Jee Final

Unit - I
1. Describe the overview of Java EE platform

Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE), formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), is a platform for developing and
running enterprise applications. It provides a collection of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), services, and specifications for
building scalable, reliable, and secure distributed applications.
The Java EE platform is built on top of the Java SE (Standard Edition) platform and includes additional APIs and services for
enterprise applications.
Features of the Java EE platform are:
1. Component model: Java EE applications are composed of reusable components that can be deployed and configured
independently.
2. Web services: Java EE supports the development of web services using technologies like SOAP (Simple Object Access
Protocol), REST (Representational State Transfer), and XML (eXtensible Markup Language).
3. Persistence: Java EE includes the Java Persistence API (JPA) for object-relational mapping and database access.
4. Security: Java EE provides a comprehensive security framework for securing applications, including authentication,
authorization, and encryption.
5. Transaction management: Java EE provides transaction management services for managing distributed transactions across
multiple resources.
6. Messaging: Java EE includes the Java Message Service (JMS) API for building messaging applications.
7. Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB): Java EE supports the development of EJBs, which are server-side components that
encapsulate business logic and can be accessed remotely.
Overall, the Java EE platform provides a robust and flexible framework for developing enterprise applications, making it a popular
choice for large-scale projects in various industries.
2. Explain the services provided by a J2EE container.

A J2EE container is a server-side runtime environment that provides a variety of services to J2EE applications.
These services include:
1. Component management: The container manages the lifecycle of J2EE components, including Enterprise JavaBeans
(EJBs), servlets, JavaServer Pages (JSPs), and JavaServer Faces (JSFs). It creates and initializes these components, and also
manages their destruction when they are no longer needed.
2. Transaction management: The container provides transaction management services, ensuring that J2EE components can
participate in distributed transactions across multiple resources, such as databases and message queues.
3. Security: The container provides a security framework for J2EE applications, including authentication, authorization, and
encryption. It ensures that J2EE components are accessed only by authorized users and that sensitive data is protected.
4. Resource pooling: The container manages pools of shared resources, such as database connections, message connections,
and threads. This helps to improve performance and scalability by reducing the overhead of creating and destroying
resources.
5. Naming and directory services: The container provides naming and directory services for J2EE components, allowing them
to be looked up and accessed by other components in the application.
6. Remote access: The container provides support for remote access to J2EE components, allowing them to be accessed from
other applications and systems.
7. Deployment and configuration: The container provides tools for deploying and configuring J2EE applications, making it
easy to manage the application lifecycle, from development to production.
Overall, the services provided by a J2EE container help to simplify the development and deployment of enterprise applications,
making it easier for developers to focus on business logic and application functionality.
3. Brief about different container types

In J2EE, there are two types of containers: web containers and EJB containers.
1. Web containers: A web container, also known as a servlet container, is responsible for managing the lifecycle of web
components such as servlets, JavaServer Pages (JSPs), and JavaServer Faces (JSFs). It provides services like request
handling, session management, and URL mapping. A web container is typically embedded within a web server and is
responsible for handling HTTP requests and responses.
2. EJB containers: An EJB container, also known as an application server or enterprise container, is responsible for managing
the lifecycle of Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs). It provides services like transaction management, security, and resource
pooling. EJB containers support three types of EJBs: session beans, entity beans, and message-driven beans. An EJB
container can be thought of as a higher-level container that sits on top of a web container.
3. Servlet Container: The Servlet container provides a runtime environment for web components that follow the Servlet API.
Servlets are server-side components that generate dynamic web content by processing HTTP requests and responses. The
Servlet container provides services such as session management, security, and concurrency control. It also manages the
lifecycle of Servlets, including creating, initializing, and destroying them.
4. Portlet Container: The Portlet container provides a runtime environment for web components that follow the Portlet API.
Portlets are server-side components used to build web portals that generate dynamic web content. The Portlet container
provides services such as session management, security, and concurrency control. It also manages the lifecycle of Portlets,
including creating, initializing, and destroying them.
5. Application Client Container: The Application Client container provides a runtime environment for client-side components
that are used to access the services provided by a J2EE server. These components are typically written in Java and are
executed on the client-side. The Application Client container provides services such as remote communication and security.
The J2EE platform provides various container types that provide a runtime environment for different types of components. The
containers provide a range of services such as transaction management, security, and resource pooling, and manage the lifecycle of the
components.
4. Explain about distributed multitiered applications with a neat diagram(3-tier architecture). (8) 19
Explain in detail about various Tiers available in systems architecture. (8) 21,20
Write short note on Business tier components.(4) 19
Distributed multitiered applications are applications that are divided into multiple tiers or layers that are distributed across different
physical or logical servers. This architecture provides several benefits, including scalability, reliability, and flexibility.
In J2EE, the architecture of distributed multitiered applications is typically organized into four tiers: client, web, business, and
enterprise information system (EIS).
Here's a brief explanation of each tier, along with a diagram:

1. Client tier: The client tier is the user interface layer of the application, where users interact with the application. It can be a
web browser, a desktop application, or a mobile application. The client tier sends requests to the web tier, and receives
responses from the web tier.
2. Web tier: The web tier is responsible for handling HTTP requests and responses. It consists of a web server and a web
container, which manage web components like servlets, JavaServer Pages (JSPs), and JavaServer Faces (JSFs). The web tier
communicates with the business tier to process user requests and generate responses.
3. Business tier: The business tier contains the business logic and data processing logic of the application. It consists of
Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs), which are managed by an EJB container. The business tier communicates with the web tier to
receive user requests and send responses, and communicates with the EIS tier to access data.
4. EIS tier: The EIS tier is responsible for managing the data and resources used by the application. It can include databases,
message queues, and other external systems. The business tier communicates with the EIS tier to access data and perform
transactions.
Here is a diagram of the J2EE multi tiered architecture:

+-----------------------+
| Client |
+-----------------------+
|
+-----------------------+
| Web Tier |
+-----------------------+
|
+-----------------------+
| Business Tier |
+-----------------------+
|
+-----------------------+
| EIS Tier |
+-----------------------+
In this architecture, each tier is designed to be modular and scalable, allowing for flexibility and easy maintenance. By separating the
application into different tiers, developers can focus on specific areas of functionality and avoid coupling between different
components.
5. Write short notes on JEE clients. (4) 19

In JEE, clients are the applications or devices that interact with JEE components to use the services provided by the JEE server.
There are various types of clients in JEE:
1. Web clients: Web clients are the most common type of clients in JEE. They are typically web browsers, mobile devices, or
web services that use HTTP or HTTPS to communicate with the JEE server. Web clients can access JEE components like
servlets, JSPs, and JSF components. Web clients are easy to deploy and manage, and are suitable for lightweight applications.
2. Application clients: Application clients are standalone programs that are executed on the client-side. They can access JEE
components like EJBs and web services through JNDI (Java Naming and Directory Interface) lookup. Application clients are
suitable for applications that require a richer user interface or more complex processing.
3. Java applets: Java applets are small Java programs that run inside a web browser. They can access JEE components like
servlets and JSPs. Java applets are suitable for lightweight applications that require a richer user interface than web clients.
4. Java Web Start clients: Java Web Start clients are standalone programs that can be launched from a web page. They can
access JEE components like EJBs and web services. Java Web Start clients are suitable for applications that require a richer
user interface than web clients and need to be installed and launched from a web page.
5. Remote clients: Remote clients are clients that access JEE components from a different machine or network. They can use
protocols like RMI or CORBA to communicate with the JEE server. Remote clients can be web clients, application clients, or
Java applets.
6. List the differences between a Web Application and an Enterprise Application. 19

Feature Web Application Enterprise Application
Scope Accessed over the internet/intranet Designed for internal network use
Architecture Client-server Multitier
Complexity Relatively simple Complex and feature-rich
User Interface Simple Can be more complex
Functionality Narrow set of functionalities Wide range of functionalities
Scalability Horizontal scalability Vertical scalability
Standards/Technologies Servlets, JSP, JSF, etc. EJB, JPA, JMS, JTA, etc.
Performance Slower Faster
Platform Independence Platform independent Platform dependent
Unit - II
7. What are the advantages of Servlets over CGI?

What are the advantages of Servlets over CGI? Explain the lifecycle methods of a Servlet. 21,19
Advantages of Servlets over CGI:

1. Performance: Servlets are faster than CGI because servlets are loaded into memory once and then handle multiple requests.
CGI, on the other hand, has to start a new process for each request, which can be slow and resource-intensive.
2. Platform Independence: Servlets are platform-independent because they are written in Java and can run on any platform
that supports the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). CGI, on the other hand, is platform-dependent because it is written in a
scripting language and requires an interpreter to run.
3. Multithreading: Servlets are multithreaded, which means that they can handle multiple requests simultaneously. CGI, on the
other hand, is single-threaded, which means that it can only handle one request at a time.
4. Persistence: Servlets can maintain state between requests using session management techniques, whereas CGI does not have
this capability. This can be useful for applications that require user authentication or personalized content.
5. Easy to Develop: Servlets are easy to develop because they are written in Java, which is a widely used and well-supported
programming language. In contrast, CGI requires knowledge of a scripting language and can be more difficult to develop and
maintain.
7. (i)What are Servlets? What are the major tasks done by Servlets? (8) 21 20
Servlets are Java-based server-side components used to develop web applications that run on a web server or application server. They
receive requests from web clients, process them, and return responses to the clients. Servlets are managed by a container that provides
various services such as thread management, lifecycle management, security, and other services.
The major tasks done by Servlets include:

1. Handling HTTP requests: Servlets can handle various types of HTTP requests such as GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.
They can read the request parameters, headers, and body to process the request.
2. Generating dynamic content: Servlets can generate dynamic content such as HTML, XML, JSON, and other formats based
on the data received in the request. They can also access databases and other resources to generate the response.
3. Managing sessions: Servlets can create and manage sessions for clients using various session management techniques such
as cookies, URL rewriting, and session tracking.
4. Handling errors: Servlets can handle errors and exceptions that occur during the processing of the request and send
appropriate error messages to the client.
5. Implementing security: Servlets can implement security features such as authentication and authorization using various
techniques such as SSL, digital certificates, and user authentication.
8. Discuss the differences between JSP and Servlet

What is JSP? Compare JSP with Servlets. 20
Feature JSP Servlet
Purpose Used to create web pages with dynamic content Used to handle dynamic requests and responses
Coding Style Page-centric (HTML + Java code) Code-centric (Java code + HTML as strings)
Generates HTML, XML, or other text-based

Output Generates HTML, XML, or other text-based formats
formats
Client Interaction Used for view generation for client interactions Used for handling client requests and responses
Syntax Use <% ... %> syntax for Java code embedding Use Java code directly inside methods
Easier to maintain for web designers and

Maintenance Easier to maintain for Java developers
front-end developers
Dynamic web pages, view rendering, template Web application development, RESTful services, and
Use Cases
engines, MVC frameworks, and form processing dynamic content delivery
9. Explain MVC architecture with a neat diagram

MVC (Model-View-Controller) is a design pattern that separates an application's data, user interface, and control logic into separate
components to promote better organization, modularity, and maintainability. In the context of Servlets, the MVC architecture is a
commonly used approach for developing web applications.
Here is a diagram that illustrates the MVC architecture of Servlet:
+---------------+ +------------------+
| Controller | <-- + User Request |
+---------------+ +------------------+
^ |
| v
+---------------+ +------------------+
| Model | <-- + Data Access |
+---------------+ +------------------+
^ |
| v
+---------------+ +---------------------+
| View | <--+Server Response |
+---------------+ +---------------------+
In this architecture, the application is divided into three main components:

1. Model: The Model represents the application's data and business logic. It encapsulates data from the application and provides
an interface for manipulating that data. The Model component is responsible for retrieving data from a database or other data
source.
2. View: The View represents the application's user interface. It generates output (HTML, XML, etc.) that is sent back to the
client's browser. The View component is responsible for rendering the data provided by the Model in a user-friendly format.
3. Controller: The Controller is responsible for managing the flow of the application. It receives user input (in the form of
HTTP requests), updates the Model as needed, and selects the appropriate View to generate the response. The Controller
component acts as an intermediary between the Model and the View components.
10. Explain the life cycle methods of a Servlet with a neat diagram
The life cycle of a Servlet is the sequence of stages that a Servlet goes through from its initialization to its destruction. Understanding
the life cycle of a Servlet is important because it helps in understanding how a Servlet processes incoming requests and generates
responses.
Here is a diagram that shows the different stages in the life cycle of a Servlet:
+---------------+ +---------------+
|Initialization| | Destruction |
| (init() ) | | (destroy()) |
+---------------+ +---------------+
^ ^
| |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| Service | | Waiting |
| (service()) | | (no requests) |
+---------------+ +---------------+
The life cycle of a Servlet consists of four stages:

1. Initialization: The first stage in the life cycle of a Servlet is its initialization. When a Servlet is first loaded into memory, its
init() method is called by the container. The init() method is responsible for initializing the Servlet and performing any
necessary setup tasks. The init() method is called only once during the lifetime of the Servlet.
2. Service: The second stage in the life cycle of a Servlet is its service stage. When the container receives a request from a client
for the Servlet, it creates a new thread to handle the request and calls the Servlet's service() method. The service() method is
responsible for processing the request and generating a response. The service() method is called once per request.
3. Waiting: After the response has been sent to the client, the Servlet enters the waiting stage. In this stage, the Servlet is idle
and waiting for the next request to arrive. The container keeps the Servlet in memory so that it can respond quickly to
subsequent requests.
4. Destruction: The final stage in the life cycle of a Servlet is its destruction. When the container decides to remove a Servlet
from memory (e.g., when the application is shut down or the Servlet is no longer needed), it calls the Servlet's destroy()
method. The destroy() method is responsible for cleaning up any resources held by the Servlet (e.g., closing database
connections, releasing file handles, etc.). The destroy() method is called only once during the lifetime of the Servlet.
11. How to handle Sessions using Servlets? Explain with syntax and examples.(8) 21 20
Explain how session tracking is accomplished in Servlets.
Session tracking in Servlets is the process of maintaining the state of a user's interaction with a web application across multiple
requests. This is important because HTTP is a stateless protocol, meaning that each request/response cycle is independent of previous
and future requests. Servlets use a technique called session tracking to maintain state and keep track of user activity.
There are several ways to accomplish session tracking in Servlets:

1. Cookies: A cookie is a small piece of data that is sent from the server to the client and then returned to the server with each
subsequent request. Servlets can use cookies to store information about the user's session, such as an ID or a token, which can
be used to retrieve session data on subsequent requests.
2. URL Rewriting: Servlets can also use URL rewriting to maintain session state. In URL rewriting, the Servlet adds a session
ID or token to the URL of each page the user visits. This ID is then passed back to the server on subsequent requests,
allowing the Servlet to retrieve session data.
3. Hidden Form Fields: Servlets can also use hidden form fields to maintain session state. In this approach, the Servlet
generates a form with a hidden field that contains the session ID. When the form is submitted, the ID is sent back to the
server, allowing the Servlet to retrieve session data.
4. HttpSession: The HttpSession API provides a more robust and secure way to maintain session state. When a user first
interacts with a Servlet, the Servlet can create a HttpSession object and store session data in it. The HttpSession object is then
associated with the user's session ID, which can be stored in a cookie, URL, or hidden form field. The HttpSession API
provides methods to set and get session attributes, invalidate the session, and get information about the session, such as the
creation time and last access time.
12. Illustrate how cookies are created and used in Servlets.
How to create, read and write into Cookies using Servlet? Explain with syntax and examples.(8) 21
With a code snippet, demonstrate how to create, delete and get cookies. (8) 19
Here's an explanation with syntax and examples:

Creating a Cookie:
To create a cookie in a Servlet, you need to create a Cookie object and set its name and value. For example, the following code creates
a cookie named "username" with a value of "John":
Cookie usernameCookie = new Cookie("username", "John");
we can also set additional properties of the cookie such as its maximum age, domain, and path. For example, the following code sets
the maximum age of the cookie to 24 hours:
usernameCookie.setMaxAge(24 * 60 * 60);
// 24 hours in seconds
Adding a Cookie to the Response:

Once you have created a cookie, you can add it to the response object so that it is sent to the client. For example, the following code
adds the "username" cookie to the response:
response.addCookie(usernameCookie);
Reading a Cookie:
To read a cookie in a Servlet, you need to retrieve it from the request object. For example, the following code retrieves the "username"
cookie from the request:
Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies();
if (cookies != null)
{
for (Cookie cookie : cookies)
{ if (cookie.getName().equals("username"))
{ String username = cookie.getValue();
// do something with the username
}}}
Writing to a Cookie:
To update the value of a cookie in a Servlet, you need to create a new cookie with the same name and updated value, and then add it to
the response object. For example, the following code updates the value of the "username" cookie to "Jane":
Cookie updatedCookie = new Cookie("username", "Jane");
response.addCookie(updatedCookie);
Deleting a Cookie:
To delete a cookie in a Servlet, you need to create a new cookie with the same name and a maximum age of 0, and then add it to the
response object. For example, the following code deletes the "username" cookie:
Cookie deletedCookie = new Cookie("username", "");
deletedCookie.setMaxAge(0);
response.addCookie(deletedCookie);
13. Explain about Client Http Request and Server Http Response. (HttpServletRequest (4) 19)
In a J2EE web application, the client sends an HTTP request to the server, and the server sends back an HTTP response.
Client HTTP Request:

A client HTTP request is a message sent by a client, typically a web browser, to a web server. The request includes the following
components:
1. Request Line: The request line specifies the HTTP method, the URL of the resource being requested, and the HTTP version
being used.
2. Request Headers: The request headers contain additional information about the request, such as the type of data being sent,
the client's browser information, and any authentication information.
3. Request Body: The request body contains any data that the client is sending to the server, such as form data or file uploads.
Server HTTP Response:
A server HTTP response is a message sent by the web server to the client in response to a client request. The response includes the
following components:
1. Status Line: The status line specifies the HTTP version being used, the status code indicating the success or failure of the
request, and a brief description of the status.
2. Response Headers: The response headers contain additional information about the response, such as the content type of the
data being sent, the server's software version, and any caching information.
3. Response Body: The response body contains the actual data being sent back to the client, such as an HTML page or an
image.
14. Write code to show how a Servlet reads the form parameters.
How are Form data processed by Servlets? Explain with examples. (8) 21
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class FormServlet extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html"); // Set the content type of the response
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); // Get the PrintWriter object to write the response
// Read the form parameters from the request

String name = request.getParameter("name");
String email = request.getParameter("email");
// Generate the HTML response

out.println("<html>");
out.println("<head><title>Form Response</title></head>");
out.println("<body>");
out.println("<h1>Form Response</h1>");
out.println("<p>Name: " + name + "</p>");
out.println("<p>Email: " + email + "</p>");
out.println("</body></html>");
}
}
In this example, we override the doGet method of the HttpServlet class to handle GET requests.
First, we set the content type of the response to "text/html". Then, we get the PrintWriter object to write the response.
Next, we read the form parameters from the HttpServletRequest object using the getParameter method. We pass the name of the form
input field as the argument to this method to get its value.
Finally, we generate the HTML response using the PrintWriter object. We use the println method to output HTML tags and text, and
we concatenate the form parameter values into the HTML output using the string concatenation operator +.
15. Briefly explain RequestDispatcher Interface with a suitable example. (HttpServletRequest)

Explain the following Servlets (i) Request (ii) Response (iii) Redirecting a page. 20
The RequestDispatcher interface in J2EE provides a way for a servlet to forward a request to another servlet or JSP page on the same
server, or to include the response from another servlet or JSP page in the current response. This can be useful in creating modular web
applications where different components handle different parts of the request processing.
Here's an example of how the RequestDispatcher interface can be used in a servlet:
Suppose we have two servlets - MyServlet1 and MyServlet2. We want to forward a request from MyServlet1 to MyServlet2 and
include the response from MyServlet2 in the response sent back to the client.
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class MyServlet1 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

// Forward the request to MyServlet2

RequestDispatcher dispatcher = request.getRequestDispatcher("/MyServlet2");
dispatcher.forward(request, response);
// Include the response from MyServlet2 in the current response

RequestDispatcher dispatcher = request.getRequestDispatcher("/MyServlet2");
dispatcher.include(request, response);
// Output some additional text

response.getWriter().write("<h1>End of MyServlet1 response</h1>");
}
}
public class MyServlet2 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
// Output some text
response.getWriter().write("<h1>Response from MyServlet2</h1>");
}
}
In this example, MyServlet1 forwards the request to MyServlet2 using the forward method of the RequestDispatcher interface. The
argument to this method is the URL pattern of MyServlet2, which is "/MyServlet2". The forward method transfers control to
MyServlet2 and passes the request and response objects to it.
After MyServlet2 processes the request, it returns the response to MyServlet1. MyServlet1 then includes the response from
MyServlet2 in the current response using the include method of the RequestDispatcher interface.
Finally, MyServlet1 outputs some additional text to complete the response. Note that this text is sent to the client after the response
from MyServlet2 is included, since the include method does not return control to MyServlet1 until the included response is complete.
(i) Request Servlet:

The Request Servlet is responsible for handling HTTP requests sent by a web client. The HttpServletRequest object represents the
request that is sent by the client. This object provides methods to access the request parameters, headers, cookies, and other
request-related information. The Request Servlet can read the request data and perform some action based on the request. For
example, it can retrieve data from a database, perform some calculations, and generate a response.
(ii) Response Servlet:
The Response Servlet is responsible for generating HTTP responses that are sent back to the client. The HttpServletResponse object
represents the response that is sent by the server. This object provides methods to set response headers, cookies, and other
response-related information. The Response Servlet can generate a response in different formats such as HTML, XML, JSON, etc.,
depending on the requirements of the application. The Response Servlet can also set the status code of the response, which indicates
the success or failure of the request.
(iii) Redirecting a Page:
Redirecting a page is a common technique used in web development to redirect the client to a different URL. This can be achieved
using the HttpServletResponse.sendRedirect() method. This method takes a URL as a parameter and sends a response to the client
with the HTTP status code 302, which indicates that the requested resource has been temporarily moved to a different location. The
client's browser then makes a new request to the redirected URL. The Redirecting a Page technique is often used when a page has
been moved to a new location, or when the client needs to be directed to a different part of the application.
Unit - III
16. Explain the importance of JSP technology. Draw the Model architecture of JSP.
Give the Model I and Model II architecture of JSP. 21
Model I architecture : - Model I architecture is also known as the JSP-only architecture, in which JSPs are used to implement the
entire application, including handling requests, processing business logic, and generating the response. This architecture is suitable for
small-scale applications with simple functionality.
Model I architecture Model II architecture
+----------+ +----------+
Request | Client |------->| Servlet |
+----------+ +----------+
|
+-----------+ v
| JSP | +-----------+
| (View) | | Model |
+-----------+ +-----------+
| Logic | |
|(Servlet) | v
+-----------+ +-----------+
| DAO | | View |
+-----------+ +-----------+
|Database | |
+-----------+ v
+-----------+
| Response |
+-----------+
Model II architecture: -Model II architecture, also known as the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture, is a more robust
approach that separates the application logic into distinct components: Model, View, and Controller.
In the Model 2 architecture, the flow of the application is as follows:

1. The user sends a request to the web server.
2. The web server forwards the request to the servlet.
3. The servlet processes the request and retrieves the data from the model.
4. The servlet stores the data in a request attribute and forwards the request to the JSP page.
5. The JSP page retrieves the data from the request attribute and displays it to the user.
6. The user interacts with the view and sends a new request to the servlet.
7. The servlet processes the new request and retrieves the updated data from the model.
8. The servlet stores the updated data in a request attribute and forwards the request to the JSP page.
9. The JSP page retrieves the updated data from the request attribute and displays it to the user.
10. The process continues until the user ends the session.
17. Briefly explain the life cycle stages of a JSP page

Explain the life cycle of a JSP with a neat diagram. (8) 19 21
JSP Life Cycle
+---------------------------------------+
| JSP Compilation |
+---------------------------------------+
| JSP Initialization |
+---------------------------------------+
| JSP Execution |
+---------------------------------------+
| Request Handling and |
| Page Processing |
+---------------------------------------+
| HTTP Response Generation |
+---------------------------------------+
| JSP Destroyed |
+---------------------------------------+
1. JSP Compilation: The first phase of the JSP life cycle is compilation. When a JSP is first accessed by a client, the JSP
container checks to see if the JSP has already been compiled. If the JSP has not been compiled, the container compiles the
JSP into a servlet.
2. JSP Initialization: After the JSP has been compiled into a servlet, the container initializes the servlet. The initialization
phase involves calling the jspInit() method of the servlet, which can be used to perform any necessary setup tasks.
3. JSP Execution:Once the servlet has been initialized, it is ready to handle client requests. The container calls the
_jspService() method of the servlet for each request, passing in the HTTP request and response objects.
4. Request Handling and Page Processing: The _jspService() method is responsible for handling the client request and
generating the dynamic content of the JSP. During this phase, the servlet retrieves any necessary data from the server and
generates HTML output that is sent back to the client.
5. HTTP Response Generation: Once the dynamic content of the JSP has been generated, the servlet creates an HTTP
response and sends it back to the client. This response includes the HTML content generated by the JSP, as well as any
necessary HTTP headers.
6. JSP Destroyed: The final phase of the JSP life cycle is destruction. When the JSP container shuts down or when the JSP is
no longer needed, the container calls the jspDestroy() method of the servlet, which can be used to perform any necessary
cleanup tasks.
7. Request Handling and Page Processing (Continued): If another request comes in for the same JSP, the servlet can use a
cached version of the compiled servlet, skipping the compilation phase and moving directly to the initialization phase.
18. Differentiate between include directive and include action element with an example for each. (8) 18
In JSP, both include directive and include action element are used to include the content of one JSP page in another JSP page.
However, there are some differences between the two:

1. Syntax: The syntax of the include directive is <%@ include file="filename" %> whereas the syntax of the include action
element is <jsp:include page="filename" />
2. Timing: The include directive is a static directive, meaning that the content of the included file is inserted into the main JSP
page during the translation phase. On the other hand, the include action element is a dynamic action, meaning that the content
of the included file is retrieved and inserted into the main JSP page during the execution phase.
3. Scope of variables: The variables declared in the included file using the include directive have the same scope as the
variables in the main JSP page. However, the variables declared in the included file using the include action element have a
limited scope, as they are only available within the included file.
Example of include directive:

Consider two JSP pages, page1.jsp and page2.jsp. To include the content of page2.jsp in page1.jsp using the include directive, we can
use the following code in page1.jsp:
<html>
<head>
<title>Page 1</title>
</head>
<body>
<%@ include file="page2.jsp" %>
</body>
</html>
Example of include action element:

Consider two JSP pages, page1.jsp and page2.jsp. To include the content of page2.jsp in page1.jsp using the include action element,
we can use the following code in page1.jsp:
<html>
<head>
<title>Page 1</title>
</head>
<body>
<jsp:include page="page2.jsp" />
</body>
</html>
19. Explain various Scripting elements in JSP with suitable examples

Explain each of the following with examples (1)Scriptlets (ii) Expressions (II)Declarations. (8) 20 21
JSP (JavaServer Pages) is a technology used for creating dynamic web pages based on Java Servlets. JSP pages are used to create
HTML-based views that are displayed to the user through a web browser.
There are three scripting elements in JSP: scriptlets, expressions, and declarations.
1. <% %> - Scriptlet:: Scriptlets are used to include Java code directly into a JSP page. They are placed within <% ... %> tags.
Here's an example of a scriptlet that prints out the current date:
<%String name = "John";
out.println("Hello, " + name + "!");
%>
2. <%= %> - Expression: Expressions are used to embed the value of a Java expression directly into the HTML output of a
JSP page. They are placed within <%= ... %> tags.
Here's an example of an expression that prints out the value of a variable:
<p>Today is <%= new java.util.Date() %></p>
3. <%-- --%> - Comment: The comment element is used to include comments in the JSP code that are not included in the
output. Here is an example:
<%-- This is a comment --%>
4. <%! %> - Declaration:The declaration element is used to declare a variable or a method that can be accessed from the
other parts of the JSP page. Here is an example:
<%! int counter = 0; %>
5. jsp:directive.page - Page Directive:The page directive is used to provide information to the JSP container about the
configuration of the JSP page. Here is an example:
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
6. jsp:useBean - Bean Declaration: The bean declaration element is used to declare a JavaBean in the JSP page that can be
used to hold and manipulate data. Here is an example:
<jsp:useBean id="user" class="com.example.User" />
7. jsp:setProperty - Set Property:The set property element is used to set the properties of a JavaBean. Here is an example:
<jsp:setProperty name="user" property="name" value="John" />
8. jsp:getProperty - Get Property:The get property element is used to retrieve the value of a property of a JavaBean. Here is
an example:
<p>Hello, <%= ((com.example.User) pageContext.findAttribute("user")).getName() %>!</p>
<jsp:getProperty name="user" property="name" />
20. Write a JSP program to illustrate passing parameters via request header. (8) 18
<%@ page language="java" %>
<%
String name = request.getParameter("name");
String email = request.getParameter("email");
%>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Passing Parameters via Request Header Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Passing Parameters via Request Header Example</h1>
<p>Name: <%= name %></p>
<p>Email: <%= email %></p>
<%
// set parameters in the request header
response.setHeader("name", name);
response.setHeader("email", email);
%>
</body>
</html>
In this example, the JSP program first retrieves the parameters "name" and "email" from the request object using the getParameter()
method. It then displays the values of these parameters using the JSP expression <%= %>.
The program then sets the parameters "name" and "email" in the response header using the setHeader() method. These parameters can
then be accessed by the client via the response header.
21. Write a JSP program to illustrate the use of scriptlets. (8) 21

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Scriptlet Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Current Date and Time</h1>
<%
// use a scriptlet to get the current date and time
java.util.Date now = new java.util.Date();
String dateTime = now.toString();
%>
<p>The current date and time is: <%= dateTime %></p>
</body>
</html>
In this example, we use a scriptlet to create a java.util.Date object to represent the current date and time. We then convert this object to
a string and store it in a variable called dateTime. Finally, we use the <%= %> expression to output the value of dateTime to the JSP
page. When the JSP page is rendered, the current date and time will be displayed in the web browser.
22. Explain the use of Cookies with an example in jsp.

Explain Cookies handling in JSP with syntax and examples. (8) 20
Explain in detail about Cookies. What are the various properties of a cookie? 20
Cookies are small text files that are stored on a user's computer by a web server. They are commonly used to store user information,
such as login credentials or user preferences. In JSP, cookies can be created and manipulated using the built-in
javax.servlet.http.Cookie class.
To create a cookie in JSP,

Here's an example of how to create a cookie in JSP:
<% Cookie myCookie = new Cookie("username", "JohnDoe"); response.addCookie(myCookie); %>
This code creates a new cookie with the name "username" and a value of "JohnDoe". The response.addCookie() method is then called
to add the cookie to the response, which will be sent back to the client's browser.
To read(Retrieving ) a cookie in JSP,

you can use the request.getCookies() method to retrieve an array of all cookies sent by the client, and then iterate through the array to
find the desired cookie:
This below code retrieves an array of all cookies sent by the client using the request.getCookies() method. It then loops through the
array, checking the name of each cookie until it finds the "username" cookie. Once the desired cookie is found, its value can be
accessed using the getValue() method and displayed on the page.
Modifying a Cookie:
To modify a cookie, you can create a new cookie with the same name and a new value, and then add it to the response object.
In this example, the loop iterates through all the cookies stored in the current request and checks if any cookie has the name
"username". If a cookie with the name "username" is found, its value is changed to "jane" using the setValue() method, and the
modified cookie is added to the response object using the addCookie() method.
Deleting a Cookie:
To delete a cookie, you can create a new cookie with the same name and a max age of 0, and then add it to the response object.
In the below example, the loop iterates through all the cookies stored in the current request and checks if any cookie has the name
"username". If a cookie with the name "username" is found, its max age is set to 0 using the setMaxAge() method, and the modified
cookie is added to the response object using the addCookie() method. When the browser receives the response, it will delete the cookie
from its cache.
To read(Retrieving ) a cookie, Modifying a Cookie: Deleting a Cookie:
<% <% <%

Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies(); Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies(); Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies();
if (cookies != null) { if (cookies != null) { if (cookies != null) {
for (Cookie cookie : cookies) { for (Cookie cookie : cookies) { for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
if if (cookie.getName().equals("username")) { if (cookie.getName().equals("username"))
(cookie.getName().equals("username")) { cookie.setValue("jane"); {
out.println("Welcome back, " + response.addCookie(cookie); cookie.setMaxAge(0);
cookie.getValue()); } response.addCookie(cookie);
} } }
} } }
} %> }
%>
Properties of a cookie in JSP:

1. Name: The name of the cookie. This property is mandatory and must be unique within the domain of the website.
2. Value: The value of the cookie. This property is optional and can be any string.
3. Max Age: The maximum age of the cookie in seconds. After this time, the cookie will be deleted. If this property is not set,
the cookie will be deleted when the browser session ends.
4. Domain: The domain that the cookie belongs to. This property is optional and can be used to restrict the cookie to a specific
domain.
5. Path: The URL path that the cookie belongs to. This property is optional and can be used to restrict the cookie to a specific
path.
6. Secure: A flag that indicates whether the cookie should only be sent over a secure HTTPS connection. If this property is set
to true, the cookie will only be sent over a secure connection.
7. HttpOnly: A flag that indicates whether the cookie can be accessed by client-side scripts. If this property is set to true, the
cookie will not be accessible by client-side scripts.
<%
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("username", "john");
cookie.setMaxAge(60*60*24); // Cookie will expire in 1 day
cookie.setDomain(".example.com"); // Cookie will be accessible across all subdomains of example.com
cookie.setPath("/"); // Cookie will be accessible across the entire website
cookie.setSecure(true); // Cookie will only be sent over a secure connection
response.addCookie(cookie); // Add the cookie to the response
%>
23. Explain useBean action element with an example

The useBean action element in JSP is used to instantiate a JavaBean object and associate it with a specified variable. This element can
be used to create a JavaBean object or to access an existing one. The syntax for useBean is as follows:
<jsp:useBean id="variableName" class="fully.qualified.class.name" scope="scope" />
● The id attribute specifies the name of the variable to which the JavaBean object will be assigned.
● The class attribute specifies the fully qualified class name of the JavaBean object to be created.
● The scope attribute specifies the scope of the variable. It can have one of the following values: page, request, session, or
application.
Here is an example of how to use the useBean action element in JSP:

Assume we have a JavaBean class named Person with the following properties: firstName, lastName, and age. We want to create a
JSP page that will instantiate a Person object and set its properties.


<jsp:useBean id="person" class="com.example.Person" scope="session" />
<html>
<head>
<title>Person Details</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Person Details</h1>
<% person.setFirstName(request.getParameter("firstName"));
person.setLastName(request.getParameter("lastName"));
person.setAge(Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("age"))); %>
<p>First Name: <%= person.getFirstName() %></p>
<p>Last Name: <%= person.getLastName() %></p>
<p>Age: <%= person.getAge() %></p>
</body> </html>
In this JSP page, we use the useBean action element to access the Person object that was created in the previous page. We then use the
setFirstName, setLastName, and setAge methods to set the person's details based on the data submitted from the form.
Finally, we use the getFirstName, getLastName, and getAge methods to display the person's details on the page.
24. Explain how session tracking is accomplished( achieved ) in Jsp (8) 18

Session tracking is a way to maintain the state of a user across multiple requests in a web application. In JSP, session tracking is
accomplished using the HttpSession object.
The HttpSession object represents a session and provides a way to store and retrieve data associated with the session. When a user
accesses a JSP page for the first time, a new session is created automatically. The session ID is stored in a cookie or appended to the
URL. Subsequent requests from the same user contain the session ID, allowing the server to retrieve the session data.
There are several ways to use session tracking in JSP

1.Using the HttpSession object directly:
<%-- Create or retrieve the HttpSession object --%>

<% HttpSession session = request.getSession(); %>
<%-- Store data in the session --%>

<% session.setAttribute("username", "John Doe"); %>
<%-- Retrieve data from the session --%>

<% String username = (String) session.getAttribute("username"); %>
2.Using JSTL (JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library): 3. Using EL (Expression Language):
<%-- Import the JSTL core library --%> <%-- Store data in the session --%>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %> <% session.setAttribute("username", "John Doe"); %>
<%-- Store data in the session --%> <%-- Retrieve data from the session --%>
<c:set var="username" scope="session">John Doe</c:set> ${sessionScope.username}
<%-- Retrieve data from the session --%>

<c:out value="${sessionScope.username}" />
Unit - IV
25. Discuss about the different types of JDBC drivers.
Elaborate the four types of JDBC drivers. (Type 1,2,3, and 4 drivers neat dia )(8) 18 20 21
What are drivers in JDBC? How many types of Drivers are available in JDBC and which one is suitable for what purposes?
In J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition), JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) drivers are software components that allow a Java
application to interact with a specific database management system (DBMS). JDBC drivers implement the JDBC API, which provides
a standard interface for Java applications to access databases.
1. JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver:

This driver acts as a bridge between the JDBC API and ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) API, allowing Java programs
to connect to any database that has an ODBC driver. The ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client machine where the
application is running. The advantage of this driver is that it is platform-independent and easy to use, but the disadvantage is
that it is slower due to the additional conversion layer.
2. Native-API/partly Java driver:
This driver uses the native client library provided by the database vendor to interact with the database. It provides a better
performance than the JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver because it eliminates the need for the additional conversion layer.
However, it requires different drivers for different databases and is not completely platform-independent.
3. Network Protocol driver:
This driver uses a database-specific network protocol to communicate with the database over the network. It does not require
any client-side library and provides a better performance than the Native-API/partly Java driver. It is completely
platform-independent and can connect to multiple databases simultaneously. However, it requires the database server to
support the specific network protocol used by the driver.
4. Thin driver:
This driver is a fully Java-based driver that communicates with the database over a vendor-specific protocol. It is completely
platform-independent and does not require any client-side library or database-specific network protocol. It provides the best
performance among all the drivers but requires a specific driver for each database.
26. Discuss about the important classes from java.sql package

In J2EE, the java.sql package provides classes and interfaces for working with relational databases. Some of the important classes
from the java.sql package are:
1. DriverManager: This class manages a list of database drivers. It is responsible for establishing a connection to a database
using a specific driver. It loads and initializes the driver when the getConnection() method is called.
2. Connection: This interface represents a connection to a database. It is responsible for establishing a connection to the
database, creating a statement object, committing or rolling back a transaction, and closing the connection.
3. Statement: This interface represents a SQL statement that is sent to the database. It is used to execute SQL statements such
as select, insert, update and delete.
4. PreparedStatement: This interface extends the Statement interface and is used to execute parameterized SQL statements. It
precompiles the SQL statement and then binds the parameters at runtime, which makes it more efficient than the Statement
interface.
5. ResultSet: This interface represents the result set of a database query. It is used to retrieve and manipulate data from the
result set.
6. ResultSetMetaData: This interface provides information about the metadata of a result set, such as the number of columns,
column names, and column types.
7. DatabaseMetaData: This interface provides information about the database, such as the name of the database, the version of
the database, and the names of the tables and columns.
27. Illustrate how you navigate a ResultSet object’s contents.

To navigate through the contents of a ResultSet object in J2EE, the following methods of the ResultSet interface can be used:
1. next(): Moves the cursor to the next row in the result set. Returns true if the next row exists, otherwise false.
2. previous(): Moves the cursor to the previous row in the result set. Returns true if the previous row exists, otherwise false.
3. first(): Moves the cursor to the first row in the result set.
4. last(): Moves the cursor to the last row in the result set.
5. absolute(int row): Moves the cursor to the specified row in the result set.
6. relative(int rows): Moves the cursor forward or backward the specified number of rows from the current position.
Here's an example code snippet that illustrates how to navigate a ResultSet object's contents using the above methods:
try {
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM employees");
while (rs.next()) {
int id = rs.getInt("id");
String name = rs.getString("name");
double salary = rs.getDouble("salary");
System.out.println("ID: " + id + ", Name: " + name + ", Salary: " + salary);
}
rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
In the above example, we first create a ResultSet object by executing a SQL query using a Statement object. We then use the next()
method to move the cursor to the next row and retrieve the column values using the getInt(), getString(), and getDouble() methods.
Finally, we close the ResultSet, Statement, and Connection objects in the reverse order of their creation.
28. Discuss about JDBC Exception classes

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) provides a set of Exception classes that can be used to handle various errors or exceptions that
may occur during database operations. Here are some of the most commonly used JDBC Exception classes:
1. SQLException - This is the parent class of all JDBC-related exceptions. It provides information about the error that
occurred, including error code and message.
2. BatchUpdateException - This exception is thrown when an error occurs during a batch update operation. It provides
additional information about the errors that occurred, such as the update count and error message.
3. DataTruncation - This exception is thrown when data is truncated during a database operation, such as when a value is too
long to fit in the specified column.
4. SQLWarning - This is a subclass of SQLException that indicates a warning occurred during a database operation. For
example, a warning might be issued if a statement is executed with a deprecated feature.
5. InvalidParameterTypeException - This exception is thrown when an invalid parameter type is used in a PreparedStatement
or CallableStatement.
6. NoSuitableDriverException - This exception is thrown when no suitable driver is found for a given database URL.
7. TimeoutException - This exception is thrown when a database operation times out.
29. Write a simple Servlet code to retrieve all the records from a Student relational table (8) 21
import java.io.*;
import java.sql.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class StudentServlet extends HttpServlet {
private static final String DB_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";

private static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb";
private static final String DB_USER = "root";
private static final String DB_PASSWORD = "password";
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

out.println("<html><body>");
try {
// Load the JDBC driver
Class.forName(DB_DRIVER);
// Connect to the database

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD);
// Create a Statement object for executing SQL queries

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
// Execute the SQL query to retrieve all records from the Student table
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM Student");
// Display the records in an HTML table

out.println("<table border=1><tr><th>ID</th><th>Name</th><th>Age</th><th>Gender</th></tr>");
while (rs.next()) {
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String gender = rs.getString("gender");
out.println("<tr><td>" + id + "</td><td>" + name + "</td><td>" + age + "</td><td>" + gender + "</td></tr>");

}
out.println("</table>");
// Close the ResultSet, Statement, and Connection objects

rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
out.println("</body></html>");
out.close();
}
}
This servlet code first sets the content type of the response to "text/html" and then connects to a MySQL database using JDBC driver.
It then creates a statement object to execute SQL queries and retrieves all records from the "Student" table using a SELECT query.
Finally, it displays the records in an HTML table using PrintWriter object.
30. Write short notes on PreparedStatement. Illustrate

What are the different types of statements available in JDBC? Explain with syntax and example. (8) 18, 19, 20
There are mainly three types of statements available in J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition):
1. Statement: The Statement interface is used to execute a simple SQL statement with no parameters. It is used to execute static
SQL statements at runtime. The Statement object is created using the createStatement() method of the Connection interface.
2. CallableStatement: The CallableStatement interface is used to execute stored procedures. It represents a call to a stored
procedure in the database. The CallableStatement object is created using the prepareCall() method of the Connection
interface. It can take input parameters, output parameters, and return values.
3. PreparedStatement: The PreparedStatement interface is a subinterface of the Statement interface. It is used to execute a
precompiled SQL statement with one or more parameters. The PreparedStatement object is created using the
prepareStatement() method of the Connection interface.
PreparedStatements are used to improve performance and security by separating the logic of SQL statements from the data.
Instead of concatenating data values into the SQL statement, PreparedStatements use placeholders for data values that are
provided later. This separation reduces the risk of SQL injection attacks, where an attacker injects malicious code into the
SQL statement.
The PreparedStatement interface provides various methods to set values to the placeholders and execute the SQL statement. Some
commonly used methods are:
1. setInt(int parameterIndex, int value) - sets an integer value to the specified placeholder in the SQL statement.
2. setString(int parameterIndex, String value) - sets a string value to the specified placeholder in the SQL statement.
3. setDouble(int parameterIndex, double value) - sets a double value to the specified placeholder in the SQL statement.
4. executeQuery() - executes the SQL statement and returns a ResultSet object.
Here is an example of using PreparedStatement to retrieve all the records from a Student relational table in J2EE:
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
public class StudentServlet {

private final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
private final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/mydatabase";
private final String USER = "username";

private final String PASS = "password";
public void retrieveStudents() {

Connection conn = null;
PreparedStatement stmt = null;
try {
// Register JDBC driver
Class.forName(JDBC_DRIVER);
// Open a connection
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
// Prepare SQL statement with placeholders

String sql = "SELECT * FROM Student";
stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
// Execute SQL statement

ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery();
// Process the ResultSet object

while (rs.next()) {
int age = rs.getInt("age");
System.out.println("ID: " + id + ", Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);
}
// Clean-up environment
rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
} catch (SQLException se) {
se.printStackTrace();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
// Close resources
try {
if (stmt != null)
stmt.close();
} catch (SQLException se2) {
} // nothing we can do
try {
if (conn != null)
conn.close();
} catch (SQLException se) {
se.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
31. Discuss on mapping SQL data types to Java data types. 18
Explain JDBC data types. (4) 19
Write short notes on Array and Blob. (4) 19
Mapping SQL data types to Java data types is an important aspect of JDBC programming. In JDBC, the java.sql.Types class is used to
map the SQL data types to Java data types.
The following table shows the mapping of SQL data types to Java data types:
SQL Data Type Java Data Type
INTEGER java.sql.Types.INTEGER This data type represents a 32-bit signed integer.
BIGINT java.sql.Types.BIGINT This data type represents a 64-bit signed integer.
This data type represents a fixed-point decimal value with a specified precision
DECIMAL java.sql.Types.DECIMAL
and scale.
DOUBLE java.sql.Types.DOUBLE This data type represents a double-precision floating-point value.
FLOAT java.sql.Types.FLOAT This data type represents a single-precision floating-point value.
REAL java.sql.Types.REAL This data type represents a single-precision floating-point value.
VARCHAR java.sql.Types.VARCHAR This data type represents a variable-length character string.
CHAR java.sql.Types.CHAR This data type represents a fixed-length character string.
DATE java.sql.Types.DATE This data type represents a date value.
TIME java.sql.Types.TIME This data type represents a time value.
TIMESTAMP java.sql.Types.TIMESTAMP This data type represents a date and time value.
BLOB java.sql.Types.BLOB This data type represents a binary large object, such as an image or audio file.
CLOB java.sql.Types.CLOB This data type represents a character large object, such as a text file.
It is important to note that some databases may not support all of the above data types, and may have additional data types that are not
listed here. In such cases, it is important to consult the database documentation to determine the appropriate mapping.
For example, if we have a SQL table named "employees" with columns "id" (INTEGER), "name" (VARCHAR), "salary"
(DECIMAL), and we want to retrieve data from it using a PreparedStatement, we can use the following code:
Unit-V
32. Brief the different types of EJB with diagrams.
In J2EE, there are three types of Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) -
1. Session Beans:
● Session beans represent a single client session and are used for implementing business logic in an application. There are two
types of session beans - stateless and stateful.
● Stateless session bean: It does not maintain any state between client-invoked methods. It is used for performing operations
that do not depend on the state of the client.
● Stateful session bean: It maintains the conversational state between the client and the bean. It is used for maintaining
information that persists across the multiple method invocations of a particular client.
Here's a diagram showing the architecture of session beans , Entity Beans, Message-driven Beans-
Session Beans: Entity Beans: Message-driven Beans:
-------------------- -------------- -------------------
| Client |
| Client | | Message |
---------------------
-------------- | Queue |
|
| -------------------
v
v |
--------------------
-------------- v
| Session Bean |
| Entity | --------------
--------------------
| Bean | | MDB |
| Invokes
-------------- | Bean |
v | Interacts with --------------
-------------------- v | Listens to
| Database | -------------- v
-------------------- | Database | --------------------
-------------- | Message-driven |
| Architecture |
--------------------
2. Entity Beans:
● Entity beans represent persistent data in a database. They are used to represent data in a database table and provide an
object-oriented view of the data.
● Container-managed persistence (CMP) entity bean: It maps the entity bean fields to database columns automatically.
● Bean-managed persistence (BMP) entity bean: It requires the developer to write the persistence code manually.
3. Message-driven Beans:
● Message-driven beans (MDB) are used for messaging-based applications. They are triggered by the message queue and can
perform specific operations based on the message received.
33. Give a neat diagram to represent the EJB architecture
________________________________________________________
| |
| CLIENT |
|________________________________________________________|
| |
Remote Local
| |
___________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| Web Server EJB Container App Server |
| ________|_____________ ______|_____ __________|________|
| | | | | | | |
| Servlet JSP/JSF JAX-RS Stateful Stateless Singleton |
| Container Container Container Bean Bean Bean |
|_________________________________________________________________|
Explanation:
● The client can be any application that uses the EJB architecture to access enterprise-level applications.
● The Web server acts as a front-end to the EJB container, handling requests from clients and delegating them to the
appropriate container.
● The EJB container is the core of the EJB architecture. It is responsible for managing EJBs, providing services such as
transactions, security, and persistence, and communicating with the application server.
● The App server provides additional services such as clustering, load balancing, and failover.
● The different types of EJBs are Stateful, Stateless, and Singleton. Each type has its own unique characteristics and use cases.
34. Differentiate Stateless and Stateful Session Bean

Criteria Stateless Session Bean Stateful Session Bean
Context Doesn't maintain any state information for the client. Maintains state information for the client.
Instance Creation One instance is created for multiple clients One instance is created for each client
Easy to scale as it doesn't maintain client-specific state Difficult to scale as each instance is maintained
Scalability
information. for a single client.
Can be persistent as it maintains client-specific

Persistence Not persistent
state information.
Poor performance due to more resources being

Performance Good performance due to fewer resources being used.
used for each client.
Suitable for business logic that doesn't require to maintain Suitable for business logic that requires to
Use case
client-specific data. maintain client-specific data.
35.Explain the Component Pooling and Lifecycle Management service provided by the EJB container.
The EJB container provides component pooling and lifecycle management services to manage the lifecycle of EJBs. These services
ensure that the EJBs are properly initialized, activated, and passivated, as well as optimized for resource utilization.
The following are the key features of component pooling and lifecycle management service provided by the EJB container:
1. Pooling: The EJB container maintains a pool of instances of each type of EJB, depending on the demand. This helps to
minimize the overhead associated with creating and destroying instances of EJBs for every client request.
2. Activation and Passivation: The EJB container activates an EJB instance when it is needed by a client and passivates it
when it is not needed. The EJB container transfers the EJB instance from the memory to the disk to free up the memory
space. This helps to conserve system resources and optimize performance.
3. State Management: The EJB container provides automatic state management for stateful session beans. The EJB container
stores the state of the bean in a persistent storage area and restores it when the bean is reactivated.
4. Concurrency: The EJB container provides a mechanism for managing concurrency among multiple clients accessing the
same EJB. This ensures that the EJB can handle multiple requests simultaneously, without creating conflicts.
5. Transactions: The EJB container manages transactions for the EJBs, ensuring that they are properly committed or rolled
back.
36. Explain the Client Session Management service provided by the EJB container.
The Client Session Management service provided by the EJB (Enterprise Java Beans) container is responsible for managing the client
sessions and maintaining their state. The following are the key aspects of this service:
1. Session management: The EJB container creates and manages the sessions between the client and the server. It provides
session management services such as session creation, session timeout, and session removal.
2. Stateful session bean management: The EJB container manages the state of the stateful session beans (SFSBs) for the
clients. It creates, removes, and maintains the SFSBs as required.
3. Client context propagation: The EJB container provides a client context propagation service that allows the client's security
credentials and other contextual information to be propagated to the server during the session.
4. Concurrency control: The EJB container provides concurrency control mechanisms to ensure that only one client can access
a stateful session bean at a time.
5. Transaction management: The EJB container provides transaction management services to manage the transactions across
the distributed components.
6. Exception handling: The EJB container provides exception handling services to handle the exceptions thrown by the
components and propagate them to the appropriate client.
37. Explain the Database Connection Pooling service provided by the EJB Container.
In J2EE, the Database Connection Pooling service provided by the EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans) container is a mechanism that enables
efficient management of database connections within an application server.
When an application server receives a request that requires a database connection, the server can use a connection from the pool rather
than creating a new one each time. This approach saves time and resources by avoiding the overhead of establishing a new connection
for every request.
The Database Connection Pooling service maintains a pool of preconfigured database connections that can be reused by multiple
clients. The EJB container manages the lifecycle of these connections, acquiring and releasing them as necessary, based on the
requirements of the application.
Typically, the size of the connection pool is configurable, allowing the server to adjust the number of connections based on the
expected workload. The EJB container also provides monitoring and management capabilities for the connection pool, allowing
administrators to view statistics on pool usage, tune performance, and detect and respond to connection failures.
38. Explain the Transaction Management service provided by the EJB container.
In J2EE, the Transaction Management service provided by the EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans) container is a mechanism that ensures data
integrity and consistency in a distributed, multi-tier application environment.
A transaction is a sequence of operations that must be executed as a single, atomic unit. The Transaction Management service ensures
that if any part of the transaction fails, the entire transaction is rolled back to its previous state, ensuring that the data remains
consistent and that there are no partial updates or inconsistencies in the application's data.
The EJB container provides a comprehensive set of APIs for managing transactions in a distributed environment, including the ability
to define transactional boundaries, manage transactional resources, and coordinate transactions across multiple components.
Transaction management is provided by the EJB container through two main components: the Transaction Manager and the Resource
Manager. The Transaction Manager is responsible for managing the overall lifecycle of a transaction, including beginning,
committing, and rolling back transactions. The Resource Manager is responsible for managing transactional resources such as
databases, message queues, and other resources required by the application.
The Transaction Management service is highly configurable, allowing developers to define the behavior of transactions based on the
requirements of their application. For example, developers can choose to use a two-phase commit protocol to ensure that all
transactional resources are either committed or rolled back, or they can choose to use a more relaxed approach, allowing some
transactional resources to be committed while others are not.
39. Explain the Authentication and Access Control service provided by the EJB Container.
In J2EE, the Authentication and Access Control service provided by the EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans) container is a mechanism that
ensures that only authorized users can access and interact with the resources of an application.
Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, typically through the use of usernames and passwords, certificates, or
other forms of authentication. The EJB container provides a flexible and extensible framework for implementing authentication,
allowing developers to choose from a wide range of authentication mechanisms based on the requirements of their application.
Access control is the process of defining and enforcing policies that govern which users are authorized to perform specific actions on a
resource. The EJB container provides a robust and configurable access control mechanism that allows developers to define
fine-grained access control policies based on a wide range of criteria, such as user roles, groups, or individual users.
The Authentication and Access Control service is typically implemented using a combination of security realms, security roles, and
permissions. A security realm is a set of users, groups, and authentication mechanisms that are used to verify user identities. A
security role is a named set of permissions that define what actions a user is authorized to perform within an application. Permissions
are typically granted to roles, and roles are then assigned to users, allowing for flexible and granular access control policies.
The EJB container provides a range of tools and APIs for configuring and managing authentication and access control, including the
ability to define security realms, roles, and permissions using XML or annotations, and the ability to configure authentication
mechanisms such as LDAP, Kerberos, or SSL.
40. Explain the Persistence service provided by the EJB container.

In J2EE, the Persistence service provided by the EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans) container is a mechanism that allows developers to map
Java objects to database tables and provides an abstraction layer between the application and the underlying database.
The Persistence service is implemented using the Java Persistence API (JPA), which provides a standardized, object-relational
mapping (ORM) framework that allows developers to map Java objects to database tables using a set of annotations or XML
configuration files. The EJB container manages the lifecycle of JPA entities, ensuring that they are properly persisted, updated, and
deleted based on the requirements of the application.
The Persistence service provides a number of benefits for enterprise applications, including:
1. Object-relational mapping: Developers can map complex object structures to relational database tables, reducing the
amount of manual SQL coding required and making it easier to work with complex data structures.
2. Transaction management: The Persistence service integrates with the Transaction Management service provided by the EJB
container, ensuring that database operations are performed within the context of a transaction, and that data integrity is
maintained in a distributed environment.
3. Scalability: The Persistence service allows for efficient management of database connections and reduces the overhead of
creating and tearing down database connections, improving the scalability of the application.
4. Querying and caching: The Persistence service provides a powerful querying mechanism that allows developers to perform
complex queries using a familiar Java syntax. Additionally, JPA entities can be cached in memory, improving performance
and reducing the number of database queries required.
The EJB container provides a range of tools and APIs for configuring and managing the Persistence service, including the ability to
define entity classes using annotations or XML configuration files, and the ability to configure database connections, caching, and
query optimization.
41. Differentiate Bean Managed Persistence (BMP) and Container Managed Persistence (CMP)
Here is a table outlining the main differences between Bean Managed Persistence (BMP) and Container Managed Persistence (CMP)
in J2EE:
Bean Managed Persistence (BMP) Container Managed Persistence (CMP)
Persistence The persistence logic is handled by the entity

The persistence logic is handled by the EJB container.
handling bean class.
The entity bean class must explicitly The EJB container provides default implementations for
CRUD operations implement the CRUD (create, read, update, the CRUD operations, and the developer can customize
delete) operations. them using annotations or XML configuration files.
BMP can provide better performance in CMP may have slightly more overhead because the
certain scenarios because the developer has container manages the persistence logic, but it can also
Performance
fine-grained control over the persistence provide optimizations and caching that can improve
logic. performance.
BMP requires more development effort

CMP can be simpler to develop because the EJB
Development because the developer must explicitly
container provides default implementations for the
complexity implement the persistence logic in the entity
persistence logic.
bean class.
BMP can be more difficult to maintain CMP can be easier to maintain because changes to the
Maintenance
because changes to the persistence logic persistence logic can be made using annotations or XML
complexity
require changes to the entity bean class. configuration files without changing the entity bean class.
BMP may be less portable between different CMP can be more portable between different EJB
Portability EJB containers because the persistence logic containers because the persistence logic is managed by
is tightly coupled to the entity bean class. the container.
42.Discuss about annotations and dependency injection

In J2EE, annotations and dependency injection are two important features that simplify development and improve code readability and
maintainability.
Annotations are metadata that can be added to Java classes, methods, and fields to provide additional information about their intended
behavior or usage. Annotations are used extensively in J2EE to provide configuration information for EJBs, servlets, and other
components.
Dependency injection (DI) is a design pattern that allows objects to be loosely coupled by injecting their dependencies instead of
instantiating them directly. In J2EE, dependency injection is typically implemented using the Java Dependency Injection (JDI) API,
also known as the Java Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) API.
The use of annotations and dependency injection in J2EE offers several benefits, including:
1. Simplified configuration: Annotations provide a simple and concise way to configure J2EE components, reducing the
amount of XML configuration required.
2. Improved readability: Annotations make it easier to understand the intended behavior of J2EE components by providing
context and documentation directly in the code.
3. Loosely coupled code: Dependency injection allows components to be loosely coupled by injecting their dependencies,
making the code more modular, flexible, and easier to maintain.
4. Testability: Dependency injection makes it easier to test J2EE components by allowing dependencies to be mocked or
replaced with test-specific implementations.
To illustrate how annotations and dependency injection work together in J2EE, consider the following example:
@Stateless
public class MyService {
@Inject
private MyDAO dao;
public void doSomething() {

dao.doDatabaseOperation();
}
}
@Stateless
public class MyDAO {
@PersistenceContext
private EntityManager entityManager;
public void doDatabaseOperation() {

// use entityManager to perform database operation
}
}
In this example, @Stateless and @PersistenceContext are annotations that provide configuration information to the EJB container,
while @Inject is an annotation that indicates that the MyDAO object should be injected into the MyService object.
When the MyService object is created by the EJB container, it will automatically inject the MyDAO object, which in turn will be
created and managed by the container using the @Stateless and @PersistenceContext annotations.
43. Write notes on JAR, EAR and WAR, Deployment Descriptor.
In J2EE, there are three main types of archive files used for deployment: JAR, WAR, and EAR. Each archive file has a different
purpose and structure.
1. JAR (Java Archive): JAR files are used to package Java class files, images, and other resources into a single file for
distribution. In J2EE, JAR files are often used to package EJBs and utility classes. JAR files are similar to ZIP files and can
be created using the jar command in the Java Development Kit (JDK).
2. WAR (Web Archive): WAR files are used to package web applications, which consist of servlets, JSPs, HTML files, and
other web resources. In J2EE, WAR files are deployed to a web container, such as Apache Tomcat or Jetty. WAR files are
also similar to ZIP files and can be created using the jar command with specific options for web applications.
3. EAR (Enterprise Archive): EAR files are used to package multiple modules, such as EJBs and web applications, into a
single deployment unit. In J2EE, EAR files are deployed to an application server, such as JBoss or WebSphere. EAR files are
similar to JAR files but have additional files, such as deployment descriptors, that describe the application's configuration.
Each archive file has a deployment descriptor, which is an XML file that provides configuration information for the application or
module. The deployment descriptor specifies things like security settings, resource references, and initialization parameters.
In J2EE, the deployment descriptor for a JAR file is called ejb-jar.xml, the deployment descriptor for a WAR file is called web.xml,
and the deployment descriptor for an EAR file is called application.xml. The deployment descriptor is typically located in the
META-INF directory of the archive file.
The deployment descriptor is an important part of the deployment process, as it provides critical information to the application server
or web container. Without the deployment descriptor, the server would not know how to configure and deploy the application or
module.

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Unit - I

1. Describe the overview of Java EE platform

2. Explain the services provided by a J2EE container.

3. Brief about different container types

Here's a brief explanation of each tier, along with a diagram:

Here is a diagram of the J2EE multi tiered architecture:

5. Write short notes on JEE clients. (4) 19

6. List the differences between a Web Application and an Enterprise Application. 19

Architecture Client-server Multitier

Complexity Relatively simple Complex and feature-rich

User Interface Simple Can be more complex

Functionality Narrow set of functionalities Wide range of functionalities

Scalability Horizontal scalability Vertical scalability

Performance Slower Faster

Platform Independence Platform independent Platform dependent

7. What are the advantages of Servlets over CGI?

Advantages of Servlets over CGI:

The major tasks done by Servlets include:

8. Discuss the differences between JSP and Servlet

Feature JSP Servlet

Generates HTML, XML, or other text-based

Easier to maintain for web designers and

9. Explain MVC architecture with a neat diagram

In this architecture, the application is divided into three main components:

The life cycle of a Servlet consists of four stages:

There are several ways to accomplish session tracking in Servlets:

Here's an explanation with syntax and examples:

Adding a Cookie to the Response:

Client HTTP Request:

public class FormServlet extends HttpServlet {

// Read the form parameters from the request

// Generate the HTML response

15. Briefly explain RequestDispatcher Interface with a suitable example. (HttpServletRequest)

Here's an example of how the RequestDispatcher interface can be used in a servlet:

public class MyServlet1 extends HttpServlet {

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

// Forward the request to MyServlet2

// Include the response from MyServlet2 in the current response

// Output some additional text

(i) Request Servlet:

In the Model 2 architecture, the flow of the application is as follows:

17. Briefly explain the life cycle stages of a JSP page

However, there are some differences between the two:

Example of include directive:

Example of include action element:

19. Explain various Scripting elements in JSP with suitable examples

21. Write a JSP program to illustrate the use of scriptlets. (8) 21

22. Explain the use of Cookies with an example in jsp.

To create a cookie in JSP,

To read(Retrieving ) a cookie in JSP,

<% <% <%

Properties of a cookie in JSP:

23. Explain useBean action element with an example

Here is an example of how to use the useBean action element in JSP:

24. Explain how session tracking is accomplished( achieved ) in Jsp (8) 18

There are several ways to use session tracking in JSP

<%-- Create or retrieve the HttpSession object --%>

<%-- Store data in the session --%>