MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE

BODIES

STRAIN
ENGR. JERUSA V. ORBON
INSTRUCTOR
 STRAIN
- is the amount of deformation experienced by the
body in the direction of force applied, divided by the
initial dimensions of the body.
Wherein:

𝜹 𝜀 - Strain
𝜺= 𝛿- deformation
𝑳
𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜 - original length

𝜎=𝜀
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
 Relations Between Stress and Strain
𝑃 𝑃𝑣
Normal Stress 𝜎= Shear Stress 𝜎𝑣 =
𝐴 𝐴

𝛿 𝛿𝑣
Normal Strain 𝜖= Shear Strain 𝜖𝑣 =
𝐿 𝐿
Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of Rigidity
𝜎 𝜎𝑣
𝐸= 𝐺=
𝜖 𝜖𝑣
Apply Cross Multiplication Apply Cross Multiplication

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖 ⟶ Hooke’s Law 𝜎𝑣 = 𝐺𝜖𝑣

By Substitution By Substitution
𝑃 𝛿 𝑃𝑣 𝛿𝑣
=𝐸 =𝐺
𝐴 𝐿 𝐴 𝐿
Simplified: Simplified:
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝑣 𝐿
𝛿= 𝛿𝑣 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐺
 Involved Equations

Hooke’s Law Where:

𝜎 = ϵ𝐸 𝜎=axial stress
𝜎𝑣 = ϵ𝑣 𝐺 = 𝛾𝐺 ϵ=axial strain
Axial/Normal Deformation 𝐸=modulus of elasticity

𝛿 𝐺=modulus of rigidity
𝜖= 𝜎𝑣 = 𝛾 =shearing stress
𝐿
𝑃𝐿 ϵ𝑣 =shearing strain
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸 𝐿=original length
𝛿=change of length along
Shearing Deformation
the longitudinal axis
𝛿𝑣
𝜖𝑣 = γ = 𝛿𝑣 =change of length
𝐿
along the lateral axis
𝑃𝑣 𝐿
𝛿𝑣 = 𝐴=Cross sectional area
𝐴𝐺
 Relative/Total Displacement
-it refers to the algebraic sum of displacements occurred from reference to
desired point of the object
Formula:
𝛿𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝛿𝑅/𝐷 = 𝛿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

Stiffness
-It is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting
displacement. It has the unit of N/mm.

Formula:
𝑘 = 𝑃/𝛿

Where:
𝑘=stiffness
𝑃=steady force
𝛿=displacement
AXIAL DEEFORMATION
Problem 18
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm^2 and a length of 150 m is suspended vertically
from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850
kg/m^3 and E = 200 × 10^3 MN/m^2, find the total elongation of the rod.
Solution:

150 𝑚

𝑃 = 20 𝑘𝑁
Problem 19
A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the weight of the wire,
determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to
exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 10^6 psi.

Solution:

30 𝑓𝑡

𝑃 = 500 𝑙𝑏
Problem 20
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in^2 carries the axial loads applied at the positions
shown in the figure. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E = 10 × 10^6 psi. Assume the
bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.

Solution:

𝐴 = 0.5 𝑖𝑛2

6000 𝑙𝑏 7000 𝑙𝑏 5000 𝑙𝑏 4000 𝑙𝑏

3𝑓𝑡 5𝑓𝑡 4𝑓𝑡

Problem 21
A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown. Axial loads are applied at the
positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or
the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume
that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling. Use E_st = 200 GPa, E_al = 70 GPa, and E_br =
83 GPa.
Solution:

Steel Bronze Aluminum

480 𝑚𝑚2 650 𝑚𝑚2 320 𝑚𝑚2
𝑃 3𝑃 4𝑃 2𝑃

1.0 𝑚 2.0 𝑚 1.5 𝑚

Problem 22
The rigid bar ABC shown in the figure is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at B. Determine the
largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical
movement of end C must not exceed 0.10 in.

Solution:

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝐿 = 4 𝑓𝑡
𝐴 = 0.50 𝑖𝑛2
𝐸 = 29 𝑥 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2𝑓𝑡 3𝑓𝑡

𝑃
 Problem 23
The rigid bars AB and CD shown in the figure are supported by pins at A and C and the two rods.
Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is limited to 5
mm. Neglect the weights of all members.
Solution:
FBD for bar AB force:
𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚
𝑅𝐴𝑙
𝐿 =2𝑚
𝐴 = 500 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎

𝐴 3𝑚
𝐵 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐵
3𝑚
𝐿 =2𝑚 𝐴 3𝑚 3𝑚
𝐴 = 300 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎

𝐶 3𝑚 3𝑚 𝐷 𝑅𝑆𝑡
↻ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑃 𝑅𝑆𝑡 6 − 𝑅𝐴𝑙 3 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑙 = 2𝑅𝑆𝑡
 FBD for bar AB deformation: FBD for bar CD force: 𝑅𝑆𝑡

3𝑚 3𝑚
𝛿𝐴𝑙
𝛿𝑆𝑡,1
𝐴
𝐵
𝐶 3𝑚 3𝑚 𝐷
𝛿𝑆𝑡,1 𝛿𝐴𝑙
= ; 𝛿𝑆𝑡,1 = 2𝛿𝐴𝑙 𝑃
6 3
↻ +Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝛿𝑆𝑡,1 = 2𝛿𝐴𝑙 𝑃 3 − 𝑅𝑆𝑡 6 = 0
2𝑅𝑆𝑡 2 1000 𝑅𝑆𝑡 = 0.5𝑃

𝑅𝐴𝑙 𝐿 𝑅𝑆𝑡 FBD for bar CD deformation:

𝛿𝑆𝑡,1 = 2 =
𝐴𝐸 4375
3𝑚 3𝑚
500
70,000 5 𝑚𝑚 𝛿𝑆𝑡,1 + 𝛿𝑆𝑡,2
𝐶
𝐷
𝛿𝑆𝑡,1 + 𝛿𝑆𝑡,2 5 ; 𝛿𝑆𝑡,1 + 𝛿𝑆𝑡,2 = 10
=
6 3
 𝛿𝑆𝑡,1 + 𝛿𝑆𝑡,2 = 10
0.5𝑃 2 1000
𝑅𝑆𝑡 0.5𝑃
4375 𝑅𝑆𝑡 𝐿
𝐴𝐸
300
200,000

𝑷 = 𝟕𝟔, 𝟑𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟒 𝑵
Assignment No. 3
1. The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown below, is horizontal before the load P
is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 kN.

Solution:
FBD for bar AC force:

𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐶
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

3.5𝑚 2.5𝑚

50𝑘𝑁

↻ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0 = 50 3.5 − 𝑃𝐶 (6)

𝑃𝐶 = 29.17𝑘𝑁
+Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0 = 29.17 + 𝑃𝐴 − 50

𝑃𝐴 = 20.83𝑘𝑁
 𝑃𝐴 𝐿𝐴
𝛿𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐶
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐴
𝐴 3.5𝑚 𝐵 2.5𝑚 𝐶
20.83𝑥103 (3𝑥103 ) 𝛿𝐴 = 1.79𝑚𝑚 𝛿𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝛿𝐴 = 𝛿𝑃
𝛿𝐶 = 1.95𝑚𝑚
1
500 70𝑥109 ∗
(1000)2
50𝑘𝑁
𝛿𝐴 = 1.79𝑚𝑚
(1.95 − 1.79) 𝛿𝑃
=
6 3.5
𝑃𝐶 𝐿𝐶 𝛿𝑃 = 0.09𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝐶 =
𝐴𝐶 𝐸𝐶 𝛿𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.09 + 1.79
29.17𝑥103 (4𝑥103 ) 𝜹𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝒎
𝛿𝐴 =
1
300 200𝑥109 ∗
(1000)2

𝛿𝐴 = 1.95𝑚𝑚