FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 1

FEASIBILITY OF CARROT (Daucus carota subsp. Sativicus) &

CUCUMBER (Cucumis Sativus) AS A PAPER

James Jharen Acuña

Jeryl Arjona

Jaira Lyn Esmero

Christine Joy Caber

Vince Andrei Manzanero

Kristine D. Gamboa

Liliw National High School

S.Y. 2021-2022
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 2

Abstract

The researcher’s goal is to reduce the amount of fruits and vegetables’ waste in the

country as it could potentially harm the environment and reduce deforestation for paper

processing. Food waste is put in landfills which causes the production of greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases are one contributing factor to the world’s global warming and climate

changes. Moreover, papers are used by people everyday, which means more trees are cut in order

to meet the demands for paper. Deforestation can cause soil erosion, flooding, and destruction of

natural habitats. Therefore, there is an urge to reduce the amount of food waste and deforestation

by using local materials where some have the ability to produce paper.

For conducting this product, the first step shall be to collect the materials needed. Right

after, cut the Carrot and Cucumber into tiny pieces and boil in water. Remove the soft Carrots

and Cucumber and crush it by using a blender. Transfer and spread it in a mold and let dry for a

couple of days. Lastly, remove the paper from the mold and use as needed.

Various setups are done in this research, showing its feasibility in creation of an

alternative paper. The P-values were 0.125, 0.00123, and 0.001124, showing no significant

difference between the different setups and formulations.

This study shows that Carrots and Cucumbers can be utilized to produce paper. The three

different setups are as follows: Carrots and Cucumbers only, Carrots and Cucumbers with flour

and water base, washed up Carrots and Cucumbers after blending.

FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 3

Table of Contents Page

TITLE PAGE........................................................................................................................... 1
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 4
Background of the Study.................................................................................................. 5
Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................ 6
Hypothesis........................................................................................................................ 7
Significance of the Study................................................................................................. 7
Scope and Limitation of the Study................................................................................... 8
MATERIALS AND METHODS........................................................................................... 8
Research Design.............................................................................................................. 8
Materials.......................................................................................................................... 9
Methods........................................................................................................................... 9
Risk and Safety.............................................................................................................. 10
Data Analysis................................................................................................................. 11
Statistical Treatment....................................................................................................... 12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................... 13
Presentation of Data...................................................................................................... 13
Results........................................................................................................................... 14
Discussion..................................................................................................................... 16
Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 16
Recommendation............................................................................................................17
References......................................................................................................................17
Acknowledgement......................................................................................................... 18

Appendices.................................................................................................................... 19

Definition of Terms....................................................................................................... 23
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 4

Introduction

A lot of vegetables are wasted every year, around 45% of the world's fruit and

vegetables go to waste each year. In developing countries, 40% of food loss occurs at post-

harvest and processing levels while in industrialized countries more than 40% of food loss

happens at retail and consumer levels. The researchers use carrots (Daucus carota) and

cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) that will serve as an alternative paper.

There are two problems that are being solved by the researchers is to lessen the Fruits and

Vegetables being wasted and to lessen nor to stop deforestation. The Philippines is one of the

most severely deforested countries in the tropics and most deforestation has happened in the last

40 years. Estimates place forest cover in the Philippines in the year 1900 at 21 million hectares,

covering 70 % of the total land area. By 1999, forests covered 5.5 million hectares; only 800,000

hectares of this was primary forest. As illegal logging continues, the remaining forest is

endangered.

Fruits and vegetables that are being wasted as well deforestation are one of the problems

around the world. The researchers will be using cucumber (Cucumis Sativus), according to

Harvard University Health Services, a 1-cup serving of chopped, raw cucumber contains 0.5

grams of dietary fiber. Of this total, 0.2 grams are soluble fiber and 0.3 grams are insoluble

fiber and Carrot (Daucus carota L) is one of the popular root vegetables grown throughout the

world and is the most important source of dietary carotenoids in Western countries including the

United States of America (Block 1994; Torronen et al. 1996). China is the major carrot-

producing country in the world (FAO 2008). The area under carrot in India is 22,538 ha with an

annual production of 4.14 lakh tons (Thamburaj and Singh 2005) with Uttar Pradesh, Assam,
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 5

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana being the major producing States. In recent

years, the consumption of carrot and its products have increased steadily due to their recognition

as an important source of natural antioxidants besides, the anticancer activity of β-carotene being

a precursor of vitamin A (Dreosti 1993; Speizer et al. 1999).

Background of the Study

According to Turturică M. and Bahrim G. E. (2021), carrot (Daucus carota subsp.

sativus) is widely used in the food industry in different forms such as raw, cooked, dried, or as

juice. It is said that carrots are primarily consumed fresh and are the 6th most consumed fresh

vegetable in the U.S. Consumption of fresh carrots peaked in 1997 at 14.1 pounds per person and

since then has dropped off and settled into a stable amount of approximately 7.71 pounds per

person in 2020 (Vegetable and Pulses Outlook, 2020).

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a fruit crop with high consumption worldwide. Mexico

had a cucumber production of 826,485 tonnes in 2019. In December 2020, in a greenhouse in

Sinaloa State, 18% of Persian cucumber fruits with rot symptoms and the development of

cottony white mycelia at both ends were observed similar to those described for Fusarium

incarnatum (Garcia-Estrada et al., 2021).

Paper with the scientific name, “Cyperus papyrus” is material manufactured in thin sheets

from the pulp of wood or other fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing or printing on.

According to Britannica (2020), although almost all steps in papermaking have become highly

mechanized, the basic process has remained essentially unchanged. First, the fibers are separated

and wetted to produce the paper pulp or stock. The pulp is then filtered on a woven screen to
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 6

form a sheet of fiber, which is pressed and compacted to squeeze out most of the water. The

remaining water is removed by evaporation, and the dry sheet is further compressed and,

depending upon the intended use, coated or impregnated with other substances.

In the process making of paper, fiber is important in papermaking. Synthetic fiber papers

are excellent for chemical filtration because they may be made resistant to strong acids. Fiber can

also be used to make paper, which has excellent heat and chemical resistance. In general, as fiber

length and strength decrease, fracture energy drops. Here, the researchers use carrot and

cucumber because it contains fiber which has strength, flexibility, and durability which is needed

in manufacturing paper.

Consumption of paper every day has been increasing, trees are being cut down to supply

the need of paper that causes deforestation one of the biggest problem around the world. The

researchers come up with lessening food waste and deforestation by repurposing local materials,

especially where some people can make paper. The researchers come up with the idea of using

waste fruit and vegetable, specifically carrot and cucumber to be a paper as it has the

components of some of the properties needed in creating a paper. In view of this foregoing

scenario, the researchers aims to determine if carrot and cucumber can be feasible as a paper.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine if carrots (Daucus carota) and cucumber (Cucumis Sativus)

can be used as an alternative paper. This study sought to answer the following questions:

1. Use the Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) in

creating alternative paper;

FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 7

2 .Determine if Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and Cucumber’s (Cucumis sativus)

feasibility as paper, based on the minutes of the durability of the alternative paper in the

following formulation:

a. 50%(Carrots) + 50% (Cucumber)

b. 40%(Carrots) + 40%(Cucumber) + 10%(Flour and Water Based)

c. 100% (Carrots and Cucumber) (Blended or Grinded)

3. Determine if Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and Cucumber’s (Cucumis sativus)

feasibility as paper, based on the minutes of the durability of the alternative paper in different

water measurements: 1 cup (8oz) of Water, 2 cups (16oz) of Water, 3 cups (24oz) of Water.

Hypothesis

Alternative Hypothesis (HA)

There is a significant difference between the Durability of Set up B(40%(Carrots) + 40%

(Cucumber) + 10%(Flour and Water Based) with Set up A and C

Significance of the Study

This product would be mainly beneficial to:

Firstly, Farmers, because the vegetables they harvested that could no longer be sold

would not be wasted and it will help them to avoid agricultural losses.
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 8

Secondly, Environment, because it will reduce the amount of wasted and discarded

vegetables which is harmful to the nature and will also lessen the deforestation due to the paper

processing.

Lastly, Future researchers, this study could help them to obtain information about the use

of carrot and cucumber as a paper.

Scope and Limitation

This research will serve as an effective product, especially for those who like to write

who still buy paper. This product will be produced within 10 months. The sampling will be

conducted in Laguna Province, Municipality of Liliw.

Materials and Methods

This part of the research paper describes the methods and processes utilized in the

creation of alternative paper using carrots (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and cucumber

(Cucumis Sativus).

Research Design

The chapter concentrates on the discussion of the research method and procedures

adhered to by the research in order to answer systematically the specific problems posed for

investigation. Specifically, the research method, population and samples, research instrument,
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 9

data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of the data used for the accurate data analysis

and interpretation were explained in this chapter.

The researchers used the experimental research design. This study will depict the result of

carrots (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) as an alternative pape to

lessen the vegetable waste every year.

Materials

The materials and equipment used in this study are 1 whole carrot (Daucus carota subsp.

Sativus), 1 and 1\2 of cucumber (Cucumis Sativus), flour, water, chopping board, knife, blender\

grinder, container, spoon, clean cloth, pot, and strainer.

Methods

The steps and procedures in creating an alternative paper were from the experiment made

by the researchers. In this study, the first thing the researchers did was peel and chop the 1 whole

carrot (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and 1 and 1/2 cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) into several

tiny pieces, the size is less than one inch long for it to break easily. Next, the researchers placed

the carrots (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) in a large pot and fill

the pot with enough water so that it will float and boil it in a pot on the stove, this is in order to

get rid of unnecessary things that may affect in creating an alternative paper. The researchers

then stir the carrots (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) constantly

for about 15 minutes for it to help to be soft. After that, researchers removed the pot from the
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 10

stove and take out the carrots (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and cucumber (Cucumis Sativus).

Researchers prepared the blender and use it to whip the carrots (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus)

and cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) into fine slurry. Ladle the slurry onto the screen. Researchers

spread the slurry lightly and consistently to the cloth, researchers used a molder so that carrots

(Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) slurry can form a shape of a

paper and let it dry in a cloth out in the sun.

Risk and Safety

The researchers conducted the testing/experiment with caution, paying close attention to

safety precautions and proper handling of the materials.

The researchers collected the leftover or defective carrots and cucumber and upon doing

this, inevitably there may be dirt and bacteria on the said fruit and vegetable that they collected.

Moreover, researchers used a knife and other cooking materials as well as the gas stove in

boiling the carrot and cucumber.

To avoid hazards, the researchers make sure that they wear protective gloves throughout

the *experimentation/testing process. They used the kitchen materials correctly to prevent

accidents. They put them to good use by storing, treating, and maintaining personal hygiene.

Furthermore, the gloves are disposed of properly after the experiment/testing. The

researchers certify that the kitchen products are returned to their proper place. The researchers

find a way where they can properly dispose of the water and material used. The water used to

boil the carrots and cucumbers is disposed of as it could contain bacteria and endanger others.
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 11

Data Analysis

1 cup (8oz) of Water

40%(Carrots) + 40% 100% (Carrots and

50%(Carrots) + 50% (Cucumber) + 10% Cucumber) (Blended
Formulation (Cucumber) (Flour and Water or Grinded)
Based)

Trial 1 1 13 10

Trial 2 2 14 11

Trial 3 3 15 12

Average 2 14 11

2 cup (16oz) of Water

40%(Carrots) + 40% 100% (Carrots and

50%(Carrots) + 50% (Cucumber) + 10% Cucumber) (Blended
Formulation (Cucumber) (Flour and Water or Grinded)
Based)

Trial 1 1 8 5

Trial 2 1 9 6

Trial 3 1 10 7

Average 1 9 6
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 12

3 cup (24oz) of Water

40%(Carrots) + 40% 100% (Carrots and

50%(Carrots) + 50% (Cucumber) + 10% Cucumber) (Blended
Formulation (Cucumber) (Flour and Water or Grinded)
Based)

Trial 1 1 8 7

Trial 2 1 9 7

Trial 3 1 10 8

Average 1 9 7.33

Statistical Treatment

In This Study , The Researchers Used Anova T-test Single Factor to determine the durability of

Carrots and Cucumber as a paper based on minutes of before shattering in water in different

formulation.

a. 50%(Carrots) + 50% (Cucumber)

b. 40%(Carrots) + 40%(Cucumber) + 10%(Flour and Water Based)

c. 100% (Carrots and Cucumber) (Blended or Grinded)

FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 13

Results and Discussion

This section presents the analysis and interpretation of the study on the (research

problem) following the quantitative methodology .The content of this chapter are the

effectiveness of Carrots and Cucumber as an alternative paper, the amount and materials used to

have an efficient paper and the outcome of the experiment to determine the durability of the

alternative paper based on minutes before shattering in the water in different formulation.

Presentation of Data

1. Prepare all the materials 2. Peel and chop the carrot

needed. and cucumber into several
tiny pieces.

4. After that removed the pot 3. Boil the carrots and

from the stove and take out cucumber in a large pot for
the carrots and cucumber. 10-15 mins.

5. Prepared the blender and 6. Spread the slurry lightly

use it to blend the carrots and consistently to the cloth.
and cucumber along side
the flour and water based.

7. Used a molder so that

carrots and cucumber slurry
can form a shape of a paper
and let it dry in a cloth out
in the sun.
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 14

Results

This table shows the results of data gathered through this study and experimental.

Table 1. Minutes of the durability of Carrots and Cucumber in 50% (Carrots) + 50%

(Cucumber)

Table 1. Presents a significant difference of 50% (Carrots) + 50% (Cucumber). The P-value is

0.125 and there is a significant difference between the amount of water of 1 cup (8oz) 2 cups

(16oz) and 3 cups (24oz).

Table 2. Minutes of durability of Carrots and Cucumber as paper in 40% (Carrots) + 40%

(Cucumber) + 10% (Flour and Water Based).

FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 15

Table 2. presents a significant difference of 40% (Carrots) + 40% (Cucumber) + 10% (Flour and

Water Based). The P-value is 0.00123 and there is a significant difference between the amount of

water of 1 cup (8oz), 2 cupS (16oz) and 3 cups (24oz).

Table 3. Minutes of durability of Carrots and Cucumber as paper in 100% (Carrots and

Cucumber) (Blended or Grinded)

FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 16

Table 3. Presents a significant difference of 100% (Carrots and Cucumber) (Blended or

Grinded). The P-value is 0.001124 and there is a significant difference between the amount of

water of 1 cup (8oz), 2 cups (16oz) and 3cups (24oz).

Discussions

Based from the Anova T-test Single Factor presents that Set up B(40% Carrots + 40%

Cucumber + 10% Flour and water based is more efficient in constructing an alternative paper

with a P-value of 0.00123 that Set up A ( 50% Carrots + 50% Cucumber ) with a P-value of

0.125 and set up C (100% Carrots and Cucumber (Blended or Grinded).

According to the study of Parayno and Busmente (2005), one of the benefits ofrecycling

paper is that it conserves thousands of liters of water and electricity 28- 70percent less energy

usage than the virgin paper. It is due to the fact that energy isgreatly consumed in the process

pulping to turning the wood into paper. Furthermore,recycling paper creates less air since it

usually used oxygen than chlorine thatdecreases dioxins. They also claimed that a metric ton of

recycled paper savesseventeen trees, and eradicates 3 cubic meter of landfills.

Conclusion

After some trials and errors, the results showed that the carrots (Daucus carota subsp.

Sativus) and cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) can be utilized in creating an alternative paper. The

results that has been gathered, proved that carrots (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and cucumber

(Cucumis Sativus) are feasible as paper.

FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 17

Recommendation

These are some concept and ideas that the researchers highly suggested:

1. The future researchers can think of way of where they can enhance the Fiber content of

the Carrots and Cucumbers with flour and water base.

2. The future researchers can make a new product by the use of the research conducted in

creating a paper using Carrots and Cucumber..

3. The future researchers can also creat an improved version where the manufacturer in

creating a paper made out of tress and other benificiaries of this product can use this product in

an easier ,safer way to fully stop the deforestation and the fruits and vegetable being wasted

around the world .

References
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 18

Acknowledgment

The researchers are grateful to the following individuals for their assistance and

assistance in completing this study. They'd like to thank the Liliw National High School staff

for helping them create this research study by giving various pieces of information.

The honorable principle, Ms. Kristine P. Perez, for her leadership and support.

Ms. Kristine D. Gamboa, their research adviser, for providing them with information

and assistance in areas where they were lacking, as well as for being a constant companion

during the project.

To their former mentors, Mrs. Mayleen M. Buenavista and Mrs. Quennie Brul, for

introducing this topic.

For the moral support of their coworkers and acquaintances.

To their family and parents, for their unwavering support and advice throughout their

lives.

And, most importantly, to the Lord Jesus Christ for His spiritual guidance in assisting

the researchers in obtaining knowledge until the end of the study, as well as in ensuring the

study's success.
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 19

Appendix

Appendix 1: Pictures of Materials Needed

Carrots Cucumber Flour

Water Chopping Board Knife

Blender\Grinder Container Spoon

FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 20

Clean Cloth Pot Strainer

 FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 21

Appendix 2 :Methodology

1.Prepare all the

3. After that
materials needed. Peel 2. Boil the carrots
removed the pot
and chop the carrot and and cucumber in a
from the stove and
cucumber into several large pot for 10-15
take out the carrots
tiny pieces. mins.
and cucumber.

6. Used a molder so that 5. Spread the slurry 4. Prepared the blender

carrots and cucumber lightly and and use it to blend the
slurry can form a shape of consistently to the carrots and cucumber
a paper and let it dry in a cloth. along side the flour and
cloth out in the sun. water based.
FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 22

Appendix 3:Finished Product

Appendix 4: Final Testing

FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 23

Definition of Terms

Blender - an electric machine used in the kitchen for breaking down foods or making smooth

liquid substances from soft foods and liquids.

Carrot - is a tapering orange colored root eaten as a vegetable, (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) is a

root vegetable, typically orange in color.

Cucumber - the fruit of a vine (Cucumis sativus) of the gourd family cultivated as a garden

vegetable.

Chopping Board - thin, flat piece of cut wood, hard plastic, or other hard material, used for

cutting food on.

Clean Cloth - a piece of cloth which you use for a particular purpose, such as cleaning something

or covering something, as well as layover.

Container - a hollow object, such as a box or a bottle, that can be used for holding something,

especially to carry or store it.

Flour - soft powder made from the seeds or roots of a plant that often contains a lot of starch,

used in cooking or an ingriedient in an experiment.

Knife - a tool, usually with a metal blade and a handle, used for cutting and spreading food or

other substances.

Molder - a strip of plaster or wood along the top of a wall or round a door, which has been made

into an ornamental shape or decorated with a pattern.

FEASIBILITY OF CARROT AND CUCUMBER AS A PAPER 24

Pot - any various types of container taht is usually round and especially one used for cooking

food.

Spoon - an eating or cooking implement consisting of a small shallow bowl with a relatively long

handle, used when scooping or take up something.

Strainer - kitchen device that is most used to strain liquids away from other ingredients but also

to ocassionally sift fine ingredients away from larger ingredients. The Strainer may be formed as

a spoon-shaped utensil or a basket-shaped strainer from various materials such as metal, nylon or

cloth.

Water - liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is a

major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly

compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers.