Batch 7 New
Batch 7 New
TECHNOLOGY IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
K. DEVI 21NT5A0125
B. CHANDU 21NT5A0105
D. DINAKARAN 21NT5A0113
K. TULASI 21NT5A0123
M. DEMUDU 21NT5A0173
S. JAYANTH 21NT5A0177
2020-2024
1
Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology
NARAVA, VISAKHAPATNAM
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the project report entitled “AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN USING
NATURAL ADMIXTURES AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICALADMIXTURES IN
CONCRETE “submitted by B.CHANDU (21NT5A0105), K.DEVI (21NT5A0125),
D.DINAKARAN (21NT5A0113), K.TULASI (21NT5A0123), M.DEMUDU (21NT5A0173),
S.JAYANTH (21NT5A0177)” In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree
of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in "CIVILENGINEERING" from Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Vizianagaram is an authentic work carried out by them under our
guidance and supervision
Place: Visakhapatnam
Date:
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
2
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this project work entitled “AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN
USING NATURAL ADMIXTURES AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICAL
ADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE” under the guidance of Mr. CH.SAI KIRAN, Assistant
Professor of civil department, is a Bonafide work carried out by us and the result embodied in this
project have not been reproduced/ copied from any other source. The result embodied in this project
report has not been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any other degree.
BY
B.CHANDU 21NT5A0105
K.DEVI 21NT5A0125
D.DINAKARAN 21NT5A0113
K.TULASI 21NT5A0123
M.DEMUDU 21NT5A0173
S.JAYANTH 21NT5A0177
3
Department of Civil Engineering
Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology
Examiners:
Project guide
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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We express our deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Mr.CH. SAIKIRAN, Assistant
Professor in civil department. In the Civil engineering for their valuable suggestions and timely
advice given to us at every stage in the project that enable us to carry out the project work
successfully.
We are grateful to express our thanks to Dr. V. SRIDHAR PATNAIK, Principal of Visakha
Institute of Engineering and Technology, for providing facilities for the successful completion
of the project.
We also convey our gratitude to all faculty members of Civil Engineering department who
helped directly and indirectly for the completion of this project successfully.
We sincerely thank my classmates and friends for their kind help and cooperation during my
course of study.
Finally, we thank our Parents for their possible assistance during course of project.
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ABSTRACT
Concrete is effectively used for construction work on a large scale, as it has basic
characteristics such as high compressive strength, high flexural strength, tensile strength,
durability. Concrete may get easily hardened as it required a proper water-cement ratio. The
durability. Workability and compressive strength of the concrete are the focused properties if the
quality of the construction is taken into view. The concrete gets hardened due to the exothermic
process that takes place due to the reaction between water and ingredients in the concrete mix.
As the concrete age grows strength also increases. The cost of the cement is touching the sky
every passing day. So, the cement is not eco- friendly and harms the environment during the
manufacturing of cement. This review paper expressed the significance of jaggery and aloe Vera
on strength behavior of a new concrete composition. Experimentation carried out for determining
strength properties of a new concrete for M30 grade nominal concrete using jaggery and aloe
vera as natural admixtures.
Based on previous study, jaggery is an unrefined sugar product and it is easily available
market; the main function of jaggery is to increase the initial setting time of concrete and it also
influencing the properties of concrete. Aloe Vera increase the workability and compressive
strength of concrete and this is crucial and most prominent material for designing and
construction, aloe Vera mainly used as a water reducing agent in concrete. Natural admixtures
are easily available and cheap in cost when compared to chemical admixtures. Preferably this
type of admixtures is used in different construction sites like deep foundations, piers and long
piles. Different percentages of admixture were chosen into the experimentation at 0%, 0.5%,
1%, 1.5%,2%,2.5% and 3% by weight of cement, finally it is accomplished that the workability
of concrete is being superior with jaggery and aloe Vera as admixtures.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 GENERAL
Admixture is substances introduced into concrete mixes to alter or
improve properties of fresh and/or hardened concrete. The admixture is
generally added in a relatively small quantity ranging from 0.005% to 3%
by weight of cement. According to the ASTM C- 494 standard, admixture
is a material other than water, aggregates, and hydraulic cement that is used
as an ingredient of concrete or mortar, and is added to the batch
immediately before or during mixing. The widespread use of admixture is
due to the many benefits made possible by their application. The usage of
chemical admixtures in concrete is a common practice in modern
construction, and the addition is to reduce water demand or improve
concrete properties. Although the use of chemical admixtures provides
better concrete properties, they are responsible for environmental pollution.
The admixture can lead to pollution of the environment by production,
transport, storage, or handling, uses in concrete, service life of concrete
structure, recycling of concrete from demolition, and disposal of building
waste and residues. Over use of admixtures has a detrimental effect on the
properties of concrete. While the impact of chemical admixture on the
environment can occur when chemical admixtures are exposed to the
environment or when dumping concrete granulate containing admixtures
after the demolition of a structure or when concrete granulate is used as
gravel replacement in construction and as the concrete admixtures are very
readily soluble in water, hence create an environmental problem due to
leaching besides the environmental pollution, some of the chemical
admixtures are
1.2 AGGREGATES
Aggregates are the inert materials that are mixed in fixed
proportions with a binding material to produce concrete these acts as fillers
or volume increasing components on the hand and are responsible for
strength, hardness and durability of the concrete on other hand. Most
important constituents of the concrete which occupy 70 to 80% of the total
volume of concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and
effect economy; one of the most important factors for producing workable
concrete is good gradation of aggregates. Good grading implies that a
sample fractions of aggregates in required proportion such that sample
contains minimum voids. So, we can say that one should know definitely
about the aggregates in depth to study more about concrete. Aggregates in
concrete prove to be a valuable building material in technical, environment
and economical respect. Aggregates can be classified in many ways. But,
classification of aggregates based on shape and size are as follows.
1. Coarse aggregate
2. Fine aggregate
8
1.2.1 COARSE AGGREGATES
When the Aggregates is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate retained on the
sieve is called coarse aggregates. It is well recognized that coarse aggregates play an
important role in concrete, we have gravel and cobble and boulders come under this category.
The maximum size aggregate used may be Depend upon some conditions Coarse Aggregates
typically occupies over one-third occupy of volume of concrete Coarse aggregates occupy 70
to 80% of the concrete. In general, 40 mm size aggregate used for normal strength and 20 mm
size is used for high strength concrete. So, the aggregates have to be strong and enough
strength to bear the loads. And, the quantity of the concrete increases because of the presence
of the coarse aggregates. To predict the behavior of concrete under general loading requires an
understanding of the effects of aggregate type, aggregates size, and aggregates content. The
size ranges of various coarse aggregates. so, depending upon the type of construction the size
of the coarse aggregates may be used according to the Indian standards codes.
1.3 CEMENT
Cement, in general is the binding material used in building and civil engineering works.
Cements are finely grounded powders that when mixed with water set to hard mass. Concrete
is a mixture of paste and aggregates, the paste composed of cement and water, coats the
surface of course and fine aggregates, through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste
hardens and gains strength to form the rock like mass known as concrete, cement mainly
consists of the following ingredients.
• Lime (calcium oxide, Cao)
• Silica (silicon dioxide, Sio2)
• Alumina (Aluminum oxide, A1203)
• Iron oxide (Fe203)
• 2 to 3% of Gypsum
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White cement
Portland pozzolana cement
Hydrophobic cement
High alumina cement etc.
So, by using the above ingredients manufacturing of cement is done.
Which is the main material used for the construction purpose. It is
always desirable to use the best cement in constructions. Therefore, the
properties of cement must be investigated. Although desirable cement
properties may vary depending on the type of construction, generally a
good cement possesses the following properties:
Provides strength to masonry
Stiffens or hardens early
Possesses good plasticity
An excellent building material
Easily workable
Good moisture resistant
1.4 WATER
The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together. When
it is mixed with dry composite, which produces a semi-liquid material that workers can shape
into any form. Water is needed to chemically react with the cement and to provide
workability with the concrete, when the water is added the concrete solidifies and hardens to
rock-hard strength through a chemical process called hydration The amount of water in the
mix compared with the amount of cement is called the water/cement ratio. The good quality
of water should be used that means potable water which is free from chemicals and organic
materials.
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Fig 1.5 Aloe Vera
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Advantages of aloe Vera using in concrete
1. environmentally friendly
2. present important attributes,
3. such as low density,
4. light weight,
5. low cost,
6. high tensile strength
1.6 JAGGERY
Jaggery increases efficiency, durability, and compression strength as your volume in
the concrete mix increases. After adding jaggery to the concrete the hydration process is
reduced and therefore the drying time of the concrete is increased. Increases efficiency,
durability, and compression strength as your volume in the concrete mix increases. After
adding jaggery to the concrete the hydration process is reduced and therefore the drying time
of the concrete is increased.
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ensure the structural integrity and safety of concrete structures.
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CHAPTER II
LITRATURE REVIEW
S. Mani Raj et al (2019) This project leads to the retired traditional concept of
additional admixture of concrete. Our project helps the construction industry towards the
sustainable development. Portland cement was first used in place of lime during the
nineteenth century due to the easy use, quick setting and compressive strength. In this study
we utilized the ancient admixture such as egg albumen, jaggery powder, egg shell & aloe
vera. Concrete with natural admixtures provides greater qualities such as stickiness, ease of
applications, moisture resistance, natural antiseptic, durability, low thermal conductivity, solar
production. Traditional eco concrete not only improves the strength but also proves its
durability for centuries.
Hersh F. Mahmood et al (2022) There is a general belief that admixture can improve
some important properties of concrete, and different kinds of admixtures are in use
worldwide. In the current investigation, a comparative experimental study has been
performed on using grape and mulberry extracts as a natural admixture and chemical
admixture for concrete. Increasing of workability and reduction in water absorption were
observed due to the addition of natural admixtures to concrete. There was an enhancement of
concrete compressive strength tested at 3, 7, and 28 days and the 28 days modulus of
elasticity as a result of using different admixtures, but reduction of splitting tensile strength
was observed. In general, using the two natural admixtures has a beneficial effect to improve
both fresh and hardened properties of concrete and they have a superiority on the chemical
admixture with regard the cost and producing environmental-friendly construction material.
Suhail Ahmed et al (2022) In this research Aloe Vera Gel is used in concrete at the
proportion of 0% ,0.5%,1% ,1.5%,2%,2.5% to analyze its promising effects on workability
and compressive strength of concrete. Mixture of Aloe Vera Gel showed good results on the
properties of concrete in both workability and compressive strength at 2.5% addition to the
water. workability of concrete up to 57% along with 10% increment in compressive strength
of concrete.
R. Sathvika et al. studied about a new non-conventional concrete which should be
with easily available and accessible materials presented in this concrete system. A composite
material is made up of two or more constituent materials. The constituent materials differ in
their physical and chemical composition. Aloe Vera fibers are environmentally friendly and
present important attributes. This kind of waste has a greater chance of being utilized for
different applications in construction and building materials. This focused on the use of aloe
Vera gel and its effect on the compressive and workability of concrete.
A.S. Shalini et al (2021) Have studied the behavior of concrete by adding Aloe vera
as a natural admixture in it. They scrapped the pulp from aloe vera plant and extracted the gel
by scooping it by a spoon. Then they grinded it and made juice without any addition of water.
This extracted juice was then measure using a measuring jar in 0.5%, 0.7% and 1.0% of
cement weight and kept aside. They mixed the concrete in 3 batches with each concentration
of aloe vera per batch. The concrete mixture was tested for workability using a slump cone.
This test was done for each batch of varying proportion. The slump values for various mix
14
ratios were noted. The main aim of the slump test is to show how the different concentration
of Aloe Vera juice alters the workability of concrete. Thus, from the above analysis and
results workability of concrete increases with but as they increase the concentration of aloe
vera gel, the compressive strength of the concrete decreases which can be inferred from the
graphical result analysis. It is observed that at 0.5% proportion of aloe vera gel, we can see a
high compressive strength of 34.63 N/mm2. at 28th day observation, but as the concentration
of aloe vera juice increases there is a slight and steady decrease in the compressive strength.
This experiment with Aloe Vera juice in the concrete is done to study that the natural
ingredients can also be used to increase the workability of the concrete They are ecofriendly
and not harmful to the environment.
S. THIROUGNANAME & Dr. G. RAMAKRISHN have said that several additives
and admixtures are used to change the composition of concrete or to accelerate or retard its
hardening, curing, workability etc., Chemical and mineral admixtures commonly used in
production of concrete are too expensive and also polluting the environment. Sisal is a fiber
yielding plant whose botanical name is Agave Sisalana. It occupies sixth place among fiber
plants, representing 2% of the world’s production of plant fiber. A vast quantity of sisal leaf
juice (Extract) is generated during processing of sisal leaves for fiber production, which
remain unutilized. It has caused negative environmental impact from its disposal. Research
programmers already done to utilize the sisal leaf extract in medical industry, but not in the
construction industry so far, even though it is produced large in quantity. This study aims to
use the extract of Sisal leaf, as bio-admixtures in making concrete. The properties of concrete,
namely workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength for the
three grades viz., M20, M25 and M30 were determined in the presence of 0.50 to 2.0% of
sisal leaf extract as admixture in concrete. As the SLE percentage increases, workability
increases in all the three concrete grades M20, M25 and M30.Compressive strength (cube and
cylinder) of SLE cement concretes for all four percentage (0.50%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) at 28
days, yields more strength than that of reference concrete, for all grades of concrete M20,
M25 and M30. It is due to presence of lignin, cellulose and hemi cellulose that improves the
binding properties.
V. Ganesan et al. has learned about exploratory investigations on strength of concrete
by somewhat supplant cement with sugarcane stick bagasse fiery debris. The examination
program incorporated the incomplete replacement of cement by bagasse powder by 10%,
15% and 20% and found that expansion in compressive strength and flexural strength of RC
concrete for 15 % replacement of cement with bagasse slag.
Yogesh. R. Suryawanshi et al. Have studied on impact of sugar powder on Strength
of cement. Sugar powder content is taken in different proportions as 0, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.15,
and 0.2 % by weight of cement. The cubes of various proportions have been casted and was
water cured and testing is improved the situation 3 days, 7 days and 28 days. The measure of
sugar powder 0.1% of the aggregate weight of cement gives expanded introductory and last
setting time. The measure of sugar powder 0.1% of the aggregate weight of cement gives
enhanced outcomes in compressive strength. The compressive strength of cement and
concrete is expanded up to 15 - 20%.
Mani Raj et al. (2019) in their project lead to the retired traditional concept of
15
additional admixture of concrete. Their project helps the construction industry towards the
16
sustainable development. Portland cement was first used in place of lime during the
nineteenth century due to the easy use, quick setting and compressive strength. The rapid
development of construction industry led to huge utilization of cement, this leads to emission
of greenhouse gas (CO2) into environment and that causes the global warming. To reduce the
emission of CO2, the supplementary cementitious material was introduced and vast
investigation is going on over those materials. In the ancient times they had utilized the
materials like egg, blood, animal fat, cactus extract in the concrete as admixtures. Generally,
the admixtures having specific characteristics as accelerating, retarding, air entraining and
water reducing abilities. In this study we utilized the ancient admixture such as jaggery
powder.
A. V. Pavan Kumar et al. (2015) has perform about effect of Sugar, Jaggery and
Sugar Cane Ash on Properties of Concrete. The admixtures (sugar and jaggery) are
incorporated into concrete at the estimation levels of 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1% with 5.10,15, 20,
25% Ash is and cement up to 15% to improve the distinctive properties of concrete. Collapse
To slump was seen in both the admixtures at a measurement of 0.1%. Workability increments
when the measurement of admixture was increased. Compressive strength of concrete
improves when dose of mixture is expanded.
B. Muhu Malini (2018) Concrete is today the largest consumable material in the
world that utilizes the natural resources such as sand, crushed stone and water. Due to the
depletion of these natural resources for concreting, research is being carried out now a day to
reduce the consumption of these resources. In our project, we tend to use natural resin aloe
vera, a plant derived resin used as an admixture in casting of concrete along with the jute
fibre to enhance its strength properties. The concrete is cast in cubes and cylinders and it is
tested for compressive strength and tensile strength to find the optimum percentage of their
replacement.
P. Manonmani (2019) The paper presents an experimental investigation conducted
to study on the natural of aloe vera Fiber in concrete. The effect of Fiber weight fraction (10–
20–30%) and Fiber. Fly ash is not highly reactive, the hydration can be reduced.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, methodology, materials and their properties used in concrete and tests conducted on
different materials were observed and mentioned.
Aloe Vera
Mixing of concrete by adding of natural admixture
Curing of specimens
Water
Testing ofCuring
specimens
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3.2 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIE
The Raw materials that are used in the production of concrete are mentioned below.
3.2.1 Coarse aggregates
3.2.2 Fine aggregates
3.2.3 Cement
3.2.4 Water
3.2.5 Aloe Vera
3.2.6 Jiggery
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Fig 3.2.1: coarse aggregates of 20 and 10mm size
The following tests have been conducted on coarse aggregates.
3.2.1.1 Specific Gravity
3.2.1.2 Fineness modulus
3.2.1.3 Sieve analysis
3.2.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COURSE AGGREGATE
Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of mass of material to the mass of the same
volume of water at the stated temperature. The experiment was conducted as per IS 2386-
1963 and the values are tabulated in Table.
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Table 3.1: properties of coarse aggregates
S.NO Property values
1 Specific gravity 2.67
2 Fineness modulus 6.01
3 Nominal maximum size 20mm
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3.2.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of mass of material to the mass of the same
volume of water the stated temperature. The experiment was conducted as per IS: 2386- 1963
and the values are tabulated in Table 3.2.
3.2.3.1 CEMENT
The cement is to be tested in the laboratory for its quality The cement used was
ordinary Portland cement of OPC 53 grade (KCP 53 grade) as shown in Figure 3.1
requirement limitations as per Indian Standards. firming to IS: 12269-2013. Various tests are
conducted to know the physical properties of cement and the results are tabulated below in
Table 3.1. All 16 the tests conducted are as standard specifications.
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3.2.3.2 TESTING OF CEMENT
The following tests as per IS: 4031-1988 is done to ascertain the physical properties
of the cement. The results of the tests are compared to the specified values of IS: 4031-1988.
1 PH 7.2
2 Taste Good
3 Appearance Clear
4 Turbidity 1.67
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3.2.5 ALOE VERA
Aloe Vera pulp was made into liquid form by using a Mixer grinder. The three
structural components of the Aloe Vera pulp are the cell walls, the degenerated organelles
and the viscous liquid contained within the cells. The raw pulp of Aloe Vera contains
approximately 98.5% water, while the mucilage or gel consists of about 99.5% water. Aloe
Vera liquid and super plasticizers were added to gauged water. The liquid mixture was then
added to the dry mixture and mixed well till homogeneous consistent porous concrete mix
was obtained. Mixture of Aloe Vera Gel showed good results on the properties of concrete in
both workability and compressive strength at 2.5% addition to the water. Workability of
concrete up to 57% along with 10% increment in compressive strength of concrete.
Aloe Vera is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. An ever-green perennial, it
originates from the Arabian Peninsula but grows around the world. Aloe Vera is a short stem
plant that has almost 98% of water in its leaves. Each leaf is full of a slimy tissue which
possesses water. This slimy water is called as “Gel”. It is good for making readily mix
concrete that is more flowing as compared to conventional concrete. It also helps in the
compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete.
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CHAPTER 4
MIX DESIGN
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter concrete mix design calculations for M30 grade concrete in detail were presented.
4.2 REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients are
• The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration
• The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting
equipment available.
• Maximum water-cement ratio to give adequate durability for the particular site conditions.
• Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle
in mass concrete.
4.3 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR MIX DESIGN
• The grade designation, (the characteristic strength requirement of concrete) The
type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength of
concrete.
• Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as
possible within the limits prescribed by IS: 456-2000
• The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
• The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to
the size, shape, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used for
transportation, placing and compaction.
4.3.1 Design of M30 Grade Concrete Stipulations for Proportioning
a) Grade designation :M30
b) Type of cement : OPC53gradeconfirmingIS:12269
c) Minimum Cement content :320kg/m³
d) Maximum nominal size of aggregate :20 mm
e) Maximum water–cement ratio :0.45
f) Workability :70 mm(slump)
g) Exposure condition : Moderate
h) Method of concrete placing : Non-Pumpable
i) Degree of supervision : Good
j) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate
k) Maximum cement content :450kg/m3
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b) Specific gravity of cement :3.14
c) Mineral admixture : ----------
d) Specific gravity : ----------
1) Coarse aggregate :2.67
2) Fine aggregate
:2.60
e) Water absorption
1) Coarse aggregate :0.5%
2) Fine aggregate : 1.0%
f) Free (Surface)moisture
1) Coarse aggregate : NIL
2) Fine aggregate : NIL
g) Sieve analysis
1) Coarse aggregate :6.01
2) Fine aggregate :2.32
(Confirming to grading Zone of Table 2 of IS:3831970)
Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
f¢ck =fck+1.65S
= 30+1.65×5
= 38.25N/mm²
Where
S = standard deviation
From Table 1 of IS 10269:2009, standard deviation (s) =5N/mm²
Target strength =38.25N/mm²
Selection of Water-Cement Ratio
FromTable5 of IS 456-1959, maximum water cement ratio=0.45
Selection of Water Content From Table2
of IS
29
10262:2009
maximum water = 0.717×0.368×2.60×1000
50 mm Slump = 686.02kg
range) for 20 mm
aggregate
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump
(6/100) X186
=197.16
As super plasticizer is used, the
water content can be reduced
upto18%percent and above.
Actual water content for
100mmslump
=161.67itres
Mix Proportions 1m3 Concrete for Trail
Cement =367.00 kg/m³
Water =161.67litre
Fine aggregate =686.02kg
Coarse aggregate =1209.89kg
Water Cement ratio =0.44
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Calculation of Cement Content
Based on experience we have adopted as Water-cement ratio =0.44
Cement content = 161.67/0.44=367kg/m³
From Table 5 of IS 456 minimum cement content for ‘Moderate’ exposure condition is
=320kg/m³, (367kg/m³>320kg/m³) hence, O.K
Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate
Content from Table 3 of IS: 10262-2009 volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to
20 mm size aggregate & fine aggregate (Zone II) For water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.62
But our water content is 0.44 Therefore water cement ratio lowers by 0.06, the
proportion of Volume of coarse aggregate is increased by 0.02 (@ of -/+ 0.01 for every
change in w/c ratio)
Corrected volume of coarse aggregate for the water-cement ratio 0.44 = 0.632
Volume of fine aggregate = 1-0.632 = 0.368
MIX CALCULATIONS
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, concepts of experimental work are presented. Objective of testing, i.e.
ordinary Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, potable water, aloe Vera and
jaggery in process of manufacturing of concrete, workability of fresh concrete and testing of
hardened concrete procedures are explained in details.
It was proposed to investigate the properties of concrete, cast with partial replacement of
chemical admixtures with natural admixtures like aloe Vera and jiggery, fly in the ratio of
0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5 and 3% cured in Sea water. In this experimental work, Physical
properties of materials used in the experimental work were determined. Grade of concrete M30
were mixed and cured by using two methods. The specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days and
tested for Compressive strength, spilt tensile strength.
5.3.1 Aggregates
The coarse aggregate was kept completely immersed in clean water for 24 hours for
water absorption. After 24 hours, the aggregate was gently surface dried. It was then spread out
and exposed to the atmosphere until it appears to be completely surface dry. For fine aggregate,
considering the huge time to be taken to become surface dry from wet condition, it was not
immersed in water. Instead the water was sprinkled then it was spread out and exposed to the
atmosphere until it appears to be completely surface dry.
5.3.2. Batching
Batching means measuring the quantities of constituents of concrete required for the
preparation of concrete mix. Weight batch method is adopted to measure the quantities. The
quantities of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, cement, water and Super plasticizer and adding
ricehusk ash for each batch were measured by a weighing balance according to the mix
proportions obtained by the mix design.
5.3.3. Mixing
The object of mixing is to coat the surface of all aggregate particles with Cement paste
and toblend all the ingredients of concrete into a uniform mass. Though mixing of the material
sis essential for the production of uniform concrete. The mixing should ensure that the mass
becomes homogeneous, uniform in colour and consistency. In this study the process of machine
mixing was adopted.
The test moulds were kept ready before preparing the mix.Moulds were cleaned and
oiled on all contacts surfaces then fixed on vibrating table firmly. The concrete is filled into
moulds in three layers and then vibrated. The top surface of concrete is struck off to level with a
trowel. The number and date of casting were put on the top surface of the cubes as
shown in Figures
Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its
surface without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to reduce the size,
while in tension, size elongates.
Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of
concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not.
Concrete compressive strength for general construction varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30
MPa (4400 psi) and higher in commercial and industrial structures. Compressive strength of
concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of
concrete material, and quality control during production of concrete etc.
Load
Cube compressive strength =
Area of cross section
The cylinder specimen is of the size 150 mm diameters and 300mm length. The test is
carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the loading surfaces of
compression testing machine as shown in Figure 5.3 and the load is applied until failure of
cylinder, along its longitudinal direction. The cylinder specimens are tested at 7 days, 28 days
and90 days. The average of three specimens was reported as the split tensile strength.
2xP
Split tensile strength =Where
Π×D×L
5.5 SUMMARY