Lesson Note On Basic Technology JSS 2 Third Term
Lesson Note On Basic Technology JSS 2 Third Term
Third Term
27 minutes read
4. Gears
5. Gears (Contd.)
REFERENCE MATERIALS
WEEK ONE
1. A plane figure bounded by four equal sides is called ___ (a) square (b)
rectangle
An octagon is a polygon with ___ sides ___ (a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7(d) 8
The sum of angles in a quadrilateral is ___(a) 90 (b) 180 (b) 270 (d)
360
What is the center rule formula used to construct a polygon? (a) 360 – N
(b) 360 x N
(c)360/2(d) 360 + N
A regular polygon has ___ of its sides and angles equal (a) five (b) all (c)
three (d) four
The opposite angles in a parallelogram are ___ (a) equal (b) unequal (c)
positive
(d)negative
(c)values(d) circle
2. A machine that is used to resaw or prepare timber into suitable sizes for
articles of joinery and furniture is known as (a) Circular sawing machine
(b) Surface planing machine
2. A wood working machine, which can also be used as machine tools, used
for performing various operations such as boring, sanding and mortising
is known as (a) Drill press
1. Which of the following is not a type of scale drawing? (a) Reduced (b)
Enlarged
1. A quadrilateral with only two parallel sides is called ___ (a) square (b)
rectangle
2. The following are work holding methods except (a) catch and carrier (b)
face plate
1. Which of the following provides a plane surface for mounting and moving
accessories at a constant level on a lathe machine? (a) the bed (b) the
headstock (c) the saddle cross slide (d) main spindle
2. Which of the following permits movement of tool at angle other than right
angle? (e.g. for conical work) (a) the compound slide (b) the head stock
(c) the slide cross slide (d) main spindle
3. The space occupied by a plane figure is called ___ (a) diagonal (b) area
(c) volume
(d) theorem
The lubricant commonly used in transmission system is (a) diesel(b) gear
oil (c) grease (d) hydraulic
Which of the following will not reduce friction? (a) lubrication (b) use of
rollers (c) use of pulleys (d) drying
MRO stands for (a) Machine, relevance and operations (b) Maintenance,
repair and operations (c) Maintenance, relevance and organization (d)
Machine, repair and organization
Which of the following is not a part of lathe machine? (a) head stock (b)
main spindle
The rougher the surfaces in contact, the …….. the frictional force (a)
greater (b) lesser (b) partial (d) equal
WEEK TWO
Definition
Types
Uses
BELT DRIVES
A belt is a looped strip of flexible material used to mechanically link two or
more rotating shafts. A belt drive offers smooth transmission of power
between shafts at a considerable distance.Belt drives are used as the source
of motion to efficiently transmit power or to track relative movement. When the
belt is used for speed reduction, the smaller sheave is mounted on the
highspeed shaft, like the shaft of an electric motor. The larger sheave is then
put on the driven machine.
1. The Flat belt: The simplest type is often made from leather or rubber-coated
fabric. The sheave surface is also flat and smooth, limiting the driving force by
the pure fiction between the belt and the sheave.
3. Cog Belts: These are applied to standard V-grooved sheaves. The cogs give
the belt greater flexibility and higher efficiency compared with standard belts.
4. Vee-Belts: The V-shape causes the belt to wedge tightly into the groove,
increasing friction and allowing high torques to be transmitted before slipping
occurs.
3. V-belt: V-belts run on V-pulleys. A common use of the V-belt and V-pulley is
the fan belt of an automobile.
Read Also
EVALUATION
2. Conveyor Chain : Rollers sit proud of links and can roll along supporting
surface It can be used for transporting materials, as rollers can support
weight. Can also be used just to support weight of chain if transmitting power
over long distances
3. Inverted Tooth (or silent) Chain: Sprocket teeth mesh with shaped links
instead of rollers on chain. Joints between links use rolling rather than sliding
contact. Profiles of links are more like involute gear teeth. Overall effect is to
reduce noise.
4. Leaf (or lifting) Chain:It is designed for lifting rather (than power
transmission). Do not have to mesh with sprockets, hence no rollers. Therefore
can narrower than roller chain with equivalent strength. Example: fork-lift truck.
EVALUATION
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Differentiate between a belt drive and a chain drive
READING ASSIGNMENT: Read more on belt and chain drives (NERDC Basic
Tech. for JSS3 page 148-153)
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The most common type of chain is the ……… chain. (a) inverted tooth (b)
roller
5. Which of the following types of chain is used for lifting rather (than
power transmission) (a) roller chain (b) conveyor chain (c) inverted tooth chain
(d) leaf chain
THEORY
2. (a) State four (4) types of Chain drives (b) Explain any two
WEEK THREE
EVALUATION QUESTION
4. Automobiles also make use of the timing belt/ cam belt system
2. They can operate under high speed Chain drives can operate
under high load conditions
4. They need dry condition to work properly They can work in high
temperature and
moist condition
EVALUATION QUESTION
GENERAL EVALUATION
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read about Gears (NERDC Basic Tech. for JSS3 page 154-156)
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ………. can be used as overhead hoist (a) Belt drives (b) Chain drives (c)
Magnetic drives (d) Electrical drives
2. The sewing machine makes efficient use of ……. (a) The flat belt (b)
synchronous timing belts (c) cog belts (d) V-belt
4. Which of the following require frequent lubrication? (a) Series drives (b)
Parallel drives (c) Belt drives (d) Chain drives
5. Automobiles also make use of the (a) timing belt/cam belt system (b)
Series/parallel system (c) current/potential system (d) hydraulic/lift system
THEORY
1. State five (5) uses/applications of (a) Belt drives (b) Chain drives
2. (a) Mention two (2) differences between belt and chain drives (b) State
two(2)
WEEK FOUR
Definition
Types
Lubrication of gears
Uses
GEARS
A gear is a wheel with teeth around its rim that mesh with the teeth of another
wheel to transmit motion.
OPERATION
When two gears mesh, one is the driver and the other becomes the driven. A
gear is a driver gear because the power to drive the system is generated by it,
while the other is the driven because it is only being driven, and does not
produce the power/energy.
TYPES OF GEAR
There are various types of gears, namely: Spur gear, Bevel gear, Rack and
Pinion gear, Helical gear and Worm gears
1. Spur gears: They are used for transmitting drive between parallel shafts.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spur_Gear_
12mm%2C_18t.svg/220px-Spur_Gear_12mm%2C_18t.svg.png
2. Bevel gears: These are used for transmitting power/drive between shafts at
angles.
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kegelzahnrad.svg/220px-Gear-kegelzahnrad.svg.png
3. Rack and pinion gears: These gears are used for converting rotary motion of
the pinion to linear motion of the rack.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Rack_and_pinion_a
nimation.gif
4. Helical gears: These gears can transmit motion and power between either
parallel or right angle shafts.
5. Worm gears: These gears operate silently and smoothly. They can be used
for reducing speed and increasing torque.
LUBRICATION OF GEARS
Lubrication is the application of oily or greasy substance to machine parts in
order to reduce friction. The substance applied (such as oil or grease) is called
lubricant.
Methods of Lubrication
There three gear lubrication in general use
1. Grease lubrication
USES OF GEAR
1. Gears are used to transmit power from one shaft to another.
2. They are used to change the speed of shafts to either high or low speed.
EVALUATION
1. Define (a) Gear (b) List three types of gear and the uses
2. State the uses of gear
GENERAL EVALUATION
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read about gear ratio and gear speed (NERDC Basic Tech. for JSS3 page 157-
159)
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ………. are used for transmitting drive between parallel shafts (a) Bevel
gears
(b) Spur gears (c) Rack and pinion gears (d) Lift
3. In Rack and Pinion gears,……… generate rotary motion (a) rack (b) spur
4. A wheel with teeth around its rim that mesh with the teeth of another
wheel to transmit motion is called (a) Belt (b) Chain (c) Gear (d) Clutch
5. ……… are used to change the speed of shafts to either high or low
speed(a) Chain
THEORY
1. What is a Gear? (b) State three uses of gears
WEEK FIVE
CONTENT
Gear Ratio
Gear Speed
GEAR RATIO
Gear ratio is defined as the ratio of number of teeth of output to input gear or
input speed relative to output speed. It is calculated by dividing the number of
teeth on the driven gear by the number of teeth on the driver gear.
Example: Calculate the gear ratio if a gear with 15 teeth is used to drive a gear
with 30 teeth.
GEAR SPEED
Gear speed is a measurement of how quickly a gear spins, often in a relation to
the rotations of other gears. The speed of rotation of a gear is directly
proportional to the number of teeth of the gear. For example, the speed of a 5-
tooth gear will be twice the speed of a 10-tooth gear.
Example: A gear has 20 teeth. Its speed of rotation is 10 rpm. The gear drives
another gear with 10 teeth. Determine the speed of the 10-tooth gear.
Solution
X rpm= 20 rpm
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Calculate the gear ratio if a gear with 20 teeth is used to drive a gear with
40 teeth.
2. A gear has 10 teeth. Its speed of rotation is 20rpm. The gear drives
another gear with 15 teeth. Determine the speed of the 15-tooth gear.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read about hydraulics and pneumatic machines (NERDC Basic Tech. for JSS3
page 170-180)
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Calculate the gear ratio if a gear with 12 teeth is used to drive a gear with
16 teeth. (a) 4:3 (b) 3:4 (c) 2:1 (d) 1:2
2. A gear has 15 teeth. Its speed of rotation is 25rpm. The gear drives
another gear with 25 teeth. Determine the speed of the 25-tooth gear. (a)
10rpm (b) 20rpm (c) 15rpm (d) 30rpm
3. The ratio of input speed relative to output speed is…… (a) gear speed (b)
gear ratio
………. is a measurement of how quickly a gear spins (a) gear ratio (b) gear
speed
THEORY
2. (a) A gear has 32 teeth. Its speed of rotation is 4rpm. The gear drives
another gear with 8 teeth. Determine the speed of the 8-tooth gear.
WEEK SIX
Types
Uses
2. Centrifugal pump: This has a set of moving vanes which receive the the
fluid (air or water) at a smaller radius
3. Hydraulic Jack: The discharge action in the hydraulic jack moves the
liquid into a high pressure compartment. The piston is equipped to carry
heavy loads such as cars.
4. Garden sprinkler: This consists of one or more water jets which can
revolve about the center as it sprinkles water in a lawn or garden.
5. Reaction turbine
6. The waterwheel
USES/APPLICATION OF PNEUMATICS
1. Air brakes on buses, trucks and trains
2. Air compressors
4. Pressure sensor
USES/APPLICATION OF HYDRAULICS
1. Hydraulic Press
3. Office chairs
EVALUATION
GENERAL EVALUATION
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read about Site Preparation (NERDC Basic Tech. for JSS2 page121-123)
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
(a) Pneumatics (b) Hydraulics (c) Gearing system (d) Mechanical system
2. Which of the following can be used to carry heavy loads such as car?
(a) Centrifugal pump (b) Garden sprinkler (c) The waterwheel (d) Hydraulic
Jack
THEORY
2. State five types of hydraulic and pneumatics machine with their uses
WEEK SEVEN
2. Shovel: Used for lifting and throwing loose materials (aggregates) or soft
earth into another position and for spreading and leveling the earth.
3. Matchet: Used for cutting grasses or wood like tree branches and shrubs
4. Hoe: Used for digging usually about the surface level of the ground.
6. Chain saw: Used for felling trees and for cutting the trunk into smaller
lengths
1. Bulldozer: This is a very powerful machine, which can push down almost
any obstacle on its way and clear them from the site.
2. Tractor shovel (pay loader): This machine has a tipping bucket at the
front. It is used for lifting large quantities of loose materials at a time and
loading them into trucks or tippers.
3. Grader is used mainly for grading, that is, for trimming of bank or edges
of roads and for cutting ditches
REMOVAL OF VEGETABLE SOIL SMALL TREES
AND SHRUBS
The bulldozer is moved in to push down unwanted structures like old buildings
and to uproot trees and shrubs. This debris is moved away to the site where
parts of the trees are later salvaged for firewood. The bulldozer then scraps or
excavates the topsoil to a depth of between 150mm and 300mm for the entire
surface area of the site.
Herbicides
1. Round up:This is a general-purpose herbicide
GENERAL EVALUATION
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read about Setting out (NERDC Basic Tech. for JSS2 page123-126)
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is not a hand tools for site preparation? (a) spade
(b) shovel
THEORY
1. Explain the following processes (a) Techniques for Grubbing out roots
and stumps
(b) Leveling the site.
State the uses of three (3) mechanical tools used in site preparation
WEEK EIGHT
SETTING OUT
Setting out is, therefore, a process of driving wooden pegs into the ground here
and there, in a manner that agrees with the dimensions of the building
specified on the architect’s drawings.
Setting out is also the process of transferring with high degree of skill and
accuracy, the detail of the foundation plan from the drawing sheet on the
ground, with pegs, lines and tapes.
2. The elevations
3. The sections
5. The schedules
1. Steel rule
2. Builder’s square
3. Theodolite
When the concrete footing for the foundation has been cast and cured lines for
the thickness of the wall are run and plumbed down to the concrete footing
and the first course of the concrete block wall is laid.
EVALUATION
EXCAVATION
When foundation plan for a building has been transferred on to the site, by way
of setting out, excavation begins. For very big structures like stadium or a
multi-storey building, the trenches for the column foundation or wall
foundation can be mechanically excavated. Holes are mechanically bored
where bored piled foundation has been recommended.
TIMBERING
This is the process of supporting the walls of the excavated pit with timber, for
the purpose of safety.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
GENERAL EVALUATION
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read more on setting out (NERDC Basic Tech. for JSS2 page123-126 )
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The process of supporting the walls of the excavated pit with timber (a)
excavation
Which of the following is not used for setting out right-angled triangles
and squaring
(a) steel square (b) builder’s square (c) concrete (d) Theodolite
(d) plumber
THEORY
2. State and discuss six (6) working drawings used by building worker.
WEEK NINE
Definition of Tap
Types of Taps
Definition of Tap
A tap is a valve controlling the release of a liquid or gas. Taps are made using
a wide range of materials, including stainless steel, chrome, brass, nickel and
gold.
Types of Taps
They are three main varieties of washerless tap available nowadays these are
1. Ball taps: This work by pushing a hollow plastic or stainless steel ball
over a rounded cover, which controls the temperature and flow of water.
1. Ceramic disc Taps: This have two ceramic plates which slide over
each other to regulate temperature and flow and require the least
maintenance out of all the types.
Tap Styles
1. Cross head tap
1. Lever tap
Water Supply/Plumbing
Definition of plumbing
Plumbing can be defined as the system of arranging and connecting pipes
with others things (fittings and machines) that supply water to and drain
liquids wastes out of the building.
Domestic pipeline fitting has the following
components
1. Stops Corks
2. Drain Corks
4. Taps
5. Elbows
6. Tees
1. Stop Cork: This is used to control the flow of water through water
supply pipes.
1. Taps: We get supply by opening a tap at the end of the supply line.
1. Elbows: These are connected to the water supply pipe to change the
direction of flow through an angle. For example, it is important when
a horizontal pipe is to be connected to a vertical pipe. One end of the
elbow turns through the required angle (90, 112½ , 135 , 157½ )
1. Tee: A tee is used for joining three pipes meeting at a junction from
one of the pipes the flow divides into the two other pipes.
EVALUATION
3. Explain five (5) domestic line fitting and state their uses.
PIPELINE SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC WATER
SUPPLY
Pipes referred to as the mains are laid underground to distribute water to
various outlets. The water from the street mains enters the compound of a
building in a 30m-diameter pipe (community pipe). It connects to a side of the
water authority stop cork which buried in a pit at least 80cm deep.
The main pipes are laid underground to distribute water to various outlets. The
main is connected to the kitchen sink to outside tap and up to the elevated
tank. Baths, water closet, washing hand basin and hot water system are
supplied directly by gravity through a 22m diameter pipe from the overload
storage tank.
1. The demand for water varies during the day from the peak period
demand in the morning to low demand later in the evening.
2. Water is distribute from the storage tank generally at low pressure, thus if
there is a leakage along the supply line, It will not as serious as leakage
along the high-pressure supply mains.
3. There are occasions when the water authority has to cut off supply to
effect repairs unless one has a storage tank there will be no supply to the
building.
SINKS
They are made from stainless steel or enameled steel. Sinks are provided with
piller bib taps depending on the orientation of water supply pipe. It has over
flown hole to provide passage for water in case of the tap being carelessly left
open. A’s tipper is used to block the water passage when the tap is open to
provide a pool of water for washing.
When blockage occurs, a sink plunger down or a force cup may be used. The
plunger placed over the waste outlet is then plunged down forcibly as many
times as necessary.
The plunging action generates a lot of compressive force, which moves the
obstruction out of the way. If the plunging fails to remove the blockage the
clearing “ey” will have to be unscrewed. A wire can then be used to probe into
the piping to dislodge the offending materials.
BASINS
Wash basins are usually made of ceramic. It has almost the same component
as the sinks.
WATER CLOSET
The water closet is one of the most important components of a household’s
plumbing installation.
Human wastes are got rid of through the W.C. Any malfunctioning will lead to
an unhealthy environment. The cisterns contain at least two gallons of water.
The effluents flushed from the W.C travel through the ‘soil’ pipe into the
inspection chamber, which constituted the junction for all drains. The water
drained from the water basins travel through a separate pipe first into a gulley
where in solids are removed before the drain enters into the inspection
chamber,
After the inspection chamber, the liquid waste either goes into the public
sewage works or a septic tank. The septic tank is an underground chamber
into which sewage from the house enters and leaves as clean effluent. The
inlet of the septic tank is slightly higher than the outlet, this is to ensure that
when fresh discharge of sewage enters the tank, an equal volume of old liquid
in the tank is displaced into the filter tank, anaerobic bacteria (bacteria which
cannot live in the pressure of free oxygen) act on the sewage to break down
the solids to liquid, gas and mineral sludge.
The liquid effluent from the tank enters the second chamber or filter tank
where aerobic bacteria (bacteria which live in the presence of oxygen)
complete the sewage purification process by oxidation.
For septic tank to be able to perform the above-mentioned point, than these
practice should be noted.
1. The use of disinfectants destroyed the disease germs in a toilet and at
the same time destroy the bacteria in the septic tank, thus it slows down
the bacterial action in the waste.
3. The empty of large volume of water may result in the churning up of the
solids that are still being broken down by bacterial action as well as the
sludge. Such products may also flow into the filter or drainage field to
cause clogging
GENERAL EVALUATION
sink
water closet
storage tank
2. Mention three practices to be noted in the use of septic tank in our home.
READING ASSIGNMENT
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The system of arranging and connecting pipes with others things (fittings
and machines) that supply water to and drain liquids wastes out of the
building is called___ (a) plumbing (b) bricklaying (c) rendering (d) setting
out
3. Which of the following is used to control the flow of water through water
supply pipes? (a) Drain Cork (b) Stop cork (c) Elbow(d) bore hole
4. Which of the following is used to get rid of human wastes? (a) the Water
Closet
5. The system that is used to get rid of liquid waste from kitchen sink, the
bathtub, the wash hand basins and water closets is called___ (a) A
drainage system (b) liquid system (c) power system (d) cleaning system
THEORY
2. Explain five (5) domestic line fitting and state their uses.
WEEK TEN
Wood work
Metal work
Building construction
Electricity