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Chapter 4: SERIES

CALCULUS 1

Faculty of Fundamental Science 1

Hanoi - 2021

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
1 4.1. SERIES OF NUMBERS

2 4.2. Positive Series

3 4.3 ALTERNATING SERIES

4 4.4 INFINITE SERIES OF FUNCTIONS

5 4.5 Power Series

6 4.6 Fourier Series

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.1. SERIES OF NUMBERS

Definition 4.1.1
Let {an } be a sequence of real numbers (sequence of complex
numbers). Then, the formal sum

a1 + a2 + ... + an + ...

is called an infinite series (or just a series) (series of complex numbers)

∞
P P
and is denoted, for short, by the symbol an or an , an is general
n=1
term of series.

Example 4.1.1
P∞ 1 P∞ n+3
is a harmonic series; 2
.
n=1 n n=1 n + 5n + 1

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.1. SERIES OF NUMBERS

Definition 4.1.2
∞
P
Given a series an = a1 + a2 + · · · + an + · · · , let Sn denote its n − th
n=1
partial sum:
n
X
Sn = a1 + a2 + · · · + an = ak .
k=1

If the limit exists lim Sn = S, the series is said to be convergent to S.

n→∞
If the limit does not exist, the series is said to be divergent.

Example 4.1.2
1∞
P
a) Show that the series is convergent, and find its sum.
n=1 n(n + 1)
∞
P n
b) Show that the series ln is divergent.
n=1 n+1
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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.1. SERIES OF NUMBERS

Special series

∞
X
1. Geometric series pn−1 = 1 + p + p2 + · · · , where p
n=1
1
ís constant, it converges to S = if |p| < 1 and diverges if |p| ≥ 1.
1−p
1 − qn
The sum of the first n terms is Sn = .
1−q
∞
X 1 1 1
2. The α series α
= 1 + α + + α + · · · + is called a Riemann series
n 2 3
n=1
where α is constant, converges for α > 1 and diverges for α ≤ 1.
The series with α = 1 is called the harmonic series.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.1. SERIES OF NUMBERS

Theorem 4.1.1 (Cauchy’s theorem )

∞
P
The series an is convergent if and only if ∀ε > 0, ∃n0 , ∀n ≥ n0 ,
n=1
∀p ∈ N = {0, 1, · · · } such that

|Sn+p − Sn | < ε.

Theorem 4.1.2 (Necessary condition )

∞
P
If the series an is convergent, then lim an = 0.
n=1 n→∞

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.1. SERIES OF NUMBERS

Remark:
∞
P
a) In the case lim an 6= 0, then we deduce that an is divergent.
n→∞ n=1
∞
P ∞
P
b) The series an is convergent if and only if the series an is also
n=1 n=n0
convergent for each n0 > 0. It follows from
∞
X ∞
X
an = (a1 + a2 + ... + an0 −1 ) + an .
n=1 n=n0

Example 4.1.3
P∞ 2n2 + 5n + 7
Show that the series 2
is divergent.
n=1 n + n + 3

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.1. SERIES OF NUMBERS

Theorem 4.1.3
∞
P ∞
P ∞
P
If the series an , bn are convergent, then so are the series can
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞
P ∞
P
(where c is a constant), (an + bn ) and (an − bn ), and
n=1 n=1

∞
X ∞
X
i) can = c an ;
n=1 n=1
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
ii) (an + bn ) = an + bn ;
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
iii) (an − bn ) = an − bn .
n=1 n=1 n=1

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.2. Positive Series

Definition 4.2.1
∞
an is called a positive series, if an > 0, ∀n ∈ N∗ (i.e, an is
P
The
n=1
positive terms).

Example 4.2.1
P∞ 1 ∞
P n+2
2
; are positive series.
n=1 n n=1 2n3 +n+7

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.2. Positive Series

Theorem 4.2.1 (Comparison Test )

∞
P ∞
P
Suppose that an and bn are series with positive terms such that
n=1 n=1
an ≤ bn , ∀n ≥ n0 . The following holds,
∞
X ∞
X
- If bn is convergent, then an is also convergent.
n=1 n=1
X∞ ∞
X
- If an is divergent, then bn is also divergent.
n=1 n=1

Example 4.2.2
∞
P 1
Determine whether the series 2 + 5n + 2021
converges or diverges.
n=1 n

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.2. POSITIVE SEQUENCE

Theorem 4.2.2 (Limit Test)

∞
P (1) ∞
P (2)
Suppose that an and bn are positive series and
n=1 n=1
an
lim = M ≥ 0. Then,
n→∞ bn

If 0 < M < +∞ then either both series converge or both diverge.

If M = 0 and (2) converges, then (1) converges.
If M = +∞ and (2) diverges, then (1) diverges.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.2. POSITIVE SEQUENCE

Example 4.2.2
Determine convergent or divergent series
∞
X 2
n sin2 .
n2
n=1

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.2. POSITIVE SEQUENCE

Theorem 4.2.3 (D’Alembert’s criterion)

∞
P an+1
Suppose that positive series an and let lim = L. This follows
n=1 n→∞ an
that
∞
X
If L < 1, then the series an converges.
n=1
∞
X
If L > 1, then the series an diverges.
n=1
If L = 1 the test fails.

Example 4.2.3
P∞ n!
Determine whether series is convergent or divergent: n
.
n=1 3
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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.2. POSITIVE SEQUENCE

Theorem 4.2.4 (Cauchy’s criterion)

∞
P √
Consider positive series an and evaluate lim n an = C. Then
n=1 n→∞

∞
X
If C < 1, then the series an converges.
n=1
∞
X
If C > 1, then the series an diverges.
n=1
If C = 1 the test fails.

Example 4.2.4
n
∞ 2n2 + n

P
Prove that the following series is divergent: .
n=1 n2 + 5
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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.2. POSITIVE SEQUENCE

Theorem 4.2.5 (Integral criterion)

Let the function f (x) be continuous, positive and decreasing to 0 on
[1, ∞) (i.e., lim f (x) = 0). Set an = f (n). Then, we claim that the
x→+∞
∞
P R∞
series an is convergent if and only if the improper integral f (x)dx
n=1 1
is convergent.

Example 4.2.5
Prove that the series
∞
X 1
nα
n=1

is convergent if and only if α > 1.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.3 ALTERNATING SERIES
Definition 4.3.1
Any series whose terms alternate between positive and negative values
is called an alternating series. An alternating series can be written in
the form
X∞
(−1)n+1 an = a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + · · ·
n=1
or
∞
X
(−1)n an = −a1 + a2 − a3 + a4 − · · · ,
n=1

where an > 0 for all positive integers n.

Example 4.3.1
∞
1 1 1 X 1
−1 + − + − ··· = (−1)n ;
2 3 4 n
n=1
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Department of Mathematics 1Chapter
1 4: SERIES
X n
4.3. Alternating Series

Theorem 4.3.1 (Leibniz’s criterion)

Let the alternating series of the form
∞
X
(−1)n+1 an = a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + · · · (1)
n=1

or
∞
X
(−1)n an = −a1 + a2 − a3 + a4 − · · · (2)
n=1

satisfy

i) {an } is a decreasing sequence. It means that 0 < an+1 ≤ an ∀n ≥ 1,

ii) lim an = 0.
n→∞

Then, the alternating series (1) and (2) are convergent.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.3. Alternating Series

Example 4.3.2
For each of the following alternating series, determine whether the
series converges or diverges
∞
X 1
i) (−1)n ;
n2
n=1
∞
X n
ii) (−1)n−1 .
n+1
n=1

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Definition 4.3.2
∞
P ∞
P
The series an is called absolutely convergent if |an | converges. If
n=1 n=1
∞
P ∞
P ∞
P
an converges and |an | diverges, then an is called
n=1 n=1 n=1
semi-convergent.

Example 4.3.2
For each of the following series, determine whether the series converges:
P∞ (−1)n P∞ sin(n)
a) ; b) 2
.
n=1 2n + 3 n=1 n
∞
P ∞
P
Note that if |an | is convergent then an is convergent. Inverse is
n=1 n=1
not true.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.4 INFINITE SERIES OF FUNCTIONS

Definition 4.4.1
Let f1 (x), f2 (x), · · · , fn (x), · · · be a sequence of functions defined in
(a, b). Then the infinite sum
∞
X
fn (x) = f1 (x) + f2 (x) + · · · + fn (x) + · · · (∗)
n=1

is called a infinite series of functions defined on (a, b).

+The function fn (x) is called the n th term of (*).

Example 4.4.1
∞
P xn P∞ cos nx
; .
n=1 n + 5 n=1 n2

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.4 INFINITE SERIES OF FUNCTIONS

Definition 4.4.1 (continuity)

n
P
+ A finite sum Sn (x) = fk (x)(∗∗) is called n-th the sequence of
k=1
partial sum of (*).
+ The point x0 is said to be the point of convergence (or divergence) of
∞
P
the series of functions (*), if the series of numbers fn (x0 ) converge
n=1
(or diverge).
+ The set of convergence points of the series of functions is called
domain of convergence of the infinite series of functions (*).
+ The series of functions (*) is called uniformly convergent to the
function f (x) on the domain D, if

∀ > 0, ∃n0 , ∀n ≥ n0 : |Sn (x) − f (x)| <  ∀x ∈ D.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.4 INFINITE SERIES OF FUNCTIONS

Definition 4.4.1 (continuity)

+ If the infinite series of functions (*) converges to f (x), then function

Rn (x) = f (x) − Sn (x)

is called degree remainder n of the series of functions (*).

+ The series of functions (*) is said to be absolutely convergent on the
P∞
domain D, if |fk (x)| converges on the domain D.
k=1

Theorem 4.4.1 (Cauchy Test)

The infinite series of functions (*) is uniformly convergent on the
domain D if and only if

∀ > 0, ∃n0 , ∀n ≥ n0 , ∀p ∈ N : |Sn+p (x) − Sn (x)| <  ∀x ∈ D.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Example 4.4.2
Prove that the infinite series of functions
∞ ∞
X (−1)n−1 X (−1)n−1 x2
i) ; ii) .
x2 + n (x2 + 1)n
n=1 n=1

are uniformly convergent on R.

Solution:
n
P (−1)k−1
i) Put Sn (x) = x2 +k
. Then
k=1
(−1)n (−1)n+1 (−1)n+p+1 1 1
|Sn+p (x) − Sn (x)| = x2 +n+1
+ x2 +n+2
+ ... + x2 +n+p x2 +n+1
< n <
1
 ⇒ n > ⇒ n0 =
 + 1. [ 1 ]
ii) Similar, we can also prove that
x2 1 1
|Sn+p (x) − Sn (x)| < (1+x 2 )n < n <  ⇒ n >  ⇒ n0 = [ 1 ] + 1.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Theorem 4.4.2 (Weierstrass Test)
If sequence of positive constants c1 , c2 , · · · , cn , · · · , can be found such
that

i)|fn (x)| ≤ cn ; n = 1, 2, 3, · · · for all x in D;

∞
X
ii) cn converges,
n=1

∞
P
then fn (x) is uniformly and absolutely convergent in the domain D.
n=1

Example 4.4.3
∞
P cos nx
n2
is absolutely and uniformly convergent in [0, 2π] since
n=1
cos nx 1 P∞ 1
≤ and converges.
n2 n2 n=1 n
2

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Theorem 4.4.2 (Properties continuous)
∞
P
If fn (x), n = 1, 2, 3, · · · are continuous in [a, b] and if fn (x)
n=1
converges uniformly to the sum f (x) in [a, b], then f (x) is continuous
in [a, b].

Theorem 4.4.3 (Properties integral)

∞
P
If fn (x), n = 1, 2, 3, · · · are continuous in [a, b] and if fn (x)
n=1
converges uniformly to the sum f (x) in [a, b], then

Zb ∞ Z
X
b Zb  X
∞  ∞ Z
X
b

f (x)dx = fn (x)dx or fn (x) dx = fn (x)dx.

a n=1 a a n=1 n=1 a

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Theorem 4.4.4 (Differentiable)
If fn (x), n = 1, 2, 3, · · · are continuous and have continuous derivatives
∞ ∞
fn0 (x) is
P P
in [a, b] and if fn (x) converges to the sum f (x) while
n=1 n=1
uniformly convergent on [a, b]. Also on [a,b], we have
∞ ∞ ∞
X d X X d
f 0 (x) = fn0 (x) or fn (x) = fn (x).
dx dx
n=1 n=1 n=1

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.5 Power Series

Definition 4.5.1
A power series is an infinite series of functions of the form
∞
X
an xn = a0 + a1 x1 + a2 x2 + · · · ,
n=0

∞
X
or an (x − x0 )n = a0 + a1 (x − x0 )1 + a2 (x − x0 )2 + · · · ,
n=0

where x0 is constant and the numbers a0 , a1 , · · · are called the

coefficients of the power series.

Example 4.5.1
∞ n+1 ∞ 1
xn ; (x − 2)n .
P P
n=0 2n + 5 n=1 n
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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.5 Power Series
∞
an xn is called to be
P
Note that (definition): A power series
n=0
∞
an αn is
P
convergent at the point x = α, if the numerical series
n=0
convergent.
Theorem 4.5.1 (Abel)
∞
an xn converges at the point x0 6= 0, then it
P
If the power series
n=0
converges at any point x satisfying |x| < |x0 |. Moreover, if it diverges
at the point x1 , then it diverges at any point x satisfying |x| > |x1 |.

Definition
∞
an xn converges for all |x| < R and diverges for all
P
A power series
n=0
|x| > R, where the constant R is called the radius of convergence of the
power series. For |x| = R, the series may or may not converge.
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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.5 Power Series

Theorem 4.5.2 (Rules of finding radius of convergence)

∞
an+1
p
an xn . If lim
P n
Consider a power series = ρ or lim |an | = ρ
n=0 n→∞ an n→∞
exists, then 1
ρ
 if 0 < ρ < +∞,
R = +∞ if ρ = 0,

0 if ρ = +∞.


Example 4.5.2
Determine the radius of convergence and region of convergence for the
following power series
∞ ∞ ∞
X xn X X (x − 2)n
i) ; ii) nn xn ; iii)
2.
n! n+1 n
n=0 n=1 n=1 n
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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.5 POWER SERIES
Theorem 4.5.3 (Uniformly convergent of power series)
∞
an xn has a radius of convergence
P
If R > 0, then it converges in
n=0
[−R0 , R0 ] for any R0 : 0 < R0 < R.

Theorem 4.5.4 ( Properties of power series)

∞
an xn has radius of convergence R > 0. Put
P
Given a power series
n=0
∞
an xn . Thus, i) the function f (x) is continuous on(−R, R).
P
f (x) =
n=0

Zx ∞ Z x ∞
X X an n+1
ii) f (t)dt = an tn dt = x ∀x ∈ (−R, R).
n+1
0 n=0 0 n=0
∞
X
iii)f 0 (x) = nan xn−1 , ∀x ∈ (−R, R).
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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Example 4.5.3
Calculating sum of the following power series:

x2 x3 x4 xn
f (x) = x − + − + ... + (−1)n−1 + ... with x ∈ (−1, 1).
2 3 4 n

Solution
∞ n
(−1)n−1 xn converges on (−1, 1). Thus
P
The f (x) =
n=1

1
f 0 (x) = 1 − x + x2 − x3 + ... + (−1)n xn + ... = ∀|x| < 1.
1+x
Taking the integral, we get
Z
dx
f (x) = = ln(1 + x) + C.
1+x

Replace x = 0 in f (x), we get f (0) = C = 0.

Thus, f (x) = ln(1 + x) ∀x ∈ (−1, 1).
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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS IN POWER SERIES

Which functions have power series representations? How can we find

such representations? We start by supposing that is any function that
can be represented by a power series

f (x) = a0 + a1 (x − x0 ) + a2 (x − x0 )2 + · · · + an (x − x0 )n + · · · (1)

Let’s try to determine what the coefficients an must be in terms of f .

To begin with„ notice that if we put x = x0 in (1), then all terms after
the first one are 0 and we get f (x0 ) = a0 .
we can differentiate the series in (1) term by term
f 0 (x) = a1 + 2a2 (x − x0 ) + · · · + nan (x − x0 )n−1 + · · · (2) and
substitution of x = x0 in (2) gives f 0 (x0 ) = a1 .
By now you can see the pattern. If we continue to differentiate and
substitute x = x0 , we obtain f (n) (x0 ) = 2.3.4 · · · .n.an = n!an .
f (n) (x0 )
Solving this equation for the n-th coefficient an , we get an =
n!
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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Definition 4.5.2 (Taylor series)
If all the derivatives of f exist, then the infinite series
∞ f (n) (x )
0
(x − x0 )n (3) is called a Taylor series of the function f (x),
P
n=0 n!
although when x0 = 0, it can also be referred to as a MacLaurin series.

Theorem 4.5.5
Let the function f (x) have the derivatives of all orders on the
neighborhood of the point x0 and in this neighborhood if there is an
M > 0 such that |f (k) (x)| ≤ M ∀k ∈ N, then
∞
X f (n) (x0 ) f 0 (x0 )
f (x) = (x − x0 )n = f (x0 ) + (x − x0 )+
n! 1!
n=0
f (n) (x0 )
· · · + ... + (x − x0 )n + · · ·
n!

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
SOME IMPORTANT MACLAURIN SERIES

The following series, convergent to the given function in the indicated

intervals, are frequently employed in practice:
∞
X (−1)n x2n+1 x3 x2n+1
sin x = =x− + ... + (−1)n + ...; ∀x ∈ R
(2n + 1)! 3! (2n + 1)!
n=0
∞
X (−1)n x2n x2 x4 x2n
cos x = =1− + − ... + (−1)n + ...; ∀x ∈ R
(2n)! 2! 4! (2n)!
n=0
∞
X xn x x2 xn
ex = =1+ + + ... + + ...; ∀x ∈ R
n! 1! 2! n!
n=0
∞
X (−1)n−1 xn x2 xn
ln(1 + x) = =x− + ... + (−1)n−1 + ...; −1 < x ≤ 1
n 2 n
n=0
αx α(α − 1)...(α − n + 1) n
(1 + x)α = 1 + + ... + x + ...; −1 < x ≤ 1
1! n!
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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.6 Fourier Series
4.6.1 Trigonometric series
∞
a0 P
A series of functions of the form 2 + (an cos nx + bn sin nx)(∗),
n=1
is called trigonometric series, where an , bn are constants for all
n = 0, 1, 2, · · · .

Theorem 4.6.1
∞
P ∞
P
If an and bn are absolutely convergent, then the trigonometric
n=0 n=0
series (*) uniformly and absolutely convergent on R.

Theorem 4.6.2
If two sequences of positive numbers (an ) and (bn ) are called
monotonically decreasing and convergent to 0, then the trigonometric
series (*) converges on the domain D = R \ {k2π : k ∈ Z}.
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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.6.2 Definition of Fourier Series
Let f (x) be defined and integrable on [−π, π]. The trigonometric series
has the form
∞
a0 X
+ (an cos nx + bn sin nx), (3)
2
n=1

is called the Fourier series with the Fourier coefficients an and bn are
defined in the forms:
Zπ Zπ
1 1
an = f (x) cos nxdx, bn = f (x) sin nxdx, n = 0, 1, · · · (4)
π π
−π −π

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Theorem 4.6.3 (Dirichlet’s theorem)
Let f (x) be defined on [−π, π] satisfies the following condition:
i) f (x) is periodic outside (−π, π) with period 2π.
ii) f (x) and f 0 (x) are piece-wise continuous functions.
iii) f (x) is monotone and bounded.
Then, the series (3) with Fourier coefficients converges to
a) f (x) if x is a point of continuity.
−
f (x+0 + f (x0 )
b) if x0 is a point of discontinuity.
2

Example 4.6.1
Find the Fourier series of a periodic function with period 2π

f (x) = x2 with − π ≤ x ≤ π.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Solution:

Hình 6.1: Graph of the function f (x) = x2 , x ∈ [−π, π], period 2π

Calculating the Fourier coefficients, we have

Rπ 2 Rπ 2
a0 = π1 x dx = π2 x2 dx = 2π3 .
−π 0

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
 1
Rπ 2
Rπ 4(−1)n
an = π x2 cos nxdx = π x2 cos nxdx = n2
;
−π 0
1
Rπ
and bn = π x2 sin nxdx = 0.
−π
So the Fourier series of the function f (x) has the form

π2  cos 2x cos 3x 4(−1)n+1 cos nx 

f (x) = − 4 cos x − + − · · · + + · · · .
3 22 32 n2

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.6.3 Fourier series of a function with period 2T
Given a function f (x) is defined, integrable on [−T, T ] and period of
2T . By puting t = πx
T , we have, the function

T
g(t) = f ( t) periodic with period 2π.
π
Thus, the Fourier series of the function g(t) has the form
∞
a0 X
+ an cos nt + bn sin nt,
2
n=1

and Fourier coefficients satifies

Rπ Rπ

1 1
a0 = π g(t)dt; an = g(t) cos ntdt

π

−π −π
Rπ , n = 1, 2 · · ·
1
bn = g(t) sin ntdt


π
−π

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.6.3 Fourier series of a function with period 2T
Note that K is called the period of f (x), if K > 0 is the smallest
number such that

f (x + K) = f (x) ∀x ∈ D (the domain of f (x)).

The Fourier series of the function f (x) of the form:

∞
a0 X  πnx πnx 
f (x) = + an cos + bn sin ,
2 T T
n=1

where the Fourier coefficients an , bn (n = 0, 1, 2, · · · ) are determined by


RT 2T
an = T1 f (x) cos nπx 1
f (x) cos nπx
R
dx = T dx


 T T
−T 0
1
RT 2T
f (x) sin nπx 1
f (x) sin nπx
 R
bn = T dx = T dx.

T T

−T 0

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.6.3 Fourier series of a function with period 2l

Example 4.6.2
Find the Fourier series of a periodic function with period 2l = 2

f (x) = |x| with − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1,

and calculating the sum

∞
X 1 1 1 1
2
= 2 + 2 + ··· + +
(2n + 1) 1 3 (2n + 1)2
n=0

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Solution

Hình 6.2: Graph of the function f (x) = |x|, x ∈ [−1, 1], period 2l

Calculating the Fourier coefficients with 2l = 2, we have

Zl Z1
1
a0 = f (x)dx = 2 xdx = 1.
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1
Department of Mathematics −l 4: SERIES
Chapter 0
 Zl Z1
1 (−1)n − 1
an = f (x) cos nπxdx = 2 x cos nπxdx = 2. ,
l n2 π 2
−l 0
Zl Z1
1
bn = f (x) sin nπxdx = |x| sin nπxdx = 0.
l
−l −1

Thus, the Fourier series of the function f (x) has the form

1 2  cos πx cos 3πx cos(2n + 1)πx 

− 2 + + ... + + ... .
2 π 12 32 (2n + 1)2

Since the f (x) is continuous on R, by Dirichlet’s theorem, we have

1 2  cos πx cos 3πx cos(2n + 1)πx 

f (x) = − 2 + + ... + + ... .
2 π 12 32 (2n + 1)2

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Replacing x = 0 in f (x), we have
1 21 1 1 
0= − 2 2 + 2 + ... + + · · · .
2 π 1 3 (2n + 1)2
∞
P 1 π2
Thus, 2
= .
n=0 (2n + 1) 4

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
4.6.4 Fourier series of the function is defined on
[a, b].[a, b), (a, b], or (a, b)
Suppose for a function f (x) defined on [a, b], we expand the function
f (x) into a function F (x) defined on R and period 2l. Then we have
the Fourier expansion of the function F (x) and also the Fourier
expansion of the function f (x) with x ∈ [a, b]. The function progression
f (x) → F (x) has the following forms:
Form 1: The the function F (x) is periodic with period 2l = b − a.
Form 2. The function F (x) is even.
Form 3. The function F (x) is odd.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Example 4.6.3
Given the function f (x) defined on (0, 2]
(
x if x ∈ (0, 1]
f (x) =
1 if x ∈ (1, 2].

Find the Fourier series of the function f (x).

Solution:
Expand the function f (x) → F (x) defined on R and have period 2l = 2.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Calculating the Fourier coefficients, we have

Zl Z1 Z2
1 3
a0 = F (x)dx = xdx + 1dx = ,
l 2
−l 0 1
Zl Z1 Z2
1 nπx (−1)n − 1
an = F (x) cos dx = x cos nπxdx + cos nπxdx = ,
l l n2 π 2
−l 0 1
Zl
1 nπx
bn = F (x) sin dx
l l
−l
Z1 Z2
−(−1)n + (−1)n − 1 1
= x sin nπxdx + sin nπxdx = =− .
nπ nπ
0 1

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Since the Fourier expansion of the function F (x) has the form
∞
3 X  (−1)n − 1 1 
+ cosnπx − sin nπx .
4 n2 π 2 nπ
n=1

Then, the Fourier series of the function f (x) on (0, 2] has the form
∞
3 X  (−1)n − 1 1 
+ cosnπx − sin nπx .
4 n2 π 2 nπ
n=1

Example 4.6.4
Expand (
x if x ∈ (0, 1]
f (x) = ,
1 if x ∈ (1, 2]
in a Fourier cosine series.

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES
Example 4.6.5
Find the fourier sine seriers for a function
(
1 − x if x ∈ (0, 1]
f (x) = .
0 if x ∈ (1, 2]

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Department of Mathematics Chapter 4: SERIES