for funds. Due to limited resources and increasing
loan, there is some fear that commercial banks and other financial institutions too

34
may take more preferential collateral while granting loans causing unnecessary
botheration to the general customers. Such loan from these institutions would be
available on special request only and there is a chance of utilization of resources in
economically less productive fields. There lies the undesirable effect, of low
interest rate.

In addition to this, some portion of loan, advances and overdraft includes that
amount which is given to staff of the bank for house loan, vehicle loan, personal
loan and others, in mobilization of commercial banks fund, loan, advances and
overdrafts have occupied a large portion.

ii. Investment on Government Securities, Shares and Debentures

Though a commercial bank can earn some interest and dividend from the
investment on government securities, shares and debentures, it is not the major
portion of income, but it is treated as a second source of banking business. A
commercial bank may extend credit by purchasing government securities bond and
shares for several reasons. Some of them are given as;

 It may want to space its maturates so that the inflow of cash coincide with
expected withdrawals by depositors or large loan demands of its customers.
 It may wish to have high-grade marketable securities to liquidate if its
primary reserve becomes inadequate.
 It may also be forced to invest because the demand for loans has decreased
or is not sufficient to absorb its excess reserves.

However, investment portfolio of commercial bank is established and maintained

primarily with a view of nature of banks liabilities that is since depositors may
demand funds in great volume without previous notice to banks. The investment
must be of a type that can be marketed quickly with little or no shrinkage in value.

35
iii. Investment on Other Company’s Shares and Debentures
Due to excess funds and least opportunity to invest these funds in much more
profitable sector and to meet the requirement of NRB directives many commercial
banks have to utilize their funds to purchase shares and debentures of many other
financial and non-financial companies. Nowadays most of the commercial banks
have purchased regional development banks NIDC and other development banks
shares.

iv. Other use of Fund

A commercial bank must maintain the maximum bank balance with REB i.e. 6%
for fixed deposits and 8% for each of current and saving deposit account in local
currency. Similarly 3% cash balance of local cash balance, in local currency,
accounts must be maintained in the vault of the bank. Again a part of the fund
should be used for bank balance in foreign bank and to purchase fixed assets like
land, building, furniture, computers, stationery etc.

v. Off- Balance Sheet Activities

Off-balance sheet activities involve contracts for future purchase and sale of assets
and all these activities are contingent obligations. These are not recognized as
assets or liabilities on balance sheet. Some good examples of these items are letter
of credit, letter of guarantee, bills of collections etc. Nowadays, such activities are
stressfully highlighted by some economist and finance specialists to expand the
modern transaction of a bank.

vi. Deposits
For a commercial bank, deposit is the most important source of the liquidity. For
bank’s financial strength, it is treated as a barometer. In the word of Eugene, “a
bank’s deposits are the amount that it owes to its customers.” Deposit is the
lifeblood of the commercial bank. Though, they constitute the great bulk of bank

36
liabilities, the success of a bank greatly depends upon the extent to which it may
attract more and more deposits, for accounting and analyzing purpose, deposits are
categorized in three headings. They are; current deposits, saving deposits, fixed
deposits.

2.2 Review of Relevant Studies

2.2.1 Review of Books, Articles and Journals
Banks are such an institution, which deals with credit and substitutes for money.
They deal with credit and instruments. So good circulation of credit is important
for any bank. Any financial intermediates (commercial banks, joint venture banks)
or financial company utilize its fund in suitable area or sector. They cannot get its
aim of profit earning without mobilizing its funds in suitable area or sector. They
cannot get its aim of profit earning without mobilizing its funds in right sectors
and difference activities. Many types of activities and other things can originate
for the purpose of receiving investment from the finance company. But finance
should separate the useful and profitable sector for mobilization of its funds.

According to William F. Sharpe, Gordon .T. Alexander and Jeffery V. Bialy,

“Investment in it’s broaden sense, means the sacrifice of current dollars for future
dollars. Two difference attributes are generally involved: time and risk. The
sacrifice takes places in the present and its magnitude as generally uncertain”
(Sharpe, Alexander and Baily, 1998:1).

In the words of Gitman and Joehnk, “Investment is any vehicle into which funds
can be placed with the expectation that will preserve or increase in value and
generate positive returns” (Gitman & Jochnk, 1990: 258).

“The term investment can cover a wide range of activities. It often refers to
investing money in certificate of deposits, bonds, common stocks or mutual funds.

37
More knowledgeable investors would include other financial assets such as
warrants, puts and calls future contracts and convertible securities. Investing
encompasses very conservative position and aggressive speculation” (Charles,
1998:248).

Frank K. Reilly defines investment as, “An investment may be defined as the
current commitment of funds for a period of time to derive a future flow of funds
that will compensate the investing unit for the time the funds are committed, for
the expected rate of inflation and also for the uncertainty involved in the future
flow of the funds”.

According to Reed, Cotter, Gill and Smith, “Commercial banks still remain the
heart of our financial system holding the deposits of millions of persons,
governments and business units. They make funds available through their lending
and investing activities to borrowers, individuals, business firms and governments.
Commercial banks are the most important type of financial institutions in the
nation in terms of aggregate assets” (Edward W. Reed, Edward K. Gill, Richard V.
Cotter, Richard K. Smith: 1980:1-5). The primary function of commercial banks is
the extension of credit to worthy borrowers. In making credit available,
commercial banks are rendering a great social service. Through their action,
production is increased, capital investments are expanded, and a higher standard of
living is realized. Although the investment activities of commercial banks are
usually considered separately from lending, the economic effects and social results
are the same.

The rate of return on assets is a valuable measure when comparing the profitability
of one bank with another or with the commercial banking system. A low rate
might be the result of conservative lending and investment policies or excessive
operating expenses. Banks could, of course, attempt to offset this by adopting
more aggressive lending and investment policies to generate more income.

38
Emphasizing the importance of investment policy, H.D. Crosse puts his view in
this way, “Lending is the essence of commercial banking, and consequently the
formulation and implementation of sound policies are among the most important
responsibilities of bank directors and management. Well conceived lending
policies and careful lending practices are essential if a bank is to perform its
crediting function effectively and minimize the risk inherent in any extension of
credit” (H.K. Crosse, 2nd Edition: 1963).

According to I.M. Pandey, “In investment decision expenditure and benefits

should be measured in cash. In investment analysis, cash flow is more important
than accounting profit. It may also be pointed out of that investment decision
affects the firm’s value. The firm’s value will increase if investments are
profitable and add to the shareholders wealth. Thus, investment should be
evaluated on the basis of a criterion, which is compatible with the objective of the
shareholder’s funds maximization. Investments will all to the shareholders wealth
if it yield benefit in excess of the minimum benefits as per the opportunity cost of
capital” (Pandey, 1999: 407).

S.P. Singh and S. Singh, “ The investment (credit) policies of banks are
conditional, to great extent, by the national policy framework, every banker has to
apply his own judgment for arriving at a credit decision, keeping of course, his
bank’s credit policy also in mind” (Singh, 1983:128).

According to Mr. Shakespeare Baidhya on sound investment policy, he has said

“A sound investment policy of a bank is such that its funds are distributed on
different types of assets with good profitability on the one hand and provide
maximum safety and security to the depositors and banks on the other hand.
Moreover, risk in banking sectors tends to be concentrated in the loan portfolio.
When a bank gets into serious financial trouble, its problem usually spring from

39
significant amounts of loan that have become un-collectable due to
mismanagement, illegal manipulation of loan, misguided lending policy or
unexpected economic downturn. Therefore, the bank investment policy must be
such that it ensures that it is sound and prudent in order to protect public funds”
(Shakespeare Baidhya, 1997:46-47).

Dr. Sunity Shrestha, in her book “Portfolio behavior of commercial banks in

Nepal” said “The commercial banks fulfill the credit needs of various sector of the
economy including agriculture, industry, commercial and social service sectors.
The lending policy of commercial banks is based on the profit maximization of the
institution as well as the economic enhancement of the country” (Shrestha, 2003:
51-52).

“The term investment can cover a wide range of activities. It often refers to
investing money in certificates of deposits, bonds, common stocks or mutual
funds. More knowledgeable investors would include other financial assets such as
warrants, puts and calls future contracts and convertible securities. Investing
encompasses very conservative position and aggressive speculation” (Charles,
1998:269).

“Financial investment is a form if this general or extended sense pf the term. It

means an exchange of financial claims, stocks and bonds (collectively termed
securities), real estate mortgages etc. Investors to differentiate between the pseudo
investment concept of the consumer and the real investment of the businessman
often use the term financial investment. Semantics aside, there is still a difference
between an “Investment” in a ticket on a horse and the construction of a new
plant; between the pawing of watch and the planting of a field of corn. Some
investment are simple transaction among people, other involve nature. The later

40
are “real” investment. The former is “Financial” Investment. We now turn to a
closer examination of finance and investment decision” (Bhalla, 1983:245).

From the views and definitions of various authors above, it is clear that an
investment means to trade a known rupee amount today for some expected future
stream of payments of benefits that will exceed the current outlay by an amount
that will compensate the investor for the time. The funds are committed for the
expected change in prices during the period and uncertainty involve in expected
future cash flows. Thus investment is the most important function of commercial
banks. So a bank has to be very cautious while investing their funds in various
sectors. The success of a bank heavily depends upon the proper management of
it’s invest able funds.

Investment management of bank is guided by the investment policy adopted by the

bank. The investment policy of the bank helps the investment operation of the
bank to be efficient and profitable by minimizing the inherent risk.

Prabhakar Ghimire (1999) has published an article in which he has mentioned

that most of the commercial banks of Nepal are ready to pay the penalty in spite of
investing on rural, priority sector, poverty sticken and deprived areas. In the
directives of Nepal Rastra Bank it is clearly mentioned and directed that all the
commercial banks (under NRB) should invest 12% of its total investments to the
priority sectors. Out of this 12%, they should invest 3% to the lower class of
countrymen. However these commercial banks are unable to meet the
requirements of NRB.

In the light of above, foreign joint venture banks use to justify that they don’t have
any network among these priority areas. So, if investment is made to these areas,
operation cost will be very high, that exceeds the penalty if investment won’t be

41
made. That is why they are interested in paying penalty rather than investing in
priority sectors.

Another article published on The Kathmandu Post daily of 28th April 2004 entitled
“Efficient Banking” by L.D. Mahat, in his article he has accomplished, the
efficiency of banks can be measured using different parameters. The concept of
productivity and profitability can be applied while evaluating efficiency of banks.
The term productivity refers to the relationship between the quantity of inputs
employed and the quantity of outputs produced. An increase in productivity means
that more output can be produced from the same inputs or the same outputs can be
produced from fewer inputs. Interest expense to interest income ratio shows the
efficiency of banks in mobilizing resource at lower cost and investing in high
yielding asset. In other words, it reflects the efficiency in use of funds.

According to Mr. Mahat, the analysis of operational efficiency of banks will help
one in understanding the extant of vulnerability of banks under the changed
scenario and deciding whom to bank upon. This may also help the inefficient
banks to upgrade their efficiency and be winner in the situations developing due to
slowdown in the economy. The regulators should also be concerned on the fact
that the banks with unfavorable ratio may bring catastrophe in the banking
industry.

Bajracharya (2047) through his article, “Monetary Policy and deposit

mobilization in Nepal” has concluded that mobilization of domestic savings is one
of the prime objectives of the monetary policy in Nepal. For this purpose
commercial banks stood as the vital and more active financial intermediary for
generation resources in the form of deposit of private sector so far providing credit
to the investor’s in the different sectors of the economy.

42
The article entitled. “Role of Foreign Banks in Nepal” of Mr. Sunil Chopra
concluded that joint venture banks are playing an increasing, dynamic and vital
role in the economic development of the country. This will undoubtedly increase
with time.

Ramesh Lal Shrestha (2045) in his article, “A study on deposits and credits of
commercial bank in Nepal” concluded that the credit deposit ratio would be
51.30%, other things remaining the same, in 2004 AD, which was the lowest
under the period of review. So he had strongly recommended that the commercial
bank should try to give more credit entering new field as far as possible. Other
wise, they might not be able to absorb even its total expenses.

2.2.2 Review of Thesis

Several researches have been performed on investment policy of commercial
banks. Previous research studies on the various aspects of commercial banks such
as investment policy, lending policy, capital structure are reviewed. Some of them
are supposed to be relevant for this study so findings of such researches are
presented below;

Dinesh Raj Shakya (1998), in his thesis paper, "Financial Analysis of joint
venture Banks in Nepal, (with special reference to Nepal Arab Bank and Nepal
Standard Chartered Bank)", has made an attempt to calculate and analyze the
financial health of NABIL and SCBNL. His main objectives are to find out the
correlation between total deposits and loan and advances of both Banks and to find
the capital adequacy position. Actually he found the following findings.

 There existed highly positive correlation between total deposits and

loan and advances of both NABIL and SCBNL.

43
  SCBNL's liquidity and profitability position was comparatively better
than that of NABIL.
 Capital adequacy position of NABIL was more satisfactory than that of
SCBNL in average, but NABIL's position was deterioration each year.

At the end of his study, he has recommended that both banks so should following
all directions of Nepal Rastra Bank for the sake of national development.

Dinesh Raj has analyzed the financial position in his study. He has not tried to
analyze the investment policy of the firms and risk analysis is not mentioned. He
has mainly tried to show the correlation between the variables. His study is mainly
concerned to two JVB’s. He has not tried to analyze the financial performance of
finance companies. His study period is up to fiscal year 1997/98. It cannot explain
and interpret the financial position of Nepal Arab Bank Limited and Nepal
Standard Chartered Bank Limited after fiscal year1997/98.

Prabhakar Dhungana (2002), in his thesis," A comparative study on investment

policy of Nepal Bangladesh Bank and other joint venture banks" tries to compare
the investment policy of NB Bank with HBL and Nepal SBI Bank.

Main objectives of study were;

 To study the fund mobilization and investment policy with respect to fee
based off- balance sheet transaction and fund based on- balance sheet
transaction.
 To evaluate the liquidity, efficiency of assets management and profitability
position, the trends of deposit utilization towards total investment and loan
and advances, growth ratios loan and advances and total investment with
respective growth rate of total deposit and net profit.
 To study the various risks in investment.

44
Findings and conclusions of the study were as follows;
 NBBL has not good deposit collection, it doesn't have made enough cash
and bank balance and it has made negligible amount of investments in
government securities.
 The assets management ratios were highly variable which reveals NBBL
has not followed stable policy.
 NBBL's ratios of OBS operation to loan and advances lower than that of
HBL but its ratio is greater than that of NSBI.
 The profitability position of NBBL is comparatively not better than that of
HBL but better than NSBI.
 The credit risk ratios and interest risk ratios of NBBL is higher than that of
HBL and NSBI. Banks profitability solely depends on interest charged by a
bank but the high interest rate risk of NBBL shows that bank is failure to
maintain this.
 Trends of deposit collection, lending, investment and net profit were not
better than HBL but better than NSBI.

Dina Shrestha (2003), has conducted her study on “Investment analysis of

commercial banks, a comparative study on HBL and Nepal SBI Bank”, to assess
the role and impact of investment on economic development of the country.

The major objectives of the study were;

 To analyze percentage of investment made by Himalayan Bank and NSBI
bank in total investment made by commercial banks.
 To analyze investments trend, deposit trend and total income and their
projection for next five years of Himalayan Bank and compare them with
that of Nepal SBI Bank.
 To identify investment sectors of Himalayan bank and SBI Bank.

45
  To evaluate the liquidity, assets management efficiency, profitability and
risk position of Himalayan Bank in comparison to that of Nepal SBI Bank.
 To study the relationship between investment and deposits of the bank.

The major findings of the study were;

 Mean ratio of HBL investment to total commercial banks investment is
higher than that of Nepal SBI bank investment to total commercial banks.
The portion of HBL investment is increasing every in the total investment
of commercial banks.
 Mean current ratio of HBL is higher than that of Nepal SBI bank. HBL is
nearer to standardized current ratio but both banks hadn't been able to
maintain standardized current ratio.
 The mean ratio of investment to total deposit of HBL is higher than that of
Nepal SBI bank. The mean ratio of investment plus loan and advances to
deposit ratio of HBL is lower than that of Nepal SBI bank. But its ratio is
more variable than that of Nepal SBI bank. The mean ratio of investment to
total assets shows that HBL has mobilized its assets more in income
generating assets than that of Nepal SBI bank. The mean ratio of
investment on government securities of HBL is higher than that of Nepal
SBI bank. Both HBL and Nepal SBI bank invest less on share and
debentures of other companies.
 Profitability ratio of both commercial banks shows that both banks are
running on profit. Mean return on loan and advances ratio, mean return on
total assets, mean return on equity ratio shows that HBL has higher return
than that of Nepal SBI bank but the ratio of Nepal SBI bank is more
variable than that of HBL. But the mean ratio of interest income to total
income of HBL is 83.21% and that of Nepal SBI bank is 86.37%.It shows
that both bank's main income generating source is investment and loan and
advances.

46
  Growth ratio of investment, Deposit, loan and advances and net profit of
HBL is higher than that of Nepal SBI bank. It show that HBL is running
successfully and been able to increase its profit in comparison to Nepal SBI
bank.
 From the statistical analysis of financial data of both banks it is found that
total investment and total deposit of HBL and Nepal SBI bank both has
positive relation.

Raya T.K. (2003), in his thesis, “Investment Policy and Analysis of Commercial
Banks in Nepal” made a comparative study of Standard Chartered Bank Ltd. with
Nepal Investment Bank and Nepal Bangladesh Bank Ltd. His main objectives
were as follows:
 To discuss fund mobilization and Investment policy of SCBNL in respect
to its fee based off-balance sheet transaction and fund based balance sheet
transaction.
 To evaluate the liquidity, efficiency and profitability and risk position.
 To evaluate trend of deposit, Investment, loan and advances and projection
for next five years.

His main findings were as follows:

 Mean current ratio of SCBNL is slightly higher than that of NIBL and
NBBL
 Mean ratio of cash and bank balance to total deposit of SCBNL is lower
than NIBL and NBB.
 Liquidity position of SCBNL is comparatively better than NIBL and
NBBL. It has lowest cash and bank balance to current ratio. SCBNL has a
good deposit collection. It has made enough Investment on government
securities but it has maintained low investment policy on loan and
advances.

47
  SCBNL is comparatively average successful in its on balance sheet
operation. But off balance sheet operation activities in compared to NIBL
and NBBL has maintained the strong position.
 SCBNL is comparatively higher position than that of other banks, as well
as it uses to provide interest to the customers for different activities.
 There is significant relationship between deposit of loan and advances and
between assets and net profit of SCBNL.

He recommended the SCBNL for effective portfolio management and for project
oriented approach. He also suggested enhancing the off balance sheet operation.

Joshi Jyoti (2005), conducted a study on "Investment Policy of Commercial

Banks in Nepal: A Comparative Study of Everest Bank Limited with NABIL Bank
Limited and Bank of Kathmandu" with the objective of;
 To discuss fund mobilization and investment policy of EBL, NABIL and
BOK Ltd.
 To evaluate the liquidity, efficiency and profitability and risk position.
 To evaluate the growth ratios of loan & advances, total investments with
other financial variables.
 To analyze the trend of deposits utilization towards total investment and
loan & advances.
 To conduct hypothetical test to find whether there is significant difference
between the various important ratios of EBL & NABIL & BOK.

The research findings of the study are:

 The liquidity position of the EBL is comparatively better than NABIL and
BOK. EBL has the highest cash and bank balance to total deposits, cash
and bank balance to current assets ratio. NABIL has the lowest liquidity
position than that of other two banks. EBL has good deposit collection and

48
 has made enough investment on government securities but it has
maintained moderate investment policy on loan & advances.
 From the analysis of assets management ratio or activity ratio, it can be
concluded that EBL is comparatively average or in between successful in
compared to NABIL and BOK. The total investment of EBL is in between
in compared to other two banks.
 In the study, loan & advances to total deposit is higher in BOK but total
investment to total deposit is higher in NABIL. Investment on shares and
debentures to total working fund ratio is higher in BOK. But the coefficient
of variation is higher in EBL.
 In analysis of profitability, total interest earned to total outside assets of
EBL is lowest at all. But overall analysis of profitability ratios, EBL is
average profitable in comparison to other compared banks i.e., NABIL and
BOK. From the viewpoint of risk ratio, EBL has higher capital risk ratio
but average of credit risk ratio in compared to NABIL and BOK.

2.3 Review of Legislative Provision

In the section, the review of legislative framework (environment) under which the
commercial banks are operating has been discussed. This legislative environment
has significant impact on the commercial banks' establishment, their mobilization
and utilization of resources. All the commercial banks have to conform to the
legislative provision specified in the Commercial Bank Act 2031 and the rules and
regulations formulated to facilitate the smooth running of commercial banks. The
preamble of Nepal Bank Act 1994 clearly states the need of commercial bank in
Nepal. "In the absence of any bank in Nepal the economic progress of the country
was being hampered an causing inconvenience to the people and therefore wit the
objective of fulfilling that need by providing services to the people. For the
betterment of the country this law is hereby promulgated for the established of the
bank and operation".

49
As mentioned in this act, commercial banks will help in baking business by
opening its branches in the different parts of the country under the direction of
NRB, The main function of commercial banks established under this act will be,
exchange money, to accept deposits and give loan to commercial and business
activities.

NRB Rules Regarding Fund Mobilization of Commercial Bank

To mobilize bank's deposit in different sectors of the different parts of the nation
to prevent them from the financial problems, central bank (NRB) any establish a
legal framework by formulating various rules and regulations (prudential norms).
The directives must have direct or indirect impact while making decision to
discuss those rules and regulation, which are formulated by NRB in terms of
investment and credit to priority sector, deprived sector, other institution, single
borrower limit, CRR, loan loss provision, capital adequacy ratio, interest spread,
productive sector investment. A commercial bank is directly related to the fact
how much fund must be collected as paid up capital, while being established at a
certain place of the nation? How much fund is needed to expand the branch and
counters? How much flexible and helpful the NRB rules are also important? But
we discuss only those, which are related to investment function of commercial
banks. The main provisions, established by NRB in the form of prudential norms
in above relevant area are briefly discussed here under.

1. Provision for Investment in the Deprived Sector

Some rules, which are formulated by NRB, affect the areas of credit and
investment extension to the deprived sector by the commercial bank.

According to the new provision, with effect from the 3rd quarter of FY 1995/96,
investment in shares of the rural development bank by CBs, which used to be

50
counted for the priority sector lending, only is now to be included under the
deprived sector lending.

According to the new provisions effective from FY 1997/98, NBL, RBB, NABIL,
NGBL, NIBL are required to invest 3%, HBL, NSBL, NBBL, EBL, are required
to invest 2%, Bank of Kathmandu id required to invest 1.75%, NBCL is required
to invest 0.75%. While newer commercial banks are required to invest 0.25% of
their total loans & advances to the deprived sector.

2. Provision for Credit to the Priority Sector

NRB requires commercial banks to extend loan & advances, amounting at least to
12% of their total outstanding credit to the priority sector. Commercial banks
credit to the deprived sector is also a part of priority sector credit. Under priority
sector, credit to agriculture, credit to the cottage and small industries and credit to
service are counted commercial banks' loan to the co-operatives licensed by the
NRB is also to be computed as the priority sectors credit from the fiscal year
1995/96 onwards.

3. Provision for the Investment in Productive Sector

Nepal, being a developing country needs to develop infrastructure and other
primary productive sectors like agriculture, industry etc. For this, NRB has
directed commercial banks to extend at least 40% of their total credit to the
productive sectors. Loans to priority sector, agriculture sector, and industrial
sector have to be included in productive sector investment.

4. Provision for the Single Borrower Credit Limit

With the objective of lowering the risk of over concentration of bank loans to a
few big borrowers and also to increase the access of small and middle size
borrower to the bank loans. NRB directed CBs to set an upper limit on the amount

51
of loan financed to an individual, firm, company or group of companies.
According to this, CBs are required not to exceed the single borrower limit 35% in
the case of fund-based credit and 50%, in the case of non-fund based credit. Such
as the letter of credit, guarantee, acceptance letter, and commitment has been fixed
is a proportion of capital funds of bank.

In the case of consortium financing, commercial banks are permitted to extend an

additional 10% credit above the limit fixed by the NRB as before. In addition,
Nepal Oil-Corporation, Agriculture-inputs Corporation and Nepal Food
Corporation for their impost petrol, diesel, kerosene, fertilizer and food stuffs
respectively have been removed from the restrictions of single borrower credit
limit.

5. Directive to Raise Capital Funds (CAR)

The commercial banks under operation and having low capital base have been
directed to raise their capital funds at a minimum level of rest. 500 million with 5
years of period i.e. by the end FY 2000/01. "Moreover, the commercial banks are
allowed to include paid up capital and reserves for meeting the minimum capital
requirement but they have to deduct the net loss from such funds if they are in
loss.

Besides this, following the BASEL Capital Adequacy Accord, NRB has directed
commercial banks to maintain at least 8% capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of their
risk weighted assets (RWA) and off-balance sheet transaction i.e. letter of credit,
letter of acceptance, Bonds, Guarantee etc. They are further required to classify
their capital requirement in to (1) core capital (Tier 1) and (2) supplementary
capital (Tier 2) and maintain at least 4% of their total capital in the form of core
capital. As per the provision, risk weighted assets (RWA) are to be calculated by
classifying assets and giving them different risk weights as presented below.

52
 Allocation of Risk Factors
S. No. Assets Weight
1. Cash balance 0
2. Bank Balance:
With NRB 0
With other domestic banks 20
With foreign banks 20
3. Call deposits 10
4. Investments:
Government papers 0
Share & Debenture 50
Other investment 50
5. Loan & Advances 100
6. Fixed Assets 100
7. Contingent Liabilities:
Fully secured three months LC 20
Commitment of more than a year 50
Letter of acceptance, simple 100
commitment and other LC
transactions

6. Cash Reserve Requirements (CRR)

To ensure adequate liquidity in the commercial banks to meet the depositors
demand for cash at anytime and to inject the confidence in depositors regarding
the safety of their deposited funds.

7. Loan Classification and Loss Provision

With a view to improving the quality of assets of commercial banks NRB has
directed commercial banks to classify their out-standing loan and advances,
investment and other assets into six categories. The classification is done in two
ways. The loans of more than 10 million are to be classified as debt service charge
ratio, repayment situation, financial condition of borrower, management
efficiency, quality of collateral. The loans of less than 10 million have to be
classified as per maturity period.

53
Furthermore, NRB has directed commercial banks to maintain certain reserves for
loans so classified. The existing loan loss provisioning is as follows:

Loan Loss Provisioning (LLP)

(In % of Overdue Loan)
Loan Classification Loan Loss Provisioning:
Good 1
Acceptable 1
Evidence of substandard 5
Doubtful 25
Bad 50
Total 100

LLP has affected banks capability to extend loans and made them risk averse in
issuing newer loans, particularly to the private sector and priority sector where the
loan default is high.

8. Directives Regarding Interest Rate Spread

The interest rate spread, the difference between interest charged on loan and
advances and the interest paid to the depositors, has widened significantly in the
aftermath of deregulation in interest rates. Which has caused lower financial
intermediation. Therefore, NRB has required commercial banks to limit interest
rate spread between deposit and lending rated to a maximum extent of 5%. NRB
has also provided commercial banks with new calculation method of interest rate
spread for a certain period recently.

2.4 Research Gap

We have had a plenty of research work done on the topic ‘Investment Practices’ of Nabil
Bank Limited, Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited and Himalayan Bank Limited.
And among those studies - some focused basically on the investment practices of the
Nabil Bank Limited, some included the study on their deposit mobilization and some also

54
emphasized on the consistency of the investment. A comparative analysis of investment
policies of NABIL, SCBNL and HBL, where these banks were crucial as it determine its
strength and weakness on the aspect of investment policies with the NRB directives.

Here, this study also focuses on all the above issues related to the investment policy of
the bank – with similar kind of analysis tools. However the previous study on their
selection of the samples, i.e. on their selection of the banks – they have done random
sampling without any base to its selection. Hence in this study the selection is categorized
in a definable way which makes sense. The selection of the banks here is made on the
basis of their establishment date, i.e. they are categorized on the basis of their
establishment time. Besides this study on the investment practices on NABIL, SCBNL
and HBL has covered the latest data which covers the information from 2002-2007;
which makes it the latest version on this study with these banks.

55
 CHAPTER - III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is the process of arriving at the solution of the problem

through planned and systematic dealing with the collection, analysis and
interpretation of facts and figures. Research is a systematic method of finding right
solution for the problem whereas research methodology refers to the various
sequential steps to adopt by a researcher in studying a problem with certain
objectives in view. In other words research methodology refers to the various
methods of practices applied by the researcher in the entire aspect of the study. It
is the plan, structure and strategy of investigations conceived to answer the
research question or test the research hypothesis. Research design is used to
control variance (Wolff & Pant, 2002:51). It includes different dependent &
independent variables, types of research design, research questions and hypothesis
sample, data collection activities, technique of analysis etc.

3.1 Research Design

The present study is mainly based on two type of research design i.e. descriptive
and analytical. Descriptive research design describes the general pattern of the
Nepalese investors, business structure, problem of Investment policy etc. The
analytical research design makes analysis of the gathered facts and information
and makes a critical evaluation of it.

Finally research design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigations

conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and to control variances.
To achieve this study descriptive and analytical research designs have been used.

56
3.2 Population and Sample
Under the study of investment practices of Nepalese commercial banks, the total
number of commercial banks including domestic and joint venture banks operating
in the Nepal is the population. At present there are twenty three licensed
commercial banks are running in Nepal. All 25 licensed Nepalese CBs will
consider as the total population out of them this study will be concern with three
CBs as a sample. In the sample, banks are taken according to their rapid growth
rate & gradually growth rate which head office is in Kathmandu by which we can
compare about the investment practices of this bank. For this population NABIL,
SCBNL and HBL have been selected as sample and its data related to investment
practice are comparatively studied

3.3 Nature and Sources of Data

This study mainly based on secondary data of the concerned banks, Nepal Rastra
Bank, SEBO, and different library are the providers of the data. The review of
literature of the proposed study was based on the text books, official publications,
journals, unpublished thesis, web site etc. The necessary data and information at
macro level have been collected from relevant institutions and authorities such as
NRB Ministry of Finance, NEPSE, SEBO and their respective publications
similarly the required micro level data derived from annual reports of selected
banks, SEBO and NEPSE. In addition to above, supplementary data and
information were collected from different library such as library of Shankar Dev
Campus, T.U. Central library, SEBO etc. The major sources of data and
information are as follows;

NRB Economic Report, NRB

Non-Banking Financial Statistics, NRB
Banking and Financial Statistics, NRB
Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance

57
Annual Reports of Concern Commercial Banks (from 2002/03 to 2006/07)
Annual Report of SEBO Nepal
Trading Report of NEPSE
Journal of Finance
Journal of Business
Previous Research Studies, Dissertation and Articles on the Subject
Various Text Books
Different Library
Different Website Related to study

3.4 Methods of Analysis

To achieve the objective of the study, various financial and statistical tools have
been used. The analysis of data will be done according to the pattern of data
available. Due to limited time and resources, simple analytical statistical tools
such as percentage, graph, Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation are used in this
study. Likewise, some financial tools such as ratio analysis and trend analysis have
also been used for financial analysis.

The various calculated results obtained through financial and statistical tools are
tabulated under the different headings. Then they are compared with each other to
interpret the results.

3.4.1 Financial Tools

Financial tools are used to examine the strength and weakness of banks. In this
study financial tools like ratio analysis and financial statement analysis have been
used.

58
Ratio Analysis
Financial ratio is the mathematical relationship between two accounting figures.
Ratio analysis is a part of the whole process of analysis of financial statements of
any business or industrial concern especially to take output and credit decisions.
Thus ratio analysis is used to compare a firm's financial performance and status to
that of other firm's to it overtime. The qualitative judgment regarding financial
performance of a firm can be done with the help of ratio analysis.

A. Liquidity Ratios
Liquidity ratios are used to judge the ability of banks to meet its short- term
liabilities that are likely to mature in the short period. From them, much insight
can be obtained into present cash solvency of the bank and its ability to remain
solvent in the event of adversities. It is measurement of speed with which a bank’s
assets can be converted into cash to meet deposit withdrawal and other current
obligations.

i. Current Ratio
The current ratio is the ratio of total current assets and current liabilities. It shows
the relationship between current assets and current liabilities.

Mathematically it is represented as:

Total Current Assets
Current ratio =
Total Current Liabilities

Where,
Current assets include cash and bank balance, money at call or short-term notice,
loans and advances, investment in government securities and other interest
receivable and miscellaneous current assets where as current liabilities include
deposits and other accounts of short-term loan, bills payable, tax provision, staff
bonus, dividend payable and miscellaneous current liabilities.

59
The widely accepted standard of current ratio is 2:1 but accurate standard depends
on circumstances in case of seasonal business ratio.

ii) Cash and Bank Balance to Total Deposit Ratio

Cash and bank balance are the most liquid current assets of a firm, cash and bank
balance to total deposit ratio measures the percentage of most liquid assets to pay
depositors immediately. This ratio is computed dividing the amount of cash and
bank balance by the total deposits. It can be presented as,

Cash & Bank Balance

Cash and Bank Balance to Total Deposit Ratio =
Total Deposits
Where, total deposits consist of deposits on current account; saving account; fixed
account, money at call and other deposits.

iii) Cash and Bank Balance to Current Assets Ratio

This ratio measures the percentages of liquid assets i.e. cash and Bank balance
among the current assets of a firm. Higher ratio shows the higher capacity of firms
to meet the cash demand.

Cash & Bank Balance

Cash & Bank Balance to Current Assets Ratio =
Current Assets

Hence, cash and banks balance includes cash in hand, foreign cash and foreign
banks.

iv) Investment on Government Securities to Current Asset Ratio

This ratio is used to find the percentage of current assets invested on government
securities, treasury bills and development bonds. This ratio can be calculated

60
dividing the amount of investment on government securities by the total amount of
current assets and can be stated as follows,
Investment on Government Securities
Investment of Government Securities to Current Asset Ratio =
Current Assets

v) Loan and Advances to Current Assets Ratio

Bank’s major earning source is loan. Loans are also taken as current assets as most
of them are maturing within a period of one year and represent short term
disbursement. A Bank should not allocate all funds in loan and advances so it must
maintain in an appropriate level. In order to calculate the proportion of loan and
advances to total current assets, the ratio is obtained by dividing loan and advances
by current assets.

Total Loan & Advances

Loan & Advances to Current Assets Ratio =
Current Assets

B. Assets Management Ratios (Activity Ratios)

Asset management ratio is here used to indicate how efficiently the selected banks
have arranged and invested their limited resources .The following financial ratios
related to investment policy is calculated under asset management ratio and
interpretations are made by these calculations.

i) Loan and Advances to Total Deposit Ratio

This ratio is calculated to find out how successfully the selected banks and finance
companies are utilizing their total collections/deposits on loan and advances for
the purpose of earning profit.

Total Loan and Advances

Loan & Advances to Total Deposit Ratio =
Total Deposit

61
ii) Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio
Investment is one of the major sources of earning money. This ratio includes how
properly firms’ deposits have been invested on government securities and shares
and debentures of other companies. This ratio can be computed diving total
amount of investment by total amount deposit collection, which can be shown as;

Total Investment
Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio =
Total Deposit

iii) Loan and Advances to Total Working Fund Ratio

The main element of total working fund is loan and advances. This ratio indicates
the ability of selected banks and finance companies in terms of earning high profit
from loan and advances. Loan and advances amount by total working fund. That is
formulizing as;

Total Loan & Advances

Loan & Advances to Total Working Fund Ratio =
Total Working Fund

Where, total working fund include total amount of assets given balance sheet
which refers to current assets, net fixed assets, total loans for development banks
and other sundry assets except off balance sheet items i.e., letter of credit, letter of
guarantee etc.

iv) Investment on Government Securities to Total Working Fund Ratio

Investment on government securities to working fund ratio shows how much part
of total investment is there on government securities in percentage. It can be
obtained by;
Investment on Govt. Securities
Investment on Government Securities =
Total Working Fund

62
v) Investment on Shares and Debentures to Total Working Fund Ratio
Investment on shares and debentures to total working fund ratio shows the
investment of Banks and finance companies on the shares and debentures of
obtained dividing on shares and debentures by total working fund. That can be
calculated as;

Investment on Shares and

Investment on Share & Debenture
Debentures toTotal Working Fund Ratio =
Total Working Fund

C. Profitability Ratios
Profitability ratios are calculated to measure the efficiency of operation of a firm
on term of profit. It is the indicator of the financial performance of any institution.
This implies that higher the profitability ratio, better the financial performance of
the bank and vice versa. Profitability position can be evaluated through following
different way.

i) Return on Total Assets

This ratio establishes the relationship between net profit and total assets. This ratio
is also called ‘profit to assets ratio’. It is calculated dividing return on net
profit/loss by total working fund and can expressed as;

Net Profit After Tax

Return on Assets =
Total Assets

ii) Total Interested Earned to Total Outside Assets

This ratio shows the relationship between interests earned amount and total
outside assets borrowed by the Bank. Total interest earned is that amount which is
earned investing in different sectors by the Bank in an accounting year. Whereas,

63
total outsiders assets include loans (short term as well as long term), borrowings
and bond amounts. This ratio is calculated as follows;

Total Interest Earned

Total Interest Earned to Total Outside Assets =
Total Outside Assets

iii) Return on Loan and Advances Ratio

Return on loan and advances ratio shows how efficiency of the Banks and finance
companies have utilized their resources to earn good return from provided loan
and advances. This ratio is computed to divide net profit/loss by the total amount
of loan and advances. It can be mentioned as;

Net Profit or Loss

Return on Loan & Advances Ratio =
Total Loan & Advances

iv) Total Interest Earned to Total Working Fund Ratio

Total interest earned to total working fund is calculated to find out the percentage
of interest earned to total assets. Higher the ratio indicates the better performance
of financial institutions in the form of interest earning on the better working fund.
This ratio is calculated diving total interest earned from investment by total
working fund and is mentioned as below;
Total Interest Earned
Total Interest Earned to Total Working Fund Ratio =
Total Working Fund

v) Total Interest Paid to Total Working Fund Ratio

This ratio measures the percentage of total interest expenses against total working
fund. A high ratio indicates higher interest expenses on total working fund and
vice-versa. This ratio is calculated by dividing total interest paid by total working
fund.

Total Interest Paid

Total Interest Paid to Total Working Capital Fund Ratio =
Total Working Fund

64
vi) Return on Equity Ratio (ROE)
The ratio measures how efficiently the banks have used the funds of the owners.
The ratio is calculated by dividing net profit by total equity capital (net worth).
This can be started as,
Net Profit
Return on Equity (ROE) =
Total Equity Capital

D. Growth Ratios
Here, the growth ratios represent how well the commercial banks are maintaining
their economic and financial condition. The higher ratios represent the better
performance of the selected firms to calculate, check and analyze the expansion
and growths of the selected Banks of the following growth ratios are calculated.
Growth ratios are directly related to the fund mobilization and investment of those
firms.
a) Growth Ratio of Total Deposit
b) Growth Ratio of Loan and Advances
c) Growth Ratio of Total Investment
d) Growth Ratio of Net Profit

3.4.2 Statistical Tools

Statistical tools help to find out the trends of financial position of the bank. It also
analyzes the relationship between variables and helps banks to make appropriate
investment policy regarding to profit maximization and deposit collection, fund
utilization through providing loan & advances or investment on other companies.
Ranges of statistical tools are also used to analyze the collected data and to
achieve the objectives of the study. Simple analytical tools such as standard
deviation, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, trend analysis adopted which
are as follows:

65
A. Arithmetical Mean
It represents the entire data by a single value. It provides the gist and gives the
bird's eye view of the huge mass of unwieldy numerical data. It is calculated as:

X = X
N
Where:
X = Arithmetic mean
N = Number of observations

X = Sum of observations

B. Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is an important and widely used to measure dispersion. A
standard deviation is the positive square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares
of the deviations of the given observations from their arithmetic mean. It is
denoted by the letter  (sigma). In this study standard deviation of different ratios
are calculated.

 X2   X 
2

  
N  N 
Where,
σ = Standard Deviation
 2
 Sum of Squares of Observation
N

  
2

   Sum of Squares of Mean

 N 

C. Coefficient of Variation
The Coefficient of variation is the most commonly used measure of relative
variation. It is the relative measures of dispersion, comparable across distribution,

66
which is defined as the ratio if the standard deviation to the mean expressed in
percent. It is used in such problems where the researcher wants to compare the
variability of data more than two years. A series with smaller C.V. is said to be
less variable or more consistent or more homogeneous or more uniform or more
stable than the others and vice versa. It is calculated as;

Standard Deviation
Coefficient of variation   100%
Mean

C.V. 
X
Where,
X = Mean
σ = Standard Deviation
C.V. = Coefficient of Variation

D. Coefficient of Correlation
Coefficient of correlation is the mathematical method of measuring the degree of
association between the two variables i.e. one dependent and one independent.
This analysis interprets and identifies the relationship between two or more
variables. In the case of highly correlated variables, the effect of none variable
may have effect on other correlated variable. Under this topic, this study tries to
find out relationship between the following variables:

Coefficient of correlation between Deposit and Loan and Advances

Coefficient of correlation between Total Deposit and Total Investment
Coefficient of correlation between Total Loan and Advance Assets and Net Profit

The above analysis tools analyze the relationship between these the relevant
variables and helps the bank to make appropriate policies regarding deposit

67
collection, fund utilization (loan and advances and investment) and profit
maximization.

To find out those relationships, the following formula is used:

Σxy
Coefficient of correlation (r) = , Where, x = (X -X), y = (Y -Y)
Nσ xσ y

The result of coefficient is always between –1 to +1, when r=+1, it means there is
significant relationship between two variables and when r=-1, It means there is no
significant relationship between two variables.

E. Trend Analysis
Under this topic we analyze and interpret the trend of deposits, loan and advances,
investment and net profit of NABIL, SCBNL and HBL that helps to make
forecasting for next five years. The following trend value analyses have been used
in this study.

Trend analysis of total deposit, loan and advances, total investment and net profit
The trends of related variables can be calculated as, Y= a + bx

F. Hypothesis Testing
To test the set hypotheses, t-test has been employed. Under Null Hypothesis
(H0), t-test statistics is:
X μ
t =
S/ n

where, X = average return of the common stock of sample under study

 = average market return (assumed as population)
S = sample standard deviation
n = number of observation

68
 CHAPTER - IV
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

The purpose of this chapter is to study, evaluate and analyze those major financial
performances, which are mainly related to investment management and fund.
Mobilization of NABIL Bank Ltd. in comparison to that of Standard Chartered
Bank Ltd. and Himalayan Bank Ltd. There are many types of financial ratios but
only those ratios are calculated and analyzed, which are very important to evaluate
fund mobilization of commercial bank. Necessary figures and tables are also
presented in this part to describe about the investment mechanism of the banks.

4.1 Financial Tools

Financial analysis is the act of identifying the financial strength and weakness of
the organization presenting the relationship between the items of balance sheet.
For the purpose of this study, ratio analysis has been mainly used and with the
help of it data have been analyzed. Various financial ratios related to the
investment management and the fund mobilization are presented and discussed to
evaluate and analyze the performance of NABIL in comparison to SCBNL and
HBL. The ratios are designed and calculated to highlight the relationship between
financial items and figures. It is a kind of mathematical relationship and procedure
dividing one item by another. All these calculations are based on financial
statements of concerned banks. The important and needed financial ratios, which
are to be calculated for the purpose of this study, are mentioned below:

a) Liquidity Ratio
b) Assets management Ratio
c) Profitability Ratio
d) Risk Ratio
e) Growth Ratio

69
4.1.1 Liquidity Ratio
Liquidity ratio measures the ability of the firm to meet its current obligations. A
commercial bank must maintain its satisfactory liquidity position to meet the
credit need of the community. Demand for the deposits, with drawls pay maturity
in time and convert non-cash assets into cash to satisfy immediate need without
loss to bank and consequent impact or long run profit.

The following ratios are evaluated and interpreted under liquidity ratios.

(i) Current Ratio

Current ratio indicates the ability of a bank to meet its current obligation. This is
the broad measure of liquidity position of the financial institution. Current ratio is
derived by dividing current assets by current liabilities.

Total Current Assets

Current Ratio =
Total Current Liabilities
Where,
Current assets consist of cash and bank balance, money at call or short-term
notice, loan and advances, investment in government securities and other interest
receivable and other miscellaneous current assets.

Current liabilities consist of deposits, loan and advances, bills payable, tax
provision, staff bonus, dividend payable and miscellaneous current liabilities.

70
 Table 4.1
Current Ratio (Times)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V (%)
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
NABIL 1.067 1.099 1.113 1.0732 1.155 1.1016 0.035 3.21%
SCBNL 0.971 0.9698 1.0226 0.981 0.946 0.978 0.028 2.86%
HBL 0.854 0.993 1.098 1.103 1.446 0.898 0.498 55.49%
Sources: Appendix 1(i)

The above table shows that current assets of NABIL is higher than current
liabilities and ratios are in increasing trend from 2002/03 to 2004/05 and again
increases in 2006/07. SCBNL has lower current assets than current liabilities in
FY 2002/03, 2003/04, 2005/06, 2006/07 and higher C.A in 2004/05, it means
SCBNL has not sound ability to pay short term obligations due to more liabilities.
In case of HBL in FY 2002/03 to 2003/04 it's current assets if lower than current
liabilities but from FY 2005/06 to 2006/07 it's current assets is greater than current
liabilities and HBL ratio is in increasing trend during the study period.

In average liquidity position of NABIL is greater than other banks i.e. 1.106 >
0.978>0.898. So, NABIL is sound in liquidity position than other banks.

Likewise the co-efficient of variation (C.V) of NABIL is less than HBL and
slightly higher than SCBNL i.e. 3.21% > 2.86 % and 3.21% < 55.49%. It can be
said that current ratio of NABIL is more consistent than HBL and less consistent
than SCBNL.

Thus, it can be concluded that NABIL is capable to pay their current obligations in
comparison to SCBNL and HBL.

71
(ii) Cash and Bank Balance to Total Deposit Ratio (Cash Reserve Ratio)
Cash and bank balance is said to be the first defense of every banks. The ratio
between the cash and bank balance and total deposit measures the ability of the
bank to meet the unanticipated cash and all types of deposits. Higher the ratio, the
greater will be the ability to meet sudden demand of deposit and vice versa. But
every high ratio is not desirable since bank has to pay interest on deposits. This
will also maximize the cost of fund to the bank.

Cash & Bank Balance

Cash and Bank Balance to Total Deposit Ratio =
Total Deposit

Where,
Cash and bank balance is composed of cash on hand including foreign cheques,
other cash items; balance with domestic banks and abroad. Deposit includes
current deposits, saving, deposits, fixed deposits, money at call or short notice and
other types of deposits.

Table 4.2
Cash and Bank Balance to Total Deposit (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 8.51 6.87 3.83 2.87 5.93 5.60 2.27 40%
SCBNL 8.06 9.56 5.75 5.53 8.21 7.42 1.73 24%
HBL 9.42 9.10 8.12 6.48 5.85 7.79 1.61 21%
Sources: Appendix 1(ii)

Table 4.2 shows that the cash and bank balance to total deposit ratio of NABIL has
followed decreasing trend from FY 2002/03 to 2005/06 & it increases in 2006/07.
Similarly, SCBNL has increases from 2002/03 to 2003/04 ad decreases form FY
2004/05 to 2005/06 and again increases in 2006/07. On the case of HBL it has
followed decreasing trend during the study period i.e., FY 2002/03 to FY 2006/07.

72
In average, NABIL has maintained lower cash & bank balance to total deposit
ratio than SCBNL i.e. 5.60<7.42<7.79. It states that cash and bank balance in
liquidity position of NABIL is lower than other two banks. The C.V of NABIL is
40%, which is comparatively higher than that of SCBNL 24% and HBL 21%. So
that NABIL shows the less consistent than that of SCBNL and HBL.

Comparatively NABIL has maintained low ratios, it shows some difficulties to

meet the demand of its customers on their deposit to pay at any time but it may be
earning more by investing cash to different sectors. But it should ensure to have
enough liquid funds to serve its customer.

(iii) Cash and Bank Balance to Current Assets Ratio

This ratio shows the bank liquidity capacity on the basis of cash and bank balance
that is the most liquid asset. Higher ratio indicates the bank ability to meet the
daily cash requirement of their customer deposit and vice versa. But higher ratio is
not preferred, as the bank has to pay more interest on deposit and will increase the
cost of fund. Lower ratio is also very dangerous, as the bank may not be able to
make the payment against the cheques presented by the customers. Therefore,
bank has to balance the cash and bank balance to current assets ratio in such a
manner that it should have the adequate cash for the customers demand against
deposit when required and less interest is required to be paid against the cash
deposit.

Cash and Bank Balance

Cash and Bank Balance to Current Assets Ratio =
Current Assets

73
 Table 4.3
Cash and Bank Balance to Current Assets Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 8.25 6.81 3.74 3.07 6.06 5.59 2.21 38%
SCBNL 8.85 10.76 5.53 5.94 9.18 7.91 2.04 26%
HBL 12.14 10.76 9.45 7.42 6.33 9.22 2.37 26%
Sources: Appendix 1(iii)

Above table exhibits that cash and bank balance to current assets ratio of NABIL
has followed decreasing trend from FY 2002/03 to 2005/06 and increased in FY
2005/06. SCBNL has followed fluctuating trend from FY 2002/03 to 2005/06 & it
followed increasing trend from 2005/06 to 2006/07. In case of HBL it has
followed decreasing trend.

While examining the mean ratio, NABIL had maintained 5.59 which is less than
SCBNL and HBL i.e. 7.91 and 9.22. It states that liquidity position of NABIL is
lower than other two banks. In this regard, the co-efficient of variation between
the above ratios of NABIL is 38% which is comparatively higher than that of
SCBNL & HBL i.e., 38%>26%26% it shows less consistent of NABIL than that
of SCBNL & HBL. It shows the current ratios are less heterogeneous than that of
other two banks.

Thus, it can be concluded that NABIL is low capable to maintain cash & bank
balance is comparison to other two banks.

(iv) Investment on Government Securities to Current Assets Ratio

The commercial banks are interested to invest their collected funds in various
government securities issued by government. Though government securities are
not so much liquid as cash & bank balance, they can be easily sold in the market

74
or they can be converted into cash in other ways. The main purpose of this ratio is
to examine the portion of commercial banks current assets that is invested on
different government securities.

Investment on Government Securities to Current Assets Ratio

Investment Govt. Securities
=
Current Assets

Table 4.4
Investment on Government Securities to Current Assets Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 25.87 25.78 16.12 12.69 21.06 21.36 5.85 28.83%
SCBNL 38.52 39.56 37.28 40.22 32.27 36.97 3.23 8.75%
HBL 20.54 18.45 25.68 22.22 23.24 22.02 2.72 12.36%
Sources: Appendix 1(iv)

The above table 4.4 shows that the ratio of NABIL is in decreasing trend from FY
2002/03 to 2005/06 and increased is FY 2006/07. In the case of SCBNL & HBL
its ratio is in fluctuating trend.

In overall, the mean ratio of investment n govt. securities to current assets ratio of
NABIL is lower than that of SCBNL & HBL i.e. 21.36<22.02<36.97. It means
NABIL had invested its fewer portions of current assets on government securities,
than other two banks. On the other had C.V in ratios of NABIL is greater than that
of SCBNL & HBL i.e. 28.83%>12.36%>8.75%. Which means the variability's of
ratios of NABIL is less consistent than that of SCBNL & HBL.

It can be concluded that NABIL has invested its less portion of current assets as
government securities than that of SCBNL & HBL. NABIL's liquidity portion

75
from the point of view of investment on government securities is poorer than that
of other two banks.

(v) Loan and Advances to Current Assets Ratio

Loan and advances are also included is the current assets of commercial banks
because generally it provides short-term loan, advances/overdraft/ cash-credit,
local and foreign bill purchased and discounted.

To make a high profit by mobilizing its fund in the best way, a commercial bank
should not keep its all collected funds as cash and bank balance but they should be
invested as loan and advances to the customers. If sufficient loan and advances
cannot be granted, it should pay interest on those unutilized deposit funds and may
lose some earnings, but high loan and advances may also be harmful to keep the
bank is most liquid position because they can only be collected at the time of
maturity only. Thus, the bank must maintain its loan and advances in appropriate
level to find out portion of current asset, which is granted as loan and advances.

Loan & Advances

Loan and Advances to Current Assets Ratio (%) =
Current Assets

Table 4.5
Loan & Advances to Current Assets Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 55.93 57.50 70.71 71.26 68.11 64.70 7.40 11.45%
SCBNL 33.34 31.40 42.14 41.61 47.68 39.33 6.58 16.74%
HBL 66.56 69.45 63.07 68.08 59.59 65.34 4.00 6.12%
Sources: Appendix 1(v)

76
Above table exhibits that loan and advances to current assets ratio of NABIL is in
increasing trend from FY 2002/03 to 2005/06 and then in decreasing trend from
2005/06 to 2006/07. In case of SCBNL & HBL ratio both are in fluctuating trend
during the study period.

While examining the mean ratio, NABIL has maintained 64.70 which is slightly
lower than HBL i.e. 65.34 and higher than SCBNL i.e. 39.33. On the other side
co-efficient of variation of NABIL 11.45% is lower than SCBNL ad higher than
HBL i.e. 16.74>11.45>6.12.

From the above table it can be concluded that NABIL has succeeded to invest its
fund in loan and advances in comparison to SCBNL but seen little weak in
comparison to HBL in point of view of meant & C.V.

4.1.2 Assets Management Ratio (Activity Ratio)

Assets management ratio measures the efficiency of the bank to manage its assets
in profitable and satisfactory manner.

(i) Loan and Advances to Total Deposit Ratio

This ratio measures the extent to which the banks are successful to mobilize their
total deposit on loan and advances.

Loan & Advances

Loan and Advances to Total Deposit Ratio =
Total Deposit

77
 Table 4.6
Loan & Advances to Total Deposit Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 57.67 5.8 72.57 66.79 66.61 34.33 5.72 8.89%
SCBNL 30.36 30.30 42.12 38.75 42.61 36.86 5.47 14.84%
HBL 51.62 58.70 54.21 59.50 56.57 56.12 2.94 5.24%
Sources: Appendix 1(vi)

In the table 4.6, all the banks have fluctuating trend regarding the ratios. During
the study period, NABIL has highest ratio of 72.57 is FY 2004/05 ad lowest ratio
57.67 is FY 2002/03, SCBNL has highest ad lowest ratios 42061 and 30.30 is FY
2006/07 and 2003/04 and HBL has highest & lowest ratios 59.50 and 51.62 is FY
2005/06 and 2002/03 respectively.

In over all men ratio of loan & advances to total deposit of NABIL is higher than
that of SCBNL & HBL is side co-efficient of variation of above banks. NABIL
has 8.89%, which is comparatively higher than 5.24% of HBL and less than
14.84% of SCBNL. It shows that HBL is more than other banks.

In conclusion, NABIL has strong position regarding the mobilization of total

deposit on loan ad advances and acquiring higher profit with compare to SCBNL
& HBL. It states that NABIL is better is this regard.

(ii) Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio

A commercial bank mobilizes its deposits by investing its fund is different
securities issued by government and other financial or no financial institutions.
Now, effort has been made to measure the extent to which the banks are successful
is mobilizing the total deposits on investment.

78
In the process of portfolio management of bank assets, various factors such as
availability of fund, liquidity requirement Central banks norms etc are to be
considered in general. A high ratio is the indicator of high success to mobilize the
baking fund as investment and vice versa.

Total Investment
Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio =
Total Deposit

Table 4.7
Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 44.85 41.33 29.27 31.93 38.32 37.14 5.79 1.6%
SCBNL 54.47 53.68 50.18 55.71 55.10 53.83 1.94 3.6%
HBL 48.44 42.22 47.20 41.10 39.34 43.66 3.54 8.1%
Sources: Appendix 1(vii)

The above table exhibits that the ratio of NABIL is in decreasing trend from
2002/03 to 2004/05 and is increasing trend from 2005/06 to 2006/07. In the case
of SCBNL it's also in decreasing trend from 2002/03 to 2004/05 and increases is
FY 2005/06 & 2006/07. And incase of HBL its ratio has fluctuating trend which is
48.44, 42.22, 47.20, 41.10 and 39.35 is the year 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05,
2005/06 & 3006/07.

In average NABIL has maintained lower, mean value i.e. 37.14<43.66< 53.83 than
other two banks. SCBNL has maintained the highest mean value of 53.83.

The CV ratio of NABIL is 1.6% which is lower than 3.6% of SCBNL is more
stable than that of other two banks.

79
In conclusion, NABIL is in weak condition to mobilize its deposits by investing in
different sectors in comparison of other two banks.

(iii) Loan & Advances to Total Working Fund Ratio

Loan & advances is an important part of total assets (total working fund).
Commercial bank must be very careful in mobilizing it total assets. As loan and
advances in appropriate level to generate profit this ratio reflects the extent to
which the commercial banks are success is mobilizing their assets, loan &
advances for the purpose of income generation. A high ratio indicates better is
mobilization of funds as loan and advances and vice versa.

Loan & Advances

Loan and Advances to Total Working Fund Ratio =
Total Working Fund

Where, total working fund is the total assets. It is composed up of current assets,
fixed assets, miscellaneous assets and investment: loans for development bank etc.

Table 4.8
Loan & Advances to Total Working Fund Ratio %
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 46.82 48.91 61.60 57.87 57.04 54.45 6.29 11.56%
SCBNL 27.24 27.11 37.19 34.67 36.73 32.59 5.03 15.44
HBL 44.82 50.21 46.60 51.54 49.53 48.54 2.75 5.66
Sources: Appendix 1(viii)

The above table exhibits that the ratio of NABIL & SCBNL is decreasing trend
from 2003/04 to 2004/05 and increasing trend from 2005/06 to 2006/07. In case of
HBL its ratio is in fluctuating trend.

80
On the basis of mean ratios, NABIL has maintained the higher ratio than that of
SCBNL & HBL i.e. 54.45>48.54>32.59. So, NABI is in good condition to
mobilize its total working fund as loan and advances. Co-efficient of variation of
NABIL is less than SCBNL and higher than HBL i.e. 11.56%>15.44%>5.66%. It
indicates more uniform of NABIL is comparison to SCBNL and very less uniform
than HBL.

So that NABIL's fund mobilization in terms of loan & advances with respect of
total working fund is more satisfactory than that of other two banks.

(iv) Investment on Government Securities to Total Working Fund Ratio

All the resources of a bank are not used as loan and advances. A bank mobilize its
fund is various ways. To some extent commercial bank seems to utilize its fund by
purchasing government securities. A government security is a safe medium of
investment though it is not liquid as cash and bank balance. This ratio is very
important to know the extent to which the banks are successful in mobilizing their
total fund or different types of government securities to maximize its income. A
high ratio indicates better mobilization of funds as investment o government
securities is a current asset which is invested by external parties. These types of
securities can be sold in the market.

Investment an Government Securities to Total Working Fund Ratio

Investment on Government Securities
=
Total Working Fund

81
 Table 4.9
Investment on Government Securities to Total Working Fund Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 21.67 21.93 14.04 10.31 17.64 17.12 4.99 29%
SCBNL 31.47 33.62 31.90 33.54 24.85 31.28 30.70 11.8%
HBL 13.82 13.34 18.94 16.82 18.81 16.35 2.67 16.31%
Sources: Appendix 1(ix)

From the above table it is clearly seen that investment on government securities to
working fund ratio of NABIL, SCBNL & HBL is in fluctuating trend.

On the basis of mean, NABIL has maintained slightly higher ratio than HBL and
lower ratio than SCBNL i.e. 17.12>16.35<31.28. The co-efficient of variation of
NABIL is higher than that of SCBNL & HBL i.e. 29%>16.31%>11.8%.

From the above analysis, it can be concluded that NABIL's fund mobilization in
terms of government securities with respect of total working fund is not more
satisfactory than that of other tow banks. And NABIL is not satisfactory of ratios
point of view is fund mobilizing term and less homogeneous.

(v) Investment on Shares and Debentures to Total Working Fund Ratio

To study the investment management of NABIL, SCBNL & HBL bank, total
investment has been separated into two parts i.e. Investment on government
securities and investment on shares and debentures. Now a day a commercial bank
is interested to invest its funds not only on government securities but also in shares
& debentures of other different companies and regional development banks.

Investment on shares and debentures to total assets ratio reflects the extent to
which the banks are successful to mobilize their assets on purchase of shares and

82
debentures of other companies to generate incomes and utilize their excess fund. A
high ratio indicates more portion of investment on share and debentures out of
total working fund and vice versa.

Investment on Shares and Debentures to Total Working Fund Ratio

Investment on Shares & Debentures
=
Total Working Fund

Table 4.10
Investment on Shares & Debenture to Total Working Fund Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 0.13 0.13 2.56 0.47 1.053 0.87 1.02 11.7%
SCBNL 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.16 0.076 0.047 62.13%
HBL 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.21 0.15 0.03 22.6%
Sources: Appendix 1(x)

The above table exhibits that the ratio of NABIL & SCBNL is in increasing trend
incase of HBL it is in fluctuating trend.

On the basis of mean ratios, NABIL has higher investment than other two banks
i.e. 0.87%>0.15>0.076. Moreover, CV of NABIL is less than other two banks i.e.
11.7 %< 22.6 %< 62.13%, which states that the position of NABIL is better in this
regard.

It can be concluded that NABIL has invested more portion of its total working
fund on shares & debentures than other two banks. And also NABIL is more
consistent and homogeneous than SCBNL & HBL.

83
4.1.3 Profitability Ratio
Profit is the lock bone of the financial institutions and commercial banks. The
main objective of a commercial bank is to earn profit providing different types of
banking services to its customers. To meet various objectives like to have a good
liquidity position, meet fixed internal obligation, overcome the future
contingencies, grab hidden investment opportunities, expend banking transitions in
different places and finance government in need of development funds etc, a
commercial bank must earn sufficient profit.

Profitability ratios are the best indicators of overall efficiency. Here mainly those
ratios are presented and analyzed which are related with profit as well as
investments. An effort has bee made to measure the profit earning capacity of
NABIL, SCB & HBL through the following ratios.

(i) Return on Total Working Fund Ratio

It measures the profit earning capacity by utilizing available resources ie, total
assets.

Return will be higher if the banks working fund is well managed and are
efficiently utilized, maximizing taxes with in legal options available will also
improve the return.

Net Profit
Return on Total Working Fund Ratio =
Total Working Fund

Where,
Net profit includes the profit that is left to the internal equities after all costs,
chares & expenses

84
 Table 4.11
Return on Total Working Fund Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 2.51 2.72 3.02 2.84 2.47 2.71 0.23 8.47%
SCBNL 2.42 2.27 2.46 2.55 2.42 2.42 0.10 4.18%
HBL 0.88 1.02 1.06 1.50 1.43 1.18 0.27 23.05%
Sources: Appendix 1(xi)

The above table exhibits that the ratio of NABIL is in increasing trend from
2002/03 to 2004/05 and decreasing from 2005/06 to 2006/07. In case of SCBNL
it’s in fluctuating trend and incase of HBL it’s in increasing trend from 2002/03 to
2005/06 & its decreases on 2006/07.

In the mean ratios, it is observed that the NABIL has the highest mean value i.e.
2.71>2.42>1.18. So, NABIL is highly efficient to earn net profit and return as
well. On the other hand C.V of NABIL is less than HBL and higher than SCBNL
i.e. 8.47% <23.05%>4.18%.

From the above analysis it can be concluded that NABIL is in strong position in
the earning capacity by utilizing available resources than other banks. It’s less
consistent and homogeneous than SCBNL & more than HBL.

(ii) Total Interest Earned to Total outside Assets Ratio

It reflects that the extent to which the bank is successful to earn interests as major
income on all the outside Assets. Higher the ratio higher will be the earning power
of total outside assets. This is very important ratio, as the main asset is the outside
Assets of a commercial bank.

Total Interest Earned

Total Interest Earned to Total outside Assets =
Total Outside Asset

85
The total outside assets includes loan & advances investment n government
securities, share and debentures and other all types of investment.

Table 4.12
Total Interest Earned to Total Outside Assets Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 7.38 7.14 7.20 6.86 6.50 7.02 0.34 4.89%
SCBNL 14.9 5.86 5.93 5.46 5.87 7.66 4.08 53.72%
HBL 5.71 5.61 5.75 6.10 6.10 5.85 0.23 3.94%
Sources: Appendix 1(xii)

The above comparative table reveals that NABIL has fluctuating trend from FY
2002/03 to 2005/06 and on FY 2006/07 its increasing. SCBNL has fluctuating
trend during the study period and HBL has fluctuating trend from 2002/03 to
2005/06 its stable is 2006/07.

On the basis of mean ratios NABIL is less than SCBNL 7.02<7.66 & higher than
HBL i.e. 7.02>5.85 in respect to total interest earned to total outside assets. On the
other hand, C.V of NABIL is less than that of SCBNL and higher than HBL.

From the above analysis, it can be concluded the NABIL is in strong position is
earning high interest income from its total outside assets is comparison to SCBNL
& HBL is view point of mean & C.V ratio. Moreover, SCBNL is comparatively
efficient to earn high interest income from outside assets than other banks.

(iii) Total Interest Earned to Total Working Fund Ratio

This ratio reflects the extent to which the banks are successful is mobilizing their
total assets to generate high income as interest. A high ratio is indicator of high
earning power of the bank on its total working fund and vice versa.

86
 Total Interest Earned
Total interest earned to total working fund ration =
Total Working Fund

Table 4.13
Total Interest Earned to Total Working Fund Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 6.15 5.98 6.22 5.87 5.88 6.01 0.17 2.84%
SCBNL 4.81 4.41 4.83 4.61 5.94 4.72 021 4.45%
HBL 4.96 4.84 5.01 5.32 5.17 4.96 0.22 4.40%
Sources: Appendix 1(xiv)

The above comparative table reveals that NABIL & SCBNL has followed
fluctuating trend during the study period. In the case of HBL it is in fluctuating
trend from FY 2002/03 to FY 2005/06 and decreasing is 2006/07 like wise 4.96,
4.84, 5.01, 5.32, 5.17 is FY 2002/03 to 2006/07.

The mean of NABIL is greater than that of other two banks i.e. 6.01>4.96>4.72.
So, we can say that NABIL is in strong position to generate interest income from
the total working fund than other two banks. On the other hand, C.V of NABIL is
lower than that of SCBNL & HBL i.e. 2.84% <4.40%<4.45%. It means more
consistent their two banks.

Thus, it can be concluded that the ratio of total interest earned to total working
fund ratio of NABIL is satisfactory is compared to other two banks. That means
the total interest earned to total working fund ratio of NABIL is stable in
comparison to SCBNL & HBL.

87
(iv) Total Interest Paid to Total Working Fund Ratio
This ratio measures the percentage of total interest paid against the total working
fund. A high ratio indicates the higher interest expenses on total working fund and
vice versa.

Total Interest Paid

Total Interest Paid to Total Working Fund Ratio =
Total Working Fund

Table 4.14
Total Interest Paid to Total Working Fund Ratio
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 1.91 1.70 1.42 1.55 2.04 1.72 0.25 14.76%
SCBNL 1.22 1.20 1.16 1.20 1.44 1.24 0.11 9.02%
HBL 2.31 1.91 1.95 2.12 2.24 2.11 0.17 8.3%
Sources: Appendix 1(xv)

The above comparative table reveals that total interest paid to total working fund
ratio of NABL and SCBNL is in decreasing trend at first 3 years i.e. FY 2002/03
to 2004/05 and then it is in increasing trend from 2005/06 to 2006/ 07 . In case of
HBL its ratio is in decreasing trend from FY 2002/03 to 2003/04 and in increasing
trend from 2004/05 to 2005/06.

The mean ratio of NABIL i.e. 1.72 is average between SCBNL and HBL i.e. 1.24
and 2.11. It means NABIL pays average interest than other two banks during the
study period. On the other hand NABIL'S coefficient of variable is higher i.e.
14.76% in comparison to SCBNL and HBL i.e. 9.02% and 8.3%. It indicates that
NABIL ratio is less consistent than other two banks.

88
In conclusion we can say that NABIL is in better position from payment of interest
point of view (less expenses generate the high income generate theory). It seems to
be successful to collect its working fund from less expensive sources in
comparison to HBL and less than SCBNL.

(v) Return on Loan & Advances Ratio

Return on loan & advances ratio measures the earning capacity of a commercial
bank on its mobilized fund based loan and advances. A high ratio indicates a
greater success to mobilize fund and vice versa.

Net Profit
Return Loan & Advances Ratio =
Loan & Advances

Table 4.15
Return on Loan & Advances Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean S.D C.V
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 5.37 5.56 4.90 4.92 4.33 5.02 .48 9.5%
SCBNL 8.9 8.41 6.62 7.37 6.6 7.58 1.64 13.77%
HBL 1.96 2.03 2.30 2.90 2.89 2.42 0.45 18.8%
Sources: Appendix 1(xiii)

The above table exhibits that the ratio of NABIL has maintained fluctuating trend.
SCBNL has decreasing trend at first i.e. from FY 2002/03 to 2004/05 and then
followed fluctuating trend from 2005/06 to 2006/07. HBL has maintained
increasing trend from 2002/03 to 2005/06 and then decreases in 2006/07.

The mean of the NABIL is higher than HBL i.e. 5.02>2.42 and lower than SCBNL
i.e. 5.02<7.58 is respect to return on loan & advances ratio. On the other hand C.V

89
of NABIL is less than that of other two banks. So NABIL has maintained high
return with variability ratios.

From the above analysis, it can be concluded that NABIL is significantly able to
earn high return on its loan and advances is comparison of other two banks is point
of view of average mean & low C.V ratio.

(vi) Return on Equity

Equity capital of any banks is its owned capital. The prime objective of any banks
is wealth maximization or in other words to earn high profit and maximizing
return to its shareholders. ROE is the measuring rod of the profitability of banks. It
reflects the extent to which the banks has been successful to mobilize it's equity
capital. A high ratio indicates higher success to mobilize its owned capital and
vice versa.
Net Profit
Return on equity =
Total Equity Capital

Table 4.16
Return on Equity Ratio (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Mean SD CV
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 35.12 30.77 31.30 33.91 32.79 32.88 1.42 4.32%
SCBNL 37.03 35.96 33.89 37.55 32.68 35.42 2.08 5.86%
HBL 19.95 19.87 19.99 25.90 36.89 24.52 7.38 30.10%
Sources: Appendix 1(xvi)

The above table exhibits that ratios of NABIL followed decreasing trend from FY
2002/03 to FY 2003/04 and then increased from FY 2004/05 to 2005/06 and again
decreased is FY 2006/07. In case of SCBNL ratio, it followed decreasing trend
from FY 2002/03 to 2004/05 then increasing trend from 2005/06 to 2006/07. In

90
case of HBL ratio, it followed decreasing trend is FY 2002/03 to FY 2003/04 and
then increased from FY 2004/05 to 2006/07.

In the mean ratios, it is observed that NABIL has the average mean value i.e.,
32.88 which is less than 35.42 of SCBNL and higher than 24.52 of HBL. The co-
efficient of variation of NABIL is less than other two banks i.e., 4.32%<
5.86%<30.10%.

In the point of view of average mean and lower C.V it can be concluded that
comparatively NABIL has mobilized its equity capital more efficiently than other
two banks. So, NABIL has sound investment policy on equity capital more over
its lower C.V shows its more homogenous during the study period.

4.1.4 Growth Ratio

Growth ratios are directly related to the fund mobilization and investment
management of a commercial bank. It represents how well the commercial banks
are maintaining the economic and financial position. Under this topic, four of
growth ratios are studies which are as follows:
(i) Growth Ratio of Total Deposit.
(ii) Growth of Total Loan and Advances.
(iii) Growth of Total Investment.
(iv) Growth Ratio of Total Net Profit.

91
(i) Growth Ratio of Total Deposit

Table 4.17
Growth Ratio of Total Deposit (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Growth Ratio
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 13448 14119 24587 19347 23342 14.74%
SCBNL 18756 21161 19335 23061 24647 7.06%
HBL 21007 22010 24814 26490 30048 9.36%
Sources: Appendix 1(xvii)

Figure 4.1
Growth Ratio of Total Deposit

The above comparative table shows that the growth ratio of NABIL deposit is
higher than that of SCBNL and HBL i.e. 14.74%>9.36%>7.06%. It means that the
performance of NABIL to collect greater deposit compared to SCB & HBL is
better year-by-year.

92
(ii) Growth of Total Loan and Advances

Table 4.18
Growth Ratio of Loan and Advances (%)
Banks Fiscal Year Growth Ratio
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 7756 8190 10586 12923 15546 18.98%
SCBNL 5696 3410 8143 8935 10502 16.53%
HBL 10845 12920 13451 15762 17794 13.18%

Figure 4.2
Growth Ratio of Loan and Advances

The above comparatives table no. 19 shows that the growth ratio of NABIL has
maintained ratio of 18.98% where as SCBNL & HBL maintained 16.53% and
13.18% respectively. It means the performance of HBL to grant loan and advances
in comparison to other banks is better year-by-year.

93
(iii) Growth of Total Investment

Table 4.19
Growth Ratio of Total Investment
Banks Fiscal Year Growth Ratio
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 (%)
NABIL 6031 5836 4270 6179 8945 10.35%
SCBNL 10216 11360 9703 12848 13553 7.32%
HBL 10175 9292 11692 10889 11823 3.82%

Figure 4.3
Growth Ratio of Total Investment

The above comparative table shows that growth ratio of total investment of
NABIL is higher than SCBNL & HBL i.e. 10.35%>7.32%>3.82%. So we can say
that NABIL has better growth level for investment sector even FY 2003/04 to
2004/05 has decreasing growth amount and then increasing growth amount there
after.

94
(iv) Growth Ratio of Total Net Profit

Table 4.20
Growth Ratio of Total Net Profit
Banks Fiscal Year Growth
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 Ratio (%)
NABIL 416 455 518 635 674 12.82%
SCBNL 507 538 540 659 692 8.08%
HBL 212 263 308 457 492 23.43%

Figure 4.4
Growth Ratio of Total Net Profit

The above comparative shows that the growth ratio of NABIL's net profit i.e.
12.82% is lower than HBL i.e. 23.43% and higher than SCBNL i.e. 8.08%. In the
view of net profit NABIL has average position in comparison to other two banks.

4.2 Statistical Tools

Under this heading some statistical tools such as co-efficient of correlation
analysis between different various, trend analysis of deposits, loan and advances,

95
investment and net profit as well as hypothesis test are used to achieve the
objectives of the study.

4.2.1 Coefficient of Correlation Analysis

(i) Coefficient of Correlation between Deposit and Loan & Advances
It is already mentioned that investment is dependent upon saving i.e. deposit.
Longer the duration of deposit, higher the banker's ability to acquire long term
asset. In the other words banker can't invest more. On long term assets if the
duration of deposit is short. In this sense it can be said that investment is the
function of deposit.

Theoretically it is assumed that long-term asset yield higher return. It means

longer the duration of deposit, higher would be the profitability of the bank. But
investment may no be the function of deposit only. Sometimes investment is made
from the funds raised from other sources. In such situation investment is not
dependent upon deposit only. Co-efficient of correlation between deposit and loan
ad advances measures the degree of relationship between these two variables. In
this analysis deposits is independent variable (y) and loan and advances is
dependent variable (x).

Table 4.21
Correlation between Total Deposits and Loan and Advances
Evaluation Criterions
Banks r r2 P.E. 6 P.E.r
NABIL 0.97 0.9409 0.0178 0.1068
SCBNL 0.83 0.6889 0.0938 0.5628
HBL 0.96 0.9216 0.0236 0.1416
Sources: Appendix 2(i, iv, vii)

96
From the above table, three sample banks co-efficient of correlation between total
deposit and loan and advances shows high degree of positive relationship. In case
of NABIL, it is fund that co-efficient of correlation between total deposit and loan
and advances is 0.97, which is high degree of positive correlated. When we
consider, the value of coefficient of determination (r 2), it is 94.09% of the
variation is the dependent variable (loan and advances) has been explained by the
independent variable (total deposit).

Similarly, considering the valued of (r) i.e. 0.97 and comparing it with 6PE i.e.
0.1068 we can find that (r) is greater than the value of 6PE. This reveals that the
value of r is significant. In other words there is significant relationship between
total deposit and loan and advances in case of NABIL.

Likewise, in the case of SCBNL & HBL, it has high degree of positive correlation
between deposit and loan & advances., However by application of coefficient of
determination (r2) it indicates that SCBNL and HBL has 68.89% and 92.16%
respectively of the variation in the dependent variable i.e. loan and advances has
been explained by the independent variable i.e. deposits. Moreover considering the
probable error, in case of SCBNL and HBL, (r) is greater then 6 P.E is can be said
that the value of (r) is significant i.e., there is significant relationship between total
deposit and loan & advances.

Lastly, we can draw the conclusion from the above analysis that in NABIL,
SCBNL and HBL, there is positive relationship between total deposits and loan &
advances. The relationship is significant and the value of (r 2) shows high percent
in the dependent variable which has been explained by the independent variable.
This indicates that three banks are successful to mobilize their deposits in-proper
way as loan & advances. Moreover, we can further conclude that NABIL has
higher correlation between deposit and loan & advances as well as higher value of

97
(r2) than those of SCBNL & HBL. Which indicates that it is in strong condition to
grand loan & advances for mobilizing the collected deposits in comparison to
other two banks.

(ii) Coefficient Of Correlation between Deposit and Total Investment

Co-efficient of correlation (r) between deposit and investment measures the degree
of relationships between these two variables. Here, deposit is independent variable
(x) and total investment is dependent variable (x). The purpose of computing co-
efficient of correlation between deposit and total investment is to find out whether
deposit is significantly used as investment or not.

The table 4.22 shows the value of r, r2, P.E and 6P.E between deposit and total
investment of NABIL, SCBNL & HBL for the study period of 2002/03 to
2006/07.
Table 4.22
Correlation between Deposit and Total Investment
Evaluation Criterions
Banks r r2 P.E. 6 P.E.
NABIL 0.82 0.6724 0.0988 0.5928
SCBNL 0.98 0.9604 0.0119 0.0714
HBL 0.79 0.6241 0.1134 0.6804
Sources: Appendix 2(ii, v, viii)

From the above table 4.22, we find that co-efficient of correlation between
deposits (independent) and total investment (dependent) value of 'r' is 0.82 in case
of NABIL. It shows highest degree of positive relationship between two variables.
However, by application of coefficient of determination the value of (r 2) is 0.6724
which indicates 67.24% of the variation of the dependent variable (total
investment) has been explained by the independent variable (deposits). Moreover,
by considering the probable error, since the value of r i.e. 0.82 is greater than

98
6P.E. i.e. 0.5928. So, we can say that there is significant relationship between total
deposits and total investments.

On the other hand in case of SCBNL and HBL, both have high degree of
correlation between deposit and total investment. However, by the application of
coefficient of determination i.e. r2 it indicates SCBNL to be 96.04% and HBL to
be 62.41% respectively of the variation in the dependent variable i.e. total
investment has been explained by the independent variables i.e. deposit more over
considering the probable error since the value of r i.e. 0.98 of SCBNL and 0.79 of
HBL is more than 6 P.E. So we can say that there is significant relationship
between total deposit and total investment of SCBNL & HBL.

Lastly, we can draw the conclusion from the above analysis that NABIL, SCBNL
& HBL as high degree of positive relationship between deposit & investment. The
relationship is significant and the value of (r2) shows high percent in the dependent
variable which has been explained by the independent variable. This indicates that
three banks are successful to invest their deposit in proper way. More over, we can
further conclude that NABIL has slightly lower correlation between investment &
deposit as well as lower value of r2 in comparison to SCBNL ad higher value in
comparison to HBL. It indicates that NABIL is in average position to follow the
policy of maximizing the investment of their deposits in comparison to SCBNL
and HBL.

(iii) Coefficient of Correlation between Outside Assets and Net Profit

Coefficient of correlation 'r' between outside assets and net profit measures the
degree of relationship between these two variables. Here, outside assets are
independent variable (x) and net profit is dependent variable (y). The purpose of
computing co-efficient of correlation between outside assets and net profit is to

99
find out whether the net profit is significantly correlated with respective total
assets or not.
Table 4.23
Co-efficient of Correlation between Outside Assets and Net Profit
Evaluation Criterions
Banks r r2 P.E. 6 P.E.
NABIL 0.93 0.8649 0.0408 0.2448
SCBNL 0.83 0.6889 0.0938 0.5628
HBL 0.96 0.9216 0.0236 0.1416
Sources: Appendix 2(iii, vi, ix)

From the above listed table it has been found that the coefficient of correlation
between total outside assets (independent) and net profit (dependent) of NABIL is
0.93 high degree of positive correlation between these two variables. On the other
hand, considering the value of co-efficient of determination r2 i.e. 0.8649 indicates
that 86.49% of the variation in the dependent variables (net profit) has been
explained by the independent variables (total outside assets) moreover by
considering the probable error. We can further say that there is significant
relationship between total outside assets and net profit because the value of r i.e.
0.93 is greater that 6 P.E. i.e. 0.2448. It indicates that NABIL is capable to earn
net profit by mobilizing total outside assets.

Similarly, co-efficient of correlation between outside assets and net profit in case
of SCBNL and HBL is found to be 0.83 and 0.96 respectively, which indicates
high degree of correlation between these two variables. On the other hand,
considering the value of co-efficient of determination r2 i.e. it indicates SCBNL to
be 68.89% and HBL to 92.16% respectively of the variation in the dependent
variable i.e. net profit has been explained by the independent variables i.e. outside
assets moreover, considering the probable error since the value of r i.e. 0.83 of

100
SCBNL & 0.96 of HBL is more than 6 P.E. So we can say that there is significant
relationship between net profit and total outside assets of SCBNL & HBL.

Lastly, we can draw the conclusion from the above analysis that NABIL, SCBNL
& HBL has high degree of positive relationship between deposit & investment.
The relationship is significant and value of r2 shows the high percent in the
dependent variable which has been explained by the independent variable. This
indicates that three sample banks are successful to mobilize fund and get return i.e.
net profit from such mobilized assets. Moreover, we can further conclude that
NABIL has slightly lower correlation between net profit & outside assets as well
as lower value of r2 in comparison to HBL and higher value in comparison to
SCBNL. It means NABIL is in average position in its efficiency to get return i.e.
net profit from outside assets.

4.2.2. Trend Analysis and Projection for Next Five Years

Under this topic, analysis trend of deposit collection, its utilization and net profit
of NABIL, SCBNL and HBL are studied. To utilize deposits a commercial bank
may grant loan and advances and invest government securities and share &
debentures of other companies. Under this topic an attempt is made to analyze
trend of deposit. Investment and income of NABIL, SCBNL and HBL and also
forecast their trend for next five years. The projections are based on the following
assumptions:
a. The main assumption is that other things will remain unchanged.
b. The forecast will be true only when the limitation of least square method is
carries out.
c. The bank will run in present position.
d. The economy will remain in the present stage.
e. Nepal Rastra Bank will not change its guidelines to commercial bank.

101
(i) Trend Analysis of Total Deposit
Under this topic and effort has been made to calculate the trend values of deposit
of NABIL, SCBNL & HBL for 5 years from 2002/03 to 2006/07 and forecast for
next 5 years till 2012.

Table 4.24
Trend Value of Total Deposit
(Rs. in million)
Year Trend Values NABIL Trend Values SCBNL Trend Values HBL
2002/03 11965 104223.75 20361.68
2003/04 14466.80 105591.99 22618.54
2004/05 16968.60 106960.23 24875.40
2005/06 19470.40 108328.47 27132.26
2006/07 21972.20 109696.71 29389.12
2007/08 24474 111064.95 31645.98
2008/09 26975.80 112433.19 33902.84
2009/010 29477.60 113801.43 36159.70
2010/011 31979.40 115169.67 38416.56
2011/012 34481.20 116537.91 40673.42
Sources: Appendix 3(i, iv, vii)

Figure 4.5
Trend Value of Total Deposit

102
The above table shows that the deposit of all the three banks has the increasing
trend. If other thing remains the same, the total deposit of the same, the total
deposit of NABIL will be 34481.20 million in FY 2011/012 which is less deposit
among the three banks. Similarly deposit of SCBNL & HBL will be 116537.91
million and 40673.42 million for the FY 2011/012 respectively.

From the above trend analysis, it is found that the deposit collection position of
NABIL is weak in comparison to SCBNL and HBL. The calculated trend values
of total deposit of NABIL, SCBNL & HBL are fitted in trend line.

(ii) Trend Analysis of Investment

Under this topic, the trend values of total investment for five years from 2002/03
to 2006/07 have been calculated ad forecasted for next five years from 2007/08 to
2011/012.

The following table 4.25 shows the trend values of total investment for trend
values of total investment for ten years from 2007/08 to 2011/012 of NABIL,
SCBNL & HBL.

Table 4.25
Trend Value of Total Investment

103
 (Rs in million)
Year Trend Values NABIL Trend Values SCBNL Trend Values HBL
2002/03 5017.95 9903.71 9795.98
2003/04 5635.04 10719.84 10285.18
2004/05 6252.13 11535.97 10774.38
2005/06 6869.22 12352.10 11263.58
2006/07 7486.31 13168.23 11752.78
2007/08 8103.40 13984.36 12241.98
2008/09 8720.49 14800.49 12731.18
2009/010 9337.58 15616.62 13220.38
2010/011 9954.67 16432.75 13709.58
2011/012 10571.76 17248.88 14198.78
Sources: Appendix 3(ii, iv, viii)
Figure 4.6
Trend Value of Total Investment

The above table shows the total investment of NABIL, SCBNL & HBL has the
increasing trend value. Other things remaining the same the total investment of
NABIL will be 10571.76 million in the mid July 2012. That is the average
investment among three banks. Similarly, the deposit of SCBNL & HBL will be
17248.88million and 14198.78 million respectively.

104
From the above trend analysis, it is found that the total investment of NABIL is
lower in compared to SCBNL & HBL. The calculated trend values of total
investment of NABIL, SCBNL and HBL are fitted in the trend line.

(iii) Trend Analysis of Net Profit

Under this topic, the trend values of net profit for five years from mid July
2002/03 to 2006/07 have been calculated and forecasted for next five years from
mid July 2006/07 to 2011/012.

105
 Table 4.26
Trend Value of Net Profit (Rs in million)
Year Trend Values Trend Values Trend Values
NABIL SCBNL HBL
2002/03 400.74 488.79 195.79
2003/04 470.28 537.83 271.17
2004/05 539.82 586.87 346.55
2005/06 609.36 635.91 421.93
2006/07 678.90 684.95 497.31
2007/08 748.44 733.99 572.69
2008/09 817.98 783.03 648.07
2009/010 887.52 832.07 723.45
2010/011 957.06 881.11 798.83
2011/012 1026.60 930.15 874.21
Sources: Appendix 3(iii, vi, ix)

Figure 4.7
Trend Value of Net
Profit

106
The above table shows that the net profit of NABIL, SCBNL & HBL is in
increasing trend value. Other things remaining the same, the net profit of NABIL
will be 1026.60 million in the mid July 2012. That is the highest among the three
during the study period. Similarly, the net profit of SCBNL and HBL will be
930.15 million and 874.21 million in mid 2012 respectively.

From the above trend analysis, it is fund that the net profit of NABIL us the
highest among three sample banks. The calculated trend values of net profit of
NABIL, SCBNL and HBL are fitted in the trend line.

4.2.3 Test of Hypothesis

Under this topic, an effort has been made to test the significance level regarding
the parameter of the population on the basis of sample drawn from the population.
The following stops have been followed in the test of hypothesis.

i) Formulating of hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis
 Alternative Hypothesis
ii) Computing the test statistic
iii) Fixing the level of significance
iv) Deciding two tailed or one tailed test
v) Having decision

t-test
In this research study the sample is small i.e., n =5. Hence, to deal with small
sample “t” test is used. Suppose we want to test if two independent samples have
been drawn from two normal populations having the same means, the population
variances being equal.

107
 We set up the Null hypothesis H 0  : 1 = 2 i.e., the samples have been drawn

from the normal population, or the sample means X1 and X 2 do not differ
significantly. Under the assumption that a2 = 6a2 i.e., population variances are
equal but unknown, the test statistic under H 0  is:

X1  X 2
= with …….. d.f. = n1 + n2 – 2
1 1
S2  
n1 n 2

Where,

X1 =
X 1
X2 =
X 2

n1 n2

1
S2 =   x12 + x 2

n1 +n 2 -2 
2

is an unbiased estimate the common population variance σ 2 based on both the

samples. By comparing the tabulated value of “t” for n 1 + n2 –2 d.f. at the desired
level of significance. Usually 5% we reject or retain the null hypothesis H 0  .

I. Test of Hypothesis on Loan ad Advances to Total Deposit of NABIL,

SCBNL & HBL are Taken and Carried Out Under t-test of Significance
Difference

Fiscal NABIL SCBNL HBL

Year X1 x1 x 2
1
X2 x2 x 2
2
X3 x3 x 32
2002/03 57.67 -6.66 44.36 30.36 -6.47 41.86 51.62 - 4.5 20.25
2003/04 58.00 -6.33 40.07 30.30 -6.53 42.65 58.70 2.58 6.66
2004/05 72.57 8.24 67.89 42.12 5.29 27.98 54.21 -1.91 3.65
2005/06 66.79 2.46 6.05 38.75 1.92 3.69 59.50 3.38 11.42

108
2006/07 66.61 2.28 5.21 42.61 5.78 33.41 56.57 0.45 0.2025
321.64 163.57 184.14 149.59 280.6 42.18

X1 =
X 1
X2 =
X 2
X3 =
x 3

n n n

321.64 184.14 280.6

X1 = X2 = X3 =
5 5 5

X1 =64.33 X 2 =36.38 X 3 =56.12

Again, x1 =(X1 -X1 ) x 2 = (X 2 - X 2 ) x 3 = (X 3 - X 3 )

a. Test of Significance of Difference Between NABIL and SCBNL

Null Hypothesis H 0  : 1 = 2 i.e., there is no significant difference between mean
ratios of loan ad advances to total deposit of NABIL & SCBNL.

Alternative Hypothesis H 1  : 1 ≠  2 i.e., (two tailed) i.e. there is significant

difference between mean ratios of loan and advances to total deposit of NABIL
and SCBNL (where x1 is mean ratio of NABIL and x 2 is mean ratio is SCBNL)

x1 -x 2
Under Ho the test statistics is given by t= with.....d.f. =n1 +n 2 -2
1 1
S2 ( + )
n1 n 2

109
Where s 2 =
1
n1 +n 2 -2
  X12 + X 22 

1
= (163.57+149.59)
5+5-2

1
= ×313.16
8

= 39.145

Now,
Test statistics under Ho is,
64.33-36.83
t=
1 1
39.145( + )
5 5

27.5 27.5
= = =6.95
15.66 3.96

The calculated value of t = (two tailed test) at 5% level of (n 1+n2-2) 8 d.f. is 2.306

Decision
Since the calculated value of t = 6.95 is greater than tabulated value i.e. 2.306
therefore the null. Hypothesis is rejected and hence alternative hypothesis (H 1) is
accepted i.e. there is significant difference between mean ratio of loan and
advances to total deposit of NABIL and SCBL.

b) Test of Significance Difference between NABIL & HBL

Null Hypothesis (H0): x1 =x 3 i.e. there is no significant different between mean
ratios of loan and advances to total deposit of NABIL and HBL

110
 Alternative Hypothesis (H1): x1  x 3 (two tailed test) i.e. there is significant
difference between mean ratios of loan and advances to total deposit of NABIL
and HBL.

Under Ho the test statistics,

The calculated value of S2 = 25.718
The calculated value of t = 0.739

Tabulated value of 't' (two tailed) at 5% level of (n1+n3-2) d.f. i.e. 8 is 2.306
Decision
Since the calculated value of t =0.739 is greater than tabulated value i.e. 2.306
therefore the Null hypothesis is rejected and hence alternative hypothesis (H1 ) is
accepted i.e. there is significant difference between mean ratio of loan and
advances to total deposit of NABIL and HBL

(ii) Hypothesis Test of Investment on Government

Securities to current assets ratios between NABIL and SCBL and between NABIL
and HBL

Here ratios of investment on government securities to current asset ratios of

NABIL, SCBL and HBL are taken and carried out under (t-test) of significance
difference.

Fiscal NABIL SCBL HBL

year x1 x1 x 2
1
x2 x2 x 2
2
x3 x3 x 32
2002/03 25.87 5.57 31.02 38.52 0.95 0.9025 20.54 -1.48 2.19
2003/04 25.78 5.476 29.98 39.56 1.99 3.9601 18.45 -3.57 12.74
2004/05 16.12 -4.184 17.506 37.28 -0.29 0.0841 25.65 3.63 13.176
2005/06 12.69 -7.614 57.973 40.22 2.65 7.0225 22.22 0.2 0.04
2006/07 21.06 0.756 0.572 32.27 -5.3 28.09 23.24 1.22 1.488

111
 X1= x 2
1 = X 2
2 = X 2
2 =4 X 3 = X 2
3

101.52 137.02 187.85 0.059 110.1 =29.64

Here,
x1 =
X 1
x2=
X 2
x3=
X 3

n n n
x1 =20.304 x 2 = 37.57 x 3 = 22.02

Again,
x1 =(x1 -x1 ) x 2 =(x 2 -x 2 ) x 3 =(x 3 -x 3 )

a) Test of Significance of difference between NABIL and SCBL

Null Hypothesis (Ho): x1 = x 2 i.e. there is no significant difference between
mean ratios of investment on government securities to current asset ratios of
NABIL and SCBL

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): x1  x 2 (two tailed test) i.e., there is significant

difference between mean ratios of invest on government securities to current
assets ratios of NABIL and SCBL.

Under Ho the test statistics is given by

x1 -x 2
t=
1 1
S2 ( +
n1 n 2
With.........d.f.=n1 +n 2 -2

112
 1
Where, S2  ( X12 + X 22 )
n1 +n 2 -2

1
(137.02+40.059)
5+5-2

1
= ×177.079
8

=22.13

Now,
Test statistics under Ho is,

20.304-37.57
t= ) =5.803
1 1
22.13( +
5 5
The calculated value of (t) = 2.803
Tabulated value of (t) (two tailed test) at 5% level of (n1+n2-2) d.f. i.e. 8 d.f. is
2.306

Decision
Since the calculated value of (t) = 5.803 is greater the tabulated value i.e. 2.306
therefore alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted i.e. there is significant difference
between mean ratios of investment in government securities to current assets of
NABIL and SCBL

b) Test of significance of difference between NABIL and HBL

Null Hypothesis (Ho): x1 =x 3 i.e. there is no significant difference between mean
ratios of investment on government securities to current assets ratios of NABIL
and HBL

113
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): x1  x 2 (two tailed test) i.e. there is significant
difference between mean ratios of investment on govt. Securities to current assets
ratios of NABIL and HBL.

Where x1 is mean ratio of NABIL and x 3 is mean ratio of HBL:

The calculated value of S2 = 20.83

The calculated value of (t) = 0.594

Tabulated value of (t) (two tailed test) at 5% level of (n1+n2-2) d.f. i.e. 8 d.f. is
2.306

114
 Decision
Since the calculated value of (t) = 0.594 is lower than tabulated value i.e. 2.306
therefore the Null hypothesis Ho is accepted i.e. there is no significant difference
between mean ratios of investment in government securities to current assets ratio
of NABIL and HBL

(iii) Hypothesis Test of Return on Loan and Advances Ratio between NABIL
and SCBL and Between NABIL and HBL

Here ratios of return on loan and advances of NABIL and SCBL are taken and
carried out under t-test of significance difference

Fiscal NABIL SCBL HBL

year x1 x1 x 2
1
x2 x2 x 2
2
x3 x3 x 32
2002/03 5.37 0.345 0.1253 8.9 1.32 1.7424 1.96 -0.456 0.2079
2003/04 5.56 0.544 0.2959 8.41 0.83 0.6889 2.03 -0.386 0.14899
2004/05 4.90 -0.116 0.01346 6.62 -0.96 0.9216 2.30 -0.116 0.01345
2005/06 4.92 -0.096 0.009216 7.37 -0.21 0.6441 2.90 0.484 0.23425
2006/07 4.33 0.686 0.470596 6.6 -0.98 0.9604 2.89 0.474 0.22467
X 1 x 2
X 2  X2 = X 3 X 2
3

25.08 = 0.91447 =37.9 4.3574 =12.08 =0.82932

Here,
x1 =
X 1
x2 =
X 2
x3 =
X 3

n n n

x1 =5.016 x 2 = 7.58 x 3 = 2.416

Again x1 =(x1 -x1 ) x 2 =(x 2 -x 2 ) x 3 =(x 3 -x 3 )

115
a) Test of Significance difference between NABIL and SCBL
Null Hypothesis Ho: x1 = x 2 i.e. there is no significance difference between

mean ratios of return on loan and advances of NABIL and SCBL

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): x1  x 2 (two tailed test) i.e. there is significant

difference between mean ratios on loan and advances of NABIL and SCBL.

(Where x1 is the mean ratio of NABIL and x 2 is ratio of SCBNL)

Under Ho the test statistics

1
S2  ( X12 + X 22 )
n1 +n 2 -2

1
 (.91447+4.3547)
5+5-2

=0.6589

Now,
Test of statistics under Ho is
x 1 -x 2
t=
1 1
S2 ( + )
n1 n 2

5 .0 1 6 -7 .5 8
=
1 1
.6 5 8 9 ( + )
5 5

-2 .5 6 4
=
0 .2 6 3 5 6

  9 .7 2 8

Calculated value of t = 9.728

116
Tabulated value of 't' (two tailed test ) at 5% level of (n1+n2-2) d.f. i.e., 8 d.f. is
2.306
Decision
Since the calculated value of t = 9.728 is greater then tabulated value of t = 2.306

therefore the Null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and hence alternative hypothesis (H 1)
is accepted i.e., there is significant difference between mean ratios of return on
loan and advances of NABIL and SCBL.

b) Test of Significance difference between NABIL and HBL

Null Hypothesis (Ho): x1 = x 3 i.e. there is no significant difference between mean
ratios of return and advances ratios of NABIL and HBL.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): x1  x 2 (two tailed test) i.e. there is significant

difference between mean ratios of return on loan and advances of NABIL & HBL.

(Where x1 is mean ratio of NBIL and x 3 is mean ratio of HBL)

Under HO the test statistics

1
S2  (  X 12 +  X 32 )
n 1 + n 2 -2

1
 (.91447+ .82932)
5+ 5-2

= 0.21797

Now,
Test statistics under HO is

117
 x1-x2
t=
1 1
S2 ( + )
n1 n3

5.016-2.416
=
1 1
0.21797( + )
5 5

2.6
=
0.29527

 8.805

Calculated value of 't' (two tailed test) at 5% level of (n1+n2-2) 8 d.f. is 2.306

Decision
Since the calculated value of 't' = 8.805 is greater than tabulated value of t = 2.306
therefore the Null hypothesis is rejected and hence alternative hypothesis is
accepted. i.e. there is significant difference between mean ratios of return on loan
and advances of NABIL and HBL

(iv) Hypothesis Test of Total Interest Earned to Total Outside Assets Ratio of
NABIL, SCBL and HBL

Ratios of total interest earned to total outside assets of NABIL, SCBL and HBL
are taken and carried out under (t-test) of significance difference.

Fiscal year NABIL SCBNL HBL

x1 x1 x12 x2 x2 x 22 x3 x3 x 32
2002/03 7.38 0.364 0.1325 14.9 7.294 53.2316 5.71 -0.144 0.0207
2003/04 7.14 0.124 0.01538 5.86 -1.744 3.0415 5.61 -0.244 0.0595
2004/05 7.20 0.184 0.0338 5.93 -1.674 2.8022 5.75 -0.104 0.0108

118
2005/06 6.86 -0.156 0.0243 5.46 -2.144 4.5967 6.10 -0.246 0.0605
2006/07 6.50 -0.516 0.2662 5.87 -1.734 3.0067 6.10 0.246 0.0605
35.08 0.47232 38.02 66.6789 29.27 0.21212

119
 Here,

x1 =
X 1
x2=
X 2
x3=
X 3

n2 n2 n3

x1 = 7.016 x 2 = 7.604 x 3 =5.854

Again,
x1 =(x1 -x1 ) x 2 =(x 2 -x 2 ) x 3 =(x 3 -x 3 )

a) Test of Significance difference between NABIL and SCBNL

Null Hypothesis (HO): x1 = x 2 i.e. there is no significant difference between mean
ratios of total interest earned to total outside assets of NABIL and SCBL

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): x1  x 2 (two tailed test) i.e., there is significant

difference between mean ratios of total interest earned to total outside assets ratios
of NABIL and SCBNL.

(Where x1 is mean ratio of NABIL and x 2 is mean ratio of SCBL)

Under HO the test statistics is given by

x1 -x 2
t= With.........d.f.=n1 +n 2 -2
2 1 1
S( +
n1 n 2

120
 1
Where, S 2  (  X 12 +  X 22 )
n 1 +n 2 -2

1
(0.47232+66.6789)
5+5-2

=8.394

Now,
Test statistics under Ho is,

7.016-7.604
t= = -0.0262
1 1
8.394( + )
5 5
The calculated value of (t) = 0.0262
Tabulated value of (t) (two tailed test) at 5% level of (n 1+n2-2) 8 d.f. is 2.306.

Decision
Since the calculated value of (t) = 0.262 is lower than tabulated value of (t) =
2.326 therefore the Null Hypothesis (H O) is accepted and alternative Hypothesis is
rejected i.e., there is no significant difference earned to total outside assets of
NABIL and SCBNL

b) Test of Significance difference between NABIL and HBL

Null Hypothesis HO: x1 = x 3 i.e., there is no significant difference between mean
ratios of total interest earned to total outside assets ratios of NABIL and HBL.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): x1  x 3 (two tailed test) i.e., there is significant

difference between mean ratios of total interest earned to total outside assets ratio
of NABIL and HBL.

121
(Where, x1 is mean ratio of NABIL and x 3 is mean ratio of HBL)

Under HO the test statistics

1
S2  ( X12 + X 32 )
n1 +n 2 -2

1
 (0.47232-0.21212)
5+5-2

=0.08555

Test statistics under HO is

x1 -x 3
t=
1 1
S2 ( + )
n1 n 3

7.016-5.854
=
1 1
0.0855( + )
5 5

1.162

0.1849

 6.284

The calculated value of (t) = 6.284

Tabulated value of ‘t’ (two tailed test) at 5% level of (n 1+n2-2) 8.d.f. is 2.306

Decision
Since calculated value of t = 6.284 is greater than tabulated value of t =2.306 there
fore the Null hypothesis (HO) is rejected and alternative hypothesis (H1) is
accepted i.e. there is significant difference between mean ratios of total interest
earned to total outside assets of NABIL and HBL.

122
4.3 Major Findings of the Study
The main findings of the study are derived on the analysis of financial data of
NABIL, SCBNL and HBL is given below.

Liquidity Ratio
The liquidity position of NABIL, SCBNL and HBL reveals that:
 From the analysis of current ratio it is found that the mean of ratio of
NABIL is higher than that of SCBNL and HBL. It means NABIL has
maintained the higher liquidity. And lower risk in compare to other banks.
The ratio of NABIL is more consistent than HBL and less consistent than
SCBNL.
 The mean ratio of cash and bank balance to total deposits of NABIL is
lower than SCBNL and HBL, It states that cash and bank balance in
liquidity position of NABIL lower than other two banks. And the ratio of
NABIL is less consistent than that of SCBNL and HBL.
 The mean ratio of cash and bank balance to current assets of NABIL is
lower than SCBNL and HBL. It states that the liquidity position of NABIL
is poorer than that of SCBNL and HBL, and the ratio of HBL is more
variable than that of other two banks.
 The mean ratio of investment on government securities to current assets of
NABIL is lower in compared to SCBNL and HBL. It reveals that
investment on government securities of NABIL is poorer than other two
banks. The ratio of NABIL is less consistent than that of SCBNL and HBL.
 The mean ratio of loan and advances to current assets of NABIL is higher
than HBL and slightly lower than SCBNL. The ratio of NABIL is more
consistent than SCBNL and less consistent than HBL.

123
Assets Management Ratio (Activity Ratio)
The assets management ratio of NABIL, SCBNL and HBL reveals that.
 The mean ratio of loan and advances to total deposit of NABIL is higher
than that of SCBNL and HBL. The ratio of NABIL is more stable than
SCBNL and less than HBL.
 The mean ratio of total investment to total deposit of NABIL is lower than
SCBNL and HBL. The variability of ratios is lower than that of SCBNL
and HBL.
 The mean ratio of loan and Advances to total working fund of NABIL is
higher than SCBNL and HBL. The variability of ratios is higher than HBL
and lower than SCBNL.
 The mean of investment on government securities to total working fund
ratio of NABIL is higher than HBL and lower than SCBNL. However
NABIL seams to have more variable and uniform ratios than that of two
compared banks.
 The mean ratio of Investment on share and debentures to total working fund
of NABIL is higher than SCBNL and HBL and also NABIL is more
consistent and homogeneous than SCBNL and HBL.
 From the above findings it helps to conclude that NABIL, is comparatively
successful in its on balance sheet operation is compared to SCBNL and
HBL. It predicts that NABIL has successfully maintained and managed its
assets towards different income generating activities.

Profitability Ratio
The profitability ratio of NABIL, SCBNL and HBL reveal that:
 The mean ratio of return on total working fund is higher than SCBNL and
HBL. On the other hand NABIL is less consistent and homogeneous than
SCBNL and more than HBL.

124
  The mean ratio of return on total working fund is higher than SCBNL and
HBL. On the other hand NABIL is less consistent and homogeneous than
SCBNL and more than HBL.
 The mean ratio of total interest earned to total outside Assets of NABIL is
higher than HBL and slightly lower than SCBNL. The variability of the
ratio of NABIL is in between in comparison to SCBNL and HBL.
 The mean ratio of return on loan and advances of NABIL is higher than of
NABIL is more consistent than other two banks.
 The mean ratio of total Interest earned to total working fund of NABIL is
higher than that of SCBNL and HBL. The ratio of NABIL is more
consistent than that of other two banks.
 The mean ratio of total interest pays to total working fund is higher than
SCBNL and lower than HBL. NABIL'S ratio is less consistent than other
two banks.
 From the above findings of profitability ratios, it can be concluded that the
NABIL is comparatively in higher position than that of SCBNL and HBL.
So, the profit earning capacity of NABIL is high in comparison to other two
banks.

Growth Ratios
From the analysis of growth ratios of NABIL, SCBNL and HBL it reveals that:
 The growth ratio of NABIL deposit is higher than that of SCBNL and HBL.
It means the performance of NABIL to collect deposit is greater than
SCBNL and HBL.
 The growth ratio of NABIL loan and advances is higher than that of
SCBNL and HBL. It means the performance of NABIL to grant loan and
advances in compared to other two banks is better.

125
  The growth ratio of total investment is higher than that of SCBNL and HBL
it indicates that NABIL has succeeded on the investment than other two
banks.
 The growth ratio of NABIL net profit is higher than SCBNL and lower than
HBL. It means the performance of NABIL to earn profit is in moderate
position in comparison to other two banks.
 From the above analysis, it can be concluded that NABIL has maintained
high growth ratios on total deposit, loan advances and total Investment but
it has moderate position on net profit. We must say that the bank is
successful in increasing its sources and its mobilization.

Coefficient of Correlation Analysis

Co-efficient of correlation analysis between different variables of NABIL, SCBNL
and HBL, it reveals that:
 NABIL has highest value of Co-efficient of correlation between deposit and
loan and advances in compared to SCBNL and HBL
 NABIL has lower value of Co-efficient of correlation between total deposit
and total investment in comparison to SCBNL and Higher value in
comparison to HBL. It means NABIL is in average position to follow the
policy of maximizing the investment of their deposits in comparison to
SCBNL and HBL.
 NABIL has higher value of co-efficient of correlation between net profit
and outside assets in comparison to SCBNL and lower value in comparison
to HBL. NABIL is in average position in it efficiency to get return i.e. net
profit from outside assets. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that
there is high degree of significant relation ship between deposit and loan
and advance, deposit and total investment and outside assets and net profit
of EBL.

126
Trend Analysis and Projection for Next Five Years
The trend analysis of total deposit loan and advances, total investment and net
profit and projection for next five years of NABIL, SCBNL and HBL reveals that:
 Total deposits of all the three banks have increasing trend. The total deposit
of NABIL will be 34481.20 million in the mid July of 2012, which is the
lower deposit among the sample banks similarly the total deposit of
SCBNL and HBL will be 116537.91 million and 40673.42 million
respectively in the mid July of 2012. The deposit collection of NABIL is
lower than SCBNL and HBL.
 The total investment of all the three banks has increasing trend. The total
investment of NABIL will be 10571.76 million in the mid of July 2012
similarly, the total investment of SCBNL and HBL will be 17248.88
million and 14198.78 million in the mid July 2002. The total investment of
NABIL is not better in comparison to SCBNL and HBL.
 The net profit of all three banks has increasing trend. The net profit of
NABIL will be 1026.60 million in the mid of July 2012 that is the highest
net profit among three banks. Similarly the net profit of SCBNL and HBL
will be 930.15 million and 874.21 million respectively in the mid July
2012.

Test of Hypothesis
From the test of significance regarding the parameter of the population, it has been
found that
 There is significant difference between mean ratio of loan and advances to
total deposit of NABIL and SCBNL and NABIL and HBL
 There significant difference, between mean ratios of investment in
government securities to current Assets of NABIL and SCBNL but there is
no significant difference between mean ratios of investment in government
securities to current Assets ratio of NABIL and HBL.

127
 There is significant difference between mean ratios of Return on loan and
advances of NABIL and SCBNL and BABIL and HBL.
 There is no significant difference between mean ratios of total interest
earned to total outside assets of NABIL and SCBNL but there is significant
difference between mean ratios of total interest earned to total outside
assets of NABIL and HBL.

128
 CHAPTER - V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter is an accomplished specific and indicative enclose which contains

summary and conclusion of finding and recommendations. Brief introduction to
all chapters of the study and genuine information of the present situation under the
topic of the study is defined on summary. Conclusions are analysis of applicable
data by using various financial and statistical tools, which presents strengths,
weakness, opportunities and threats of the CBs. And suggestions are obtainable in
recommendation, which is arranged on the based from finding and conclusions.

5.1 Summary
The development of any country depends upon its economic development.
Economic development demands transformation of savings or invertible resources
into the actual investment formation is the prerequisite in setting the overall pace
of the development of a country. It is the financial institutions that transfer funds
from surplus spending units to deficit units.

The evolution of the organized financial system in Nepal has a more recent history
than in other countries of the world. In Nepalese content, the history of
development of modern banks started from the establishment of Nepal bank
limited in 1937 A.D. nowadays there are 25 CBs operating in Nepal financial
market which is in increasing due to the country moved towards economic
liberalization, financial scenario has changed, and foreign banks were invited to
operate in Nepal. For the better performance of CBs, successful formulation &
effective implementation of investment policy is the prime requisite. Nowadays
there is a very high competition in the banking industries but very less opportunity
to make investment. The opportunities are hidden. Thus these CBs should take

129
initiative action in search of the new opportunities. So that, they can easily survive
in this competitive banking business world & earn profit. A bank manager its
investment has a lot to do with the economic health of the country because the
bank loans support the growth of new business & trade empowering the economic
activities of the country.

Banking sector plays an important role in the economic development of the

country. Commercial banks are one of the vital aspects of this sector which deals
in the process of channeling the available resources in the needed sector. It plays
the role of agent between the deficit and surplus of financial resources. Financial
institutions like banks are a necessity to collect scattered saving and put them into
productive channels. In the absence of such institution it is possible that the saving
will not be safely and profitable utilized within the economy. It will be diverted
aboard into unproductive sectors.

Development of trade, industry and business is the main ground of banks to

conduct its activities and fulfill its profit making objectives. The sound investment
policy helps all the banks to make profitable investment and which in turns also
helps to develop the economic condition of the nation. Investment policy of
commercial banks is very risky one. It is the most important factor from the view
point of shareholders and bank management. For this, commercial banks have to
pay due consideration while formulating investment policy. A good investment
policy attracts both borrowers and lenders, which helps to increase the volume and
quality of deposits, loans and investment.

Commercial banks are not able to utilize its deposits properly i.e. providing loan
and advances or lending for a profitable project, the reason behind it is lack of
sound investment policy, increasing trend of this type of situation certainly lead
closure of the banking institutions.

130
Hence, the sufficient return is not earned due to the lack of stable, strong and
appropriate investment policy. They have not been able to utilize their funds more
efficiently and productively. Though the directions and guidance are being
provided by the Nepal Rastra Bank but the long term and published policy about
their operation does not sound good in the joint venture banks. Therefore, the
banks investment policy must be such that it is sound and prudent in order to
protect public funds.

The main focus of the study is to comparative study of investment practices of

commercial banks of NABIL Bank Limited, Standard Chartered Bank Nepal
Limited and Himalayan Bank Limited and to suggest for its improvement in the
investment policy. The study has been constrained by various common limitations.

The study is based on secondary data from the fiscal year 2002/03 to 2006/07. The
data are collected from annual reports, financial statement, official records,
periodicals, journals and bulletins, various published reports and relevant
unpublished master’s thesis. Besides this, personal contacts with the bank have
also been made.

For the fulfillments of the objectives of the study many analyses have been done.
Both financial as well as statistical tools have been used to analyze and interpret
the facts and information. Under financial tools, various financial ratios related to
the investment function of commercial banks i.e. liquidity ratio, assets
management ratio, profitability ratio, risk ratio, and growth ratio have been studied
and interpreted. Under statistical analysis, some relevant statistical tools, i.e.
correlation co-efficient, trend analysis and hypothesis test have been studied and
tested. This analysis gives clear picture of the performance of the bank with regard
to its investment practices. Financial & statistical tools are used to reckoning and
secondary data were compiled, processed, tabulated and graphed for better

131
presentation. From which various finding have shown in above chapter from that
finding conclusion have been drawn which are presented as below.

Investments are valued at lower of cost or market value. Diminution in the value
of investments is provided for to cover the possible losses. Investments in unlisted
companies' shares are valued at cost. All investments are subject to regular review
as required by Nepal Rastra Directive. Commercial banks invest in different sector
like Nepal government treasury bills, Nepal government saving bonds, Nepal
government other securities, Nepal Rastra banks bonds, foreign securities, local
licensed institutions, foreign banks, organized institutions' shares, organized
institutions' bonds and debentures, other investments, NCM mutual funds and
SWIFT investment etc. 53.75% of investment of government securities from total
investment by the NABIL bank, 52.44% of investment of government securities
from total investment by the SCBNL and 54.60% of investment of government
securities form total investment by the HBL bank. Investment in share and
debenture by NABIL is 3.21%, SCBNL is 0.33% and HBL is 0.62%. Likewise
investment to other sector by NABIL is 43.041%, SCBNL is 47.22% and HBL is
44.78%. By which HBL investment in government securities is high as compare to
other two banks because in government securities risk is minimized there is no
more risk. But investment in share and debenture NABIL bank investment is
higher than SCBNL and HBL. And investment in other sector is higher than
NABIL and HBL.

In loan it's divided into two parts priority sector and deprived loan. NABIL bank
priority sector is 365.24 million, SCBNL is 191.9 million and HBL is 407.4
million, priority sector is divided into two parts direct investment and indirect
investment but all the banks has invest in direct investment i.e. in agriculture,
domestic industries, services and power sector. And NABIL bank deprived loan is
430.2 million, SCBNL is 303.2 million and HBL is 533.7 million. NABIL

132
deprived loan is in direct investment i.e. 11.4 million and indirect investment is
418.8 million and other two banks all deprived loan is in indirect investment.

5.2 Conclusion
The current ratio of NABIL is comparatively better than SCBNL and HBL.
NABIL has maintained highest current assets ratio but it has lower mean ratio of
cash and bank balance to total deposit and cash and bank balance to current assets
ratio. NABIL has minimum deposit collection. It has made average investment on
loan & advances and it has maintained low investment policy on government
securities.

From the analysis of assets management ratio it ca be concluded that NABIL has
successfully maintained ad managed its assets towards different income generating
activities. The ratio of loan and advances to total deposit is higher but the mean
ratio of total investment to total deposit is lower than SCBNL and HBL but
Investment on government securities to total working fund is in moderate position
in compare to other two banks. The mean ratio of Investment on share and
debenture to total working fund of NABIL is higher than SCBL and HBL. NABIL
is more consistent and homogeneous than SCBNL and HBL.

In profitability ratio, the mean of return on total working fund and total interest
earned to total working fund of NABIL is higher than SCBNL and HBL. The
mean ratio of total interest earned to total outside Assets return on loan and
advances and total interest paid to total working fund of NABIL is in moderate
position in comparison to SCBNL and HBL. So, the profit earning capacity of
NABIL is high is comparison to other two banks.

There is high degree of significant relationship between deposit and loan and
advances, deposit and total investment and outside assets and net profit of NABIL
is compare to SCBNL and HBL.

133
Total deposit, total investment and net profit of three sample banks are in
increasing trend. Other things remaining the total deposit of NABIL will be on
average position in compare to other two banks but total investment trend of
NABIL is not better in comparison to SCBNL and HBL. The net profit of NABIL
will be highest among three banks.

From the above analysis, it can be concluded that all three banks have significant
difference between loan and advances, return on loan and advances. There is no
significance difference between investment on government securities to current
assets of NABIL and HBL and ratios of total interest earned to total outside assets
of NABIL and SCBNL. But there is significant difference between investment on
government securities to current assets of NABIL and SCBNL and significant
difference between total interest earned to total outside assets of NABIL and HBL.

134
Ratio NABIL SCBNL HBL 1st 2nd 3rd
Position Position Position
Liquidity Ratio
Current Ratio 1.1016 0.035 3.21 NABIL HBL SCBNL
Cash and Bank Balance to 5.60 7.42 7.79 HBL SCBNL NABIL
Total Deposit Ratio
Cash and Bank Balance to 5.59 7.91 9.22 HBL SCBNL NABIL
Current Assets
Investment on Government 21.36 36.97 22.02 SCBNL HBL NABIL
Securities to Current Assets
Loan and Advances to Current 64.70 39.33 65.34 HBL NABIL SCBNL
Assets
Assets Management Ratio
Loan and Advances to Total 34.33 36.86 56.12 HBL SCBNL NABIL
Deposit
Total Investment to Total 37.14 53.83 43.66 SCBNL HBL NABIL
Deposit
Loan & Advances to Total 54.45 32.59 48.54 NABIL HBL SCBNL
Working Fund
Investment on Government 17.12 31.28 16.35 SCBNL NABIL HBL
Securities to Total Working
Fund
Investment on shares and 0.87 0.076 0.15 NABIL HBL SCBNL
Debentures to Total Working
Fund
Profitability Ratio
Return on Total Working Fund 2.71 2.42 1.18 SCBNL NABIL HBL
Total Interest Earned to Total 7.02 7.66 5.85 SCBNL NABIL HBL
outside Assets
Total Interest Earned to Total 6.01 4.72 4.96 NABIL HBL SCBNL
Working Fund
Total Interest Paid to Total 1.72 1.24 2.11 HBL NABIL HBL
Working Fund
Return on Loan & Advances 5.02 7.58 2.42 SCBNL NABIL HBL

135
Return on Equity 32.88 35.42 24.52 SCBNL NABIL HBL
Growth Ratio
Total Deposit 14.74 7.06 9.36 NABIL HBL SCBNL
Total Loan and Advances 18.98 16.53 13.18 NABIL SCBNL HBL
Total Investment 10.35 7.32 3.82 NABIL SCBNL HBL
Total Net Profit 12.83 8.08 23.43 HBL NABIL SCBNL

In average liquidity position of NABIL is greater than other banks i.e. 1.106 >
0.978>0.898. So, NABIL is sound in liquidity position than other banks. NABIL
has maintained lower cash & bank balance to total deposit ratio than SCBNL i.e.
5.60<7.42<7.79. It states that cash and bank balance in liquidity position of
NABIL is lower than other two banks. While examining the mean ratio, NABIL
had maintained 5.59 which is less than SCBNL and HBL i.e. 7.91 and 9.22. It
states that liquidity position of NABIL is lower than other two banks. In overall,
the mean ratio of investment in govt. securities to current assets ratio of NABIL is
lower than that of SCBNL & HBL i.e. 20.30<22.02<36.97. It means NABIL had
invested its fewer portions of current assets on government securities, than other
two banks. While examining the mean ratio, NABIL has maintained 64.70 which
is slightly lower than HBL i.e. 65.34 and higher than SCBNL i.e. 39.33. On the
other side co-efficient of variation of NABIL 11.45% is lower than SCBNL ad
higher than HBL i.e. 16.74>11.64>6.12. In overall liquidity ratio of HBL is in 1st
position and SCBNL is in 2nd position and NABIL is in 3rd position.

In over all mean ratio of loan & advances to total deposit of NABIL is higher than
that of SCBNL & HBL. Investment to total deposit ratio, NABIL has maintained
lower, mean value i.e. 37.14<43.66< 53.83 than other two banks. SCBNL has
maintained the highest mean value of 53.83. On the basis of mean ratio of loan &
advances with respect of total working fund, NABIL has maintained the higher
ratio than that of SCBNL & HBL i.e. 54.45>48.54>32.59. So, NABIL is in good
condition to mobilize its total working fund as loan and advances. NABIL has

136
maintained slightly higher ratio than HBL and lower ratio than SCBNL i.e.
17.12>16.35<31.28 in case of government securities with respect of total working
fund. Investment on shares and debentures to total working fund ratio, NABIL has
higher investment than other two banks i.e. 0.87%>0.15>0.076. Return on total
working fund ratio, it is observed that the NABIL has the highest mean value i.e.
2.71>2.24>1.18. So, NABIL is highly efficient to earn net profit and return as
well. On the other hand C.V of NABIL is less than HBL and higher than SCBNL
i.e. 8.47%<23.05%>4.18%. On the basis of mean ratios NABIL is less than
SCBNL 7.02<7.66 & higher than HBL i.e. 7.02>5.85 in respect to total interest
earned to total outside assets. NABIL is higher than HBL i.e. 5.02>2.42 and lower
than SCBNL i.e. 5.02<7.58 is respect to return on loan & advances ratio. The
mean of NABIL is greater than that of other two banks i.e. 6.01>4.96>4.72. So,
we can say that NABIL is in strong position to generate interest income from the
total working fund than other two banks. The overall assets management ratio of
SCBNL and NABIL is in equally position and HBL is in last position.

NABIL i.e. 1.72 is average between SCBNL and HBL i.e. 1.24 and 2.11. It means
NABIL pays average interest than other two banks during the study period. Return
on equity, it is observed that NABIL has the average mean value i.e., 32.79 which
is less than 35.42 of SCBNL and higher than 24.52 of HBL. The mean ratio of
NABIL i.e. 54.45 is higher than that of SCBNL i.e. 32.59 and HBL 48.54, it
means credit risk of NABIL is higher that of other two banks. The mean capital
risk ratio of NABIL i.e. 3.49 is higher than SCBNL i.e. 1.81 and lowers than HBL
i.e. 5.55. From the analysis it can be concluded that NABIL has degree of capital
risk is higher that SCBNL and its more variable than HBL and less then SCBNL.
The growth ratio of NABIL deposit is higher then that of HBL and SCBNL i.e.,
14.74%>9.36%>7.06%. It means that the performance of NABIL to collect greater
deposit compared to SCBNL & HBL is better year-by-year. Growth ratio of total
investment of NABIL is higher than SCBNL & HBL and the growth ratio of

137
NABIL net profit i.e. 12.82% is lower than HBL i.e. 23.43% and higher than
SCBNL i.e. 8.08%. In profitability ratio, the overall position of SCBNL is in 1 st
position, NABIL is in 2nd position and HBL is in 3rd position. In overall growth
ratio, NABIL holds the 1st position, SCBNL hold 2nd position and HBL holds in
3rd position.

NABIL, SCBNL and HBL, there is positive relationship between total deposits
and loan & advances. NABIL, SCBNL and HBL have high degree of correlation
between deposit & total investment and outside assets &net profit. So we can say
that there is significant relationship between deposit & total investment and
outside assets & net profit of NABIL, SCBNL & HBL. From the trend analysis, it
is found that the deposit collection position of NABIL is weak in comparison to
SCBNL and HBL, it is found that the total investment of NABIL is lower in
compared to SCBNL & HBL. It is found that the net profit of NABIL is the
highest among three sample banks.

5.4 Recommendations
On the basis of analysis, findings, following recommendations are made. The
banks can make use of these recommendations to overcome their weakness,
inefficiency and improve their present fund mobilization and their overall
investment policy.

 Current ratio of three sample banks are not sufficient to achieve standard
ratio i.e. 2:1, so it is recommended to both banks to maintain required
current ratio. They need to maintain the present mean current ratio for the
proper management of their liquidity position.
 The liquidity position of a bank may be affected by external as well as
internal factors. The affecting factors may be interest rates, supply as
demand position of loan and advances as well as savings, investment

138
 situations, central banks directives, the lending policies, capability of
management, strategic planning and funds flow situation. As NABIL has
maintained lower cash and banker to total deposit and current assets ratio,
NABIL is recommended to increase cash and bank balance to meet current
obligations and loan demand.
 To get success is competitive banking environment, depositors money must
be utilized as loan and advances. Negligence in administering this assets
could be the main cause of liquidity crisis in the bank and one of the main
reasons of a bank failure. It has been found from the study that NABIL has
greater ratios at all, because its large portion of fund invested as loan and
advances and negligence to invest on other sector. HBL and SCBNL have
not properly used their existing fund as loan and advances to over come this
situation, NABIL and SCBNL are strongly recommended to follow liberal
lending policy.
 As bank of private sector commercial banks cannot keep this eyes closed
from the profit motive. They should be careful is increasing profit is a real
sense to maintain the confidence of shareholders, depositors and its all
customers. NABIL has high profit earning capacity, but HBL's profitability
position is worse than that of other two banks. So, HBL is strongly
recommended to utilize risk assets and shareholders fund to gain highest
profit margin. Similarly, it should reduce its expenses and should try to
collect cheaper fund being more profitable.
 Out of working fund, NABIL has not invested its more funds as total
investment in comparison to other two banks. Though, the percentage of
invested by all three banks have very nominal. So, it is recommended to all
three banks to invest their more funds in different types of companies’
indifferent areas.
 In terms of recovery of loan of NABIL is worse in comparison to SCBNL
and HBL. The loan loss ratio is comparatively high that makes negative

139
 impact on profit. It may be facing a lot of problems on recovering loans. It
has large no-performing asset as loan unrecovered. Therefore it is
recommended to apply recovery act that would help to realize overdue loan
in time.
 Most of the joint venture banks have focused their banking services
especially to big clients such as multinational companies, large-scale
industries, manufactures and exporters of garments and carpets. The
minimum level bank balance and the amount needed to open an account in
there banks are very high amount. So, small depositors are very far from
enjoying the banking facilities provided by such joint venture banks. So, all
three banks should open its doors to the small depositors and entrepreneurs
for promoting and mobilizing small investors' funds and to attract
depositors through variety of deposit schemes and facilities like cumulative
deposit scheme, prize bonds scheme, gift cheques scheme, recurring deposit
scheme (life insurance), monthly interest scheme etc.
 In the light of growing competition in the banking sector, the business of
the bank should be customer oriented. It should strengthen and activate its
marketing function, as it is an effective tool of attracting and retaining
customers. For this purpose, the banks should develop an "Innovative
approach to Bank Marketing" and formulate new strategies of serving
customers in a more convenient and satisfactory way.
 Although NABIL has recently expanded its nine braches all over the
country but NABIL do not have branches in the rural areas of the country.
Its branches are limited to the urban areas only. Therefore, NABIL Bank is
recommended to open branches in rural areas too to help in economic
development of the country. Nepal Government has also encouraged the
joint venture banks to expand banking service in rural areas and
communities without making unfavorable impact in their profit.

140
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books
Baidhaya, Shakespear (1997). Banking Management. Nepal: Monitor Nepal.
Bajracharya, Bodhi B. (2047). Monetary Policy of Deposit Mobilization in Nepal.
Kathmandu: Smarika. Rastriya Banijya Bank, Kathmandu.
Bhalla,V.K.(1983).Investment Management. New Delhi: S. Chand and Com .Ltd.
Charles, P Jones, John Wiley & Sons (1998). Investment Analysis and
Management. USA: USA Print.
Cheney J.M and Moses E.A. (1999). Fundamentals of Investments. St. Paul: West
Publishing Company.
Dahal, Bhuwan and Sarita (2002). A Hand Book of Banking. (2nd Edition).
Kathmandu: Ashmita Books and Stationery
Francis, Jack Clarke (1991). Investments Analysis and Management. (5th Edition)
Frank and Reilly (1986). Investment. Japan: The Dryden Press, CBS Publishing
Ltd.
Gitman L.T. & Jochnk (1990). Fundamentals of Investing. New York: Harper &
Row Publishers.
Gupta, S.C. (1992). Fundamental Statistic. (5th Edition). Bombay: Himalayan
Publishing House
Hampton, J.J. (2001). Financial Decision Making. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of
India Private Limited.
Khan, M., and Jain, P.K. (1999). Financial Management. (3rd Edition). New
Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
Kothari, C.R. (1990). Research Methodology Methods and Techniques. (3rd
Edition). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.
Pandey, I.M. (1993). Financial Management. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd.

141
Pradhan Radhe S.(1994). Financial Management Practices in Nepal. New Delhi:
Vikash Publishing House.
Radhaswamy, M., and Vasudevan (1979). S.V. A Text Book of Banking.(2nd
Edition).
Ronald, Grywinskhi (1991). The New Function Banking. Howard Business
Review.
Sharpe, W.F. Alexander, G.J. (1995). Investment Analysis.(4th Edition). New
Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.
Sharpe, William F., Alexander Gordon J. and Bailey Jeffery V. (2000).
Investment. New Delhi: Prentice Hal of India Pvt. Ltd.
Singh, Preeti (1985). Investment Management. Bombay: Himalayan Publishing
House.
Singh, S.P. (1983). Financial Analysis for Credit Management in Banks. New
Delhi: Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Vaida, S. (2001). Banking and Insurance Management. Kathmandu: Taleju
Prakashan.
Van Horne, J.C. & Wachowicz, J.M. (2000). Fundamentals of Financial
Management. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.
Van Horne, J.C. (2002). Financial Management and Policy. Delhi: Pearson
Education Pvt. Limited.
Weston, J.F. & Brigham, E.F. (1996). Essentials of Managerial Finance. Orlando:
The Dryden Press.
Weston, J.F. & Copeland, T.E. (1992). Managerial Finance. Chicago: The
Dryden Press.
Wolff, H.K. & Pant, P.R. (2005). Social Science Research and Thesis Writing.
Kathmandu: Buddha Academic Enterprises Private Limited.

142
Journals and Periodicals
Crossee (1963). Management Policies of Commercial Banks. Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice Hall Inc.
Mahat, L.D. (8th April 2004). Efficient Banking. The Kathmandu Post.
Reed, Edward W., Gill, Edward K., Cotter, Richard V., Smith, Richard K. (1980).
“Commercial Banking”, (2nd Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Englewood Cliffs. P 1-5.
Sharma, Bhaskar. (October 2002). Banking the Future on Competition. Business
Age. P-13
Shrestha, Shiva Raj (2055). Portfolio Management in Commercial Bank, Theory
and Practice. Nepal Bank Patrika, Baishakh Masanta,
Thapa Chandra. (9th March 2003). Managing Banking Risk. The Kathmandu Post.

Official Publication
Annual Report of Himalayan Bank Limited from F/Y 2002/03 to F/Y 2006/2007
Annual Report of NABIL Bank Limited from F/Y 2002/03 to F/Y 2006/2007
Annual Report of Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited from F/Y 2002/03 to
F/Y 2006/2007
Banking and Financial Statistics – Banking Operation Department, NRB, No. 44
Directives to Commercial Banks, Directive No. 9, NRB Banking Operation
Department, P.no. : - 81-82
Economic Report- Research Department, NRB, FY 2006/07
Economic Survey – HMG Ministry of Finance, FY 2006/07
Encyclopedia Britannica (Inc. William Benton Publisher) P. 488
Main Economic Indicator (Monthly Report), May/June/July 2005, Research
Department, NRB
NRB Samachar- Research Department, NRB 2005
Principal of Bank Operations American Institution of Banking 1972, P.No:– 345

143
Trading Report - Research and Planning Division, Nepal Stock Exchange Ltd.,
Singadurbar Plaza, Ktm., Nepal, FY 2003 – 2007

Thesis
Dhungana, Prabhakar (2002). A comparative study on investment policy of Nepal
Bangladesh Bank and other Joint Venture Banks. An Unpublished Master
Degree Thesis, Kathmandu: Shanker Dev Campus.
Joshi, Jyoti (2005). A Study on Investment Policy of Commercial Banks in Nepal,
A Comparative Study of Everest bank Limited With Nabil Bank Ltd. and
Bank of Kathmandu Ltd. An Unpublished Master Degree Thesis,
Kathmandu: Shanker Dev Campus. T.U.
Laudatri, Shiva Raj (2001). A Study on Investment Policy of Nepal Indosuez Bank
Ltd. in Comparision to Nepal SBI Bank Ltd. An Unpublished Master
Degree Thesis, Kathmandu: Shanker Dev Campus, T.U.
Raya, T.K. (2003). Investment Policy and Analysis of Commercial Banks in Nepal.
An Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Kathmandu: Shanker Dev Campus,
T.U.
Shakya, Dinesh Raj (1998). Financial Analysis of joint venture Banks in Nepal,
(with special reference to Nepal Arab Bank and Nepal Standard Chartered
Bank). An Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Kathmandu: Central
Department, T.U
Shrestha, Dina (2003). Investment analysis of Commercial Banks, A Comparative
Study on HBL and Nepal SBI Bank. An Unpublished Master Degree
Thesis, Kathmandu: Shanker Dev Campus, T.U.

144
Web Sites
www.aaii.com
www.blackwell_synergy.com
www.business.com
www.emraldinside.com
www.google.com
www.nepalstock.com.np
www.nrb.org.np
www.searchepnet.com
www.sebonp.com

145
 APPENDIX - 1
i. Current Ratio Times

Fiscal year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07

Current Assets 13868307 14244337 14971801 18133814 22829535
Current Liabilities 12997476 12961180 13451753 16896957 19765831
Ratio 1.067 1.099 1.113 1.0732 1.155

NABIL

SCBNL
Fiscal year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Current Assets 17084409 20093715 19322679 21472350 22025802
Current 17594654 20740829 18895638 21888227 23283089
Liabilities
Ratios 0.971 0.9688 1.0226 0.981 0.946

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Current Assets 16297019 18602009 21326260 23153115 2777553
Current 19083160 18733141 19422823 20991038 1920853
Liabilities
Ratio 0.854 0.993 1.098 1.103 1.446

ii. Cash and Bank Balance to Total Deposit Ratio (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Cash and Bank Balance 1144767 970486 559380 556176 1383821
Total Deposit 13447661 14119032 14586608 19347399 23342850
Ratio 8.51 6.87 3.83 2.87 5.93

SCBNL

146
 Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Cash and Bank Balance 1512304 2023164 1111117 1276241 2021021
Total Deposit 18755635 21161442 19335095 23061032 24647021
Ratio 8.06 9.56 5.75 5.53 8.21

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Cash and Bank Balance 1979209 2001184 2014471 1717352 1757341
Total Deposit 21007379 22010333 54814012 26490852 30048418
Ratio 9.42 9.092 8.12 6.84 5.85

iii. Cash and Bank Balance to Current Assets Ratio (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Cash and Bank Balance 1144767 970486 559380 556176 1383821
Current Assets 13868307 14244337 14971801 18133814 22829535
Ratio 8.25 6.81 3.74 3.07 6.06

SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Cash and Bank Balance 1512304 2023164 1111117 1276241 2021021
Current Assets 17084409 20093715 19322679 21472350 22025802
Ratio 8.85 10.07 5.529 5.94 9.18

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Cash and Bank Balance 1979209 2001184 2014471 1717352 17581910
Current Assets 16297019 18602009 21326260 23153115 2777553
Ratio 12.14 10.76 9.45 7.42 6.33

iv. Investment on Government Securities to Current Assets Ratio (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07

147
Investment Got. Securities 3588772 3672626 2413939 2301462 4808348
Current Assets 13868307 14244337 14971801 18133814 22829535
Ratio 25.87 25,78 16.12 12.69 21,06

148
 SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Investment Got. Securities 6581348 7948217 7203066 8635875 7107937
Current Assets 1708440 20093715 19322679 21472350 22025802
Ratio 38.52 39.56 37.28 40.22 32.27

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Investment Got. Securities 3347102 3431728 5469729 5144312 6454873
Current Assets 16297019 18602009 21326260 23153115 2777533
Ratio 20.54 18.45 25.65 22.22 23.24

v. Loan and Advances to Current Assets Ratio (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Loan and Advances 7755951 818992 10586170 12922543 15545778
Current Assets 13868307 14244337 14971801 18133814 22829535
Ratio 55.93 57.50 70.71 71.26 68.11

SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Loan and Advances 5695823 6410242 8143208 8935418 10502637
Current Assets 17084409 20093715 1932679 21472350 22025802
Ratio 33.34 31.90 42.14 41.61 47.68

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Loan and Advances 10844599 12919631 13451168 15761977 16997997
Current Assets 16297019 18602009 21326260 23153115 27775533
Ratio 66.54 69.45 63.07 68.08 61.20

149
vi. Loan and Advances to Total Deposit Ratio (%)
NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Loan and Advances 7755952 8189993 10586170 12922543 15545779
Total Deposit 13447661 14119032 14586608 19347399 23342285
Ratio 57.67 58.00 72.57 66.76 66.61

SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Loan and Advances 5695823 6410242 8143208 8935418 10502637
Current Assets 18755635 21161442 19335095 23061032 24647021
Ratio 30.36 30.30 42.12 38.75 42.61

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Loan and Advances 10844599 12919631 13451168 15761977 16997797
Current Assets 21007379 22010333 24814012 26490852 30048418
Ratio 51.62 58.70 54.21 59.50 56.57

vii. Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Investment 6031175 5835948 4269657 6178533 8945310
Total Deposit 13447661 14119032 14586608 19347399 23342285
Ratio 44.85 41.33 29.27 31.93 38.32

SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Investment 10216199 11360328 9702553 12847536 13553233
Total Deposit 18755635 21161442 19335095 23061032 24647021
Ratio 54.47 53.68 50.18 55.71 55.10

150
 HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Investment 10175435 9292103 11692342 10889031 11822985
Total Deposit 21007379 22010333 24814012 26496852 30048418
Ratio 48.44 42.22 47.20 41.10 39.35

viii. Loan and Advances to Total Working Fund Ratio (Rs. in 000)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Loan and Advances 7755952 8189993 10586170 12922543 15545779
Total Working Fund 16562624 16745486 17186331 22329971 27253393
Ratio 46.82 48.91 61.60 57.87 57.04

SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Loan and Advances 5695823 6410242 8143208 8935418 10502637
Total Working Fund 20910970 23642060 21893578 25776332 28596689
Ratio 27.24 21.11 37.19 34.67 36.73

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Loan and Advances 10844599 12919631 13451168 15761977 16997997
Total Working Fund 24197974 25729787 28871343 30579808 34315868
Ratio 44.82 50.21 46.60 51.54 49.53

ix. Investment on Government securities to Total Working Fund Ratio (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Investment Govt. Securities 3588772 3672626 2413939 2301462 4808348
Total Working Fund 16562624 16745486 17186331 22329971 27253393
Ratio 21.67 21.93 14.04 10.31 17.64

151
 SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Investment Govt. Securities 6581348 7948218 7203066 8644855 7107937
Total Working Fund 20910970 23642060 21893578 25776332 28596689
Ratio 31.47 33.62 32.90 33.54 24.85

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Investment Govt. Securities 3347102 3431729 5469729 5144313 6454873
Total Working Fund 24197974 25729787 28871343 30579808 34315868
Ratio 13.82 13.34 18.94 16.82 18.81

x. Investment on Share and Debenture to Total Working Fund Ratio (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Investment on S& D 22220 22220 440282 104192 286957
Total Working Fund 16562624 16745486 17186331 22329971 27253393
Ratio 0.13 0.13 2.56 0.47 1.053

SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Investment on S& D 11195 11195 13348 15348 44943
Total Working Fund 20910970 23642060 21893578 25776332 28596689
Ratio 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Investment on S& D 34266 34266 39909 39909 73424
Total Working Fund 24197974 25729787 28871343 30579808 34315868
Ratio 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.21

152
xi. Return Total Working Fund Ratio (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Net Profit 416236 455311 518336 635263 673959
Total Working Fund 16562624 16745486 17186331 22329971 27253393
Ratio 2051 2.72 3.01 2.84 2.47

SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Net Profit 506932 537800 539204 658756 691668
Total Working Fund 20910970 23642060 21893578 25776332 28596689
Ratio 2.424 2.27 2.46 2.55 2.42

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Net Profit 212132 263052 308277 457458 491823
Total Working Fund 24197974 25729787 28871343 30579808 34315868
Ratio 0.88 1.02 1.06 1.50 1.43

xii. Total Interest Earned to Total Outside Assets Ratio (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Interest Earned 1017872 1001616 1068746 1309998 1587749
Total Outside Assets 13787127 14025942 14853403 19101076 24491089
Ratio 7.38 7.14 7.20 6.86 6.50

SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Interest Earned 1001359 1042175 1058677 1189603 1411942
Total Outside Assets 6722023 17770570 17845761 21782954 24055870
Ratio 14.90 5.86 5.93 5.46 5.87

153
 HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Interest Earned 1201233 1245895 1446468 1626474 1775583
Total Outside Assets 21020034 22211734 25143510 26651008 29616709
Ratio 5.71 5.61 5.75 6.10 6.10

xiii. Return on Loan and Advances (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Net Profit 416236 455311 518336 635263 673959
Loan and Advances 7755951 8189992 10586170 12922543 15545778
Ratio 5.37 5.56 4.90 4.92 4.33

SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Net Profit 506932 537800 539204 658756 691668
Loan and Advances 5695823 6410242 8143208 8935418 10502637
Ratio 8.9 8.41 6.62 7.37 6.6

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Net Profit 212132 263052 308277 457458 491823
Loan and Advances 10844599 12919331 13451168 15761977 16997997
Ratio 1.96 2.03 2.30 2.90 2.89

xiv. Total Interest Earned to Total working fund Ratio (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Interest Earned 1017872 1001616 1068746 1309998 1587749
Total Working Fund 16562624 16745486 17186331 22329971 2723393
Ratio 6.15 5.98 6.22 5.87 5.83

154
 SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Interest Earned 1001359 1042175 1058677 1189603 1411982
Total Working Fund 20910970 23642060 21893578 25776332 28596689
Ratio 4.81 4.41 4.83 4.61 4.94

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Interest Earned 1201233 1245895 1446468 1626474 1775583
Total Working Fund 24197974 25729787 28871343 30579808 34315868
Ratio 4.96 4.84 5.01 5.32 5.17

xv. Total Interest Paid to Total Working Fund Ratio (%)

NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Interest Paid 317348 282948 243545 347161 555710
Total Working Fund 16562624 16745486 17186331 22329971 27253393
Ratio 1.91 1.10 1.42 1.55 2.04

SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Interest Paid 255154 275809 254127 303198 413055
Total Working Fund 20910970 23642060 21893578 25776332 28596689
Ratio 1.22 1.2 1.16 1.20 1.44

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Total Interest Paid 554128 491543 561964 648842 167411
Total Working Fund 24197974 25729787 28871343 30579808 34315868
Ratio 2.31 1.91 1.95 2.12 2.24

155
xvi. Return on Equity Ratio (ROE) (%)
NABIL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Net Profit 416236 455311 518336 635263 273959
Equity Capital 1165221 1479880 1656875 1873203 2055115
Ratio 35.72 30.77 31.30 33.91 32.79

SCBNL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Net Profit 506932 537800 539204 658756 691668
Equity Capital 13689 1495739 1582415 1754139 2116353
Ratio 37.03 35.96 33.89 37.55 32.68

HBL
Fiscal Year 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Net Profit 212132 263052 308277 457458 491823
Equity Capital 1905883 2291928 2568395 2885593 2146538
Ratio 11.13 11.47 12 15.85 22.91

xvii. Sample Calculation of Growth Rate of Total Deposit of NABIL, SCBNL

and HBL
Growth rate is calculated from
D n  Do (1  g ) n 1
D n  Total deposit of n th year.
Do  Total deposit of initial year.
G = Growth rate.
N = Number of year.

156
 D2006/07 = 23342
D2002/03 = 13448
N=5
D2006/07 = D2002/03 1+g 
n-1

Or, 23342 = 13448(1+g)5-1

1
Or, 1.735 = (1+g)4 Or, 1+g = (1.735) 4 g = 0.1477 or 14.77%

Growth rate of other banks are calculated and fed in the corresponding tables
according to the above formula.

Other growth ratios are same as above methods.

157
 APPENDIX - 2

i. Calculation of Correlation Between Total Deposit and Loan & Advances of

NABIL
(Rs. in Million)
Year Total Deposit X2 Loan & Y2 XY
(X) Advances (Y)
00/01 13447.66 180839559.48 7755.95 60154760.40 104299378.58
01/02 14119.03 199347008.14 8189.99 67075936.20 115634714.51
02/03 14586.61 212769191.29 10586.17 112066995.27 154416333.18
03/04 19347.40 374321886.76 12922.54 166992040.05 250017550.40
04/05 23342.29 544862502.44 15545.78 241671275.81 362874105.04
N =5 84842.99 1512140148.11 55000.43 647961007.73 987242081.71

N  XY-  X Y
r=
N X   X   N Y   Y 
2 2 2 2

5  987242081.71 - 84842.99  55000.43

=
5  1512140148.11 -  84842.99   5  647961007.73   55 000.43 
2 2

4936210408.55 - 4666400932.49 269809476.0 6

= = = 0.97
19035.96  14654.61 278964569. 78

r 2 = 0.9409

Calculation of Probable Error (P.E.)

P.E. = 0.6745 
1- r 
2

= 0.6745 
1- 0.9409  = 0.6745  0.0264 = 0.0178
5

6P.E. = 6  0.0178 = 0.1068

158
 ii. Calculation of Correlation Between Total Deposit and Total Investment of
NABIL
(Rs. in Million)
Year Total Deposit X2 Total Y2 XY
(X) Investment
(Y)
00/01 13447.66 180839559.48 6031.16 36374890.95 104299378.58
01/02 14119.03 199347008.14 5835.95 34058312.40 115634714.51
02/03 14586.61 212769191.29 4269.66 18229996.52 154416333.18
03/04 19347.40 374321886.76 6178.53 38174232.96 250017550.40
04/05 23342.29 544862502.44 8945.31 80018571.00 208804020.16
N =5 84842.99 1512140148.11 31260.63 206856003.82 833171996.83

N  XY-
 X Y
r=
N X2   X   N Y   Y 
2 2 2

5  554125318.95 - 84842.99  31260.63

=
5  1512140148.11 -  84842.99   5  206856003.82   31260.63 
2 2

2770626594.74 - 2652245318.48 118381276.26

= = = 0.82
19035.96  7553.35 14378526834 7

r 2 = 0.6724

Calculation of Probable Error (P.E.)

P.E. = 0.6745 
1- r  2

= 0.6745 
1- 0.6724  = 0.6745  0.1465 = 0.0988
5

6P.E. = 6  0.0988= 0.5928

159
iii. Calculation of Correlation Between Outside Assets and Net Profit of NABIL
(Rs. in Million)
Year Outside Assets X2 Net Profit Y2 XY
(X) (Y)
00/01 13787.13 190084953.64 416.24 173255.74 5738754.99
01/02 14025.94 196726992.88 455.31 207307.20 6386150.74
02/03 14853.40 220623491.56 518.34 268676.36 7699111.36
03/04 19101.08 364851257.17 635.26 403555.27 12134152.08
04/05 24491.09 599813489.39 673.96 454222.08 16506015.02
N =5 86258.64 1572100184.64 2699.11 1507016.64 48464184.19

N  XY- X Y
r=
N X2   X   N Y   Y 
2 2 2

5  48464184.19 - 86258.64  2699.11

=
5  1572100184.64 -  86258.64   5  1507016.64   2699.11
2 2

242320920.95 - 232821557.81 9499363.14

= = = 0.93
20492.63  499.89 10244060.81

r 2 = 0.8649

Calculation of Probable Error (P.E.)

P.E. = 0.6745 
1- r  2

= 0.6745 
1- 0.8649  = 0.6745  0.06042 = 0.0408
5

6P.E. = 6  0.0408 = 0.2448

160
 iv. Calculation of Correlation Between Total Deposit and Loan & Advances
of SCBNL
(Rs. in Million)
Year Total Deposit X2 Loan & Y2 XY
(X) Advances (Y)
00/01 18755.6 351774031.81 5695.82 32442365.47 106828749.42
01/02 21161.4 447806542.87 6410.24 41091176.86 135649909.15
02/03 19335.1 373846092.01 8143.21 66311869.10 157449779.67
03/04 23061 531811104.66 8935.42 79841730.58 206059988.68
04/05 24647 607475594.88 10502.6 110305446.97 258858778.13
N =5 106960 2312713366.23 39687.33 329992588.98 864847205.06

N  XY-
 X Y
r=
N X2   X   N Y   Y 
2 2 2

5  864847205.06 - 106960  39687.33

=
5  2312713366.23 - 106960   5  329992588.98   39687.33 
2 2

4324236025.30 - 4244956816.80 79279208.50

= = = 0 .83
11096.18  8653.25 96018019.59

r 2 = 0.6889

Calculation of Probable Error (P.E.)

P.E. = 0.6745 
1- r 
2

= 0.6745 
1- 0.6889  = 0.6745  0.1391 = 0.0938
5

6P.E. = 6  0.0938 = 0.5628

161
v. Calculation of Correlation Between Total Deposit and Total Investment of
SCBNL
(Rs. in Million)
Year Total X2 Total Y2 XY
Deposit (X) Investment
(Y)
00/01 18755.64 351774031.81 10216.20 104370742.44 191611369.37
01/02 21161.44 447806542.87 11360.33 129057097.71 240400941.68
02/03 19335.10 373846092.01 9702.55 94139476.50 187599774.51
03/04 23061.03 531811104.66 12847.54 165059284.05 296277505.37
04/05 24647.02 607475594.88 13553.23 183690043.43 334046730.87
N =5 106960.23 2312713366.23 57679.85 676316644.14 1249936321.79

N  XY-  X  Y
r=
N X 2    X   N Y 2    Y 
2 2

5  1249936321.79 - 106960.23  57579.85

=
5  2312713366.23 - 106960.23  5  676316644.14   57579.85 
2 2

6249681608.95 - 6169450022.37 80231586.58

= = = 0.98
11096.18  7390.41 82005319.63

r 2 = 0.9604

Calculation of Probable Error (P.E.)

P.E. = 0.6745 
1- r  2

= 0.6745 
1- 0.9604  = 0.6745  0.0177 = 0.0119
5

6P.E. = 6  0.0119= 0.0714

162
vi. Calculation of Correlation Between Outside Assets and Net Profit of SCBNL
(Rs. in Million)
Year Outside Assets X2 Net Profit Y2 XY
(X) (Y)
00/01 6722.02 45185552.88 506.93 256978.02 3407593.60
01/02 17770.57 315793158.12 537.80 289228.84 9557012.55
02/03 17845.76 318471149.98 539.20 290736.64 9622433.79
03/04 21782.95 474496910.70 658.76 433964.74 14349736.14
04/05 24055.87 578684881.46 691.67 478407.39 16638723.60
N =5 88177.17 1732631653.14 2934.36 1749315.63 53575499.68

N  XY-  X  Y
r=
N X 2    X   N Y 2    Y 
2 2

5  53575499.68 - 88177.17  2934.36

=
5  1732631653.14 -  88177.17   5 1749315.63   2934.36 
2 2

267877498.40 - 258743560.56 9133937.84

= = = 0.83
29798.41 368.93 10993527.4

r 2 = 0.6889

Calculation of Probable Error (P.E.)

P.E. = 0.6745 
1- r  2

= 0.6745 
1- 0.6889  = 0.6745  0.1391 = 0.0938
5

6P.E. = 6  0.0938 = 0.5628

163
vii. Calculation of Correlation Between Total Deposit and Loan & Advances of
HBL
(Rs. in Million)
Year Total X2 Loan & Y2 XY
Deposit (X) Advances (Y)
00/01 21007.38 441310014.46 10844.60 117605349.16 227816633.15
01/02 22010.33 484454626.71 12919.33 166909087.65 284358716.68
02/03 24814.01 615735092.28 13451.17 180933974.37 333777466.89
03/04 26496.85 702083059.92 15761.98 248440013.52 417642819.76
04/05 30048.42 902907544.50 16997.99 288931664.04 510762742.68
N =5 124376.99 3146490337.87 69975.07 1002820088.74 1774358379.16

N  XY-  X  Y
r=
N X 2    X   N Y 2    Y 
2 2

5  1774358679.16 0 - 124376.99  69975.07

=
5  3146490337.87 - 124376.99   5 1002820088.74   69975.07 
2 2

8871791895.80 - 8703288581.64 168503314.16

= = = 0.96
16211.60 10843.89 17579607.10

r 2 = 0.9216

Calculation of Probable Error (P.E.)

P.E. = 0.6745 
1- r 
2

= 0.6745 
1- 0.9216  = 0.6745  0.0351 = 0.0236
5

6P.E. = 6  0.0236 = 0.1416

164
 viii. Calculation of Correlation Between Total Deposit and Total Investment of HBL
(Rs. in Million)
Year Total X2 Total Y2 XY
Deposit (X) Investment (Y)
00/01 21007.38 441310014.46 10175.44 103539579.19 213759334.75
01/02 22010.33 484454626.71 9292.10 86343122.41 204522187.39
02/03 24814.01 615735092.28 11692.34 136710814.68 290133841.68
03/04 26496.85 702083059.92 10889.03 118570974.34 288524994.56
04/05 30048.42 902907544.50 11822.99 139783092.54 355262169.18
N =5 124376.99 3146490337.87 53871.90 584947583.16 1352202527.55

N  XY-  X  Y
r=
N X 2    X   N Y 2    Y 
2 2

5  1352202527.55 - 124376.99  53871.90

=
5  3146490337.87 - 124376.99   5  584947583.16   53871.90 
2 2

6761012637.75 - 6700424767.58 60587870.17

= = = 0.79
16211.60  4749.35 76994562.46

r 2 = 0.6241

Calculation of Probable Error (P.E.)

P.E. = 0.6745 
1- r  2

= 0.6745 
1- 0.6241 = 0.6745  0.1681 = 0.1134
5

6P.E. = 6  0.1134 = 0.6804

165
ix. Calculation of Correlation Between Outside Assets and Net Profit of HBL
(Rs. in Million)
Year Outside Assets X2 Net Profit Y2 XY
(X) (Y)
00/01 21020.03 441841661.20 212.13 44999.14 4458978.96
01/02 22211.73 493360949.59 263.05 69195.30 5842795.58
02/03 25143.51 632196095.12 308.28 95036.56 7751241.26
03/04 26651.01 710276334.02 457.46 209269.65 12191771.03
04/05 29616.71 877149511.22 491.82 241886.91 14566090.31
N =5 124642.99 3154824551.16 1732.74 660387.56 44810877.15

N  XY-  X  Y
r=
N X 2    X   N Y 2    Y 
2 2

5  44810877.15 - 124642.99 1732.74

=
5  3154824551.16 - 124642.99   5  660387.56  1732.74 
2 2

224054385.75 - 215973894.49 8080491.26

= = = 0.96
15435.28  547.31 8447883.10
r 2 = 0.9216

Calculation of Probable Error (P.E.)

P.E. = 0.6745 
1- r 2

= 0.6745 
1- 0.9216  = 0.6745  0.0351 = 0.0236
5

6P.E. = 6  0.0236 = 0.1416

166
 APPENDIX – 3

i. Trend Value of Total Deposit of NABIL

(Rs. In Million)
Fiscal Year (t) Total Deposit (y) x = (t-2005) X2 xy
2002/03 13447.66 -2 4 -26895.32
2003/04 14119.03 -1 1 -14119.03
2004/05 14586.61 0 0 0.00
2005/06 19347.40 1 1 19347.40
2006/07 23342.29 2 4 46684.58
N=5 84842.99 0 10 25017.63

a=
y =
84842.99
= 16968.60
N 5

b=
 xy =
25017.63
= 2501.76
x 2
10

The Equation of the Straight Line Trend is;

Yc = a + bx
Yc = 16968.60 + 2501.76x
Year x = (t-2003) Trend Value
Yc = 16968.60 + 2501.76x
2002/03 -2 11965
2003/04 -1 14466.80
2004/05 0 16968.60
2005/06 1 19470.40
2006/07 2 21972.20
2007/08 3 24474
2008/09 4 26975.80
2009/10 5 29477.60
2010/11 6 31979.40
2011/12 7 34481.20

167
ii. Trend Value of Total Investment of NABIL
(Rs. In Million)
Fiscal Year (t) Total Investment (y) x = (t-2005) X2 xy
2002/03 6031.18 -2 4 -12062.36
2003/04 5835.95 -1 1 -5835.95
2004/05 4269.66 0 0 0
2005/06 6178.53 1 1 6178.53
2006/07 8945.31 2 4 17890.62
N=5 31260.63 0 10 6170.84

a=
y =
31260.63
= 6252.13
N 5

b=
 xy =
6170.85
= 617.09
x 2
10

The Equation of the Straight Line Trend is;

Yc = a + bx
Yc = 6252.13 + 617.09x
Year x = (t-2003) Trend Value
Yc = 6252.13 + 617.09x
2002/03 -2 5017.95
2003/04 -1 5635.04
2004/05 0 6252.13
2005/06 1 6869.22
2006/07 2 7486.31
2007/08 3 8103.40
2008/09 4 8720.49
2009/10 5 9337.58
2010/11 6 9954.67
2011/12 7 10571.76

168
iii. Trend Value of Net Profit of NABIL
(Rs. In Million)
Fiscal Year (t) Net Profit (y) x = (t-2005) X2 xy
2002/03 416.24 -2 4 -832.48
2003/04 455.31 -1 1 -455.31
2004/05 518.34 0 0 0
2005/06 635.26 1 1 635.26
2006/07 673.96 2 4 1347.92
N=5 2699.11 0 10 695.39

a=
y =
2699.11
= 539.82
N 5

b=
 xy =
695.39
= 69.54
x 2
10

The Equation of the Straight Line Trend is;

Yc = a + bx
Yc = 539.82 + 69.54x
Year x = (t-2003) Trend Value
Yc = 539.82 + 69.54x
2002/03 -2 400.74
2003/04 -1 470.28
2004/05 0 539.82
2005/06 1 609.36
2006/07 2 678.90
2007/08 3 748.44
2008/09 4 817.98
2009/10 5 887.52
2010/11 6 957.06
2011/12 7 1026.60

169
iv. Trend Value of Total Deposit of SCBNL
(Rs. In Million)
Fiscal Year (t) Total Deposit (y) x = (t-2005) X2 xy
2002/03 18755.64 -2 4 -37511.28
2003/04 21161.44 -1 1 -21161.44
2004/05 19335.10 0 0 0
2005/06 23061.03 1 1 23061.03
2006/07 24647.02 2 4 49294.04
N=5 106960.23 0 10 13682.35

a=
y =
106960.23
= 21392.05
N 5

b=
 xy =
13682.35
= 1368.24
x 2
10

The Equation of the Straight Line Trend is;

Yc = a + bx
Yc = 106960.23 + 1368.24x

Year x = (t-2003) Trend Value

Yc = 106960.23 + 1368.24x
2002/03 -2 104223.75
2003/04 -1 105591.99
2004/05 0 106960.23
2005/06 1 108328.47
2006/07 2 109696.71
2007/08 3 111064.95
2008/09 4 112433.19
2009/10 5 113801.43
2010/11 6 115169.67
2011/12 7 116537.91

170
v. Trend Value of Total Investment of SCBNL
(Rs. In Million)
Fiscal Year (t) Total Investment (y) x = (t-2005) X2 xy
2002/03 10216.20 -2 4 -20432.4
2003/04 11360.33 -1 1 -11360.33
2004/05 9702.55 0 0 0
2005/06 12847.54 1 1 12847.54
2006/07 13553.23 2 4 27106.46
N=5 57679.85 0 10 8161.27

a=
y =
57679.85
= 11535.97
N 5

b=
 xy =
8161.27
= 816.13
x 2
10

The Equation of the Straight Line Trend is;

Yc = a + bx
Yc = 11535.97 + 816.13x

Year x = (t-2003) Trend Value

Yc = 11535.97 + 816.13x
2002/03 -2 9903.71
2003/04 -1 10719.84
2004/05 0 11535.97
2005/06 1 12352.10
2006/07 2 13168.23
2007/08 3 13984.36
2008/09 4 14800.49
2009/10 5 15616.62
2010/11 6 16432.75
2011/12 7 17248.88

171
vi. Trend Value of Net Profit of SCBNL
(Rs. In Million)
Fiscal Year (t) Net Profit (y) x = (t-2005) X2 xy
2002/03 506.93 -2 4 -1013.86
2003/04 537.80 -1 1 -537.8
2004/05 539.20 0 0 0
2005/06 658.76 1 1 658.76
2006/07 691.67 2 4 1383.34
N=5 2934.36 0 10 490.44

a=
y =
2934.36
= 586.87
N 5

b=
 xy =
490.44
= 49.04
x 2
10

The Equation of the Straight Line Trend is;

Yc = a + bx
Yc = 586.87 + 49.04x

Year x = (t-2003) Trend Value

Yc = 586.87 + 49.04x
2002/03 -2 488.79
2003/04 -1 537.83
2004/05 0 586.87
2005/06 1 635.91
2006/07 2 684.95
2007/08 3 733.99
2008/09 4 783.03
2009/10 5 832.07
2010/11 6 881.11
2011/12 7 930.15

172
vii. Trend Value of Total Deposit of HBL
(Rs. In Million)
Fiscal Year (t) Total Deposit (y) x = (t-2005) X2 xy
2002/03 21007.38 -2 4 -42014.76
2003/04 22010.33 -1 1 -22010.33
2004/05 24814.01 0 0 0
2005/06 26496.85 1 1 26496.85
2006/07 30048.42 2 4 60096.84
N=5 124376.99 0 10 22568.6

a=
y =
124376.99
= 24875.40
N 5

b=
 xy =
22568.6
= 2256.86
x 2
10

The Equation of the Straight Line Trend is;

Yc = a + bx
Yc = 24875.40 + 2256.86x

Year x = (t-2003) Trend Value

Yc = 24875.40 + 2256.86x
2002/03 -2 20361.68
2003/04 -1 22618.54
2004/05 0 24875.40
2005/06 1 27132.26
2006/07 2 29389.12
2007/08 3 31645.98
2008/09 4 33902.84
2009/10 5 36159.70
2010/11 6 38416.56
2011/12 7 40673.42

173
viii. Trend Value of Total Investment of HBL
(Rs. In Million)
Fiscal Year (t) Total Investment (y) x = (t-2005) X2 xy
2002/03 10175.44 -2 4 -20350.88
2003/04 9292.10 -1 1 -9292.1
2004/05 11692.34 0 0 0
2005/06 10889.03 1 1 10889.03
2006/07 11822.99 2 4 23645.98
N=5 53871.9 0 10 4892.03

a=
y =
53871.9
= 10774.38
N 5

b=
 xy =
4892.03
= 489.20
x 2
10

The Equation of the Straight Line Trend is;

Yc = a + bx
Yc = 10774.38 + 489.20x

Year x = (t-2003) Trend Value

Yc = 10774.38 + 489.20x
2002/03 -2 9795.98
2003/04 -1 10285.18
2004/05 0 10774.38
2005/06 1 11263.58
2006/07 2 11752.78
2007/08 3 12241.98
2008/09 4 12731.18
2009/10 5 13220.38
2010/11 6 13709.58
2011/12 7 14198.78

174
ix. Trend Value of Net Profit of HBL
(Rs. In Million)
Fiscal Year (t) Net Profit (y) x = (t-2005) X2 xy
2002/03 212.13 -2 4 -424.26
2003/04 263.05 -1 1 -263.05
2004/05 308.28 0 0 0
2005/06 457.46 1 1 457.46
2006/07 491.82 2 4 983.64
N=5 1732.74 0 10 753.79

a=
y =
1732.74
= 346.55
N 5

b=
 xy =
753.79
= 75.38
x 2
10

The Equation of the Straight Line Trend is;

Yc = a + bx
Yc = 346.55 + 75.38x

Year x = (t-2003) Trend Value

Yc = 346.55 + 75.38x
2002/03 -2 195.79
2003/04 -1 271.17
2004/05 0 346.55
2005/06 1 421.93
2006/07 2 497.31
2007/08 3 572.69
2008/09 4 648.07
2009/10 5 723.45
2010/11 6 798.83
2011/12 7 874.21

175