Practical Notes On PH

To Measure the p(H) of Water Sample Using p(H) Meter.
Theory:
In chemistry, pH (denoting 'potential of hydrogen' or 'power of hydrogen) is a scale used to
specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Acidic solutions (solutions with higher
concentrations of H+ ions) are measured to have lower pH values than basic or alkaline solutions.
The term pH refers to the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and defined as the
negative log of H+ ions concentration in water and wastewater pH= - log {H+}
Where {H+} is the concentration (or activity) of hydrogen ion (or photon) in moles per liter (M).
Solutions with a pH of 7 at 25 °C temperature are neutral (e.g. pure water). The neutral value of
the pH depends on the temperature, being lower than 7 if the temperature increases. Note that pH
depends on temperature. For instance at 0 °C the pH of pure water is about 7.47. At 25 °C it is
7.00, and at 100 °C it is 6.14.
The pH value can be less than 0 for very strong acids, or greater than 14 for very strong bases.
The pH scale for aqueous solutions and natural waters is often given as 0-14 without any
explanation. It is an arbitrary and convenient range because it places the value for neutrality of
pure water at 25 °C. Values of pH less than 0.0 and greater than 14.0 not only are possible but
also have been prepared frequently in chemical laboratories.
For example, commercially available concentrated HCl solution (37% by mass) has pH -1.1,
while saturated NaOH solution has pH 15.0. Hot springs near Ebeko volcano, with naturally
occurring HCl and H2SO4, have estimated pH values as low as –1.7. Waters from the Richmond
Mine at Iron Mountain, CA, have pH =-3.6.
The pH scale is logarithmic and therefore pH is a dimensionless quantity. For further more
explanation visit here:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Heartland_Community_College/CHEM_120%3A_Fundame
ntals_of_Chemistry/08%3A_Acids_and_Bases/8.28%3A_pH#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20
calculate%20the%20pH,M%20concentration%20of%20hydronium%20ions.&text=Finally%2C
%20because%2C%20by%20mathematical%20definition,expressed%20as%20a%20unitless%20
number
Apparatus:
1. pH meter
2. Beaker
Reagent:
1. Buffers Solutions of known pH value (4,7,10)
(take 1 buffer tablet and mix it with 100 ml deionized water for achieving required buffer
solution)
Procedure:
Three major steps are involved in the experiment. They are
1. Preparation of Reagents
2. Calibrating the Instrument
3. Testing of Sample
Principle:
The pH electrode used in the pH measurement is a combined glass electrode. It consists of sensing
half-cell and reference half-cell, together form an electrode system. The sensing half-cell is a thin
pH sensitive semi permeable membrane, separating two solutions, viz., the outer solution, the
sample to be analyzed and the internal solution enclosed inside the glass membrane and has a
known pH value. An electrical potential is developed inside and another electrical potential is
developed outside, the difference in the potential is measured and is given as the pH of the sample.
Significance:
pH value or range is of immense importance for any chemical reaction. A chemical shall be
highly effective at a particular pH. Chemical coagulation, disinfection, water softening and
corrosion control are governed by pH adjustment.
Lower value of pH below 4 will produce sour taste and higher value above 8.5 a bitter taste. Higher
values of pH hasten the scale formation in water heating apparatus and also reduce the germicidal
potential of chlorine. High pH induces the formation of tri-halomethanes, which are causing cancer
in human beings. Determination of pH is one of the important objectives in biological treatment
of the wastewater. Excess of alkalinity in the body may cause gastrointestinal issues and skin
irritations.
Lower value may cause tuberculation and corrosion, whereas high value may produce incrustation,
(scale formation, thin layer) sediment deposits. pH also affect aquatic life in stream, lake.
Fig: Electrode and Digital pH meter
Fig: WHO Guideline Value Vs Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard

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To Measure the p(H) of Water Sample Using p(H) Meter.

Fig: WHO Guideline Value Vs Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard

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