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    ch02 - 2 (PD Terpisah)

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    ch02 - 2 (PD Terpisah)

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    4. ch02_2 (PD terpisah)

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    6 views10 pages

    ch02 - 2 (PD Terpisah)

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10

    Ch 2.

    2: Separable Equations
    In this section we examine a subclass of linear and nonlinear
    first order equations. Consider the first order equation
    dy
     f ( x, y )
    dx
    We can rewrite this in the form
    dy
    M ( x, y )  N ( x, y ) 0
    dx
    For example, let M(x,y) = - f (x,y) and N(x,y) = 1. There may
    be other ways as well. In differential form,
    M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0
    If M is a function of x only and N is a function of y only, then
    M ( x)dx  N ( y )dy  0
    In this case, the equation is called separable.
    Example 1: Solving a Separable Equation
    Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:
    dy x 2  1
     2
    dx y  1
    Separating variables, and using calculus, we obtain
    y  1dy  x  1dx
    2 2

     y  1dy   x  1dx
    2 2

    1 3 1
    y  y  x3  x  C
    3 3
    y 3  3 y  x 3  3x  C
    The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. A
    graph showing the direction field and implicit plots of several
    integral curves for the differential equation is given above.
    Example 2:
    Implicit and Explicit Solutions (1 of 4)
    Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:
    dy 3 x 2  4 x  2

    dx 2 y  1
    Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain
     
    2 y  1dy  3x 2  4 x  2 dx

    2  y  1dy   3x 2  4 x  2 dx 
    y 2  2 y  x3  2 x 2  2 x  C
    The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. An
    explicit expression for the solution can be found in this case:


    y  2 y  x  2x  2x  C  0  y 
    2 3 2
     
    2  4  4 x3  2 x 2  2 x  C 
    2
    y  1  x 3  2 x 2  2 x  C1
    Example 2: Initial Value Problem (2 of 4)
    Suppose we seek a solution satisfying y(0) = -1. Using the
    implicit expression of y, we obtain
    y 2  2 y  x3  2 x 2  2 x  C
    (1) 2  2(1)  C  C  3
    Thus the implicit equation defining y is
    y 2  2 y  x3  2 x 2  2 x  3
    Using explicit expression of y,
    y  1  x 3  2 x 2  2 x  C1
     1  1  C1  C1  4
    It follows that
    y  1  x3  2 x 2  2 x  4
    Example 2: Initial Condition y(0) = 3 (3 of 4)

    Note that if initial condition is y(0) = 3, then we choose the


    positive sign, instead of negative sign, on square root term:
    y  1  x3  2 x 2  2 x  4
    Example 3: Implicit Solution of Initial Value
    Problem (1 of 2)
    Consider the following initial value problem:
    y cos x
    y  , y (0)  1
    1 3y 3

    Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain


    1 3y3
    dy  cos xdx
    y
    1 2
      y  3 y dy   cos xdx
    ln y  y 3  sin x  C
    Using the initial condition, it follows that
    ln y  y 3  sin x  1
    Example 3: Graph of Solutions (2 of 2)
    Thus
    y cos x
    y  , y ( 0)  1  ln y  y 3
     sin x  1
    1 3y 3

    The graph of this solution (black), along with the graphs of


    the direction field and several integral curves (blue) for this
    differential equation, is given below.
    Contoh
    Contoh
    Latihan

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