See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/315856223

IoT Applications and Business Models

Chapter · March 2017

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55405-1_4

CITATIONS READS

3 3,797

3 authors:

Syed Ahsan Raza Naqvi Syed Ali Hassan

National University of Sciences and Technology National University of Sciences & Technology
11 PUBLICATIONS 426 CITATIONS 293 PUBLICATIONS 5,759 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Fatima Hussain
Ryerson University
49 PUBLICATIONS 1,692 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Syed Ahsan Raza Naqvi on 02 February 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Chapter 4
IoT Applications and Business Models

Syed Ahsan Raza Naqvi, Syed Ali Hassan, and Fatima Hussain

4.1 Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides a notion of sensors or “things” being

connected anytime, anywhere. It is considered to be an extension of the Internet to
the real world consisting of physical objects, and is often associated with such terms
as “ubiquitous network,” and “cyber physical system” [1]. All future advancements
in the field of IoT are contingent on developments in microelectronics, embedded
systems and network protocols.
This chapter aims to provide the reader an overview of some of the fields that IoT
can potentially revolutionize in the years to come. It discusses how IoT can change
the way we will travel along national highways, how everyday garments may 1
day become more than just pieces of fabric, how two-way communication will play
a major role in future electric grids and how it is helping to preserve endangered
species like rhinos. Along the way, we outline some hurdles faced by IoT developers
and how information security will shape future IoT networks. The chapter closes
with a summary of business models that vendors may follow as IoT devices become
increasingly pervasive in the market.

S.A.R. Naqvi
The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
S.A. Hassan
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University
of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
F. Hussain ()
Assistant Professor, School of Computer Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
Research Associate, Department of Computer Science, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

© The Author(s) 2017 45

F. Hussain, Internet of Things, SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer
Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-55405-1_4
46 S.A.R. Naqvi et al.

4.2 Applications of IoT

As will be seen in subsequent subsections, the applications of IoT are many and
varied and the field has witnessed rapid growth in recent times. Therefore, in
order to ease the development process of IoT applications, developers should move
beyond low-level cloud programming models. In order to address this problem, [2]
proposes a framework that is mapped to cloud application program interfaces (APIs)
provided by platforms like Aneka. The framework not only reads data from both the
sensors and online databases but also passes messages in case an event of interest is
observed. The design is summarized in Fig. 4.1.
Generally, IoT is said to consist of the following layers [3]:

Fig. 4.1 Possible framework for developing future IoT applications

• Physical thing: It is the physical object, such as a light bulb, that provides
direct benefits to the consumer.
• Sensor/actuator: The first layer is equipped with a minicomputer complete
with sensors and actuators. The sensors are responsible for collecting data
about the physical object and/ or its surroundings, whereas the actuator
takes an appropriate measure in response to this data. For instance, a sensor
might be used to determine whether or not there is human presence in the
vicinity of a light bulb. Depending on this information, the actuator can
turn the bulb either on or off.
(continued)
4 IoT Applications and Business Models 47

• Connectivity: The second layer is globally accessible through the internet

to subscribers around the globe.
• Analytic: This layer collects and stores data originating from the sensors
and checks for its plausibility.
• Digital service: The final layer packages the digital services offered by the
previous layers in a suitable form.

4.2.1 Intelligent Transportation

It is expected that in the near future the principle of IoT could be applied to
vehicles so as to set up car networks aimed at exchanging high rate multimedia
information for entertainment purposes [4]. Such networks are called Vehicular
Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). Device-to-device (D2D) communication is one of the
promising applications of network control over communication sessions, whereby
the devices discover each other and directly communicate with minimal involvement
of the network. This strategy can help overcome latency issues in scenarios
where vehicles communicate directly with each other, i.e., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
communication [5]. The resulting VANET converts the participating vehicle into a
wireless router or node, allowing other cars within a proximity of 100–300 m of
each other to connect and create a network. Vehicles moving out of this range are
dropped from the network.

Vehicular communication is considered to be a front-runner in ensuring

the security and the efficiency of future transportation systems by relay-
ing information such as changes in the ambient conditions (snow, fire
etc.) and traffic conditions in general (road accident, on-going construc-
tion work or congestion) (http://www.nautilus6.org/events/0701-WONEMO/
20070115-WONEMO-Automotive.pdf). With each vehicle communicating
in its neighborhood with unknown and unspecified vehicles on the road, V2V
communication can prove to be vital for collision avoidance techniques as the
distance and speed of the nearest neighbor is given greater importance in such
situations.

There have already been other major developments towards achieving ‘smart-
ness’ on the road. Multi-national enterprises around the world have made locating
parking slots easier through sensors (ParkSight [6]), allowed users to summon cabs
through a single tap of a smartphone (Uber [7]) and designed a mechanism for
volunteers to collect road condition data for visualization on a map to be used by
48 S.A.R. Naqvi et al.

Fig. 4.2 Communication techniques expected to be used in VANETs comprising vehicles

equipped with on-board sensors and electronic control unit (ECU); vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V),
vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-road side unit (V2R) and vehicle to sensors (V2S)
(https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~kan.yang/securitybbcr/vanet.html)

both individual users and the authorities (Streetbump [8]). Needless to say, IoT
is expected to continue playing a major role in determining how drivers interact
with the environment, including the traffic, around them. Figure 4.2 summarizes the
various communication techniques expected to be used in VANETs.

4.2.2 Smart Clothing

The state-of-the-art for smart clothing is restricted to special purpose, low-volume

fabrics that are embedded with electronics. Related literature, however, projects the
use of IoT in future garments by incorporating sensing layers, such as a conductive
coating or a mesh of conductive threads, into a cloth during production. In particular,
[9] lays down three requirements for achieving this:
• The sensor layers need to be tailored depending on what variables they aim to
sense and the body location they are supposed to perform their job on.
• There should be a connectivity between the sensor layers to furnish a power and
communication infrastructure for the sensory components.
• There should be an interface to set up the cloth to be embedded with electronic
circuitry.
4 IoT Applications and Business Models 49

In conjunction to the aforementioned features, a separate operating system may be

added to the electronic control modules.
IoT can also find application in product inspection and quality control. For
instance, [10], proposes the design of a garment hanger that not only checks the
appearance of the cloth (such as color and fitting) so that it meets predetermined
standards, but also determine its tensile strength as well as its response to being
worn by a person several times.
Researchers have also looked into the possibility of developing a sensor sys-
tem to determine the optimal temperature for a building’s heating or cooling
system depending on the clothing insulation of the occupants [11]. The work
was undertaken to prevent wastage of energy as well as reduce the feelings of
discomfort experienced by people inside the building owing to inordinately high
or low temperature settings. A smart sensor system for clothing insulation inference
(SiCILIA) is a platform that addresses these challenges by obtaining the personal
and physical variables of the inhabitant’s thermal environment to deduce their
clothing insulation.

4.2.3 Smart Grids

Earlier, the functionality of smart meters was restricted to measuring the electricity
used and the ability to remotely control the supply and cutoff when necessary.
However, the prospects of incorporating IoT principles into future electric grids
have meant that smart meters will be able to perform a more diverse set of operations
in the smart grid. These include, but are not limited to, real-time determination of
electricity consumption with the possibility of remote and local reading of the meter,
linkage with other utilities such as gas and water supply and recording events such
as device status and power quality [12].

It would be instructive to note that while the smart meter is taken to be the
data capture device, it may be connected to a communication device such as
a smart meter gateway for setting up a secure network. This gateway could
receive and communicate real-time information from the supplier and even
start and stop power supply.

In addition, this gateway could also be connected to household appliances and

is responsible for relaying consumption information to the subsequent level in the
smart grid. In the long term, it has also been suggested that smart meters will also
replace the large number of sensors currently being used in the grid by relaying
voltage and current measurements directly to an aggregation point, thus reducing
cost [13]. In literature, several communication techniques have been considered
50 S.A.R. Naqvi et al.

3
10
NLOS
Network lifetime (x1000 s)

LOS
2
10

1
10

0
10

−1
10
14
13
3
12
11 2

10 1
Distance (m) Number of relays

Fig. 4.3 Trade-offs between the number of cooperating relays, coverage distance and network
lifetime

for use in transmitting this information in the neighborhood area network (NAN)
of a smart grid. For instance, [14] develops a test bed using software defined
radios (SDRs) to relay data from a source node, to multiple relays and then on
to the destination node using cooperative communication. The setup has been tested
in both indoor and outdoor environments. The paper showed that increasing the
number of relays not only helped improve the coverage distance to achieve the
same quality-of-service (QoS) but also offered better network energy efficiency as
compared to systems that do not employ cooperative communication. Figure 4.3
illustrates one of the findings of the paper. The graph provides credence to the claim
that increasing the number of relays to achieve the same QoS helps increase the
network lifetime. This result is especially important considering the fact that most,
if not all, sensors in an IoT network run on battery.
In addition to this work, [15] develops a media access control (MAC) protocol
for such a network. Figure 4.4 outlines one set of results obtained by the authors.
The figure shows the variation in throughput for increasing source-destination (S-
D) distances at different transmit powers for single-input single-output (SISO) and
cooperative links. An important observation from the plot is that the throughput
performance of a cooperative network with a source transmit power of 5 dBm is
comparable to that of a SISO network with a transmit power of 10 dBm.
4 IoT Applications and Business Models 51

160

140
Cooperative (5dBm)
120 SISO (5dBm)
Cooperative (10dBm)
Throughput (kbps)

100 SISO (10dBm)

80

60

40

20

0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
distance (m)

Fig. 4.4 Throughput versus S-D distance for SISO transmissions and CT

4.2.4 Education

With the vast proliferation of internet access, students and researchers now feel the
urge to not only access the work of experts in their field but also their peers. The
Internet has thus become a platform for sharing ideas and on-going research. It is
expected that in the future experts in a particular area will be requested to teach
classes anywhere in the world through streaming or live video [16].
Global education received a major boost with the introduction of massive open
online courses (MOOCs). With the world’s leading universities providing access
to their professors free of charge, the idea of “flipped classrooms” is gaining
strength, whereby students would be expected to learn the subject matter outside
the classroom, leaving the course instructor to discuss problems and ideas during
class time. By providing an opportunity for students in the developing world to learn
beyond basic education (which is often limited by the economic status), MOOCs and
other online resources like the Khan Academy [17] can, in time, help improve the
quality of life for people who cannot afford higher education. Another major group
of beneficiaries would be home-bound individuals who are capable of learning and
participate in classroom courses.
In the future, MOOCs may transform into vehicles for two-way information
which can prove vital for the universities and teachers engaged in furthering these
initiatives. MOOCs can generate data-sets outlining the number of registrations
and drop-outs, online attendance per course and the students’ internet protocol (IP)
address of the students. The universities can thus gauge the time that people spend
on course materials and narrow down the content and topics that might be popular
52 S.A.R. Naqvi et al.

among specific demographics. This would allow course instructors to streamline

their teaching methods to reduce drop-out rates and to align the curriculum to the
students’ needs.

4.2.5 Environment Observation, Forecasting and Protection

With the environment under constant stress due to extensive urbanization and
adverse human activities such as hunting for sport, IoT is projected to play a part
in preserving natural resources and endangered species. In order to achieve the
latter objective, organizations around the world are using GPS-enabled devices
to track the habits and health of endangered species (http://industrialiot5g.com/
20161118/channels/fundamentals/iot-impact-environment-tag31-tag99). In fact,
Cisco is using long range radio (LoRa)-based connectivity to track the movement
of anyone entering the reserve grounds for rhinos (http://www.cisco.com/c/m/enus/
never-better/csr-1.html). In case of trespassing, precautionary measures may be
taken for the well-being of the animals.
Furthermore, IoT can potentially help alleviate waste management issues partic-
ularly in countries like the USA where the daily per capita trash was estimated to
be 4.6 pounds in 2013 [18]. By determining the optimum time for waste collection
and the best routes for the trucks to follow, IoT can redress the problems associated
with waste build-up in neighborhoods.
With an increasing number of water-stressed countries around the world, the
installation of smart water sensors in buildings can also help limit domestic water
consumption. Through these devices and data analytics, users will be able to keep
track of how much water was used in a given period, allowing them to cut down on
excessive usage.
Another major environmental crisis that the world faces is deforestation. In
addition to fighting forest fires, drones are now part of an initiative by BioCarbon
Engineering to replant one billion trees [19]. The organization aims to achieve its
goals through precision agriculture techniques, the use of technology to reduce
manpower requirements and cost and the deployment of drones to determine the
landscape of the area affected by deforestation.
Finally, IoT can also assist in predicting and mitigating the effects of natural
disasters. In particular, Zizmo [20] uses cloud connected sensors that detect motion
near earthquake epicenters to issue a warning to residents in the surrounding
areas. Similarly, Avatech [21] uses pressure sensors to predict the likelihood of an
avalanche.
4 IoT Applications and Business Models 53

4.2.6 Smart Agriculture and Farming

As stated earlier, the world’s water reservoirs are fast depleting and there is an
urgent need to conserve this precious resource. According to an estimate, farmers
use 70% of earth’s freshwater, 60% of which is lost due to faulty irrigation systems,
inefficient agricultural techniques and the cultivation of thirsty crops (http://
industrialiot5g.com/20161118/channels/fundamentals/iot-impact-environment-
tag31-tag99). Sensors and actuators can provide growers with a better visibility
over their operation and thus allow them to minimize water wastage by monitoring
metrics such as temperature and water pressure. In this respect, Microstrain [22]
has developed a system of wireless sensors to gauge key conditions during the
growing season in vineyards. The sensors measure variables such as temperature,
soil moisture and solar radiation and alert the farmers in case of extreme conditions.
Figure 4.5 spells out the possible applications of IoT in farming.

Fig. 4.5 Applications of IoT in agriculture (https://blog.beaconstac.com/2016/03/iot-ecosystem-

iot-business-opportunities-and-forecasts-for-the-iot-market/)
54 S.A.R. Naqvi et al.

4.2.7 Health Care

Given the vast number of future applications of IoT, it is little wonder that IoT is
expected to revolutionize health care as well. In particular, IoT can allow physicians
to constantly monitor the physiological parameters of their patients. Owing to
the recent advances in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and embedded systems,
miniaturized health monitoring devices have become a reality. These sensors can
form a body sensor network (BSN) which not only monitors the patients’ health
indicators but also incorporates context aware sensing for improved sensitivity. In
this connection, [23] proposes the design of a hardware development platform.
The diagnosis of cardiac diseases by constantly monitoring the patient’s electro-
cardiogram (ECG) signals is a common application of BSNs. These sensor networks
have also been used for monitoring patients with Parkinson’s disease as they offer
credible data collected over a larger period of time, compared to the inferences made
through clinical observation. For example, in [24], the authors used wearable sensors
to identify the movement characteristics of patients suffering from Parkinson’s
disease and attained real-time monitoring with high accuracy. Similarly BSNs have
also been used for the treatment of respiratory diseases. In such a scenario, the
network comprises a respiratory sensor for determining the depth and frequency
of breathing. The collected data might then be used for patients to undergo
breathing training which is instrumental in respiratory disease rehabilitation. The
setup includes It utilizes a respiratory sensor for monitoring depth and frequency
of breathing, so as to guide patients to take correct breathing training, which
plays a very important role in respiratory disease rehabilitation [25, 26]. Figure 4.6
summarizes the different components of a BSN.

4.2.8 Smart Homes/Buildings and Monitoring

Sensors can prove useful in preventing possible health hazards at home. For
instance, environmental sensors can now monitor air quality, barometric pressure,
carbon monoxide concentration, color, gas leaks, humidity, hydrogen sulfide levels
and temperature, with upcoming start-ups offering users to access these details
remotely. Netatmo [27] is one such venture. Other enterprises have tried to
incorporate IoT principles to household lighting. Meethue [28], for example, is a
bulb that can be controlled by mobile devices that is sensitive not only to the weather
but also to user preferences, time and room activity. Additionally, some smart home
solutions have also focused on facilitating the activities of the elderly. For instance,
Ubi [29] a voice-activated computer allows access to an audio calendar, podcast
and voice memos, and can also make lighting-based notifications to indicate the
occurrence of certain events [30].
IoT principles have also been put to use to ensure building safety. Certain start-
ups have developed sensors that can be embedded into the foundations allowing
4 IoT Applications and Business Models 55

Fig. 4.6 Components of BSN (https://www.elprocus.com/ban-body-area-network/)

for consistent load monitoring, as well as those that can be used to maintain lifts
and heating systems. Moreover, certain remote fire extinguisher monitoring systems
have been developed which alert the user in the event of the fire extinguisher being
absent from its designated position or its pressure falling below safe operating levels.
56 S.A.R. Naqvi et al.

4.2.9 Public Safety

One manner in which IoT can facilitate public safety is through D2D communica-
tion [31]. Massive deployment of devices could help in multi-hop communication
between the source and destination. Most of these devices utilize battery power so
the network devised for disaster scenarios must be energy efficient. In post disaster
scenario several of the devices are damaged and hence are unable to support the
communication. The owners of the hand held devices can block any outside control
thereby hindering the transmission. Viewing the sensitivity of the information in
disaster and terrorism scenarios, the blockage of transmission is not affordable.
The network needs to be resilient and be able to self-organize in case of any such
situation. Similarly, several nodes might not be available for transmission due to low
battery power. If the nodes reconfigure transmission protocols automatically there is
a fair chance that the information is delivered to the destination. In case of disaster
scenarios a “disaster mode” could be activated which is based on special routing for
low power transmission and avoids any unwanted communication between devices.
IoT has also been projected to play a major role in crowd management [32].

4.3 Research Challenges

Although IoT has opened up many exciting avenues for future development,
researchers continue to grapple with roadblocks obstructing its expansion. This
section will aim to delineate some of these challenges.

4.3.1 Versatile Sensors and Technologies

The first challenge deals with the sheer number of disparate sensor nodes, which
cause a sensor network employing IoT to become a very complex heterogeneous
network. With a wide array of networks employing several different communication
techniques, IoT-based systems lack a common platform to provide a transparent
naming service [33]. In addition, given the volume of data being transmitted the
system frequently encounters latency and other communication issues [34]. The
development of network protocols to ensure the smooth movement of data obtained
from many different sensing devices within an IoT-enabled system is a major
research challenge in itself. Modularity is also a key feature of IoT networks [30].
It refers to the concept of consumers building a smart object of their own without
being restricted to products from a single vendor.
4 IoT Applications and Business Models 57

4.3.2 Integration of IoT and Conventional IT

There is also a need to combine IoT with conventional information technology (IT)
systems to form a unified information structure. Integrating IoT devices with extant
software systems would also demand the development of middleware. Furthermore,
the large number of sensors that make up an IoT network produce large amounts
of real-time data that may not be readily useful to the end consumer. The end-
users would have to possess strong big data skills to make sense of the available
information, which could be very challenging in itself.

4.3.3 Standardization

Another problem that needs to be looked into is standardization, which is aimed

at improving interoperability of different application which in turn enhances perfor-
mance. The new IoT standards should allow different types of sensors manufactured
in various countries to exchange information [35]. In addition they should not only
address radio access level and security issues [36–38], but also offer modifications
that fit the needs of particular industries as well.

4.3.4 Security Protocols

One of the most crucial aspects of standardization in IoT is the development of

security protocols to ensure privacy protection. The dependence of IoT networks
on the cloud server makes such systems susceptible to cyber attacks. The current
provisions for information security in IoT networks do not necessarily meet the
strict requirements of certain industrial applications. Developing an encryption
technology for IoT networks is expected to be more challenging than in the case of
WSNs as the former allows several daily “things” to be connected and monitored,
collecting a large volume of private data over a considerable period. One situation
in which information security is essential is the case of self-driving cars of the
future. These cars would be able to use VANETs to exchange, for example, data
about distance and speed to avoid collisions. However, a malignant cyber attack on
such vehicles could cause false data to be generated, putting lives at risk. Another
scenario could include a BSN communicating a patient’s physiological parameters
to a physician. In the absence of reliable security protocols, there is a possibility of
the patient’s data being compromised, breaching doctor-patient confidentiality.
58 S.A.R. Naqvi et al.

4.4 Business Models

A business model is defined as the plan implemented by a company to generate

revenue and make a profit from operations (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/
businessmodel.asp).

Given the nature of the IoT ecosystem, organizations not only have to
collaborate with the firms from other industries but also their own competitors
[39], which means that conventional business models are not applicable to the
IoT phenomenon.

The authors in [40] stated that the current challenges of IoT include the vast
number of connected objects in such networks, the fact that recent IoT innovations
are yet to be tailored into products and services and a lack of clarity regarding the
structure, governance and stakeholder roles in this emerging field.
Different frameworks of IoT related business models have been investigated in
literature. For instance, [41] presented a ‘D(esign) N(eeds) A(spirations)’ model
for IoT businesses, with ‘design’ referring to the key components of the system
(including resources and activities), the ‘needs’ being customer relationship and
‘aspirations’ being the end result desired by the business e.g. revenue.

One of the unique features of IoT services is that customer behavior and
feedback can be monitored consistently allowing businesses to incorporate
newer features into the product. Thus, IoT bears the concept of service-
dominant business model.

The model could also be used for effective forecasting and process optimization
[42]. In this service-dominant business model [43], customers and firm are consid-
ered to be partners in the value creation process, in contrast to conventional models
that project the latter as the sole value creators. The service-dominant model is
an example of a network-centric view in IoT business which has been elaborated
upon by [44] by proposing a service-based business model. The key elements of
this model, along with associated issues, are summarized in Table 4.1.
Furthermore, authors in [3] also formulates a business model specific to IoT, con-
sisting of six components listed in Table 4.2, terming the model as Digitally charged
products. The paper describes physical freemium as some physical asset which
is sold along with a free digital service, say digital installation and maintenance
instructions, at no additional cost. Digital add-on refers to customers acquiring
added services on top of what is offered by the product. These “add-ons” may be
provided by the original vendor or by any third party enterprise. Digital lock-in
4 IoT Applications and Business Models 59

Table 4.1 Service based business model parameters [44]

Value proposition Articulated offering
Visualization
Closer customer interaction
A dynamic offering portfolio
Revenue mechanisms New revenue model
Value chain Dedicated roles for service development
A structured service development process
A new reward system
Extending the resource base
Value network Finding partners that can add value to the new offerings
Competitive strategy
Branding
Differentiation
Target market
New customer segmentation

Table 4.2 Components and business model pattern in IoT [3]

Business model pattern Components
Digitally charged products Physical freemium
Digital add-on
Digital lock-in
Product as point of sales
Object self service
Remote usage and condition monitoring

refers to a sensor-based, digital handshake which not only prevents counterfeits but
also helps ensure warranties. The consumer pointing their smartphone at a product
and accessing a web-site selling the same product, including accessories, is an
example of products becoming points of sale. Object self-service refers to “things”
serving themselves, such as a heating system ordering an oil refill when needed.
Finally remote usage and condition monitoring refers to the constant connectivity
of sensors to the internet where they upload real-time data which can be used to take
corrective action in the case of an unusual event.

4.5 Conclusion

In this chapter, we aimed to summarize how IoT devices are changing the way we
live and interact with the physical world. As IoT networks become increasingly
complex and widespread, businesses around the world would have to rethink the
process of value creation. Despite lingering concerns such as information security,
it is safe to state that IoT can potentially bring about economic development which
could be at par with that witnessed during the Industrial Revolution.
60 S.A.R. Naqvi et al.

References

1. Zheng, L., et al., (2011). Technologies, applications, and governance in the internet of things.
In Internet of things-Global technological and societal trends: From smart environments and
spaces to green ICT. River Publisher series in Communication.
2. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A
vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems,
29(7), 1645–1660.
3. Fleisch, E., Weinberger, M., & Wortmann, F. (2014). Business models and the internet of
things. In Bosch IoT Lab White Paper.
4. Boeglen, H., Hilt, B., Lorenz, P., Ledy, J., & Poussard, A. (2011). A survey of V2V channel
modeling for VANET simulations. In 8th International Conference on Wireless On-Demand
Network Systems and Services, Bardonecchia (pp. 117–123).
5. Nshimiyimana, A., Agrawal, D., & Arif, W. (2016). Comprehensive survey of V2V com-
munication for 4G mobile and wireless technology. In International Conference on Wireless
Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), India (pp. 1722–1726).
6. ParkSight: The complete smart parking solution, Streetline, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA, Tech.
Rep., 2016.
7. Uber. (2016). Uber [Online]. Available: https://www.uber.com/
8. All Traffic Solutions. (2016). All Traffic [Online]. Available: http:/www.alltrafficsolutions.com/
smartapps-video/smartapps-overview/
9. Cheng, J., et al., (2013). Smart textiles: From niche to mainstream. IEEE Pervasive Computing,
12(3), 81–84.
10. Wong, Y., & Ip, K. (2010). A three in one smart garment hanger. In International Conference
on System Science and Engineering, Taipei (pp. 50–55).
11. Shaabana, A., Zheng, R., & Xu, Z. (2015). SiCILIA: A smart sensor system for clothing insu-
lation inference. IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), USA (pp. 1–6).
12. Gerwen, R., Jaarsma, S., & Wilhite, R. (2006). Smart Metering. Leonardo Energy (White
Paper) [Online]. Available: http://www.leonardo-energy.org/sites/leonardo-energy/files/root/
pdf/2006/SmartMetering.pdf
13. Ilic, D., Karnouskos, S., & Da Silva, P. (2012). Sensing in power distribution networks via
large numbers of smart meters. In Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE PES International Conference
and Exhibition on Innovative SmartGrid Technologies (ISGT’112) (pp. 1–6).
14. Omar, M. S., et al., (2016). An experimental evaluation of a cooperative communication-based
smart metering data acquisition system. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, PP(99),
1–1.
15. Amin, S., et al., (2016). Implementation and evaluation of a cooperative MAC protocol for
smart data acquisition. In IEEE 83rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), China.
16. Selinger, M., Sepulveda, A., Buchan, J. (2013). Education and the internet of everything: How
ubiquitous connectedness can help transform pedagogy. Education IoE Whitepaper, Cisco.
17. Khan Academy. Khan Academy (2016). [Online]. Available https://www.khanacademy.org
18. Report on the Environment (2013). United States Environmental Protection Agency [Online].
http://www.epa.gov/roe/
19. BioCarbon Engineering: Industrial scale reforestation services (2016). [Online]. http://www.
biocarbonengineering.com/
20. Zizmos: Earthquake early warning system (2016). [Online]. https://www.zizmos.com
21. Avatech (2016). [Online]. http://avatech.com/
22. MicroStrain, Inc. (2016). Shelburne Vineyard Remote Monitoring. [Online]. Available: http://
www.microstrain.com/news/shelburne-vineyard-relies-wireless-sensors-and-cloud-monitor-
itsvines
23. Lo, B., Thiemjarus, S., King, R., & Yang, G. (2005) Body sensor network - A wireless sensor
platform for pervasive healthcare monitoring. Proceedings of 3rd International Conference
Pervasive Computing (pp. 77–80).
 4 IoT Applications and Business Models 61

24. Patel, S., et al., (2006). Analysis of the severity of dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson’s
disease via wearable sensors. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Wearable and
Implantable Body Sensor Networks, USA (pp. 4–126).
25. Mitchell, E., et al., (2010). Breathing feedback system with wearable textile sensors. In
Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Body Sensor Network (BSN), Singapore
(pp. 56–61).
26. Bates, A., et al., (2010). Respiratory rate and flow waveform estimation from tri-axial
accelerometer data. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Body Sensor Network
(BSN), Singapore (pp. 144–150).
27. NetAtmo: Urban weather station (2014). Household Technol. PTY Ltd., Durban, South Africa.
28. Meet Hue Personal Wireless Lighting, Koninklijke Philips, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. http://
www2.meethue.com/en-us/
29. Unified Computer Intelligence Corp. (2016). UBI [Online]. Available: http://theubi.myshopify.
com/.
30. Perera, C., Liu, C. H., & Jayawardena, S. (2015). The emerging internet of things marketplace
from an industrial perspective: A survey. In IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in
Computing, 3(4), 585–598.
31. Huang, G., et al., (2016). D2D relaying based multicast service in Public Safety Networks. In
35th Chinese Control Conference (CCC), China (pp. 6923–6927).
32. Kantarci, B., & Mouftah, H. (2014). Trustworthy sensing for public safety in cloud-centric
internet of things. In IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(4), 360–368.
33. Miorandi, D., et al., Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges. Ad Hoc
Networks, 10(7), 1497–1516 (2012)
34. Xu, L. D., He, W., & Li, S., (2014). Internet of things in industries: A Survey. In IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 10(4), 2233–2243.
35. Miorandi, D., et al., (2012). Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges. Ad
Hoc Networks, 10(7), 1497–1516.
36. Wang, F., et al., (2013). A system framework of security management in enterprise systems.
Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 30(3), 287–299.
37. Li, J., et al., (2013). A top-down approach for approximate data anonymisation. Enterprise
Information Systems, 7(3), 272–302.
38. Xing, Y., et al., (2013). Operations research (OR) in service industries: A comprehensive
review. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 30(3), 300–353.
39. Chan, H. (2015). Internet of things business models. Journal of Service Science and Manage-
ment, 8, 552–568.
40. Westerlund, M., Leminen, S., & Rajahonka, M. (2014). Designing business models for the
internet of things. Technology Innovation Management Review, 4, 5–14.
41. Sun, Y., Yan, H., Lu, C., Bie, R., & Thomas, P. (2012). A holistic approach to visualizing
business models for the internet of things. Communications in Mobile Computing, 1, 1–7.
42. Hui, G. (2014). How the internet of things changes business models. Harvard Business Review,
8, 552–568.
43. Turber, S., et al., (2014). Designing business models in the era of internet of things. In 9th
International Conference DESRIST, USA (pp. 17–31).
44. Kindstrom, D. (2010). Towards a service-based business model-key aspects for future compet-
itive advantage. European Management Journal, 28, 479–490.

View publication stats