3.1.4.1 Enthalpy Change

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Name:
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3.1.4.1 Enthalpy change
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Class:
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Date:
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Time: 244 min.
Marks: 238 marks
Comments:
Page 1 of 62
Q1.
This question is about energetics.
(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction with an enthalpy change
equal to the enthalpy of formation for iron(III) oxide.
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(1)
(b) Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.
Table 1
CO(g) Fe2O3(s)
ΔfHo/ kJ mol−1 −111 −822
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ⟶ 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) ΔH = −19 kJ mol−1
Use these data and the equation for the reaction of iron(III) oxide with carbon
monoxide to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation for carbon
dioxide.
Show your working.
ΔfHo ____________________ kJ mol−1
(3)
(c) Some enthalpy data are given in Table 2.
Table 2
Process ΔH / kJ mol−1
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⟶ 2NH3(g) −92
N2(g) ⟶ 2N(g) +944
H2(g) ⟶ 2H(g) +436
Page 2 of 62
Use the data from Table 2 to calculate the bond enthalpy for N−H in ammonia.
N−H bond enthalpy ____________________ kJ mol−1
(3)
(d) Give one reason why the bond enthalpy that you calculated in part (c) is different
from the mean bond enthalpy quoted in a data book (388 kJ mol−1).
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q2.
This question is about enthalpy changes.
(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction taking place when
the standard enthalpy of combustion for ethanol is measured.
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(2)
(b) State the name given to the enthalpy change represented by the following chemical
equation.
Explain why this enthalpy change would be difficult to determine directly.
Enthalpy change ____________________________________________________
Explanation ________________________________________________________
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Page 3 of 62
(2)
(c) Standard enthalpies of combustion for carbon and carbon monoxide are
−393 kJ mol−1 and −283 kJ mol−1, respectively.
Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (b).
Enthalpy change = ________ kJ mol−1
(2)
(d) Use the following data to calculate a value for the Xe–F bond enthalpy in XeF4
Xe–F bond enthalpy = _____ kJ mol−1
(3)
(e) Suggest a reason why the value calculated in part (d) differs from the mean Xe–F
bond enthalpy quoted in a data source.
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Page 4 of 62
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(Total 10 marks)
Q3.
Standard enthalpy of combustion data can be used to calculate enthalpies of formation.
(a) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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(3)
(b) The equation corresponding to the enthalpy of formation of propan-1-ol is shown.
Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of combustion data.
Table 1
C(s) H2(g) CH3CH2CH2OH(I)
∆Hc⦵ / kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –2010
Use data from Table 1 to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation of
propan-1-ol. Show your working.
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(c) An equation for the complete combustion of gaseous propan-1-ol is shown.
Page 5 of 62
Table 2 shows some bond enthalpy data.
Table 2
C–H C–O O–H C=O O=O
Bond enthalpy / kJ mol–

1 412 360 463 805 496
Use data from Table 2 and the enthalpy change for this reaction to calculate a value
for the bond enthalpy of a C–C bond in propan-1-ol.
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q4.
(a) Propanone can be formed when glucose comes into contact with bacteria in the
absence of air.
(i) Balance the following equation for this reaction of glucose to form propanone,
carbon dioxide and water.
.......C6H12O6 .......CH3COCH3 + .......CO2 + .......H2O

(1)
(ii) Deduce the role of the bacteria in this reaction.
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(1)
(b) Propanone is also formed by the oxidation of propan−2−ol.
(i) Write an equation for this reaction using [O] to represent the oxidising agent.
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(1)
(ii) State the class of alcohols to which propan−2−ol belongs.
Page 6 of 62
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(1)
(c) A student determined a value for the enthalpy change when a sample of propanone
was burned. The heat produced was used to warm some water in a copper
calorimeter.
The student found that the temperature of 150 g of water increased by 8.0 °C when
4.50 × 10−3 mol of pure propanone was burned in air.
Use the student’s results to calculate a value, in kJ mol−1, for the enthalpy change
when one mole of propanone is burned.
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K−1 g−1)
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(3)
(d) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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(3)
(e) Use the mean bond enthalpy data in the table and the equation given below the
table to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change when gaseous
propanone is burned.
C−H C−C C−O O−H C=O O=O
Page 7 of 62
Mean bond 412 348 360 463 805 496
enthalpy / kJ mol−1
CH3COCH3(g) + 4O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
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(3)
(f) Suggest two reasons why the value obtained by the student in part (c) is different
from the value calculated in part (e).
Reason 1 ___________________________________________________________
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Reason 2 ___________________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)
Q5.
Ethanol is an important industrial compound.
(a) Ethanol can be produced by the hydration of ethene.

The equation for the equilibrium that is established is
H2C=CH2(g) + H2O(g) CH3CH2OH(g) ΔH = −42 kJ mol−1
The operating conditions for the process are a temperature of 300 oC and a
pressure of 7 MPa.
Under these conditions, the conversion of ethene into ethanol is 5%.
(i) Identify the catalyst used in this process.

Deduce how an overall yield of 95% is achieved in this process without
changing the operating conditions.
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Page 8 of 62
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(2)
(ii) Use your knowledge of equilibrium reactions to explain why a manufacturer

might consider using an excess of steam in this process, under the same
operating conditions.
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(3)
(iii) At pressures higher than 7 MPa, some of the ethene reacts to form a solid with
a relative molecular mass greater than 5000.
Deduce the identity of this solid.
Give one other reason for not operating this process at pressures higher than
7 MPa.
Do not include safety reasons.
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(2)
(b) Write an equation for the reaction that has an enthalpy change that is the standard
enthalpy of formation of ethanol.
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(2)
(c) When ethanol is used as a fuel, it undergoes combustion.
(i) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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Page 9 of 62
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(ii) Consider these bond enthalpy data.
C–H C–C C–O O=O C=O O–H
Bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 412 348 360 496 805 463
Use these data and the equation to calculate a value for the enthalpy of
combustion of gaseous ethanol.
CH3CH2OH(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
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(3)
(d) Gaseous ethanol can be used to convert hot copper(II) oxide into copper.
(i) Deduce the role of ethanol in this reaction.
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(1)
(ii) Draw the structure of the organic compound with Mr = 60 that is produced in
this reaction.
(1)
(Total 17 marks)
Q6.
A student calculated that a value for the enthalpy change of neutralisation
is –51.2 kJ mol–1.
The design of a possible hand-warmer using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide was
discussed. It was proposed that 500 cm3 of hydrochloric acid should be used in a flexible,
sealed plastic container with a breakable tube of solid sodium hydroxide also in the
container. On breaking the tube, the sodium hydroxide would be released, react with the
Page 10 of 62
acid and produce heat.
A 40 °C temperature rise was thought to be suitable.
(a) Calculate the heat energy, in J, required to raise the temperature of the reaction
mixture by 40 °C. Assume that the reaction mixture has a density of 1.00 g cm –3 and
a specific heat capacity of 4.18 J K–1 g–1.
Assume that all of the heat energy given out is used to heat the reaction mixture.
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(2)
(b) Use your answer from part (a) and the value for the enthalpy change of
neutralisation of –51.2 kJ mol–1 to calculate the minimum amount, in moles, and
hence the minimum mass of sodium hydroxide required in the breakable tube.
(If you could not complete the calculation in part (a) assume that the heat energy
required was 77 400 J. This is not the correct answer).
Show your working.
Moles of NaOH ______________________________________________________
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Mass of NaOH ______________________________________________________
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(3)
(c) Use the amount, in moles, of sodium hydroxide from part (b) to calculate the
minimum concentration, in mol dm–3, of hydrochloric acid required in the 500 cm3 of
solution used in the sealed container.
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(1)
(d) Suggest one possible risk to a person who uses a hand-warmer containing sodium
hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.
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(1)
(e) A commercial hand-warmer uses powdered iron sealed in a plastic container.

A valve allows air to enter the container, and oxygen in the air reacts slowly with the
iron to form solid iron(lll) oxide. The heat released warms the container.
Page 11 of 62
(i) Write an equation for this reaction between iron and oxygen to form iron(lll)
oxide.
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(1)
(ii) One version of an iron-oxygen hand-warmer advertises that it is designed to

stay warm for up to four hours.
Other than by increasing the amount of iron in the container, state one change
to the iron in the hand-warmer that would increase this time.
Explain why this change to the iron might not be an advantage.
Change to the iron ______________________________________________
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Explanation ____________________________________________________
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(3)
(f) Another type of hand-warmer uses sodium thiosulfate. Sodium thiosulfate is very
soluble in water at 80 °C but is much less soluble at room temperature.
When a hot, concentrated solution of sodium thiosulfate is cooled it does not
immediately crystallise. The sodium thiosulfate stays dissolved as a stable ’super-
saturated’ solution until crystallisation is triggered.
Heat energy is then released when the sodium thiosulfate crystallises.
(i) This type of hand-warmer is re-usable.

Suggest one environmental advantage that a sodium thiosulfate hand-warmer
has over the other two types.
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(1)
(ii) Describe the two steps that you would take to make the sodium thiosulfate
hand-warmer ready for re-use.
Step 1 ________________________________________________________
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Step 2 ________________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)
Q7.
(a) Iron is extracted from iron(III) oxide using carbon at a high temperature.
(i) State the type of reaction that iron(III) oxide undergoes in this extraction.
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Page 12 of 62
(1)
(ii) Write a half-equation for the reaction of the iron(III) ions in this extraction.
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(1)
(b) At a high temperature, carbon undergoes combustion when it reacts with oxygen.
(i) Suggest why it is not possible to measure the enthalpy change directly for the
following combustion reaction.
C(s,graphite) + O2(g) CO(g)
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(1)
(ii) State Hess's Law.
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(iii) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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(3)
(c) Use the standard enthalpies of formation in the table below and the equation to
calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change for the extraction of iron using
carbon monoxide.
Fe2O3(s) CO(g) Fe(l) CO2(g)
∆Hf/ kJ mol-1 - 822 - 111 +14 - 394
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(I) + 3CO2(g)
Page 13 of 62
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(d) (i) Write an equation for the reaction that represents the standard enthalpy of
formation of carbon dioxide.
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(ii) State why the value quoted in part (c) for the standard enthalpy of formation of
CO2(g) is the same as the value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of
carbon.
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(1)
(Total 12 marks)
Q8.
This question is about the extraction of titanium from titanium(IV) oxide by a two-stage
process.
The first stage in the process produces titanium(IV) chloride. In the second stage,
titanium(IV) chloride is converted into titanium.
The enthalpy change for the second stage can be determined using Hess’s Law.
(a) Give one reason why titanium is not extracted directly from titanium(IV) oxide using
carbon.
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(1)
(b) Give the meaning of the term enthalpy change.
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(c) State Hess’s Law.
Page 14 of 62
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(d) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.
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(3)
(e) The following standard enthalpy of formation data refer to the second stage in the
extraction of titanium.
TiCl4(g) Na(I) NaCl(s) Ti(s)
ΔHf / kJ mol–1
ο
–720 +3 –411 0
(i) State why the value for the standard enthalpy of formation of Na(I) is not zero.
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(1)
(ii) Use data from the table to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change
of the following reaction.
TiCl4(g) + 4Na(I) 4NaCl(s) + Ti(s)
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Page 15 of 62
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(3)
(iii) State the role of sodium in this reaction.
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(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Q9.
Comparison of lattice enthalpies from Born-Haber cycles with lattice enthalpies from
calculations based on a perfect ionic model are used to provide information about bonding
in crystals.
(a) Define the terms enthalpy of atomisation and lattice dissociation enthalpy.
Enthalpy of atomisation ________________________________________________
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Lattice dissociation enthalpy ____________________________________________
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(4)
(b) Use the following data to calculate a value for the lattice dissociation enthalpy of
sodium chloride.
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Page 16 of 62
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(3)
(c) Consider the following lattice dissociation enthalpy (ΔHLο) data.
NaBr AgBr
ΔHLο(experimental)/kJ mol–1 +733 +890
ΔHLο(theoretical)/kJ mol–1 +732 +758
The values of ΔHLο (experimental) have been determined from Born–Haber cycles.
The values of ΔHLο (theoretical) have been determined by calculation using a perfect
ionic model.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term perfect ionic model.
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(2)
(ii) State what you can deduce about the bonding in NaBr from the data in the
table.
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(1)
(iii) State what you can deduce about the bonding in AgBr from the data in the
table.
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(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Q10.
A scientist used mass spectrometry to analyse a sample of the air near a fertiliser factory.
The sample of air included traces of a gas which was shown by its molecular ion to have a
precise Mr = 44.00105
(a) State the meaning of the term molecular ion.
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Page 17 of 62
(b) (i) Use the following data to show that the trace gas was dinitrogen oxide (N2O).
Show your working.
Atom Precise relative atomic

mass
12
C 12.00000
14
N 14.00307
16
O 15.99491
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(1)
(ii) Propane is used as a fuel in the fertiliser factory. State why both propane and
its combustion product, carbon dioxide, might have been identified as the
trace gas if the scientist had used relative molecular masses calculated to one
decimal place.
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(1)
(iii) State why the precise relative atomic mass for the 12C isotope is exactly
12.00000
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(c) Dinitrogen oxide is formed when ammonia is oxidised according to the following
equation.
2NH3(g) + 2O2(g) → N2O(g) + 3H2O(l)
(i) Use the standard enthalpies of formation in the table below to calculate a
value for the standard enthalpy change of this reaction.
NH3(g) O2(g) N2O(g) H2O(l)
ΔHfο/ kJ mol–1 –46 0 +82 –286
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Page 18 of 62
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(3)
(ii) State one condition necessary for enthalpies of formation to be quoted as

standard values at a specified temperature of 298 K.
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q11.
Hess’s Law is used to calculate the enthalpy change in reactions for which it is difficult to
determine a value experimentally.
(a) State the meaning of the term enthalpy change.
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(1)
(b) State Hess’s Law.
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(c) Consider the following table of data and the scheme of reactions.
Reaction Enthalpy change / kJ mol–1
HCl(g) → H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) –75
H(g) + Cl(g) → HCl(g) –432
H(g) + Cl(g) → H+(g) + Cl–(g) +963
Use the data in the table, the scheme of reactions and Hess’s Law to calculate a
value for ∆Hr
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Page 19 of 62
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q12.
Barium can be extracted from barium oxide (BaO) in a process using aluminium.
A mixture of powdered barium oxide and powdered aluminium is heated strongly.
The equation for this extraction process is shown below.
3BaO(s) + 2Al(s) → 3Ba(s) + Al2O3(s)
Some standard enthalpies of formation are given in the table below.
Substance BaO(s) Al2O3(s)
∆Hf&ohbar;/kJ mol–1 –558 –1669
(a) (i) State what is meant by the term standard enthalpy of formation.
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(3)
(ii) State why the standard enthalpy of formation of barium and that of aluminium
are both zero.
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(iii) Use the data to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction shown
by the equation above.
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(b) (i) Suggest the major reason why this method of extracting barium is expensive.
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Page 20 of 62
(ii) Using barium oxide and aluminium powders increases the surface area of the
reactants. Suggest one reason why this increases the rate of reaction.
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(c) (i) Write an equation for the reaction of barium with water.
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(ii) A solution containing barium ions can be used to test for the presence of
sulfate ions in an aqueous solution of sodium sulfate.
Write the simplest ionic equation for the reaction which occurs and state
what is observed.
Simplest ionic equation
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Observation ____________________________________________________
(2)
(iii) State how barium sulfate can be used in medicine. Explain why this use is
possible, given that solutions containing barium ions are poisonous.
Use __________________________________________________________
Explanation ____________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)
Q13.
The combustion of hydrocarbons is an important source of energy.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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(3)
(b) (i) Write an equation for the complete combustion of ethane, C2H6.
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(ii) Use the standard enthalpies of formation given below to calculate the standard
enthalpy of combustion of ethane.
Formula and state of compound C2H6(g) CO2(g) H2O(l)
Page 21 of 62
Standard enthalpy of formation
–85 –394 –286
(at 298 K)/kJ mol–1
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(c) A container and its contents of total heat capacity 120 J K–1 were heated using a
methane burner. Calculate the maximum theoretical temperature rise when 0.10 g of
methane was completely burned. The standard enthalpy of combustion of methane
is –890 kJ mol–1.
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(4)
(Total 11 marks)
Q14.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, ∆Hfο
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(3)
(b) Use the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid
methylbenzene, C7H8
Substance C(s) H2(g) C7H8(l)
Standard enthalpy of combustion, ∆Hcο /kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –3909
7C(s) + 4H2(g) → C7H8(l)
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(3)
(c) An experiment was carried out to determine a value for the enthalpy of combustion
of liquid methylbenzene using the apparatus shown in the diagram.
Page 22 of 62
Burning 2.5 g of methylbenzene caused the temperature of 250 g of water to rise by
60°C. Use this information to calculate a value for the enthalpy of combustion of
methylbenzene, C7H8
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1. Ignore the heat capacity of the
container.)
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(4)
(d) A 25.0 cm3 sample of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid was mixed with 50.0 cm3 of a
1.00 mol dm–3 solution of sodium hydroxide. Both solutions were initially at 18.0 °C.
After mixing, the temperature of the final solution was 26.5°C.
Use this information to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change for the
following reaction.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
In your calculation, assume that the density of the final solution is 1.00 g cm–3 and
that its specific heat capacity is the same as that of water. (Ignore the heat capacity
of the container.)
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(e) Give one reason why your answer to part (d) has a much smaller experimental error
than your answer to part (c).
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(1)
(Total 15 marks)
Page 23 of 62
Q15.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion, ∆Hc&ohbar;
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(3)
(b) Use the mean bond enthalpy data from the table and the equation given below to
calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of propene. All substances
are in the gaseous state.
Bond C == C C—C C—H O == O O == C O—H
Mean bond enthalpy/

612 348 412 496 743 463
kJ mol–1
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(3)
(c) State why the standard enthalpy of formation, ∆Hfο, of oxygen is zero.
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(1)
(d) Use the data from the table below to calculate a more accurate value for the
standard enthalpy of combustion of propene.
Compound C3H6(g) CO2(g) H2O(g)
Standard enthalpy of formation,

+20 –394 –242
∆Hf ο/ kJ mol–1
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Page 24 of 62
(3)
(e) Explain why your answer to part (b) is a less accurate value than your answer to
part (d).
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Q16.
(a) Explain the meaning of the terms mean bond enthalpy and standard enthalpy of
formation.
Mean bond enthalpy __________________________________________________
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Standard enthalpy of formation __________________________________________
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(5)
(b) Some mean bond enthalpies are given below.
Bond N–H N–N N≡N H–O O–O
Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1 388 163 944 463 146
Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the following gas-phase
reaction between hydrazine, N2H4, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
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(3)
(c) Some standard enthalpies of formation are given below.
Page 25 of 62
N2H4(g) H2O2(g) H2O(g)
∆Hfο /kJ mol–1 +75 –133 –242
These data can be used to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (b).
N2H4(g) + 2H2O2(g) → N2(g) + 4H2O(g)
(i) State the value of ∆HfO for N2(g).
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(ii) Use the ∆HfO values from the table to calculate the enthalpy change for this
reaction.
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(4)
(d) Explain why the value obtained in part (b) is different from that obtained in part (c)
(ii).
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
Q17.
When 0.10 g of propane was burned the quantity of heat evolved was 5.0 kJ. The
enthalpy of combustion of propane in kJ mol−1 is
A −800
B −1500
C −2200
D −2900
(Total 1 mark)
Q18.
(a) The table below contains some mean bond enthalpy data.
Bond H–O O–O O=O
Page 26 of 62
Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1 463 146 496
The bonding in hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, can be represented by H–O–O–H. Use

these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction.
H2O2(g) → H2O2(g) + O2(g)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) The standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHf for methane, is –74.9 kJ mol–1. Write an
equation, including state symbols, for the reaction to which this enthalpy change
applies.
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) The enthalpy changes for the formation of atomic hydrogen and atomic carbon from
their respective elements in their standard states are as follows.
H2(g) → H(g) ΔH = +218 kJ mol–1
C(s) → C(g) ΔH = +715 kJ mol–1
(i) By reference to its structure, suggest why a large amount of heat energy is
required to produce free carbon atoms from solid carbon.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Parts (b) and (c) give enthalpy data for the formation of CH4(g), H(g) and C(g).
Use these data and Hess’s Law to calculate the value of the enthalpy change
for the following reaction.
CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(iii) Use your answer from part (c)(ii) to calculate a value for the mean bond
enthalpy of a C–H bond in methane.
Page 27 of 62
______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)
Q19.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) State Hess’s Law and use it, together with the data given in the table below, to
calculate the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction.
MgO(s) + 2HCl(g) → MgCl2(s) + H2O(l)
MgO HCl(g) MgCl2 H2 O
ΔHf /kJ mol–1 –602 –92 –642 –286
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(c) In an experiment, an excess of solid magnesium oxide was added to 50 cm3 of

3.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. The initial temperature of the solution was 21 °C.
After reaction, the temperature had risen to 53 °C. (The specific heat capacity of
water is 4.2 J K–1 g–1)
Use this information to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction of one mole of
magnesium oxide with hydrochloric acid. For your calculation you should assume
Page 28 of 62
that all the heat from the reaction is used to raise the temperature of 50 g of water.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(8)
(Total 15 marks)
Q20.
The table below contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.
Substance C(s) N2(g) H2O(g) CO2(g) NH4NO3(s)
ΔHf / kJ mol–1 0 0 –242 –394 –365
(a) Why are the values of the standard enthalpy of formation for carbon and nitrogen
zero?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) State Hess’s Law.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Page 29 of 62
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Use Hf data from the table to calculate a value for the enthalpy change for the
following reaction.
NH4NO3(s) + C(s) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) + CO2(g)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q21.
(a) What is the meaning of the term enthalpy change?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation of a compound.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the formation from its elements
of solid sodium sulphate, Na2SO4
______________________________________________________________
(5)
(c) State Hess’s Law.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d) Some standard enthalpy changes are difficult to measure directly but can be
determined from standard enthalpies of combustion.
Maleic acid, C4H4O4, reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water as shown
Page 30 of 62
by the following equation.
C4H4O4(s) + 3O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Use the standard enthalpy of combustion data given below to calculate a value for
the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction.
4C(s) + 2H2(g) + 2O2(g) → C4H4O4(s)
C4H4O4(s) C(s) H2(g)
ΔHc / kJ mol–1

–1356 –393.5 –285.8
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q22.
(a) Define the term standard molar enthalpy of formation, ΔHf .
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) State Hess’s law.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Propanone, CH3COCH3, burns in oxygen as shown by the equation
CH3COCH3(l) + 4 O2(g) → 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g)
Page 31 of 62
Use the data given below to calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of
propanone.
CO2(g) H2O(l) CH3COCH3(l)
ΔHf /kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –248
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q23.
Using the data below, which is the correct value for the standard enthalpy of formation for
TiCl4(l)?
C(s) + TiO2(s) + 2Cl2(g) → TiCl4(l) + CO2(g) ∆H = −232 kJ mol−1
Ti(s) + O2(g) → TiO2(s) = −912 kJ mol−1
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) = −394 kJ mol−1
A −1538 kJ mol−1
B −1094 kJ mol−1
C −750 kJ mol−1
D +286 kJ mol−1
(Total 1 mark)
Q24.
When ethanamide (CH3CONH2) burns in oxygen the carbon is converted into carbon
dioxide, the hydrogen is converted into water and the nitrogen forms nitrogen gas.
Substance ethanamide carbon water

dioxide
Enthalpy of formation ( ) / kJ −320 −394 −286

mol−1
Using the data above, which one of the following is a correct value for the enthalpy of
combustion of ethanamide?
A −1823 kJ mol−1
Page 32 of 62
B −1183 kJ mol−1
C −1000 kJ mol−1
D −360 kJ mo1−1
(Total 1 mark)
Q25.
In which one of the following reactions is the standard enthalpy change equal to the
standard enthalpy of formation of lithium fluoride?
A Li(g) + F(g) → LiF(s)
B Li+(g) + F−(g) → LiF(s)
C Li+(aq) + F−(g) → LiF(s)
D Li(s) + F2(g) → LiF(s)

(Total 1 mark)
Page 33 of 62
Mark schemes
Q1.
(a) 2Fe(s) + O2(g) ⟶ Fe2O3(s) ONLY
Don’t allow multiples. States must be shown
1
(b) M1 Correct cycle or equation

If M1 and M2 not awarded then M3 can be awarded for their
M2 divided by 3
1
M2 (3 × ΔfHCO2) = −19 + (−822) + 3(−111) − 0
(3 × ΔfHCO2) = −1174
1
M3 ΔfHCO2 = −391 kJ mol −1
−317 for 1 mark

+391 for 1 mark
1
Allow 2 sig fig or more
(c) M1 Correct Hess’s law cycle or equation

If M1 and M2 not awarded then M3 can be awarded for their
M2 divided by 6
1
M2 (6(N−H)) = 944 + 3(+436) + 92
(6(N−H)) = 2344
−391 for 1 mark
1
−1
M3 N−H = (+)391 kJ mol
1
Allow 2 sig fig or more
(d) Data book value derived from (a number of) different compounds (not just
different NH3 molecules)
1
[8]
Q2.
(a) C2H5OH(I) + 3O2(g) ⟶ 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(I)
1 mark for correct formulae and balancing
1
1 mark for all correct state symbols
1
(b) (Standard) enthalpy of formation

1
Difficult to prevent C reacting with O2 to form some CO2

1
(c) ΔH = ΣΔHc reactants − ΣΔHc products or a correct cycle

1
Page 34 of 62
OR ΔH = −393−(−283)
ΔH = −110 (kJ mol−1)
(d) Correctly drawn Hess’s law cycle

1
4 (Xe–F) = 252 + (2 × 158) = 568
Xe–F = 568 / 4
1
Xe–F = 142 (kJ mol−1))

1
(e) Mean bond enthalpy found by taking an average for Xe–F in a range of
compounds
1
[10]
Q3.
(a) The enthalpy / heat energy change when 1 mol (of a substance)
If enthalpy of formation definition given CE=O
NOT just ‘energy’
ALLOW alternatives for substance e.g.
molecule/compound/element
1
Is burned/reacts completely in oxygen
ALLOW reacts in excess oxygen
1
With all reactants and products in their standard states
OR
With all reactants and products in their normal states at
298K/given temp & 100kPa
ALLOW ‘everything’ for ‘reactants and products’
Penalise incorrect conditions if given
ALLOW ‘normal states under standard conditions’
1
(b) ∆H = Σ∆Hc(reactants) - Σ∆Hc (products)

OR
Correctly and fully balanced cycle
Correct answer scores 3
1
∆H = [3(-394) + 4(-286)] – (-2010)
OR
∆H = -2326 + 2010
M2 also scores M1
1
∆H = -316 (kJ mol-1)
+316 scores 1 mark only
IGNORE units
Check for AE in working – can award M3 as ecf (error carried
Page 35 of 62
forward) from M2 if M2 not given due to AE
1
(c) ∆H/-1893 = ΣB(reactants) - ΣB(products)

OR
∆H/-1893 = ΣBonds broken - ΣBonds formed
OR
∆H/-1893 = 2B(C-C) + 7B(C-H) + B(C-O) + B(O-H) + 4½ B(O=O) – 6B(C=O) –
8B(O-H)
Correct answer scores 3
1
-1893= 2B(C-C) + 7(412) + 360 + 463 + 4½(496) – 6(805) – 8(463)
OR
-1893= 2B(C-C) +5939 – 8534
OR
-1893= 2B(C-C) -2595
OR
2B(C-C) = 702
M2 also scores M1
May see no 463 in bonds broken and 7x463 in made (gives
5476 – 8071)
1
B(C-C) = (+)351(kJ mol-1)
If NOT 351 check for AE. This would lose M2, but could gain
M1 and M3
(+)234 scores 1 (due to 3(C-C))
NOT M3 from incorrect M2 unless incorrect M2 is due to AE
IGNORE units
If no other mark awarded then
ALLOW 1 if 5939 or 5476 or 8534 or 8071 seen
1
[9]
Q4.
(a) (i) 2C6H12O6 3CH3COCH3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O
Or multiples
1
(ii) to speed up the reaction

OR
(provide a) catalyst or catalyses the reaction or biological catalyst
OR
release / contain / provides an enzyme
Ignore “fermentation”
Ignore “to break down the glucose”
Not simply “enzyme” on its own
1
(b) (i) CH3CH(OH)CH3 + [O] CH3COCH3 + H2O

Any correct representation for the two organic structures.
Brackets not essential.
Not “sticks” for the structures in this case
1
Page 36 of 62
(ii) Secondary (alcohol) OR 2° (alcohol)
1
(c) M1 q = m c ΔT
OR q =150 × 4.18 × 8.0

Award full marks for correct answer
In M1, do not penalise incorrect cases in the formula
M2 = (±) 5016 (J) OR 5.016 (kJ) OR 5.02 (kJ)

(also scores M1)
M3 This mark is for dividing correctly the number of kJ by the number

of moles and arriving at a final answer in the range shown.
Using 0.00450 mol
therefore ΔH = − 1115 (kJ mol−1 )
OR − 1114.6 to − 1120 (kJ mol−1 )
Range (+)1114.6 to (+)1120 gains 2 marks
BUT − 1110 gains 3 marks and +1110 gains 2 marks
AND − 1100 gains 3 marks and +1100 gains 2 marks

In M1, do not penalise incorrect cases in the formula
Penalise M3 ONLY if correct numerical answer but sign is
incorrect; (+)1114.6 to (+)1120 gains 2 marks
Penalise M2 for arithmetic error and mark on
If ΔT = 281; score q = m c ΔT only
If c = 4.81 (leads to 5772) penalise M2 ONLY and mark on
for M3 = − 1283
Ignore incorrect units in M2
If units are given in M3 they must be either kJ or kJ mol−1 in this
case
3
(d) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure when

1 mol of a compound / substance / element
M2 is burned / combusts / reacts completely in oxygen

OR
burned / combusted / reacted in excess oxygen
M3 with (all) reactants and products / (all) substances in standard /

specified states
OR
(all) reactants and products / (all) substances in normal states under standard
conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and specified T / 298 K
For M3
Ignore reference to 1 atmosphere
3
(e) M1
Page 37 of 62
Σ B (reactants) − Σ B (products) = ΔH
OR
Sum of bonds broken − Sum of bonds formed = ΔH
OR
2B(C−C) + B(C=O) + 6B(C−H) + 4B(O=O) (LHS)
− 6B(C=O) − 6B(O−H) (RHS) = ΔH
M2 (also scores M1)

2(348)+805+6(412)+4(496) [LHS = 5957]
(696) (2472) (1984)
− 6(805) − 6(463) [RHS = (−) 7608] = ΔH
(4830) (2778)
OR using only bonds broken and formed (5152 − 6803)
M3
ΔH= − 1651 (kJ mol−1)
Candidates may use a cycle and gain full marks.

Correct answer gains full marks
Credit 1 mark for (+) 1651 (kJ mol−1)
For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as
follows
• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either a
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication / addition
error; this would score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires
either a correct cycle with 4O2, 3CO2 and 3H2O OR a clear statement of
M1 which could be in words and scores only M1
Allow a maximum of one mark if the only scoring point is
LHS = 5957 (or 5152) OR RHS = 7608 (or 6803)
Award 1 mark for + 1651
3
(f) For the two marks M1 and M2, any two from
• heat loss or not all heat transferred to the apparatus or heat absorbed by
the apparatus or (specific) heat capacity of the apparatus not considered
• incomplete combustion / not completely burned / reaction is not
complete
• The idea that the water may end up in the gaseous state (rather than
liquid)
• reactants and / or products may not be in standard states.
• MBE data refers to gaseous species but the enthalpy of combustion
refers to liquids in their standard states / liquid propanone and liquid
water in standard states
• MBE do not refer to specific compounds OR MBE values vary with
different compounds / molecules OR are average / mean values taken
from a range of compounds / molecules
Apply the list principle but ignore incomplete reasons that
contain correct chemistry
Ignore “evaporation”
Page 38 of 62
Ignore “faulty equipment”
Ignore “human error”
Not enough simply to state that “MBE are mean / average
values”
2
[15]
Q5.
(a) (i) M1 c(oncentrated) phosphoric acid / c(onc.) H3PO4
OR c(oncentrated) sulfuric acid / c(onc.) H2SO4
In M1, the acid must be concentrated.
Ignore an incorrect attempt at the correct formula that is
written in addition to the correct name.
M2 Re-circulate / re-cycle the (unreacted) ethene (and steam) / the

reactants
OR pass the gases over the catalyst several / many times
In M2, ignore “remove the ethanol”.
Credit “re-use”.
2
(ii) M1
(By Le Chatelier’s principle) the equilibrium is driven / shifts / moves to
the right / L to R / forwards / in the forward direction
M2 depends on a correct statement of M1

The equilibrium moves / shifts to
• oppose the addition of / increased concentration of / increased

moles / increased amount of water / steam
• to decrease the amount of steam / water
Mark M3 independently
M3 Yield of product / conversion increase OR ethanol increases / goes
up / gets more
3
(iii) M1 Poly(ethene) / polyethene / polythene / HDPE / LDPE
M2 At higher pressures
More / higher cost of electrical energy to pump / pumping cost
OR
Cost of higher pressure equipment / valves / gaskets / piping etc.
OR expensive equipment
Credit all converse arguments for M2
2
(b) M1 for balanced equation
M2 for state symbols in a correctly balanced equation
2C(s / graphite) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g) CH3CH2OH(l)

(C2H5OH)
Not multiples but credit correct state symbols in a correctly
balanced equation.
Page 39 of 62
Penalise C2H6O but credit correct state symbols in a correctly
balanced equation.
2
(c) (i) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure when 1 mol
of a compound / substance / element
If standard enthalpy of formation CE=0
M2 is burned / combusts / reacts completely in oxygen

OR burned / combusted / reacted in excess oxygen
M3 with (all) reactants and products / (all) substances in standard /

specified states
OR (all) reactants and products / (all) substances in normal states under
standard conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and specified T / 298 K
For M3
3
(ii) M1
ΣB(reactants) − ΣB(products) = ΔH
Credit 1 mark for (+) 1279 (kJ mol−1)
OR
Sum of bonds broken − Sum of bonds formed = ΔH
OR
B(C-C) + B(C-O) + B(O-H) + 5B(C-H) + 3B(O=O) (LHS)
− 4B(C=O) − 6B(O−H) (RHS) = ΔH
M2 (also scores M1)

348+360+463+5(412)+3(496) [LHS = 4719]
(2060) (1488)
− 4(805) − 6(463) [RHS = − 5998] = ΔH
(3220) (2778)
OR using only bonds broken and formed (4256 − 5535)
follows
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this would
score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
either a correct cycle with 2C and 6H and 7O OR a clear
statement of M1 which could be in words and scores only
M1
M3
ΔH= − 1279 (kJ mol−1)
Allow a maximum of one mark if the only scoring point is
LHS = 4719 OR RHS = 5998
Award 1 mark for +1279
Candidates may use a cycle and gain full marks
Page 40 of 62
3
(d) (i) Reducing agent OR reductant OR electron donor

OR to reduce the copper oxide
Not “reduction”.
Not “oxidation”.
Not “electron pair donor”.
1
(ii) CH3COOH
1
[17]
Q6.
(a) q = 500 × 4.18 × 40
Do not penalise precision.
1
= 83600 J
Accept this answer only.
Ignore conversion to 83.6 kJ if 83600 J shown.
Unit not required but penalise if wrong unit given.
Ignore the sign of the heat change.
An answer of 83.6 with no working scores one mark only.
An answer of 83600 with no working scores both marks.
1
(b) Moles (= 83.6 / 51.2) = 1.63

Using 77400 alternative gives 1.51 mol
Allow (a) in kJ / 51.2
1
Mass = 1.63 × 40(.0) = 65.2 (g)

Allow 65.3 (g)
Using 77400 alternative gives 60.4 to 60.5
Allow consequential answer on M1.
1 mark for Mr (shown, not implied) and 1 for calculation.
2
(c) Molarity = 1.63 / 0.500 = 3.26 mol dm–3

Allow (b) M1 × 2
Using 1.51 gives 3.02
1
(d) Container splitting and releasing irritant / corrosive chemicals

Must have reference to both aspects; splitting or leaking (can
be implied such as contact with body / hands) and
hazardous chemicals.
Allow ‘burns skin / hands’ as covering both points
Ignore any reference to ‘harmful’.
Page 41 of 62
Do not allow ‘toxic’.
1
(e) (i) 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3

Allow fractions / multiples in equation.
Ignore state symbols.
1
(ii) Iron powder particle size could be increased / surface area lessened
Decrease in particle size, chemical error = 0 / 3
Change in oxygen, chemical error = 0 / 3
1
Not all the iron reacts / less reaction / not all energy released / slower
release of energy / lower rate of reaction
Mark points M2 and M3 independently.
1
Correct consequence of M2
An appropriate consequence, for example
• too slow to warm the pouch effectively
• lower temperature reached
• waste of materials
1
(f) (i) Conserves resources / fewer disposal problems / less use of landfill / fewer
waste products
Must give a specific point.
Do not allow ‘does not need to be thrown away’ without
qualification.
Do not accept ‘no waste’.
1
(ii) Heat to / or above 80 °C (to allow thiosulfate to redissolve)

Accept ‘heat in boiling water’.
If steps are transposed, max 1 mark.
1
Allow to cool before using again

Reference to crystallisation here loses this mark.
1
[14]
Q7.
(a) (i) reduction OR reduced OR redox OR reduction–oxidation
Not “oxidation” alone
1
(ii) Fe3+ + 3e– Fe

Ignore state symbols
Do not penalise absence of charge on electron
Credit Fe3+ Fe – 3e–
Page 42 of 62
Credit multiples
1
(b) (i) Because (one of the following)
CO is not the only product OR

Reference to “incomplete combustion to form CO” does not
answer the question
(Some) complete combustion (also)occurs OR
CO2 is (also) formed
Further oxidation occurs

1
(ii) The enthalpy change / heat (energy) change at constant pressure in a reaction
is independent of the route / path taken (and depends only on the initial and
final states)
1
(iii) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure when 1 mol
of a compound / substance / element
For M1, credit correct reference to molecule/s or atom/s
M2 is burned completely / undergoes complete combustion in (excess)

oxygen
M3 with all reactants and products / all substances in standard states

For M3
OR all reactants and products / all substances in normal / specified states

under standard conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and specified T / 298 K
3
(c) M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression which must

have all ∆H symbols and the ∑)
Credit 1 mark ONLY for –1 (kJ mol–1)
M1 ∆Hr = ∑∆Hf (products) – ∑∆Hf (reactants)

Credit 1 mark ONLY for – 27 (kJ mol–1) i.e. assuming value
for Fe(l) = 0
OR correct cycle of balanced equations with 2Fe, 3C and 3O2
M2 ∆Hr = 2(+14) + 3(– 394) – (– 822) – 3(–111)
= 28 –1182 + 822 + 333
(This also scores M1)
M3 = (+) 1 (kJ mol–1)
(Award 1 mark ONLY for – 1)
Page 43 of 62
(Award 1 mark ONLY for – 27)
follows
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this
would score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
either a correct cycle with 2Fe, 3C and 3O2 OR a clear
statement of M1 which could be in words and scores
only M1
3
(d) (i) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

State symbols essential
Possible to include C(s, graphite)
1
(ii) These two enthalpy changes are for the same reaction / same equation /
same reactants and products
Penalise reference to CO2 being produced by a different
route
OR
They both make one mole of carbon dioxide only from carbon and oxygen
(or this idea clearly implied)
“both form CO2” is not sufficient (since other products might
occur e.g.CO)
OR
The same number and same type of bonds are broken and formed
1
[12]
Q8.
(a) One from
• Ti is not produced
• TiC / carbide is produced OR titanium reacts with carbon
• Product is brittle
• Product is a poor engineering material

Penalise “titanium carbonate”
Ignore “impure titanium”
Credit “titanium is brittle”
1
(b) Heat (energy) change at constant pressure

QoL
1
(c) The enthalpy change in a reaction is independent of
Page 44 of 62
the route taken (and depends only on the initial and final states)
Credit “heat change at constant pressure” as an alternative
to “enthalpy change”
1
(d) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure

when 1 mol of a compound / substance / product
For M1, credit correct reference to molecule/s or atom/s
M2 is formed from its (constituent) elements
M3 with all reactants and products / all substances in

standard states
OR all reactants and products / all substances in normal

states under standard conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and any
specified T (usually 298 K)
3
(e) (i) Na / it is not in its standard state / normal state under

standard conditions
OR
Standard state / normal state under standard conditions

for Na is solid / (s)
QoL
Ignore “sodium is a liquid or sodium is not a solid”
1
(ii) M1 ∆Hr = ∑∆Hf (products) - ∑∆Hf (reactants)
M2 ∆Hr = 4(−411) − (−720) − 4(+3)

= −1644 + 720 − 12
M3 = −936 (kJ mol−1)

Credit 1 mark for + 936 (kJ mol−1)
Credit 1 mark for – 924 (kJ mol−1)
i.e. assuming value for Na(l) = 0
follows
would
score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
either
a correct cycle with 2Cl2 and 4Na OR a clear complete
statement of M1 which could be in words and scores
only M1
3
(iii) Reducing agent
Page 45 of 62
Ignore “reduces titanium”
OR reductant OR reduces TiCl4
OR electron donor
1
[7]
Q9.
(a) Enthalpy change for the formation of 1 mol of gaseous atoms
allow heat energy change for enthalpy change
1
From the element (in its standard state)

ignore reference to conditions
1
Enthalpy change to separate 1 mol of an ionic lattice/solid/compound

enthalpy change not required but penalise energy
1
Into (its component) gaseous ions

mark all points independently
1
(b) ΔHL = –ΔHf + ΔHa + I.E. + 1/2E(Cl-Cl) + EA

Or correct Born-Haber cycle drawn out
1
= +411 + 109 + 494 + 121 – 364

1
= +771 (kJ mol–1)

–771 scores 2/3
+892 scores 1/3
–51 scores 1/3
–892 scores zero
+51 scores zero ignore units
1
(c) (i) Ions are perfect spheres (or point charges)

1
Only electrostatic attraction/no covalent interaction

mention of molecules/intermolecular forces/covalent bonds
CE = 0
allow ionic bonding only
If mention of atoms CE = 0 for M2
1
(ii) Ionic
Allow no covalent character/bonding
1
(iii) Ionic with additional covalent bonding
Page 46 of 62
Or has covalent character/partially covalent
Allow mention of polarisation of ions or description of
polarisation
1
[11]
Q10.
(a) The molecular ion is
• The molecule with one/an electron knocked off/lost

Ignore the highest or biggest m/z peak
OR
• The molecule with a (single) positive charge
OR
• the ion with/it has the largest/highest/biggest m/z (value/ratio)

Ignore “the peak to the right”
OR
• the ion with/it has an m/z equal to the Mr

Ignore “compound”
1
(b) (i) 2(14.00307) + 15.99491 = 44.00105

A sum is needed to show this
1
(ii) Propane/C3H8 and carbon dioxide/CO2 (and N2O) or

they or both the gases/molecules or all three gases/molecules
have an (imprecise) Mr of 44.0 (OR 44)
OR
they have the same Mr or molecular mass (to one d.p)

This could be shown in a calculation of relative masses for
propane and carbon dioxide
1
(iii) By definition
OR
The standard/reference (value/isotope)

Ignore “element”
Ignore “atom”
1
(c) (i) M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression)
ΔH = ΣΔHproducts – ΣΔHreactants
OR a correct cycle of balanced equations
Page 47 of 62
M1 and M2 can be scored with correct moles as follows
ΔH + 2(– 46) = +82 + 3(– 286)
ΔH – 92 = – 776
ΔH = 92 – 776 OR 92 + 82 – 858
M3
ΔH = – 684 (kJ mol–1) (This is worth 3 marks)
Award 1 mark ONLY for + 684

Full marks for correct answer.
Ignore units.
Deduct one mark for an arithmetic error.
3
(ii) The value is quoted at a pressure of 100 kPa OR 1 bar or 105 Pa
OR
All reactants and products are in their standard states/their normal

states at 100 kPa or 1 bar
Ignore 1 atmosphere/101 kPa
Ignore “constant pressure”
1
[8]
Q11.
(a) Heat (energy) change at constant pressure
Ignore references to standard conditions, but credit specified
pressure.
1
(b) The enthalpy change/heat (energy) change (at constant pressure) in a

reaction is independent of the route/path taken (and depends only
on the initial and final states)
1
(c) ΔH + 963 = –75 – 432 OR ΔH + 963 = – 507 (M1)
ΔH = –75 – 432 – 963 (M1 and M2)
ΔH = –1470 (kJ mol–1)
Award 1 mark for + 1470

Ignore units.
Ignore numbers on the cycle
M1 and M2 can score for an arithmetic error
3
[5]
Q12.
(a) (i) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure
Page 48 of 62
when 1 mol of a compound / substance / product
1
M2 Is formed from its (constituent) elements

1
M3 With all reactants and products / all substances in

standard states
OR
All reactants and products / all substances in normal
states under standard conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and
specified T / 298 K
1
(ii) By definition
OR
Because they are elements
1
(iii) M1 ΔHf = ΣΔHf (products) – ΣΔHf(reactants)

1
M2 = –1669 – 3(–558)
1
M3 = (+) 5 (kJ mol–1)

Correct answer gains full marks.
Assume the value is positive unless specifically stated as
negative.
Credit 1 mark if – 5 (kJ mol–1).
follows:
would score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires either
a correct cycle with 3BaO OR a clear statement of M1
which could be in words and scores only M1
1
(b) (i) One from
• Aluminium is expensive (to extract OR due to electrolysis)
• High energy cost
• The cost of heating strongly

This requires a clear statement about cost
1
(ii) One from
• increase collision frequency
• OR more collisions
Page 49 of 62
• OR more chance of colliding
The answer MUST refer to more collisions.
Ignore “more available to collide”
1
(c) (i) Ba + 2H2O → Ba(OH)2 + H2

Allow multiples and correct ionic equations
1
(ii) M1 Ba2+ + SO42– → BaSO4

(or the ions together)
Allow crossed out Na+ ions, but penalise if not crossed out
1
M2 White precipitate / white solid

Ignore “milky”
1
(iii) M1 Barium meal or ( internal ) X-ray or to block X-rays

1
M2 BaSO4 / barium sulfate is insoluble (and therefore not toxic)

Accept a correct reference to M1 written in the explanation in
M2, unless contradictory.
For M2 NOT barium ions
NOT barium
NOT barium meal and NOT “It”.
Ignore radio-tracing.
1
[14]
Q13.
(a) The enthalpy change when 1 mol of a compound
1
is completely burnt in oxygen

1
under standard conditions, or 298K and 100kPA

1
(b) (i) C2H6 + 3½O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

1
(ii) ΔH = 2 × ΔHfο (CO2) + 3 × ΔHfο (H2O) – ΔHfο (C2H6)

1
= – 788 – 858 – (–85)

1
= – 1561 kJ mol–1
Page 50 of 62
(c) moles methane = = 6.25 × 10–3
1
kJ evolved = 6.25 × 10–3 × 890 = 5.56
1
5.56 × 103 joules = (mc)ΔT
1
ΔT = = 46.4 K
1
[11]
Q14.
(a) Enthalpy change when 1 mol of compound (1)
Is formed from it’s elements (1)
All substances in their standard state (1)

3
(b) ΔH = ΣΔHοc (reactants) – ΣΔHοc (products) (1)
= (7x – 394) + (4 x – 286) – (– 3909) (1)
= + 7 kJmol–1 (1)
3
(c) Heat change = m c ΔT (1)
= 250 × 4.18 × 60 = 62700J = 62.7kJ (1)
Moles C7H8 = 2.5 /92 = 0.0272 (1)
ΔH = 62.7 / 0.0272 = – 2307 kJ mol–1 (1)

(allow –2300 to –2323)
4
(d) Mass of water heated = 25 + 50 = 75g

Temp rise = 26.5 – 18 = 8.5 °C
both for (1) mark
Heat change = 75 × 4.18 × 8.5 = 2665 J = 2.665 kJ (1)
Moles HCl = 0.05 (1)
ΔH = – 2.665 / 0.05 = –53.3 kJmol–1 (1)

(allow –53 to –54)
4
(e) Less heat loss (1)

1
[15]
Page 51 of 62
Q15.
(a) enthalpy change/ heat energy change when 1 mol of a substance
1
is completely burned in oxygen

1
at 298K and 100 kPa or standard conditions

1
(not 1atm)
(b) ∆H = ∑ bonds broken – ∑ bonds formed

1
= (6 × 412) + 612 +348 + (4.5 × 496) – ((6 × 743) + (6 × 463))

1
= – 1572 kJ mol–1
(c) by definition ∆Hf is formation from an element

1
(d) ∆Hc = ∑ ∆Hf products -∑ ∆Hf reactants or cycle

1
= (3 × – 394) + (3 × –242) – (+20)

1
= − 1928 kJ mol–1
(e) bond enthalpies are mean/average values

1
from a range of compounds

1
[12]
Q16.
(a) enthalpy (or energy) to break (or dissociate) a bond;
1
averaged over different molecules (environments);

1
enthalpy (or heat energy) change when one mole of a compound;

1
is formed from its elements;

1
in their standard states;

1
(b) enthalpy change = Σ(bonds broken) – Σ(bonds formed) or cycle;

1
Page 52 of 62
= 4 × 388 +163 + 2 × 146 + 4 × 463 – (944 + 8 × 463);
(or similar)
1
= –789;
(+ 789 scores 1 only)
1
(c) (i) zero;

1
(ii) AH = Σ (enthalpies of formation of products)

–Σ (enthalpies of formation of reactants)
1
= 4 × –242-(75 + 2 × –133);
1
= –777;
(+ 777 scores one only)
1
(d) mean bond enthalpies are not exact

(or indication that actual values are different from real
values)
1
[13]
Q17.
C
[1]
Q18.
(a) ΔH = Σ(bonds broken) – Σ(bonds formed) (or cycle)
1
= +146 – 496/2 (or 2 × 463 + 146 –(2 × 463 + 496/2)

1
= – 102 (kJ mol–1) (1)

(accept no units, wrong units loses a mark; +102 scores (1)
only)
1
(b) C(s) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g) equation (1) Correct state symbols (1)
2
(c) (i) Macromolecular

(accept giant molecule or carbon has many (4) bonds)
1
(ii) ΔH = ΣΔHf(products) – ΣΔHf (reactants) (or cycle)

1
= 715 + 4 × 218 – (–74.9)

1
Page 53 of 62
= 1662 (kJ mol–1)
(accept no units, wrong units loses one mark,
allow 1660 to 1663, –1662 scores one mark only)
1
(iii) 1662/4 = 415.5

(mark is for divide by four, allow if answer to (c)(ii) is wrong)
1
[10]
Q19.
(a) (i) enthalpy (or heat or heat energy) change when
1 mol of a substance (1) (QL mark) is formed from its elements (1)
all substances in their standard states (1) (or normal states at 298K,
100 kPa or std condits)
not STP, NTP
3
(b) enthalpy change (or enthalpy of reaction) is independent of route (1)
ΔH = ΣΔHf prods - ΣΔHf reactants (or cycle) (1)

minimum correct cycle is:
ΔH = -642 – 286 – (–602 + 2 × –92) (1)

= –142 (kJ mol–1) (1)
penalise this mark for wrong units
+142 scores 1 mark out of the last three
4
(c) ΔH = mcT (1) (or mcΔT)

= 50 × 4.2 × 32 = 6720 J = 6.72J (1)
mark is for 6720 J or 6.72 kJ
moles HCl = × conc = × 3 (1)
= 0.15 (1)
if error here mark on conseq.
Therefore moles of MgO reacted = moles HCl/2 (1)

(mark is for/2, CE if not/2)
= 0.15/2 = 0.075
Therefore ΔH = 6.72/0.075 (1)

= –90 kJ (mol–1)
kJ must be given, allow 89 to 91
value (1)
sign (1); this mark can be given despite CE for /2
8
Page 54 of 62
Note various combinations of answers to part (c) score as follows:
–89 to –91 kJ (8) (or –89000 to 91000J)

no units (7)
+89 to +91 kJ (7) (or + 89000 to +91000J)

no units (6)
–44 to –46 kJ (5) (or -44000 to -46000J)

no units (4) if units after 6.72 or 6720 (5)
+44 to +46 kJ (4) (or +44000 to + 46000)

if no units and
if no units after 6.72 or 6720 (3)
otherwise check, could be (4)
[15]
Q20.
(a) They are elements (1)
Ignore irrelevant comments
1
(b) Enthalpy change (1)

or heat energy change or heat change or ΔH or any named
enthalpy change C.E. if change not mentioned
Independent of route (1)

OR depends on initial and final states
Only give second mark if first mark awarded except allow if
energy used instead of enthalpy
2
(c) ΔH = ΣΔHf (products) - ΣΔHf (reactants) (1) (Or a cycle)

= 2 × –242 + ½ × –394 – (–365) (1) (also implies first mark)
= -316 kJ mol–1 (1)
3
Ignore no units penalise wrong units
+316 scores 1/3
[6]
Q21.
(a) Heat energy change (1)
Not energy on its own
measured at constant pressure (1)

Mark separately, ignore constant temperature statements
2
(b) (i) Enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance (or compound / product) (1)
is formed from its constituent elements (1) in their standard states (1)
under standard conditions (1)
Mark separately
Page 55 of 62
(ii) 2Na(s) + S(s) + 2O2(g) → Na2SO4(s)
Balanced (1) State symbols (1), but only if all species are
correct
Allow S8 (s)
5
(c) Enthalpy change is independent of reaction route (1)

Penalise incorrect additional statements
1
(d)
–1356 + (2 × 285.8) + (4 × 393.5) + ΔHfC4H4O4 = 0
ΔHf = –789.6 kJ mol–1
If answer is incorrect:
Score +789.6 two marks
Score (× 1); (× 2) and (× 4) for species - one mark
If an incorrect negative answer given check for AE for loss of
one mark
3
[11]
Q22.
(a) (Enthalpy change) when 1 mol (1) of a compound is formed
from its constituent elements (1) in their standard states (1)
3
Allow energy or heat, Ignore evolved or absorbed
Mark each point independently
(b) (The enthalpy change for a reaction is) independent of the route (1)
1
(c) ΔHR = Hf products - Hf reactants (1)

= [(3 × -286) + (3 × -394)] - (-248) (1)
= -1792 (1) (kJ mol–1)
Deduct one mark for each error to zero
3
[7]
Page 56 of 62
Q23.
C
[1]
Q24.
B
[1]
Q25.
D
[1]
Page 57 of 62
Examiner reports
Q1.
(a) This was poorly answered, with many students missing state symbols and balancing
the equation incorrectly. Only the best students (24.6%) gained the mark here.
(b) This proved challenging compared to questions set in the previous specification
from this topic area. 34.3% of students failed to pick up even one mark.
(c) Again challenging for all but the best students, only 26.3% scored more than one
mark.
(d) This was not as well answered as might have been expected. The fact that mean
bond enthalpies are calculated using a range of compounds was not well
understood.
Q3.
Two-thirds of the marks in this enthalpy-based question involved students being able to
carry out calculations based on Hess’ Law and, as always, there was a divide between
those who could cope with such questions and those who couldn’t.
In part (a) the importance of learning definitions was illustrated. Many students failed to
make clear that all reactants and products need to be in their standard states.
In questions such as part (b) students are strongly advised to start with a clear and
complete indication of the expression relating the enthalpy change of the reaction to the
data given or to draw out a clearly labelled cycle. Students who relied on the use of a
learned expression often got this wrong way round, possibly due to confusion with the use
of enthalpies of formation whereas, in this case, the data provided were enthalpies of
combustion.
In a question like part (c) students are strongly advised to sketch out the displayed
formulae of all reactants and products when working with bond energies. Failing to do so
in many cases meant that bonds were omitted or miscounted (3 × C-C in propan-1-ol was
often seen) by students.
Q4.
This question was answered well. Balancing the equation in part (a)i looks straightforward
when you know the answer, but it is quite demanding if you have to work it out, and
impressively half the students gave the correct answer. In part (b)i, it was necessary to
draw unambiguous structures both for propan-2-ol (not given in the question) and
propanone (given in part (a)i). The calculation in part (c) was well answered with the focus
on correct chemistry rather than on the number of significant figures and the mathematics
of rounding the final answer. The definition in part (d) was expected to be straightforward
and yet still resulted in only 40% gaining all three marks. As many as 45% gained all three
marks and 80% gained at least one mark from the very straightforward calculation in part
(e), with errors occurring because some students did not know the bonding either in
propanone or in carbon dioxide and used the unnecessary C−O that was given in the data
set. It was decided that the very straightforward idea of “heat loss”, in whatever context,
was worth only one mark in part (f) and that students needed to come up with other
reasons why the values in part (c) and part (e) differed; many were able to do so and this
led to 54% scoring both marks.
Page 58 of 62
Q5.
In part (a)(i), some students missed either the fact that the catalyst has to be a
concentrated strong acid or that the unreacted ethene is re-circulated to achieve an
overall yield of 95% and this meant that only a small number of students scored both
marks. Considerable latitude was allowed in the responses for part (a)(ii), since it was
clear that many students did not really understand what was happening in this process
and this approach to the marking enabled the majority of students to gain at least two
marks out of three. In part (a)(iii), some students recognised the possibility of poly(ethene)
being formed and approximately 17% of students gained both marks.
It has been a while since a question like part (b) has been asked and it was not well
answered with few students gaining full marks and over half scoring zero. Balancing the
correct equation and then including the correct state symbols were both needed for full
marks. Parts (c) and (d) proved straightforward for many and full marks were seen from
over a third of students in each of parts (c)(i) and (c)(ii), respectively.
Q6.
Section B proved more demanding. In part (a), the calculation had similar faults to
Question 5 but some students failed to read that the answer was to be in Joules - an
answer in kJ was penalized unless there was a clear correct answer in the working. Part
(b) and part (c) were well done though the alternative answer to part (a) was frequently
used in these. In part (d), only a few students failed to highlight the need for the bag to
split or the chemicals to come into contact with skin / hands. Part (e)(i) indicated that a
considerable number of students found difficulties with the equation; common errors were
the wrong formula for iron (III) oxide, the inclusion of ions on the reagent side of the
equation and using Fe2 for the metal. Part (e)(ii) contained many good partial answers but
there was a significant failure to focus finally on why longer times might not be an
advantage. In part (f)(i), the main errors were to re-state the question about being
reusable or to indicate that there would be no waste following use of these handwarmers.
There were some vague answers to part (f)(ii) which referred to ’heating’ the bag or
’keeping it in a warm place’ and, for some, the contents were removed before further
treatment. Nevertheless, sensible answers were frequently seen.
Q7.
The thinking required in part (b)(i) proved too much for many and only a few were able to
state that, in practice, CO is not the only product and that some complete combustion to
form CO2 would occur. The answer of +1 kJ mol–1 was seen frequently in part (c), but
some were disconcerted by this value and sought to find an alternative. State symbols
were often missed in part (d)(i) and a clear statement in part (d)(ii) that the same reaction
occurs for the two specified standard enthalpies was not well understood.
Q8.
Overall, this was a relatively high-scoring question although only 26% of the candidates
stated that enthalpy change is the heat change at constant pressure in part (b). Definitions
continue to be learned poorly by a proportion of candidates and 15% of candidates failed
to score any marks in part (d).
Q9.
Answers to part (a) were disappointing. Very few candidates scored all four marks and the
Page 59 of 62
average score was less than half marks. Typical errors were a failure to mention the
formation of one mole of atoms and also to omit to state that the atoms and ions formed
should be gaseous. In part (b), only the best candidates gained full marks. Most
candidates either failed to use the correct enthalpy change for the formation of one mole
of chlorine atoms, using the bond enthalpy without halving it, or incorrectly doubled the
electron affinity of chlorine. In part (c)(i), very few candidates were able to give a full
explanation of the term perfect ionic model but answers to parts (c)(ii) and (c)(iii) were
usually correct.
Q10.
In part (a), candidates rarely knew the meaning of the term molecular ion. In part (b), most
could show why the answer for the precise Mr of N2O was 44.00105, but the fact that both
propane and carbon dioxide could be confused with N2O using Mr values to one decimal
place, was not always explained. In part (b)(iii), the idea that the precise Mr for the 12C
isotope is defined as exactly 12.00000 was poorly understood. The calculation proved
straightforward for many candidates with 65% gaining full marks. The common mistake
was an answer of +684 kJ mol–1. Only half of the candidates knew about a standard
pressure of 100 kPa in part (c)(ii).
Q11.
Only 20% of the candidates stated that enthalpy change is the heat change at constant
pressure, even though this is stated clearly in the specification. It was pleasing to see that
more than half the candidates could correctly apply Hess’s Law to an unfamiliar cycle and
arrive at the right answer for the specified enthalpy change.
Q12.
The range of answers given to the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of formation in
part (a)(i) indicated the variation in the ability of the candidates to learn basic information.
Application of that information in the remainder of part (a) was generally well done,
although too many candidates had their data the wrong way around in part (a)(iii).
Part (b) was answered correctly by approximately half of the candidates and there were
some good answers in each section of part (c). The ability to construct and balance
equations, including the simplest ionic equation in part (c)(ii), was made impossible for
those candidates who did not know that Ba2+ is the formula of the barium ion.
Q14.
Part (a) was generally well done by most candidates. The most common error was not
referring to standard states. The calculation in part (b) proved more demanding for
students than some previous enthalpy calculations with many candidates giving the
incorrect answer of –7kJmor\ A large number of candidates did not give the correct mass
or correct temperature rise in part (c) and therefore only scored the mark for the Q = mcΔt
equation. Many of the candidates who did calculate the heat evolved then failed to
calculate molar quantities. The calculation in part (d) proved very difficult for candidates
with very few scoring full marks. Common errors were incorrect mass, incorrect
temperature rise and lack of conversion to molar quantities. Candidates should know that
exothermic reactions are shown by a negative sign e.g. –53.3kJmol–1. In part (e) many
candidates failed to make the comparison regarding heat loss between the two
experiments.
Q15.
Page 60 of 62
More able candidates were able to obtain high marks in this question but the weaker
candidates found the calculations difficult. The definition in (a) was usually attempted well
with the majority of candidates scoring 3 marks. Answers to (b) discriminated between
candidates. There were several arithmetic errors in the calculation, and a few candidates
who did not know to subtract the sum of the bonds made from the sum of the bonds
broken leading to an incorrect sign in the final answer. Most candidates realised that
oxygen was an element in (c). Again the calculation in (d) discriminated well. A common
incorrect answer was 1888 kJmol–1 which was usually due to doing the calculation the
wrong way round. Weaker candidates also failed to take account of the 3 moles of water
and carbon dioxide in their calculation. The explanation of why answers to (b) were less
accurate than (a) was not done as well as expected with many candidates scoring one out
of the 2 marks. Candidates should know that mean bond enthalpies are averaged over a
range of compounds which contain the same bond, or from the same compound which
contains several of the same type of bond. A common incorrect answer here was ‘heat
loss’.
Q16.
More able candidates were able to obtain high marks for this question but less able
candidates found the calculations hard. In part (a) candidates lost a mark if they referred
to bond-formation instead of bond-breaking. Less able candidates were unable to explain
that mean bond enthalpy refers to an average of bonds where the environment is
different, usually due to existence in different molecules. In part (b) many candidates
provided incorrect answers because they did not work out the correct number of bonds
being broken or formed. For example, only the best candidates recognised that two O—O
bonds were broken. It was disappointing in part (c) (i) that many candidates did not
understand the question. It was quite common to find candidates attempting a calculation
using the equation, the enthalpy of formation values given in the table and an assumption
that the enthalpy change for the equation was zero. Answers to part (c) (ii) were more
usually correct though weaker candidates failed to take account of the two moles of
hydrogen peroxide and the four moles of water. Answers to part (d) were usually incorrect.
A common wrong answer was the statement 'Heat loss'.
Q18.
Good candidates were able to obtain high marks for this question but weak candidates
found it very difficult and marks of zero out of ten were not unusual. In part (a), a common
mistake was to use the O—O single bond enthalpy rather than the correct value for the
O=O double bond and also to use one mole of oxygen rather than half a mole. In part (b)
the balanced equation was usually correct but the state symbol for carbon was frequently
shown as gaseous rather than solid (or graphite). In Part (c) (i) only the best candidates
appeared to notice the wording in the question which required a reference to the structure
of solid carbon. Part (c) (ii) also proved to be a difficult question for weaker candidates
who rarely multiplied the enthalpy of formation of hydrogen atoms by the factor four. Also,
the enthalpy of formation of methane (–74.9 kJ mol–1) was usually added rather than
subtracted. Incorrect cycles and equations involving combustion of methane were also
common errors. Part (c) (iii) was answered well; the mark was awarded for dividing the
answer to part (c) (ii) by four.
Q19.
Most candidates answered this question well though it proved to be difficult to score
maximum marks. The definition of standard enthalpy of formation in part (a) was usually
correct though some candidates lost one mark because they did not make it clear that
reactants and products should be in their standard states. In part (b) good candidates
were able to score maximum marks but weaker candidates sometimes referred to energy
Page 61 of 62
rather than enthalpy when stating Hess’s Law and such candidates often predicted an
endothermic enthalpy change (+142 kJ mol-1) rather than an exothermic one. Part (c)
proved to be the most difficult part of this question. The major error was in the number of
moles of magnesium oxide. Most candidates assumed that the number of moles of MgO
would be the same as that of hydrochloric acid whereas it should have been half of that.
This error led to a value for the enthalpy change that was too small by a factor of two.
Such an answer resulted in the loss of three marks.
Q20.
This question was answered well by many candidates. Answers to part (a) were usually
correct. Most candidates provided good answers to part (b) but some lost marks because
they referred to energy or to enthalpy alone rather than to enthalpy change. In part (c) the
most common error was to invert signs leading to an answer of 316 kJ mol-1 rather than
to –316 kJ mol–1.
Q21.
The meaning of the term enthalpy change, required in part (a), was not well stated and
whilst many correctly referred to the heat energy change, most failed to state that this was
measured at constant pressure. Part (b) was well answered with many correct definitions
of the term standard enthalpy of formation of a compound though slightly fewer
candidates gave a correct equation with state symbols in section (ii). Hess’s Law was
correctly stated by many candidates and it is particularly pleasing to report that the
calculation required in part (d) was very well done.
Q22.
This question was very well answered and many candidates were able to score full marks.
Happily, as candidates showed working in part (c), part marks could be awarded when
incorrect answers were given.
Page 62 of 62

3.1.4.1 Enthalpy Change

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_______________________

Time: 244 min.

Marks: 238 marks

(b) Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.

ΔfHo/ kJ mol−1 −111 −822

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ⟶ 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) ΔH = −19 kJ mol−1

Show your working.

ΔfHo ____________________ kJ mol−1

(c) Some enthalpy data are given in Table 2.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⟶ 2NH3(g) −92

N2(g) ⟶ 2N(g) +944

H2(g) ⟶ 2H(g) +436

N−H bond enthalpy ____________________ kJ mol−1

Explain why this enthalpy change would be difficult to determine directly.

Enthalpy change ____________________________________________________

Enthalpy change = ________ kJ mol−1

Xe–F bond enthalpy = _____ kJ mol−1

(a) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

(b) The equation corresponding to the enthalpy of formation of propan-1-ol is shown.

Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of combustion data.

C(s) H2(g) CH3CH2CH2OH(I)

∆Hc⦵ / kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –2010

(c) An equation for the complete combustion of gaseous propan-1-ol is shown.

C–H C–O O–H C=O O=O

Bond enthalpy / kJ mol–

.......C6H12O6 .......CH3COCH3 + .......CO2 + .......H2O

(ii) Deduce the role of the bacteria in this reaction.

(b) Propanone is also formed by the oxidation of propan−2−ol.

(ii) State the class of alcohols to which propan−2−ol belongs.

(d) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

C−H C−C C−O O−H C=O O=O

CH3COCH3(g) + 4O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

(a) Ethanol can be produced by the hydration of ethene.

H2C=CH2(g) + H2O(g) CH3CH2OH(g) ΔH = −42 kJ mol−1

(i) Identify the catalyst used in this process.

(ii) Use your knowledge of equilibrium reactions to explain why a manufacturer

Deduce the identity of this solid.

(c) When ethanol is used as a fuel, it undergoes combustion.

(i) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

(ii) Consider these bond enthalpy data.

C–H C–C C–O O=O C=O O–H

Bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 412 348 360 496 805 463

CH3CH2OH(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

(i) Deduce the role of ethanol in this reaction.

Show your working.

Moles of NaOH ______________________________________________________

Mass of NaOH ______________________________________________________

(e) A commercial hand-warmer uses powdered iron sealed in a plastic container.

(ii) One version of an iron-oxygen hand-warmer advertises that it is designed to

Change to the iron ______________________________________________

(i) This type of hand-warmer is re-usable.

C(s,graphite) + O2(g) CO(g)

(ii) State Hess's Law.

(iii) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

Fe2O3(s) CO(g) Fe(l) CO2(g)

∆Hf/ kJ mol-1 - 822 - 111 +14 - 394

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(I) + 3CO2(g)

(b) Give the meaning of the term enthalpy change.

(c) State Hess’s Law.