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    Terminology and Body Plan

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    Terminology and Body Plan

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    Terminology and Body Plan

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    JJ

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 26

    Anatomy and

    Physiology

    TERMINOLOGY AND
    THE BODY PLAN

    Camille Marie B. Urbano, RN


    Body Positions
    Anatomical position – refers to a person standing erect with the
    face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the side, and
    the palms of the hands facing forward.
    Supine – position when lying face upward
    Prone – position when lying face downward
    Anatomical
    Position
    Directional Terms
    - Right and Left – are used as directional terms for anatomical terminology
    - Superior (cranial) - Describes a position above or higher than another part of the
    body.
    - Inferior (caudal) - Describes a position below or lower than another part of the
    body.
    - Anterior - Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body.
    Ventral – means belly
    - Posterior - Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body.
    Dorsal – means back
    Directional Terms
    - Proximal - Describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment
    or the trunk of the body.
    - Distal - Describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment
    or the trunk of the body.
    Example: Each limb is attached at its proximal end to the body, and the
    hand is at the distal end
    - Medial - Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body.
    - Lateral - Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body.
    Example: The nose is located at the medial position on the face, and the
    ears are lateral to the nose
    Directional Terms
    - Superficial - Describes a position closer to the surface of the body.
    Example : The skin is superficial to the bones.
    - Deep - Describes a position farther from the surface of the body.
    Example : The brain is deep to the skull.
    - Ipsilateral - Describes structures found on the same side of the body.
    Example : The right hand and right shoulder are ipsilateral.
    - Contralateral - Describes structures found on opposite sides of the body
    Example : The right foot is contralateral to the left arm.
    QUIZ TIME
    Question 1

    Which answer describes the "Anatomical Position"?

    A. Standing erect, facing the observer, arms at the side, and palms facing to your
    side
    B. Standing erect, facing the observer, arms at the side, and palms facing forward
    C. Standing erect, facing the observer, arms at the side, and palms facing back
    D. Standing erect, facing the observer, arms at the side, and palms facing outward
    Question 2.

    Which statement is correct?

    A. The neck is superior to the pelvis.


    B. The chest is inferior to the stomach.
    C. The hip is superior to the shoulder.
    D. The ribs are superior to the chin.
    Question 3.

    Mrs. Jones is walking toward you. You are looking at her from a
    (an)_______________view?

    A. Posterior
    B. Dorsal
    C. Anterior
    D. Proximal
    Question 4.

    Which statement is correct?

    A. The inside of the thigh is lateral to the outside of the thigh.


    B. The shoulder is lateral to the neck.
    C. The knee is lateral to the hip.
    D. The ankle is medial to the foot.
    Question 5.

    Which statement is correct?

    A. The knee is proximal to the hip.


    B. The hip is proximal to the knee.
    C. The shoulder is distal to the elbow.
    D. The knee is distal to the ankle.
    Body Parts
    and
    Regions
    Central Region
    - Head
    - Neck
    - Trunk → Thorax , Abdomen ,
    Body Parts Pelvis

    The Upper Limb The Lower Limb


    - Arm – shoulder to the elbow - Thigh – hip to knee
    - Forearm – elbow to the wrist - Leg – knee to ankle
    - Wrist
    - Ankle
    - Hand
    - Foot
    Subdivisions
    of the
    Abdomen

    *Clinicians use the quadrants or regions as reference points for


    locating the underlying organ
    Planes
    Sectioning the body is a way to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures.
    Sagittal plane – runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts
    - Median plane - a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body,
    dividing it into equal halves
    Transverse plane – or horizontal plane, runs parallel to the surface of the ground, dividing
    the body into superior and inferior
    Frontal plane – or coronal plane, runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into
    anterior and posterior
    Planes and
    Sectioning
    Organs are often sectioned to reveal their
    internal structure.
    Longitudinal sections – a cut through the
    long axis of the organ
    Transverse sections – a cut at the right
    angle to the long axis
    Oblique sections – a cut across the long axis
    other than the right angle
    Body Cavities
    2 Largest Body Compartments
    1. Dorsal Body Cavity
    2. Ventral Body Cavity
    - These cavities contain and protect delicate internal organs.
    - The ventral cavity allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as
    they perform their functions.
    E.g. Heart, Lungs, Stomach, Intestine
    Subdivisions of the Posterior and
    Anterior Body Cavities
    Posterior Body Cavity Anterior Body Cavity
    - Cranial Cavity – houses the brain - Thoracic Cavity – contains the lungs and
    - Spinal Cavity – encloses the spinal cord heart
    - Abdominal Cavity – houses the digestive
    The brain and the spinal cord are protected by organs
    the bones of the skull and the vertebral - Pelvic Cavity – houses the reproductive
    column and by organs
    Cerebrospinal Fluid → a colorless fluid Abdominopelvic Cavity – is the largest cavity
    produced by the brain that cushions the brain and
    in the body
    spinal cord within the posterior cavity.
    Membranes of the Anterior Body
    Cavity
    Serous membrane – also called serosa
    - one of the thin membranes that cover the walls
    and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic
    cavities.
    2 layers
    1. Parietal layer - line the walls of the body cavity
    2. Visceral layer – covers the organs

    Between the parietal and visceral layers is a very


    thin fluid-filled serous space or cavity
    Serous Cavities and their associated
    Membranes
    1. Pericardial cavity – surround the heart
    - pericardium
    *Pericarditis – inflammation of the pericardium
    2. Pleural cavity – surround the lungs
    - pleura
    *Pleurisy – inflammation of the pleura
    3. Peritoneal cavity – surrounds most organs of the abdomen
    - peritoneum
    *Peritonitis – inflammation of the peritoneum

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