Health Care Practice

 Meaning

Medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, midwifery, nursing, optometry, audiology, psychology,

occupational therapy, physical therapy, athletic training, and other health professions all
constitute health care. The term includes work done in providing primary care,
secondary care, and tertiary care, as well as in public health.

 Concept of Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of
health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of
race, religion, and political belief, economic or social condition.

 Contagious and non-contagious diseases

Infectious diseases are transmitted from person-to-person through the transfer of a

pathogen such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. A non-infectious disease cannot
be transmitted through a pathogen and is caused by a variety of other circumstantial
factors.

The flu, measles, HIV, strep throat, COVID-19 and salmonella are all examples of
infectious diseases. Cancer, diabetes, congestive heart failure and Alzheimer's disease
are all examples of noninfectious diseases.

 Medical Social Work –Concept and Introduction

The role of a medical social worker is to "restore balance in an individual's personal,

family and social life, in order to help that person maintain or recover his/her health and
strengthen his/her ability to adapt and reintegrate into society." Interventions may
include connecting patients and families to necessary

The Medical Social Worker (MSW) was, and is, the link between the patient, the
Hospital's Medical team, its administration and the community at large and also to
provide holistic intervention to the patients and families to deal with their crisis
situation in terms of medical, social, psychological, economic and
 Social Work and Health Care

 Role of Social Worker in Health Care

The role of a medical social worker is to "restore balance in an individual's personal,

family and social life, in order to help that person maintain or recover his/her health and
strengthen his/her ability to adapt and reintegrate into society." Interventions may
include connecting patients and families to necessary

Most of all, social workers in healthcare serve as advocates for patient rights. They work
with hospital staff, doctors and nurses to make sure that patients are treated with
respect and receive the appropriate care at every stage of the recovery process.

 Preventive Measure for Health Care

Preventive Care
1. Blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol tests.
2. Many cancer screenings, including mammograms and colonoscopies.
3. Counseling on such topics as quitting smoking, losing weight, eating healthfully,
treating depression, and reducing alcohol use.
4. Regular well-baby and well-child visits.

Preventive medicine is a combination of medical practices that are designed to avoid

disease and illness. It is a proactive approach to patient care. Doctors use preventative
measures to ensure that any sickness is minimized and detected early so that a patient
has the best chance of recovery to optimum health.

 Community Health and Social Work

Community health is a major field of study within the medical and clinical sciences
which focuses on the maintenance, protection, and improvement of the health status of
population groups and communities, in particular those who are a part of disadvantaged
communities.

While there is a diverse array of settings in which social workers practice, together social
workers share the commitment to: Promote social welfare. Help people from all
backgrounds overcome the individual challenges they are facing. Advocate for social and
economic justice for members of diverse communities.
 Mental Health and Social Work

 Mental Illness- Concept

Learn about mental illness, diagnosis and treatment. Mental illnesses are health
conditions involving changes in emotion, thinking or behavior (or a combination of
these). Mental illnesses can be associated with distress and/or problems functioning in
social, work or family activities.

Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects
how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to
others, and make healthy choices.

 Types and Causes of Mental Retardation

 Various genetic disorders like Down's syndrome.

 Certain maternal infections (rubella) during pregnancy.
 Alcohol abuse during pregnancy.
 Certain psycho social.
 Drug abuse during pregnancy.
 Maternal exposure to environmental chemicals.

 Concept and Origin of stress

The origins of stress may vary with the individual, but in general, stress arises from
frustration, life changes, conflict, lack of control, and uncertainty. Frustration.
Frustration occurs when an individual is blocked or thwarted, whether by personal or
environmental factors, in an attempt to reach a goal.

 Impacts of Stress

Stress can play a part in problems such as headaches, high blood pressure, heart
problems, diabetes, skin conditions, asthma, arthritis, depression, and anxiety

Physical signs of stress

 Difficulty breathing.
 Panic attacks.
 Blurred eyesight or sore eyes.
 Sleep problems.
 Fatigue.
 Muscle aches and headaches.
 Chest pains and high blood pressure.
 Indigestion or heartburn.

 Schizophrenia-Concept, Characteristics, Causes

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric condition that has severe effects on your physical and
mental well-being. It disrupts how your brain works, interfering with things like your
thoughts, memory, senses and behaviors. As a result, you may struggle in many parts of
your day-to-day life.

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally.

Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and
extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be
disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.

The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown. Research suggests a combination of

physical, genetic, psychological and environmental factors can make a person more
likely to develop the condition. Some people may be prone to schizophrenia, and a
stressful or emotional life event might trigger a psychotic episode.

 Role of Social Worker in Mental Health

Their job is to support patients and their families. They may help patients navigate the
healthcare system or assess the patient's mental health. Sometimes, the social worker
will offer short-term therapy or counseling. They will often counsel people who are
experiencing distress or some kind of crisis.

Overall, the mediation model posits that social support will have indirect effect on
mental health outcomes through a pathway involving perceived stress. Specifically, the
model suggests that social support will reduce perceived stress, leading to an increase in
positive affect and a decrease in anxiety and depression.
 Govt. Settings for Health Care

India has a multi-payer universal health care model that is paid for by a combination of
public and government regulated (through the Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority) private health insurances along with the element of almost entirely tax-
funded public hospitals.

Facilities
 Sub Centers. A Sub Centre is designed to serve extremely rural areas with the expenses
fully covered by the national government. ...
 Primary Health Centers. ...
 Community Health Centers. ...
 Sub-District Hospitals/Talk Hospitals. ...
 District Hospitals. ...
 Medical Colleges and Research Institutions.

 Anganwadi –concept and Role in health development

Anganwadi centers offer immunization services, primary healthcare support, and

referral services. They organize immunization sessions covering vaccinations for
diseases like polio, DTP, measles, and TB. Additionally, they provide basic healthcare to
expectant and new mothers during antenatal and postnatal periods.

It is a part of the Indian public health care system. Basic health care activities
include contraceptive counseling and supply, nutrition education and supplementation,
as well as pre-school activities. The centers may be used as depots for oral rehydration
salts, basic medicines and contraceptives.

The anganwadi workers are responsible for carrying out certain important functions
which are listed as follows:
 Assist the doctors in the campaigns for immunization
 Create awareness related to reproduction
 Provide drugs and medicines kit to the needy
 Keeping records of immunization programs and the people involved
 Reporting the cases of diseases
 Creating awareness about the hygiene, diseases, etc.
 Conducting preschool activities
 PHC/UHC- Role in Health Care

In addition to disease management, the UHC Partnership works to ensure healthy lives
and promote well-being for all at all ages, leaving no one behind.

It provides whole-person care for health needs throughout the lifespan, not just for a
set of specific diseases. Primary health care ensures people receive comprehensive care
- ranging from promotion and prevention to treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care
- as close as feasible to people's everyday environment.

Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people have access to the full range of
quality health services they need, when and where they need them, without financial
hardship

Universal health coverage (UHC)

Primary Health Care (CPHC)

 Govt. Hospitals and NGO Sector

Conclusions. Findings indicate that the NGOs provide available health care services for
the slums with EPI, FP, delivery services, health and nutrition services and hygienic
programmer.

Public Health Care Services

Every state government has Health Care Centers in villages and multi-specialty hospitals
in large metros, which provide free or low-cost healthcare facilities such as treatment of
diseases, conducting an essential test and providing medicines.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) for healthcare are non-profit organizations

that aim to improve the health and well-being of people in need. These organizations
are usually run by volunteers who are passionate about making a difference in the lives
of others.

 Gujarat State Aids Control Organization

National AIDS Control Organization | MoHFW | GoI

The National AIDS Control Programmed (NACP), launched in 1992, is being implemented
as a comprehensive programmer for prevention and control of HIV/ AIDS in India.
 ASHA Foundation, which was established in 1998 by Dr. Glory Alexander and like-
minded people, stands for Action, Service and Hope for AIDS is a charitable Trust helping
HIV/AIDS infected people, their families and society.

 NIMHANS-introduction

The National Institute of Mental Health and Neuron Sciences (NIMHANS) is a

multidisciplinary institute for patient care and academic pursuit in the field of mental
health and neurosciences.

NIMHANS is a leading institute in the field of mental health and neurosciences in India.
It provides inputs to the Central and State Governments on topics such as: Establishing
new psychiatric facilities.

 Govt. Programmed and Schemes

Schemes which are fully funded by the central government are referred to as "central
sector schemes" (CS) while schemes mainly funded by the center and implemented by
the states are "centrally sponsored schemes" (CSS). In the 2022 Union budget of India,
there are 740 central sector (CS) schemes.

The Government of India has launched the National Mental Health Programmed
(NMHP) in 1982, keeping in view the heavy burden of mental illness in the community,
and the absolute inadequacy of mental health care infrastructure in the country to deal
with it. NMHP has 3 components: Treatment of Mentally ill. Rehabilitation.

 National Mental Health Programmed

The Government of India has launched the National Mental Health Programmed
(NMHP) in 1982, keeping in view the heavy burden of mental illness in the community,
and the absolute inadequacy of mental health care infrastructure in the country to deal
with it.

They include:
 Psychotherapy or counseling. This also is called talk therapy. ...
 Prescription medicine. ...
 Support groups. ...
 Other therapies. ...
 ECT or other brain stimulation therapy. ...
 Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. ...
 Hospital or residential treatment program.
 National Aids Control Programmed

The National AIDS Control Programmed (NACP), launched in 1992, is being implemented
as a comprehensive programmer for prevention and control of HIV/ AIDS in India.

Committee, which launched India's first AIDS programmer in 1987. This initial AIDS
programmer focused on monitoring HIV infection rates among high-risk populations (in
a few select major cities), health education, and blood screening.

NACP- IV will build on the motivation and interest of these stakeholders particularly at
the community level to actively engage with complex issues of HIV. It will focus on
reduction of stigma and discrimination at health care setting, work places and at
educational institutions.

One of the primary aims of NACO and the State AIDS Control Society (SACS) is to ensure
saturation of this figure through TI service components of Behavior Change
Communication, Condom Distribution for Core Group, Condom Social Marketing for
Bridge Population, Outreach Services, Counseling, HIV testing, Linkages/ .

 Universal Immunization Programmed

Under the Universal Immunization Programmed, the Government of India is providing

vaccination to prevent eleven vaccine-preventable diseases i.e. Diphtheria, Pertussis,
Tetanus, Polio, Measles, Rubella, severe form of Childhood Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B,
Hemophilic Influenza type B (Hob), Pneumococcal and Diarrheas due

In 1985, the programmer was modified as 'Universal Immunization Programmed' (UIP)

to be implemented in phased manner to cover all districts in the country by 1989-90
with the one of largest health programmer in the world.

As per their Programmed Implementation Plan (PIP). Further, budget allocation

of Rs. 1820.61 cores (for 2019-20) is made for the supplies related to vaccines, syringes
& cold chain equipment’s to States/UTs to enable them to reach all children under the
Universal Immunization Programmed.

 Ma amrutam yojana

Mukhyamantri Amrutum Yojana provides quality medical and surgical care for
catastrophic illnesses involving hospitalization, surgeries and therapies through an me
panel network of hospitals to the BPL families.
 Families whose annual income is less than INR 4 lakh are listed in the MA list. You can
check the list of eligible families on the MA Gujarat website. Enrolling requires biometric
information like iris scans, fingerprints, etc. and family members' photographs.
No enrollment amount or insurance premium required. 100% government-funded
scheme. Up to ₹3 Lakhs per family annually. Maximum of five family members can avail
benefits.

Benefits of MA Yojana

It also provides cover for Cardiovascular diseases, Renal diseases, Neurological diseases,
Burns, Polytrauma, Cancer, Neonatal diseases, Knee & Hip Replacement, Liver and
Kidney + Pancreas Transplant and 600+ other procedures.

 ChiranjiviYojana

Provides financial support to the accompanying person for loss of wages. The benefits of
the package also include free food and medicines after delivery for the woman and
reimbursement of transport cost of Rs. 50 for accompanying members of the family.

The Mukhyamantri Chiranjeevi Yojana was introduced by the Rajasthan government to

provide cashless health insurance of up to Rs 25 lakhs to all eligible families living in the
state, which may not be financially independent. More than 1,576 medical procedures
and benefits are covered under this plan.

 Integrated Child Development Scheme

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is an Indian government welfare

programmer that provides food, preschool education, and primary healthcare to
children under 6 years of age and their mothers.

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), a Government of India sponsored

programmer, is India's primary social welfare scheme to tackle malnutrition and health
problems in children below 6 years of age and pregnant and nursing mothers.
To lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical and social development of the
child. To reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school dropout.