CXG 036e

CLASS NAMES AND THE INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES
CXG 36-1989
Adopted in 1989. Revised in 2008. Amended in 2018, 2019, 2021, 2023.

CXG 36-1989 2
1. INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
The International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS)i is intended as a harmonized naming system for
food additives as an alternative to the use of the specific name, which may be lengthy. Inclusion in the INS does
not imply approval by Codex for use as food additives. The list may include those additives that have not been
evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) or are not included in the
General Standard for Food Additives (CXS 192-1995).1
The INS does not include flavourings,ii which have a JECFA number as identifier, chewing gum bases, and
dietetic and nutritive additives. Enzymes which function as food additives have been included in an 1100 series.
EXPLANATORY NOTES ON THE LAYOUT OF THE INS
The INS in numerical order (Section 3) is set out in four columns giving the identification number, the name of
the food additive, the functional classes and the technological purposes. The identification number usually
consists of three or four digits such as 100 for curcumins and 1001 for choline salts and esters. However, in
some instances the number is followed by an alphabetical suffix, for example, 150a identifies Caramel I – plain
caramel and 150b identifies Caramel II – sulphite caramel. The alphabetical designations are included in order
to further characterize the different classes of additives (e.g. caramel produced by different processes).
Under the column listing the name of the food additive, some additives are further subdivided by numerical
subscripts. For example, curcumins are subdivided into (i) curcumin and (ii) turmeric. These identifications
identify subclasses (in this case of curcumins) which are covered by separate Codex specifications.
The name of the food additive is sometimes followed by an additional name in parentheses. The parenthetical
name is optional, and may be used, when necessary, to indicate another commonly associated name or synonym
for the additive, for example INS 235 Natamycin (Pimaricin). Not all synonyms are listed. The name of an additive
is sometimes, after a comma, followed by a description of the additive, for example INS 161h(i) Zeaxanthin,
synthetic.
The various technological purposes of the food additives are included in the INS in a fourth column. The purposes
listed are indicative rather than exhaustive. The technological purposes are grouped under more descriptive
functional class titles which are intended to be meaningful to consumers. These are listed in Section 2 along with
simple definitions of the function performed.
A single food additive can often be used for a range of technological purposes in a food, and it remains the
responsibility of the manufacturer to declare the most descriptive functional class in the list of ingredients.
In preparing the INS in numerical order, an effort has been made to group food additives with similar purposes
together. However, because of the extension of the list and its open nature, most of the three-digit numbers have
already been allocated. Consequently, the positioning of a food additive in the list can no longer be taken as an
indication of the purpose, although this will often be the case.
The food additives that have been allocated an ADI by JECFA, may be found at:
http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/agns/jecfa_index_en.asp and http://www.who.int/ipcs/food/jecfa/en/
U U U U
JECFA specifications adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission are listed in CAC/MISC 6 “Codex
Specifications for Food Additives” that can be found on the Codex website at: CAC/MISC 6.
THE OPEN NATURE OF THE LIST
Because of its primary purpose of identification, the INS is an open list subject to the inclusion of additional
additives or removal of existing ones on an ongoing basis.
i Sections 3 and 4 of the International Numbering System for Food Additives are regularly updated.
ii
Flavourings are covered by the Guidelines for the use of flavourings (CXG 66-2008).
CXG 36-1989 3
2. TABLE OF FUNCTIONAL CLASSES, DEFINITIONS AND TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSES
FUNCTIONAL CLASSES DEFINITION TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSE

1. Acidity regulator A food additive, which controls the acidity regulator, acid, acidifier,
acidity or alkalinity of a food. alkali, base, buffer, buffering
agent, pH adjusting agent
2. Anticaking agent A food additive, which reduces the anticaking agent, anti-stick agent,
tendency of components of food to drying agent, dusting agent
adhere to one another.
3. Antifoaming agent A food additive, which prevents or antifoaming agent, defoaming
reduces foaming. agent
4. Antioxidant A food additive, which prolongs the antioxidant, antioxidant synergist,
shelf-life of foods by protecting against antibrowning agent
deterioration caused by oxidation.
5. Bleaching agent A food additive (non-flour use) used to bleaching agent
decolourize food. Bleaching agents do
not include pigments.
6. Bulking agent A food additive, which contributes to the bulking agent, filler
bulk of a food without contributing
significantly to its available energy
value.
7. Carbonating agent A food additive used to provide carbonating agent
carbonation in a food.
8. Carrier A food additive used to dissolve, dilute, carrier, carrier solvent, nutrient
disperse or otherwise physically modify carrier, diluent for other food
a food additive or nutrient without additives, encapsulating agent
altering its function (and without exerting
any technological effect itself) in order to
facilitate its handling, application or use
of the food additive or nutrient.
9. Colour A food additive, which adds or restores colour, decorative pigment,
colour in a food. surface colourant
10. Colour retention agent A food additive, which stabilizes, retains colour retention agent, colour
or intensifies the colour of a food. fixative, colour stabilizer, colour
adjunct
11. Emulsifier A food additive, which forms or emulsifier, plasticizer, dispersing
maintains a uniform emulsion of two or agent, surface active agent,
more phases in a food. crystallization inhibitor, density
adjustment agent (flavouring oils
in beverages), suspension agent,
clouding agent
12. Emulsifying salt A food additive, which, in the emulsifying salt, emulsifying salt
manufacture of processed food, synergist, melding salt
rearranges proteins in order to prevent
fat separation.
13. Firming agent A food additive, which makes or keeps firming agent
tissues of fruit or vegetables firm and
crisp or interacts with gelling agents to
produce or strengthen a gel.
CXG 36-1989 4
FUNCTIONAL CLASSES DEFINITION TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSE

14. Flavour enhancer A food additive, which enhances the flavour enhancer, flavour
existing taste and/or odour of a food. synergist
15. Flour treatment agent A food additive, which is added to flour flour treatment agent, flour
or dough to improve its baking quality or bleaching agent, flour improver,
colour. dough conditioner, dough
strengthening agent
16. Foaming agent A food additive, which makes it possible foaming agent, whipping agent,
to form or maintain a uniform dispersion aerating agent
of a gaseous phase in a liquid or solid
food.
17. Gelling agent A food additive, which gives a food gelling agent
texture through formation of a gel.
18. Glazing agent A food additive, which when applied to glazing agent, sealing agent,
the external surface of a food, imparts a coating agent, surface-finishing
shiny appearance or provides a agent, polishing agent, film-
protective coating. forming agent
19. Humectant A food additive, which prevents food humectant, moisture-retention
from drying out by counteracting the agent, wetting agent
effect of a dry atmosphere.
20. Packaging gas A food additive gas, which is introduced packaging gas
into a container before, during or after
filling with food with the intention to
protect the food, for example, from
oxidation or spoilage.
21. Preservative A food additive, which prolongs the preservative, antimicrobial
shelf-life of a food by protecting against preservative, antimycotic agent,
deterioration caused by microorganisms. bacteriophage control agent,
fungistatic agent, antimould and
antirope agent, antimicrobial
synergist
22. Propellant A food additive gas, which expels a food propellant
from a container.
23. Raising agent A food additive or a combination of food raising agent

additives, which liberate(s) gas and
thereby increase(s) the volume of a
dough or batter.
24. Sequestrant A food additive, which controls the sequestrant
availability of a cation.
25. Stabilizer A food additive, which makes it possible stabilizer, foam stabilizer, colloidal
to maintain a uniform dispersion of two stabilizer, emulsion stabilizer,
or more components. stabilizer synergist, binder
26. Sweetener A food additive (other than a mono- or sweetener, intense sweetener,
disaccharide sugar), which imparts a bulk sweetener
sweet taste to a food.
27. Thickener A food additive, which increases the thickener, bodying agent, binder,
viscosity of a food. texturizing agent, thickener
synergist
CXG 36-1989 5
3. INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES

List in numerical order
INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose
100 Curcumins
100(i) Curcumin Colour colour
100(ii) Turmeric Colour colour
101 Riboflavins
101(i) Riboflavin, synthetic Colour colour
101(ii) Riboflavin 5'-phosphate sodium Colour colour
101(iii) Riboflavin from Bacillus subtilis Colour colour
101(iv) Riboflavin from Ashbya gossypii Colour colour
102 Tartrazine Colour colour
103 Alkanet Colour colour
104 Quinoline yellow Colour colour
105 Carthamus yellow Colour colour
107 Yellow 2G Colour colour
110 Sunset yellow FCF Colour colour
120 Carmines Colour colour
121 Citrus red No. 2 Colour colour
122 Azorubine (Carmoisine) Colour colour
123 Amaranth Colour colour
124 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal red A) Colour colour
125 Ponceau SX Colour colour
127 Erythrosine Colour colour
129 Allura red AC Colour colour
130 Manascorubin Colour colour
131 Patent blue V Colour colour
132 Indigotine (Indigo carmine) Colour colour
133 Brilliant blue FCF Colour colour
134 Spirulina extract Colour colour
140 Chlorophylls Colour colour
Chlorophylls and chlorophyllins,
141
copper complexes
141(i) Chlorophylls, copper complexes Colour colour
Chlorophyllins, copper complexes,
141(ii) Colour colour
potassium and sodium salts
142 Green S Colour colour
CXG 36-1989 6

143 Fast Green FCF Colour colour
150 Caramels
150a Caramel I – plain caramel Colour colour
150b Caramel II – sulphite caramel Colour colour
150c Caramel III – ammonia caramel Colour colour
150d Caramel IV – sulphite ammonia caramel Colour colour
151 Brilliant black (Black PN) Colour colour
152 Carbon black (hydrocarbon) Colour colour
153 Vegetable carbon Colour colour
154 Brown FK Colour colour
155 Brown HT Colour colour
160a Carotenes
160a(i) Carotenes, beta-, synthetic Colour colour
160a(ii) Carotenes, beta-, vegetable Colour colour
160a(iii) Carotenes, beta-, Blakeslea trispora Colour colour
β-carotene-rich extract from Dunaliella
160a(iv) Colour colour
salina
160b Annatto extracts
160b(i) Annatto extracts, bixin-based Colour colour
160b(ii) Annatto extracts, norbixin-based Colour colour
160c(i) Paprika oleoresin Colour colour
160c(ii) Paprika extract Colour colour
160d Lycopenes
160d(i) Lycopene, synthetic Colour colour
160d(ii) Lycopene, tomato Colour colour
160d(iii) Lycopene, Blakeslea trispora Colour colour
160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8’- Colour colour
160f Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta-apo-8'- Colour colour
161a Flavoxanthin Colour colour
161b Luteins
161b(i) Lutein from Tagetes erecta Colour colour
161b(ii) Tagetes extract Colour colour
161b(iii) Lutein esters from Tagetes erecta Colour colour
161c Kryptoxanthin Colour colour
161d Rubixanthin Colour colour
CXG 36-1989 7

161e Violoxanthin Colour colour
161f Rhodoxanthin Colour colour
161g Canthaxanthin Colour colour
161h Zeaxanthins
161h(i) Zeaxanthin, synthetic Colour colour
Zeaxanthin-rich extract from Tagetes
161h(ii) Colour colour
erecta
162 Beet red Colour colour
163 Anthocyanins
163(ii) Grape skin extract Colour colour
163(iii) Blackcurrant extract Colour colour
163(iv) Purple corn colour Colour colour
163(v) Red cabbage colour Colour colour
163 (vi) Black carrot extract Colour colour
163(vii) Purple sweet potato colour Colour colour
163(viii) Red radish colour Colour colour
163(ix) Elderberry colour Colour colour
163(x) Hibiscus colour Colour colour
163(xi) Butterfly pea flower extract Colour colour
164 Gardenia yellow Colour colour
165 Gardenia blue Colour colour
166 Sandalwood Colour colour
170 Calcium carbonates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Colour surface colourant
170(i) Calcium carbonate
Firming agent firming agent
Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Stabilizer stabilizer
170(ii) Calcium hydrogen carbonate
171 Titanium dioxide Colour colour
CXG 36-1989 8

172 Iron oxides
172(i) Iron oxide, black Colour colour
172(ii) Iron oxide, red Colour colour
172(iii) Iron oxide, yellow Colour colour
colour
173 Aluminium powder Colour
surface colourant
174 Silver Colour colour
175 Gold, metallic Colour colour
Potassium aluminium silicate-based
176
pearlescent pigments (PAS-BPP)
176 (i) pearlescent pigments coated with Colour colour
titanium dioxide, Type I
176 (ii) pearlescent pigments coated with iron Colour colour
oxide, Type II
176 (iii) pearlescent pigments coated with titanium Colour colour
dioxide and iron oxide, Type III
180 Lithol rubine BK Colour colour
Colour colour
Emulsifier emulsifier
181 Tannic acid (Tannins)
Thickener thickener
182 Orchil Colour colour
183 Jagua (genipin-glycine) blue Colour colour
200 Sorbic acid Preservative preservative
201 Sodium sorbate Preservative preservative
202 Potassium sorbate Preservative preservative
203 Calcium sorbate Preservative preservative
209 Heptyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
210 Benzoic acid Preservative preservative
211 Sodium benzoate Preservative preservative
212 Potassium benzoate Preservative preservative
213 Calcium benzoate Preservative preservative
214 Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
215 Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
216 Propyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
CXG 36-1989 9

217 Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
218 Methyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
219 Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
Bleaching agent bleaching agent
220 Sulphur dioxide
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Preservative preservative
221 Sodium sulphite
222 Sodium hydrogen sulphite
223 Sodium metabisulphite
224 Potassium metabisulphite
225 Potassium sulphite
226 Calcium sulphite
227 Calcium hydrogen sulphite
228 Potassium bisulphite
230 Diphenyl Preservative preservative
231 Ortho-phenylphenol Preservative preservative
232 Sodium ortho-phenylphenol Preservative preservative
233 Thiabendazole Preservative preservative
234 Nisin Preservative preservative
235 Natamycin (Pimaricin) Preservative preservative
236 Formic acid Preservative preservative
237 Sodium formate Preservative preservative
CXG 36-1989 10

238 Calcium formate Preservative preservative
239 Hexamethylene tetramine Preservative preservative
240 Formaldehyde Preservative preservative
241 Gum guaiacum Preservative preservative
242 Dimethyl dicarbonate Preservative preservative
antimicrobial preservative
243 Lauric arginate ethyl ester Preservative
preservative
Colour retention agent colour fixative
249 Potassium nitrite
250 Sodium nitrite
251 Sodium nitrate
252 Potassium nitrate
260 Acetic acid, glacial
261 Potassium acetates
261(i) Potassium acetate
261(ii) Potassium diacetate
262 Sodium acetates
262(i) Sodium acetate Preservative preservative
Sequestrant sequestrant
262(ii) Sodium diacetate Preservative preservative
263 Calcium acetate Preservative preservative
264 Ammonium acetate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
265 Dehydroacetic acid Preservative preservative
266 Sodium dehydroacetate Preservative preservative
270 Lactic acid, L-, D- and DL- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
CXG 36-1989 11

280 Propionic acid Preservative preservative
281 Sodium propionate Preservative preservative
282 Calcium propionate Preservative preservative
283 Potassium propionate Preservative preservative
Carbonating agent carbonating agent
Foaming agent foaming agent
290 Carbon dioxide Packaging gas packaging gas
Propellant propellant
296 Malic acid, DL-
297 Fumaric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
300 Ascorbic acid, L-
301 Sodium ascorbate
302 Calcium ascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
303 Potassium ascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
304 Ascorbyl palmitate Antioxidant antioxidant
305 Ascorbyl stearate Antioxidant antioxidant
307 Tocopherols
307a Tocopherol, d-alpha- Antioxidant antioxidant
307b Tocopherol concentrate, mixed Antioxidant antioxidant
307c Tocopherol, dl-alpha- Antioxidant antioxidant
308 Tocopherol, gamma-, synthetic Antioxidant antioxidant
309 Tocopherol, delta-, synthetic Antioxidant antioxidant
310 Propyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
311 Octyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
312 Dodecyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
313 Ethyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
314 Guaiac resin Antioxidant antioxidant
315 Erythorbic acid (Isoascorbic acid) Antioxidant antioxidant
Sodium erythorbate (Sodium
316 Antioxidant antioxidant
isoascorbate)
CXG 36-1989 12

317 Potassium isoascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
318 Calcium isoascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
319 Tertiary butylhydroquinone Antioxidant antioxidant
320 Butylated hydroxyanisole Antioxidant antioxidant
321 Butylated hydroxytoluene Antioxidant antioxidant
322 Lecithins
antioxidant
Antioxidant
antioxidant synergist
322(i) Lecithin
322(ii) Lecithin, partially hydrolysed
322(iii) Lecithin, hydroxylated
323 Anoxomer Antioxidant antioxidant
324 Ethoxyquin Antioxidant antioxidant
Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
Bulking agent bulking agent
325 Sodium lactate Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant humectant
Thickener bodying agent
326 Potassium lactate
Humectant humectants
327 Calcium lactate Firming agent firming agent
Thickener thickener
328 Ammonium lactate
329 Magnesium lactate, DL-
CXG 36-1989 13

330 Citric acid
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
331 Sodium citrates
331(i) Sodium dihydrogen citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
331(ii) Disodium monohydrogen citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
331(iii) Trisodium citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
332 Potassium citrates
332(i) Potassium dihydrogen citrate

332(ii) Tripotassium citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
333 Calcium citrates
333(i) Monocalcium citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
CXG 36-1989 14

333(ii) Dicalcium citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt

333(iii) Tricalcium citrate
334 Tartaric acid, L(+)-
Flavour enhancer flavour synergist
335 Sodium tartrates
335 (i) Monosodium tartrate
335(ii) Sodium L(+)-tartrate
336 Potassium tartrates
336(i) Monopotassium tartrate
336(ii) Dipotassium tartrate
337 Potassium sodium L(+)-tartrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
CXG 36-1989 15

338 Phosphoric acid Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
339 Sodium phosphates
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
humectant
339(i) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Thickener texturizing agent
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
339(ii) Disodium hydrogen phosphate humectant
Humectant
humectant
Humectant
339(iii) Trisodium phosphate moisture-retention agent
Preservative antimicrobial synergist
340 Potassium phosphates
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
340(i) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
CXG 36-1989 16

humectant
Humectant
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
340(ii) Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate humectant
Humectant
humectant
340(iii) Tripotassium phosphate Humectant
341 Calcium phosphates
dough conditioner
Flour treatment agent
flour treatment agent
341(i) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate
humectant
Humectant
341(ii) Calcium hydrogen phosphate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
CXG 36-1989 17

humectant
Humectant
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
Emulsifier clouding agent
341(iii) Tricalcium phosphate
humectant
Humectant
342 Ammonium phosphates
342(i) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Raising agent raising agent
Thickener thickener
342(ii) Diammonium hydrogen phosphate Raising agent raising agent
Thickener thickener
343 Magnesium phosphates
343(i) Magnesium dihydrogen phosphate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Thickener thickener
343(ii) Magnesium hydrogen phosphate
CXG 36-1989 18

Thickener thickener
343(iii) Trimagnesium phosphate
Thickener thickener
344 Lecithin citrate Preservative preservative
345 Magnesium citrate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
349 Ammonium malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
350 Sodium malates
350(i) Sodium hydrogen DL-malate
Humectant humectant
350(ii) Sodium DL-malate
Humectant humectant
351 Potassium malates
351(i) Potassium hydrogen malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
351(ii) Potassium malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
352 Calcium malates
352(i) Calcium hydrogen malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
352(ii) Calcium malate, D,L- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
353 Metatartaric acid
Thickener thickener
354 Calcium tartrate, DL- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
355 Adipic acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
356 Sodium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
357 Potassium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
359 Ammonium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
363 Succinic acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
364 Sodium succinates
364(i) Monosodium succinate
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
364(ii) Disodium succinate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
CXG 36-1989 19

365 Sodium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
366 Potassium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
367 Calcium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
368 Ammonium fumarate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
370 Heptonolactone, 1,4-
375 Nicotinic acid Colour retention agent colour retention agent
380 Triammonium citrate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
381 Ferric ammonium citrate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
383 Calcium glycerophosphate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
384 Isopropyl citrates Preservative preservative
Calcium disodium Colour retention agent Colour-retention agent

385
ethylenediaminetetraacetate Preservative preservative
Colour retention agent colour stabilizer
386 Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate Preservative preservative
387 Oxystearin
388 Thiodipropionic acid Antioxidant antioxidant
389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate Antioxidant antioxidant
390 Distearyl thiodipropionate Antioxidant antioxidant
391 Phytic acid Preservative preservative
392 Rosemary extract Antioxidant antioxidant
399 Calcium lactobionate Stabilizer stabilizer
Carrier carrier
400 Alginic acid
Glazing agent glazing agent
CXG 36-1989 20

Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
401 Sodium alginate
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
402 Potassium alginate
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
403 Ammonium alginate
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
Carrier carrier
404 Calcium alginate
CXG 36-1989 21

Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
405 Propylene glycol alginate Foaming agent foaming agent
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
coating agent
Glazing agent
406 Agar glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
407 Carrageenan coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
407a Processed euchema seaweed (PES) coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
CXG 36-1989 22

408 Baker’s yeast glycan Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
409 Arabinogalactan Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
410 Carob bean gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
411 Oat gum
Thickener thickener
412 Guar gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
413 Tragacanth gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
414 Gum arabic (Acacia gum)
Thickener thickener
415 Xanthan gum
Thickener thickener
416 Karaya gum
bodying agent
Thickener
thickener
417 Tara gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
418 Gellan gum
CXG 36-1989 23

Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
419 Gum ghatti Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
420 Sorbitols
Humectant humectant
420(i) Sorbitol
Sweetener sweetener
Humectant humectant
420(ii) Sorbitol syrup
Sweetener sweetener
Humectant humectant
421 Mannitol
Sweetener sweetener
Humectant humectant
422 Glycerol
Octenyl succinic acid (OSA) modified gum
423 Emulsifier emulsifier
arabic
424 Curdlan
Thickener thickener
CXG 36-1989 24

Carrier carrier
425 Konjac flour Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
426 Soybean hemicellulose
Thickener thickener
Humectant moisture-retention agent
427 Cassia gum foam stabilizer
Stabilizer
stabilizer
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
Carrier carrier
428 Gelatin Gelling agent gelling agent
Thickener thickener
429 Peptones Emulsifier emulsifier
430 Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate Emulsifier emulsifier
dispersing agent
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan Emulsifier
432 emulsifier
monolaurate
Stabilizer emulsion stabilizer
dispersing agent
Emulsifier
433 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate emulsifier
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan dispersing agent

434 Emulsifier
monopalmitate emulsifier

435 Emulsifier
monostearate emulsifier
CXG 36-1989 25

dispersing agent
Emulsifier
436 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate emulsifier
437 Tamarind seed polysaccharide stabilizer
Stabilizer
foam stabilizer
Thickener thickener
440 Pectins Glazing agent glazing agent
Thickener thickener
Superglycerinated hydrogenated
rapeseed oil
442 Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid Emulsifier emulsifier
443 Brominated vegetable oils
444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate
445 Glycerol esters of rosin
density adjustment agent
445(i) Glycerol ester of gum rosin Emulsifier
emulsifier
445(ii) Glycerol ester of tall oil rosin Emulsifier
emulsifier
Emulsifier
445(iii) Glycerol ester of wood rosin emulsifier
446 Succistearin Emulsifier emulsifier
450 Diphosphates
CXG 36-1989 26

acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
450(i) Disodium diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
450(ii) Trisodium diphosphate
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
450(iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
450(iv) Dipotassium diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
450(v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate Emulsifier emulsifier
CXG 36-1989 27

acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
450(vi) Dicalcium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent
450(vii) Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
450(viii) Dimagnesium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent
acidifier
Acidity regulator
acidity regulator
450(ix) Magnesium dihydrogen diphosphate
451 Triphosphates
451(i) Pentasodium triphosphate Emulsifier emulsifier
CXG 36-1989 28

Sequestrant stabilizer
Stabilizer sequestrant
451(ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
451(iii) Sodium potassium triphosphate
452 Polyphosphates
452(i) Sodium polyphosphate
452(ii) Potassium polyphosphate
CXG 36-1989 29

452(iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate
452(iv) Calcium polyphosphate
Acid regulator acid regulator
452(v) Ammonium polyphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
452(vi) Sodium potassium hexametaphosphate Raising agent raising agent
Colour colour
453 Ferric(III)-orthophosphate
Carrier carrier
454 Ferric(III)-pyrophosphate Carrier carrier
455 Yeast mannoproteins Stabilizer stabilizer
456 Potassium polyaspartate Stabilizer stabilizer
457 Cyclodextrin, alpha-
Thickener binder
458 Cyclodextrin, gamma-
Thickener binder
459 Cyclodextrin, beta- Carrier carrier
CXG 36-1989 30

Thickener binder
460 Celluloses
Carrier carrier
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
460(i) Microcrystalline cellulose (cellulose gel) dispersing agent
Emulsifier
emulsifier
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
dispersing agent
460(ii) Powdered cellulose Emulsifier
emulsifier
Humectant humectant
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
461 Methyl cellulose
Thickener thickener
Binder binder
Bulking agent filler
diluent for other food
Carrier
462 Ethyl cellulose additives
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Thickener thickener
463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Emulsifier emulsifier
CXG 36-1989 31
suspension agent
coating agent
Glazing agent film-forming agent
glazing agent
binder
Thickener
thickener
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
464 Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
Thickener thickener
465 Methyl ethyl cellulose
Thickener thickener
emulsifier
Emulsifier
suspension agent
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (cellulose Gelling agent gelling agent

466
gum) coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl Stabilizer stabilizer

468
cellulose (cross-linked cellulose gum) Thickener binder
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Stabilizer stabilizer
469 enzymatically hydrolyzed (cellulose gum,
enzymatically hydrolyzed) Thickener thickener
CXG 36-1989 32

Salts of fatty acids, with base
470 aluminium, ammonium, calcium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium
Salts of myristic, palmitic and stearic acids
470(i) with ammonia, calcium, potassium and Emulsifier emulsifier
sodium
Salts of oleic acid with calcium, potassium
470(ii) Emulsifier emulsifier
and sodium
470(iii) Magnesium stearate Emulsifier emulsifier
Thickener binder
471 Mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids glazing agent
Glazing agent
surface-finishing agent
472a Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Sequestrant sequestrant
472b Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Sequestrant sequestrant
472c Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Tartaric acid esters of mono- and di-
472d Sequestrant sequestrant
glycerides of fatty acids
Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of
472e Sequestrant sequestrant
glycerol
472g Succinylated monoglycerides Sequestrant sequestrant
CXG 36-1989 33


473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids
473a Sucrose oligoesters, type I and type II Glazing agent coating agent
474 Sucroglycerides Emulsifier emulsifier
475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
Polyglycerol esters of interesterified
ricinoleic acid
477 Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids Emulsifier emulsifier
Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and
propylene glycol
Thermally oxidized soya bean oil
479 interacted with mono- and di-glycerides of Emulsifier emulsifier
fatty acids
480 Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
Humectant wetting agent
481 Sodium lactylates
481(i) Sodium stearoyl lactylate
Foaming agent whipping agent
481(ii) Sodium oleyl lactylate
482 Calcium lactylates
Flour treatment agent dough conditioners
482(i) Calcium stearoyl lactylate
482(ii) Calcium oleyl lactylate
483 Stearyl tartrate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
484 Stearyl citrate Emulsifier emulsifier
CXG 36-1989 34

485 Sodium stearoyl fumarate Emulsifier emulsifier
486 Calcium stearoyl fumarate Emulsifier emulsifier
487 Sodium laurylsulphate Emulsifier emulsifier
488 Ethoxylated mono- and di-glycerides Emulsifier emulsifier
489 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester Emulsifier emulsifier
491 Sorbitan monostearate
492 Sorbitan tristearate
493 Sorbitan monolaurate
494 Sorbitan monooleate
495 Sorbitan monopalmitate Emulsifier emulsifier
496 Sorbitan trioleate Stabilizer stabilizer
499 Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols Stabilizer stabilizer
500 Sodium carbonates
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt synergist
500(i) Sodium carbonate
Thickener thickener
500(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate Raising agent raising agent
Thickener thickener
500(iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
501 Potassium carbonates
501(i) Potassium carbonate
501(ii) Potassium hydrogen carbonate
CXG 36-1989 35

503 Ammonium carbonates
503(i) Ammonium carbonate
503(ii) Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
504 Magnesium carbonates
504(i) Magnesium carbonate
anticaking agent
Anticaking agent
504(ii) Magnesium hydroxide carbonate drying agent
Carrier carrier
505 Ferrous carbonate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
507 Hydrochloric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
508 Potassium chloride
Stabilizer Stabilizer synergist
Thickener Thickener synergist
509 Calcium chloride Stabilizer stabilizer synergist
Thickener thickener synergist
510 Ammonium chloride Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
511 Magnesium chloride Firming agent firming agent
512 Stannous chloride
513 Sulphuric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
514 Sodium sulphates
514(i) Sodium sulphate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
514(ii) Sodium hydrogen sulphate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
515 Potassium sulphates
CXG 36-1989 36

515(i) Potassium sulphate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
515(ii) Potassium hydrogen sulphate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
516 Calcium sulphate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
517 Ammonium sulphate
518 Magnesium sulphate
519 Cupric sulphate
520 Aluminium sulphate Firming agent firming agent

521 Aluminium sodium sulphate
522 Aluminium potassium sulphate
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
523 Aluminium ammonium sulphate
524 Sodium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
525 Potassium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
526 Calcium hydroxide
527 Ammonium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
528 Magnesium hydroxide
529 Calcium oxide dough conditioner
530 Magnesium oxide
CXG 36-1989 37

534 Iron tartrate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
535 Sodium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
536 Potassium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
538 Calcium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
antibrowning agent
Antioxidant
539 Sodium thiosulphate antioxidant
541 Sodium aluminium phosphates
541(i) Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic
541(ii) Sodium aluminium phosphate, basic Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
542 Bone phosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Thickener thickener
550 Sodium silicates
550(i) Sodium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
550(ii) Sodium metasilicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
551 Silicon dioxide, amorphous Carrier carrier
Antifoaming agent defoaming agent
552 Calcium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
553 Magnesium silicates
anticaking agent
553(i) Magnesium silicate, synthetic Anticaking agent
dusting agent
553(ii) Magnesium trisilicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
CXG 36-1989 38

dusting agent
anticaking agent
Anticaking agent
dusting agent
553(iii) Talc coating agent
Glazing agent
554 Sodium aluminium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
555 Potassium aluminium silicate
Carrier carrier
556 Calcium aluminium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
557 Zinc silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
558 Bentonite Anticaking agent anticaking agent
559 Aluminium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
560 Potassium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
570 Fatty acids Glazing agent glazing agent
Stabilizer foam stabilizer
574 Gluconic acid, D-
575 Glucono delta-lactone Raising agent raising agent
576 Sodium gluconate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
577 Potassium gluconate
578 Calcium gluconate Firming agent firming agent
colour retention agent
579 Ferrous gluconate Colour retention agent
colour stabilizer
580 Magnesium gluconate Firming agent firming agent
585 Ferrous lactate Colour retention agent colour retention agent
CXG 36-1989 39

586 Hexylresorcinol, 4-
620 Glutamic acid, L(+)- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
621 Monosodium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
622 Monopotassium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
623 Calcium di-L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
624 Monoammonium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
625 Magnesium di-L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
626 Guanylic acid, 5’- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
627 Disodium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
628 Dipotassium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
629 Calcium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
630 Inosinic acid, 5’- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
631 Disodium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
632 Potassium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
633 Calcium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
634 Calcium 5’-ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
635 Disodium 5’-ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
636 Maltol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
637 Ethyl maltol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
638 Sodium L-aspartate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
639 Alanine, DL- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
640 Glycine Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
641 Leucine, L- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
642 Lysin hydrochloride Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
650 Zinc acetate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
900a Polydimethylsiloxane Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
900b Methylphenylpolysiloxane Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
CXG 36-1989 40

Carrier carrier
coating agent
Glazing agent
901 Beeswax glazing agent
texturing agent
Thickener
thickener
Carrier carrier
902 Candelilla wax glazing agent
Glazing agent
surface finishing agent
903 Carnauba wax Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
coating agent
904 Shellac, bleached Glazing agent glazing agent
glazing agent
905a Mineral oil, food grade Glazing agent
sealing agent
905b Petroleum jelly (petrolatum) glazing agent
Glazing agent
sealing agent
glazing agent
905c Petroleum wax Glazing agent
sealing agent
905c(i) Microcrystalline wax
905c(ii) Paraffin wax Glazing agent glazing agent
905d Mineral oil, high viscosity glazing agent
Glazing agent
sealing agent
glazing agent
905e Mineral oil, medium viscosity Glazing agent
sealing agent
905f glazing agent
CXG 36-1989 41

Mineral oil, medium and low viscosity, Glazing agent
sealing agent
class II
Mineral oil, medium and low viscosity, glazing agent

905g Glazing agent
class III sealing agent
906 Benzoin gum Glazing agent glazing agent
907 Hydrogenated poly-1-decenes Glazing agent glazing agent
908 Rice bran wax Glazing agent glazing agent
909 Spermaceti wax Glazing agent glazing agent
910 Wax esters Glazing agent glazing agent
911 Methyl esters of fatty acids Glazing agent glazing agent
913 Lanolin Glazing agent glazing agent
Glycerol, methyl, or pentaerithrytol esters
915 Glazing agent glazing agent
of colophane
916 Calcium iodate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
917 Potassium iodate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
918 Nitrogen oxides Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
919 Nitrosyl chloride Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Cysteine, L- and its hydrochlorides –
920 Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
sodium and potassium salts
Cystine, L-and its hydrochlorides sodium
and potassium salts
922 Potassium persulphate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
923 Ammonium persulphate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
925 Chlorine Flour treatment agent flour bleaching agent
926 Chlorine dioxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
927a Azodicarbonamide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
927b Urea (Carbamide) Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
928 Benzoyl peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
929 Acetone peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
930 Calcium peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
940 Dichlorodifluormethane Propellant propellant
941 Nitrogen Packaging gas packaging gas
942 Nitrous oxide
CXG 36-1989 42

Packaging gas packaging gas
943a Butane Propellant propellant
943b Isobutane Propellant propellant
944 Propane Propellant propellant
945 Chloropentafluorethane Propellant propellant
946 Octafluorcyclobutane Propellant propellant
949 Hydrogen Packaging gas packaging gas
950 Acesulfame potassium
Sweetener sweetener
951 Aspartame
Sweetener sweetener
952 Cyclamates
952(i) Cyclamic acid Sweetener sweetener
952(ii) Calcium cyclamate Sweetener sweetener
952(iv) Sodium cyclamate Sweetener sweetener
flavour enhancer
Flavour enhancer
953 Isomalt (hydrogenated isomaltulose) flavour synergist
Sweetener sweetener
954 Saccharins
954(i) Saccharin Sweetener sweetener
954(ii) Calcium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
954(iii) Potassium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
954(iv) Sodium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
955 Sucralose (trichlorogalactosucrose)
Sweetener sweetener
956 Alitame Sweetener sweetener
957 Thaumatin
Sweetener sweetener
958 Glycyrrhizin
Sweetener sweetener
CXG 36-1989 43

959 Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone Sweetener sweetener
960 Steviol glycosides
960a Steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana Sweetener sweetener
Bertoni (steviol glycosides from Stevia)
960b Steviol glycosides from fermentation Sweetener sweetener
Sweetener sweetener
Enzymatically produced
960c
steviol glycosides
Glucosylated steviol Sweetener sweetener
960d
glycosides
961 Neotame
Sweetener sweetener
962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt Sweetener sweetener
963 Tagatose, D- Sweetener sweetener
964 Polyglycitol syrup Sweetener sweetener
965 Maltitols
Humectant humectant
965(i) Maltitol Sweetener sweetener
thickener
Thickener
texturizing agent
Humectant humectant
965(ii) Maltitol syrup Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
thickener
Thickener
texturizing agent
966 Lactitol Sweetener sweetener
Humectant humectant
967 Xylitol
Sweetener sweetener
CXG 36-1989 44

Thickener thickener
968 Erythritol Humectant humectant
Sweetener sweetener
Sweetener sweetener
969 Advantame
999 Quillaia extracts
999(i) Quillaia extract type 1
999(ii) Quillaia extract type 2
1000 Cholic acid Emulsifier emulsifier
1001 Choline salts and esters
1001(i) Choline acetate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(ii) Choline carbonate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(iii) Choline chloride Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(iv) Choline citrate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(v) Choline tartrate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(vi) Choline lactate Emulsifier emulsifier
1100 Amylases
alpha-Amylase from Aspergillus oryzae
1100 (i) Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
var.
alpha-Amylase from Bacillus
1100 (ii) Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
stearothermophilus
1100 alpha-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis
(iii)
1100 alpha-Amylase from Bacillus megaterium
(iv) expressed in Bacillus subtilis
alpha-Amylase from Bacillus
1100
stearothermophilus expressed in Bacillus Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
(v)
subtilis
1100 Carbohydrase from Bacillus licheniformis
(vi)
1101 Proteases
1101(i) Proteasefrom Aspergillus oryzae. Var. Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1101(ii) Papain Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
CXG 36-1989 45

1101(iii) Bromelain Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1101(iv) Ficin Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1101(v)Protease from Streptomyces fradiae Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1101(vi)Proteases from Bacillus subtilis Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1102 Glucose oxidase Antioxidant antioxidant
1103 Invertases Stabilizer stabilizer
1104 Lipases Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1105 Lysozyme Preservative preservative
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
1200 Polydextroses Humectant humectant
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier dispersing agent
Glazing agent coating agent
1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone
1202 Polyvinylpyrrolidone, insoluble colloidal stabilizer
Stabilizer
stabilizer
coating agent
Glazing agent sealing agent
1203 Polyvinyl alcohol
Thickener binder
film-forming agent
1204 Pullulan Glazing agent
glazing agent
CXG 36-1989 46

Thickener thickener
1205 Methacrylate copolymer, basic carrier
Carrier
encapsulating agent
1206 Methacrylate copolymer, neutral Glazing agent glazing agent
coating agent
1207 Methacrylate copolymer, anionic Glazing agent
glazing agent
1208 Polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate Glazing agent glazing agent
copolymer
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polyethylene
1209 stabilizer
glycol (PEG) graft co-polymer Stabilizer
binder
1210 Sodium polyacrylate Stabilizer stabilizer
Carrier carrier solvent
1503 Castor oil emulsifier
Emulsifier
plasticizer
1504(i) Cyclotetraglucose Carrier carrier
1504(ii) Cyclotetraglucose syrup Carrier carrier
emulsifier
Emulsifier
1505 Triethyl citrate plasticizer
1517 Glycerol diacetate Carrier carrier
emulsifier
1518 Triacetin Emulsifier
plasticizer
Humectant humectant
1519 Benzyl alcohol Carrier carrier
CXG 36-1989 47

carrier
Carrier
carrier solvent
1520 Propylene glycol
humectant
Humectant
wetting agent
Carrier carrier
emulsifier
1521 Polyethylene glycol Emulsifier
plasticizer
Thickener binder
carrier
1522 Calcium lignosulphonate, 40-65 Carrier
encapsulating agent
CXG 36-1989 48
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST – MODIFIED STARCHES

List in numerical order
INS No. Name of food a Functional Class Technological purpose
Carrier carrier
1400 Dextrins, roasted starch Stabilizer stabilizer
binder
Thickener
thickener
1401 Acid-treated starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
1402 Alkaline-treated starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
1403 Bleached starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
1404 Oxidized starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
1405 Starches, enzyme treated
binder
Thickener
thickener
1410 Monostarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1412 Distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
CXG 36-1989 49
INS No. Name of food a Functional Class Technological purpose

1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1420 Starch acetate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1422 Acetylated distarch adipate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate Stabilizer stabilizer
binder
Thickener
thickener
1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1451 Acetylated oxidized starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate Carrier carrier
CXG 36-1989 50
SECTION 4
INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES
List in alphabetical order
950 Acesulfame potassium
Sweetener sweetener
260 Acetic acid, glacial
472a Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Sequestrant sequestrant
929 Acetone peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
355 Adipic acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Sweetener sweetener
969 Advantame
Carrier carrier
coating agent
Glazing agent
406 Agar glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
639 Alanine, DL- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Carrier carrier
400 Alginic acid
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
956 Alitame Sweetener sweetener
103 Alkanet Colour colour
CXG 36-1989 51

129 Allura red AC Colour colour
colour
173 Aluminium powder Colour
surface colourant
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
523 Aluminium ammonium sulphate
522 Aluminium potassium sulphate
559 Aluminium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
521 Aluminium sodium sulphate
520 Aluminium sulphate Firming agent firming agent
123 Amaranth Colour colour
264 Ammonium acetate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
359 Ammonium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Carrier carrier
403 Ammonium alginate
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
503(i) Ammonium carbonate
503 Ammonium carbonates
510 Ammonium chloride Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
342(i) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CXG 36-1989 52

368 Ammonium fumarate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
503(ii) Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
527 Ammonium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
328 Ammonium lactate
349 Ammonium malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
923 Ammonium persulphate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
342 Ammonium phosphates
452(v) Ammonium polyphosphate
442 Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid Emulsifier emulsifier
517 Ammonium sulphate
1100 Amylases
1100(i) alpha-Amylase from Aspergillus oryzae Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
var.
1100(ii) alpha-Amylase from Bacillus Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
stearothermophilus
1100(iii) alpha-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
1100 alpha-Amylase from Bacillus Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
(iv) megaterium expressed in Bacillus
subtilis
1100(v) alpha-Amylase from Bacillus Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
stearothermophilus expressed in
Bacillus subtilis
160b Annatto extracts
160b(i) Annatto extracts, bixin-based Colour colour
160b(ii) Annatto extracts, norbixin-based Colour colour
323 Anoxomer Antioxidant antioxidant
163 Anthocyanins
409 Arabinogalactan Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CXG 36-1989 53

300 Ascorbic acid, L-
304 Ascorbyl palmitate Antioxidant antioxidant
305 Ascorbyl stearate Antioxidant antioxidant
951 Aspartame
Sweetener sweetener
962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt Sweetener sweetener
927a Azodicarbonamide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
122 Azorubine (carmoisine) Colour colour
408 Baker’s yeast glycan Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
coating agent
Glazing agent
901 Beeswax glazing agent
texturing agent
Thickener
thickener
162 Beet red Colour colour
558 Bentonite Anticaking agent anticaking agent
210 Benzoic acid Preservative preservative
906 Benzoin gum Glazing agent glazing agent
928 Benzoyl peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
1519 Benzyl alcohol Carrier carrier
163(vi) Black carrot extract Colour colour
163(iii) Blackcurrant extract Colour colour
542 Bone phosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Thickener thickener
CXG 36-1989 54

163(xi) Butterfly pea flower extract Colour colour
151 Brilliant black (black PN) Colour colour
133 Brilliant blue FCF Colour colour
1101(iii) Bromelain Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
443 Brominated vegetable oils
154 Brown FK Colour colour
155 Brown HT Colour colour
943a Butane Propellant propellant
320 Butylated hydroxyanisole Antioxidant antioxidant
321 Butylated hydroxytoluene Antioxidant antioxidant
629 Calcium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
633 Calcium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
634 Calcium 5’-ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
263 Calcium acetate Preservative preservative
Carrier carrier
404 Calcium alginate
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
556 Calcium aluminium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
302 Calcium ascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
213 Calcium benzoate Preservative preservative
170(i) Calcium carbonate
CXG 36-1989 55

170 Calcium carbonates
509 Calcium chloride Stabilizer stabilizer synergist
Thickener thickener synergist
333 Calcium citrates
952(ii) Calcium cyclamate Sweetener sweetener
450(vii) Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
dough conditioner
341(i) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate
humectant
Humectant
623 Calcium di-L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Calcium disodium Colour-retention agent Colour-retention agent

385
ethylenediaminetetraacetate Preservative preservative
538 Calcium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
238 Calcium formate Preservative preservative
367 Calcium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
578 Calcium gluconate Firming agent firming agent
CXG 36-1989 56

383 Calcium glycerophosphate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
170(ii) Calcium hydrogen carbonate
352(i) Calcium hydrogen malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
dough conditioner
341(ii) Calcium hydrogen phosphate flour treatment agent
humectant
Humectant
227 Calcium hydrogen sulphite
526 Calcium hydroxide
916 Calcium iodate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
318 Calcium isoascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
327 Calcium lactate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Thickener thickener
399 Calcium lactobionate Stabilizer stabilizer
482 Calcium lactylates
carrier
1522 Calcium lignosulfonate, 40-65 Carrier
encapsulating agent
CXG 36-1989 57

352(ii) Calcium malate, D,L- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
352 Calcium malates
482(ii) Calcium oleyl lactylate
529 Calcium oxide dough conditioner
930 Calcium peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
341 Calcium phosphates
452(iv) Calcium polyphosphate
282 Calcium propionate Preservative preservative
954(ii) Calcium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
552 Calcium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
203 Calcium sorbate Preservative preservative
486 Calcium stearoyl fumarate Emulsifier emulsifier
Flour treatment agent dough conditioners
482(i) Calcium stearoyl lactylate
516 Calcium sulphate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
226 Calcium sulphite
354 Calcium tartrate, DL- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
CXG 36-1989 58

Carrier carrier
902 Candelilla wax glazing agent
Glazing agent
surface finishing agent
161g Canthaxanthin Colour colour
150a Caramel I – plain caramel Colour colour
150b Caramel II – sulphite caramel Colour colour
150c Caramel III – ammonia caramel Colour colour
Caramel IV – sulphite ammonia
150d Colour colour
caramel
150 Caramels
1100(vi) Carbohydrase from Bacillus Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
licheniformis
152 Carbon black (hydrocarbon) Colour colour
Carbonating agent carbonating agent
290 Carbon dioxide Packaging gas packaging gas
120 Carmines Colour colour
903 Carnauba wax Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
410 Carob bean gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Carotenal, beta-apo-8’-
160e Colour colour
160a Carotenes
β-carotene- rich extract from Dunaliella
160a(iv) Colour colour
salina
160a(iii) Carotenes, beta-, Blakeslea trispora Colour colour
160a (i) Carotenes, beta-, synthetic Colour colour
160a(ii) Carotenes, beta-, vegetable Colour colour
CXG 36-1989 59

Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta-apo-
160f Colour colour
8'-
Carrier carrier
407 Carrageenan coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
105 Carthamus yellow Colour colour
427 Cassia gum foam stabilizer
Stabilizer
stabilizer
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
1503 Castor oil emulsifier
Emulsifier
plasticizer
460 Celluloses
925 Chlorine Flour treatment agent flour bleaching agent
926 Chlorine dioxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
945 Chloropentafluorethane Propellant propellant
Chlorophyllins, copper complexes,
141(ii) Colour colour
potassium and sodium salts
140 Chlorophylls Colour colour
Chlorophylls and chlorophyllins,
141
copper complexes
141(i) Chlorophylls, copper complexes Colour colour
1000 Cholic acid Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(i) Choline acetate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(ii) Choline carbonate Emulsifier emulsifier
CXG 36-1989 60

1001(iii) Choline chloride Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(iv) Choline citrate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(vi) Choline lactate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001 Choline salts and esters
1001(v) Choline tartrate Emulsifier emulsifier
330 Citric acid
472c Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
121 Citrus red No. 2 Colour colour
Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl Stabilizer stabilizer

468
cellulose (cross-linked cellulose gum) Thickener binder
519 Cupric sulphate
100(i) Curcumin Colour colour
100 Curcumins
424 Curdlan
Thickener thickener
952 Cyclamates
952(i) Cyclamic acid Sweetener sweetener
457 Cyclodextrin, alpha-
Thickener binder
Carrier carrier
459 Cyclodextrin, beta- Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener binder
458 Cyclodextrin, gamma-
Thickener binder
1504(i) Cyclotetraglucose Carrier carrier
1504(ii) Cyclotetraglucose syrup Carrier carrier
CXG 36-1989 61

Cysteine, L- and its hydrochlorides –
Cystine, L-and its hydrochlorides
265 Dehydroacetic acid Preservative preservative
Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of
472e Sequestrant sequestrant
glycerol
342(ii) Diammonium hydrogen phosphate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
333(ii) Dicalcium citrate Firming agent firming agent
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
450(vi) Dicalcium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent
940 Dichlorodifluormethane Propellant propellant
389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate Antioxidant antioxidant
450(viii) Dimagnesium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent
242 Dimethyl dicarbonate Preservative preservative
CXG 36-1989 62

480 Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
Humectant wetting agent
230 Diphenyl Preservative preservative
450 Diphosphates
628 Dipotassium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
450(iv) Dipotassium diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
340(ii) Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate humectant
Humectant
336(ii) Dipotassium tartrate
627 Disodium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
631 Disodium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
635 Disodium 5’-ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
450(i) Disodium diphosphate
CXG 36-1989 63

386 Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate Preservative preservative
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
339(ii) Disodium hydrogen phosphate humectant
Humectant
331(ii) Disodium monohydrogen citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
364(ii) Disodium succinate
390 Distearyl thiodipropionate Antioxidant antioxidant
312 Dodecyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
163(ix) Elderberry colour Colour colour
Sweetener sweetener
Enzymatically produced
960c
steviol glycosides
315 Erythorbic acid (isoascorbic acid) Antioxidant antioxidant
968 Erythritol Humectant humectant
Sweetener sweetener
127 Erythrosine Colour colour
488 Ethoxylated mono- and di-glycerides Emulsifier emulsifier
324 Ethoxyquin Antioxidant antioxidant
Binder binder
Bulking agent filler
462 Ethyl cellulose
diluent for other food
Carrier
additives
CXG 36-1989 64

coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Thickener thickener
313 Ethyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
637 Ethyl maltol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
214 Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
143 Fast green FCF Colour colour
570 Fatty acids Glazing agent glazing agent
381 Ferric ammonium citrate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Colour colour
453 Ferric(III)-orthophosphate
Carrier carrier
454 Ferric(III)-pyrophosphate Carrier carrier
505 Ferrous carbonate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
colour retention agent
579 Ferrous gluconate Colour retention agent
colour stabilizer
537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
585 Ferrous lactate Colour retention agent colour retention agent
1101(iv) Ficin Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
161a Flavoxanthin Colour colour
240 Formaldehyde Preservative preservative
236 Formic acid Preservative preservative
297 Fumaric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
165 Gardenia blue Colour colour
164 Gardenia yellow Colour colour
Carrier carrier
428 Gelatin Gelling agent gelling agent
Thickener thickener
CXG 36-1989 65

418 Gellan gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
574 Gluconic acid, D-
575 Glucono delta-lactone Raising agent raising agent
1102 Glucose oxidase Antioxidant antioxidant
Glucosylated steviol Sweetener sweetener
960d
glycosides
620 Glutamic acid, L(+)- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Humectant humectant
422 Glycerol
1517 Glycerol diacetate Carrier carrier
445(i) Glycerol ester of gum rosin Emulsifier
emulsifier
445(ii) Glycerol ester of tall oil rosin Emulsifier
emulsifier
Emulsifier
445(iii) Glycerol ester of wood rosin emulsifier
445 Glycerol esters of rosin
Glycerol, methyl, or pentaerithrytol
915 Glazing agent glazing agent
esters of colophane
640 Glycine Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
958 Glycyrrhizin
Sweetener sweetener
175 Gold, metallic Colour colour
163(ii) Grape skin extract Colour colour
142 Green S Colour colour
314 Guaiac resin Antioxidant antioxidant
626 Guanylic acid, 5’- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
412 Guar gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CXG 36-1989 66

Carrier carrier
414 Gum arabic (acacia gum)
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
419 Gum ghatti Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
241 Gum guaicum Preservative preservative
370 Heptonolactone, 1,4-
209 Heptyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
239 Hexamethylene tetramine Preservative preservative
586 Hexylresorcinol, 4-
163(x) Hibiscus colour Colour colour
507 Hydrochloric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
949 Hydrogen Packaging gas packaging gas
907 Hydrogenated poly-1-decenes Glazing agent glazing agent
emulsifier
Emulsifier
suspension agent
coating agent
463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Glazing agent film-forming agent
glazing agent
binder
Thickener
thickener
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
464 Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
Thickener thickener
CXG 36-1989 67

132 Indigotine (indigo carmine) Colour colour
630 Inosinic acid, 5’- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1103 Invertases Stabilizer stabilizer
172(i) Iron oxide, black Colour colour
172(ii) Iron oxide, red Colour colour
172(iii) Iron oxide, yellow Colour colour
172 Iron oxides
534 Iron tartrate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
943b Isobutane Propellant propellant
flavour enhancer
Flavour enhancer
flavour synergist
953 Isomalt (hydrogenated isomaltulose)
Sweetener sweetener
384 Isopropyl citrates Preservative preservative
183 Jagua (genipin-glycine) blue Colour colour
416 Karaya gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
425 Konjac flour Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
161c Kryptoxanthin Colour colour
270 Lactic acid, L-, D- and DL- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
472b Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Sequestrant sequestrant
CXG 36-1989 68

966 Lactitol Sweetener sweetener
Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol
and propylene glycol
913 Lanolin Glazing agent glazing agent
antimicrobial preservative
243 Lauric arginate ethyl ester Preservative
preservative
antioxidant
Antioxidant
antioxidant synergist
322(i) Lecithin
344 Lecithin citrate Preservative preservative
322(ii) Lecithin, partially hydrolysed
322 Lecithins
322(iii) Lecithin, hydroxylated
641 Leucine, L- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1104 Lipases Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
180 Lithol rubine BK Colour colour
161b(iii) Lutein esters from Tagetes erecta Colour colour
161b(i) Lutein from Tagetes erecta Colour colour
161b Luteins
160d(iii) Lycopene, Blakeslea trispora Colour colour
160d(i) Lycopene, synthetic Colour colour
160d(ii) Lycopene, tomato Colour colour
160d Lycopenes
642 Lysin hydrochloride Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1105 Lysozyme Preservative preservative
504(i) Magnesium carbonate
504 Magnesium carbonates
CXG 36-1989 69

511 Magnesium chloride Firming agent firming agent
345 Magnesium citrate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
acidifier
Acid regulator
acid regulator
450(ix) Magnesium dihydrogen diphosphate
343(i) Magnesium dihydrogen phosphate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Thickener thickener
625 Magnesium di-L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
580 Magnesium gluconate Firming agent firming agent
343(ii) Magnesium hydrogen phosphate
Thickener thickener
528 Magnesium hydroxide
anticaking agent
Anticaking agent
504(ii) Magnesium hydroxide carbonate drying agent
Carrier carrier
329 Magnesium lactate, DL-
530 Magnesium oxide
343 Magnesium phosphates
553(i) Magnesium silicate, synthetic Anticaking agent anticaking agent
CXG 36-1989 70

dusting agent
553 Magnesium silicates
470(iii) Magnesium stearate Emulsifier emulsifier
Thickener binder
518 Magnesium sulphate
anticaking agent
553(ii) Magnesium trisilicate Anticaking agent
dusting agent
296 Malic acid, DL-
Humectant humectant
965(i) Maltitol Sweetener sweetener
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
Humectant humectant
965(ii) Maltitol syrup Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
965 Maltitols
636 Maltol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
130 Manascorubin Colour colour
Humectant humectant
421 Mannitol
Sweetener sweetener
353 Metatartaric acid
CXG 36-1989 71
Thickener thickener
1205 Methacrylate copolymer, anionic carrier
Carrier
encapsulating agent
1206 Methacrylate copolymer, basic Glazing agent glazing agent
1207 Methacrylate copolymer, neutral Glazing agent coating agent
glazing agent
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
461 Methyl cellulose
Thickener thickener
911 Methyl esters of fatty acids Glazing agent glazing agent
465 Methyl ethyl cellulose
Thickener thickener
489 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester Emulsifier emulsifier
218 Methyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
900b Methylphenylpolysiloxane Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
Carrier carrier
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Microcrystalline cellulose (cellulose
460(i) dispersing agent
gel) Emulsifier
emulsifier
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
905c(i) Microcrystalline wax
905a Mineral oil, food grade Glazing agent glazing agent
CXG 36-1989 72

sealing agent
905d Mineral oil, high viscosity glazing agent
Glazing agent
sealing agent

905e Glazing agent
class I sealing agent
glazing agent
905f Mineral oil, medium viscosity Glazing agent
sealing agent

905g Glazing agent
class III sealing agent
471 Mono- and di- glycerides of fatty acids glazing agent
Glazing agent
624 Monoammonium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
333(i) Monocalcium citrate Firming agent firming agent
622 Monopotassium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
336(i) Monopotassium tartrate
621 Monosodium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
364(i) Monosodium succinate
335 (i) Monosodium tartrate
235 Natamycin (Pimaricin) Preservative preservative
959 Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone Sweetener sweetener
961 Neotame Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
CXG 36-1989 73

Sweetener sweetener
375 Nicotinic acid Colour retention agent colour retention agent
234 Nisin Preservative preservative
941 Nitrogen Packaging gas packaging gas
918 Nitrogen oxides Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
919 Nitrosyl chloride Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
942 Nitrous oxide
Packaging gas packaging gas
411 Oat gum
Thickener thickener
946 Octafluorcyclobutane Propellant propellant
Octenyl succinic acid (OSA) modified
gum arabic
311 Octyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
182 Orchil Colour colour
231 Ortho-phenylphenol Preservative preservative
387 Oxystearin
1101(ii) Papain Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
160c(ii) Paprika extract Colour colour
160c(i) Paprika oleoresin Colour colour
905c(ii) Paraffin wax Glazing agent glazing agent
131 Patent blue V Colour colour
440 Pectins Glazing agent glazing agent
Thickener thickener
451(ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate
CXG 36-1989 74

451(i) Pentasodium triphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant stabilizer
Stabilizer sequestrant
429 Peptones Emulsifier emulsifier
905b Petroleum jelly (petrolatum) glazing agent
Glazing agent
sealing agent
glazing agent
905c Petroleum wax Glazing agent
sealing agent
338 Phosphoric acid Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
391 Phytic acid Preservative preservative
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
1200 Polydextroses Humectant humectant
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
900a Polydimethylsiloxane Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
Carrier carrier
emulsifier
1521 Polyethylene glycol Emulsifier
plasticizer
Thickener binder
CXG 36-1989 75

475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
Polyglycerol esters of interesterified
ricinoleic acid
964 Polyglycitol syrup Sweetener sweetener
dispersing agent
432 emulsifier
monolaurate
dispersing agent
433 emulsifier
monooleate

434 Emulsifier
monopalmitate emulsifier
dispersing agent
435 emulsifier
monostearate
dispersing agent
436 emulsifier
tristearate
452 Polyphosphates
coating agent
Glazing agent sealing agent
1203 Polyvinyl alcohol
Thickener binder
1209 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polyethylene Glazing agent glazing agent
glycol (PEG) graft co-polymer
stabilizer
Stabilizer
binder
Glazing agent coating agent
1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone
1202 Polyvinylpyrrolidone, insoluble colloidal stabilizer
Stabilizer
stabilizer
CXG 36-1989 76

1208 Polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate Glazing agent glazing agent
copolymer
124 Ponceau 4R (cochineal red A) Colour colour
125 Ponceau SX Colour colour
632 Potassium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
261(i) Potassium acetate
261 Potassium acetates
Carrier carrier
402 Potassium alginate
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
555 Potassium aluminium silicate
Carrier carrier
176 Potassium aluminium silicate-based
pearlescent pigments (PAS-BPP)
176(i) Potassium aluminium silicate-based Colour colour
pearlescent pigments coated with
titanium dioxide, Type I
176(ii) Potassium aluminium silicate-based Colour colour
pearlescent pigments coated with iron
oxide, Type II
176(iii) Potassium aluminium silicate-based Colour colour
pearlescent pigments coated with titanium
dioxide and iron oxide, Type III
303 Potassium ascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
212 Potassium benzoate Preservative preservative
228 Potassium bisulphite
501 Potassium carbonates
501(i) Potassium carbonate
CXG 36-1989 77

508 Potassium chloride
Stabilizer stabilizer synergist
Thickener Thickener synergist
332 Potassium citrates
261(ii) Potassium diacetate
332(i) Potassium dihydrogen citrate
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
340(i) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate humectant
Humectant
536 Potassium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
366 Potassium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
577 Potassium gluconate
501(ii) Potassium hydrogen carbonate Raising agent raising agent
351(i) Potassium hydrogen malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
515(ii) Potassium hydrogen sulphate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
525 Potassium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
917 Potassium iodate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
317 Potassium isoascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
326 Potassium lactate
Humectant humectant
351(ii) Potassium malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
CXG 36-1989 78

351 Potassium malates
224 Potassium metabisulphite
252 Potassium nitrate
249 Potassium nitrite
922 Potassium persulphate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
456 Potassium polyaspartate Stabilizer stabilizer
340 Potassium phosphates
452(ii) Potassium polyphosphate
283 Potassium propionate Preservative preservative
954(iii) Potassium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
560 Potassium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent

337 Potassium sodium L(+)-tartrate
202 Potassium sorbate Preservative preservative
515(i) Potassium sulphate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
515 Potassium sulphates
225 Potassium sulphite
336 Potassium tartrates

CXG 36-1989 79

coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
dispersing agent
460(ii) Powdered cellulose Emulsifier
emulsifier
Humectant humectant
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
Carrier carrier
407a Processed euchema seaweed (PES) coating agent

Glazing agent
glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
944 Propane Propellant propellant

280 Propionic acid Preservative preservative
310 Propyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
216 Propyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
carrier
Carrier
carrier solvent
1520 Propylene glycol
humectant
Humectant
wetting agent
CXG 36-1989 80

Carrier carrier
405 Propylene glycol alginate Foaming agent foaming agent
Thickener thickener
477 Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids Emulsifier emulsifier
1101 Proteases
1101(i) Protease from Aspergillus oryzae. Var Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1101(vi) Protease from Bacillus subtilis Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1101(v) Protease from Streptomyces fradiae Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
film-forming agent
Glazing agent
1204 Pullulan glazing agent
Thickener thickener
163(iv) Purple corn colour Colour colour
163(vii) Purple sweet potato colour Colour colour
999(i) Quillaia extract type 1
999(ii) Quillaia extract type 2
999 Quillaia extracts
104 Quinoline yellow Colour colour
163(v) Red cabbage colour Colour colour
163(viii) Red radish colour Colour colour
161f Rhodoxanthin Colour colour
101(ii) Riboflavin 5'-phosphate sodium Colour colour
101(iv) Riboflavin from Ashbya gossypii Colour colour
101(iii) Riboflavin from Bacillus subtilis Colour colour
101(i) Riboflavin, synthetic Colour colour
101 Riboflavins
CXG 36-1989 81

908 Rice bran wax Glazing agent glazing agent
392 Rosemary extract Antioxidant antioxidant
161d Rubixanthin Colour colour
954(i) Saccharin Sweetener sweetener
954 Saccharins
Salts of fatty acids, with base
470 aluminium, ammonium, calcium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium
Salts of myristic, palmitic and stearic
470(i) acids with ammonia, calcium, Emulsifier emulsifier
potassium and sodium
Salts of oleic acid with calcium,
470(ii) Emulsifier emulsifier
potassium and sodium
166 Sandalwood Colour colour
coating agent
904 Shellac, bleached Glazing agent glazing agent
551 Silicon dioxide, amorphous Carrier carrier
174 Silver Colour colour
262(i) Sodium acetate Preservative preservative
262 Sodium acetates
356 Sodium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Carrier carrier
401 Sodium alginate
Humectant humectant
Thickener thickener
CXG 36-1989 82

541(i) Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic
541(ii) Sodium aluminium phosphate, basic Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
541 Sodium aluminium phosphates
554 Sodium aluminium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
301 Sodium ascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
211 Sodium benzoate Preservative preservative
452(iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt synergist
500(i) Sodium carbonate
Thickener thickener
500 Sodium carbonates
emulsifier
Emulsifier
suspension agent
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
466 Gelling agent gelling agent
(cellulose gum)
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Humectant humectant
CXG 36-1989 83

Thickener thickener
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Stabilizer stabilizer
469 enzymatically hydrolysed (cellulose
gum, enzymatically hydrolyzed) Thickener thickener
331 Sodium citrates

952(iv) Sodium cyclamate Sweetener sweetener
266 Sodium dehydroacetate Preservative preservative
262(ii) Sodium diacetate Preservative preservative
331(i) Sodium dihydrogen citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
humectant
339(i) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Humectant
350(ii) Sodium DL-malate
Humectant humectant
Sodium erythorbate (Sodium
316 Antioxidant antioxidant
isoascorbate)
215 Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
535 Sodium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
237 Sodium formate Preservative preservative
365 Sodium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
576 Sodium gluconate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CXG 36-1989 84

500(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate Raising agent raising agent
Thickener thickener
350(i) Sodium hydrogen DL-malate
Humectant humectant
514(ii) Sodium hydrogen sulphate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
222 Sodium hydrogen sulphite
524 Sodium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
335(ii) Sodium L(+)-tartrate
325 Sodium lactate Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant humectant
481 Sodium lactylates
638 Sodium L-aspartate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
487 Sodium laurylsulphate Emulsifier emulsifier
350 Sodium malates
223 Sodium metabisulphite
550(ii) Sodium metasilicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
219 Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
251 Sodium nitrate Preservative preservative
CXG 36-1989 85

250 Sodium nitrite
481(ii) Sodium oleyl lactylate
232 Sodium ortho-phenylphenol Preservative preservative
339 Sodium phosphates
1210 Sodium polyacrylate Stabilizer stabilizer
452(i) Sodium polyphosphate
Sodium potassium
452(vi) Raising agent raising agent
hexametaphosphate
451(iii) Sodium potassium triphosphate
281 Sodium propionate Preservative preservative
217 Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
954(iv) Sodium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
500(iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
550(i) Sodium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
550 Sodium silicates
201 Sodium sorbate Preservative preservative
485 Sodium stearoyl fumarate Emulsifier emulsifier
CXG 36-1989 86

481(i) Sodium stearoyl lactylate
364 Sodium succinates
514(i) Sodium sulphate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
514 Sodium sulphates
221 Sodium sulphite
335 Sodium tartrates
antibrowning agent
Antioxidant
539 Sodium thiosulphate antioxidant
200 Sorbic acid Preservative preservative
493 Sorbitan monolaurate
494 Sorbitan monooleate
495 Sorbitan monopalmitate Emulsifier emulsifier
491 Sorbitan monostearate
496 Sorbitan trioleate Stabilizer stabilizer
492 Sorbitan tristearate
Humectant humectant
420(i) Sorbitol
Sweetener sweetener
Humectant humectant
420(ii) Sorbitol syrup
Sweetener sweetener
CXG 36-1989 87

420 Sorbitols
426 Soybean hemicellulose
Thickener thickener
909 Spermaceti wax Glazing agent glazing agent
134 Spirulina extract Colour colour
512 Stannous chloride
484 Stearyl citrate Emulsifier emulsifier
483 Stearyl tartrate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
960 Steviol glycosides
Steviol glycosides from
960b Sweetener sweetener
fermentation
Steviol glycosides from Stevia
960a rebaudiana Bertoni (steviol glycosides Sweetener sweetener
from Stevia)
499 Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols Stabilizer stabilizer
363 Succinic acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
472g Succinylated monoglycerides Sequestrant sequestrant
446 Succistearin Emulsifier emulsifier
955 Sucralose (trichlorogalactosucrose)
Sweetener sweetener
474 Sucroglycerides Emulsifier emulsifier
444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate

473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids
473a Sucrose oligoesters, type I and type II Glazing agent coating agent
CXG 36-1989 88

220 Sulphur dioxide
513 Sulphuric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
110 Sunset yellow FCF Colour colour
Superglycerinated hydrogenated
rapeseed oil
963 Tagatose, D- Sweetener sweetener
161b(ii) Tagetes extract Colour colour
anticaking agent
Anticaking agent
dusting agent
553(iii) Talc coating agent
Glazing agent
437 Tamarind seed polysaccharide stabilizer
Stabilizer
foam stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Colour colour
181 Tannic acid (tannins)
Thickener thickener
417 Tara gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Tartaric acid esters of mono- and di-
472d Sequestrant sequestrant
glycerides of fatty acids
334 Tartaric acid, L(+)-
Flavour enhancer flavour synergist
102 Tartrazine Colour colour
319 Tertiary butylhydroquinone Antioxidant antioxidant
CXG 36-1989 89

450(v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
450(iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
957 Thaumatin
Sweetener sweetener
Thermally oxidized soya bean oil
479 interacted with mono- and di-glycerides Emulsifier emulsifier
of fatty acids
233 Thiabendazole Preservative preservative
388 Thiodipropionic acid Antioxidant antioxidant
171 Titanium dioxide Colour colour
307b Tocopherol concentrate, mixed Antioxidant antioxidant
307a Tocopherol, d-alpha- Antioxidant antioxidant
309 Tocopherol, delta-, synthetic Antioxidant antioxidant
307c Tocopherol, dl-alpha- Antioxidant antioxidant
308 Tocopherol, gamma-, synthetic Antioxidant antioxidant
307 Tocopherols
413 Tragacanth gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
1518 Triacetin emulsifier
Emulsifier
plasticizer
CXG 36-1989 90

Humectant humectant
380 Triammonium citrate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
333(iii) Tricalcium citrate
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
341(iii) Tricalcium phosphate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
humectant
Humectant
stabilizer
Stabilizer

emulsifier
Emulsifier
1505 Triethyl citrate plasticizer
343(iii) Trimagnesium phosphate
Thickener thickener
451 Triphosphates
332(ii) Tripotassium citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
CXG 36-1989 91

humectant
340(iii) Tripotassium phosphate Humectant
331(iii) Trisodium citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
450(ii) Trisodium diphosphate
humectant
Humectant
339(iii) Trisodium phosphate moisture-retention agent
Preservative antimicrobial synergist
100(ii) Turmeric Colour colour
927b Urea (carbamide) Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
153 Vegetable carbon Colour colour
161e Violoxanthin Colour colour
910 Wax esters Glazing agent glazing agent
415 Xanthan gum
CXG 36-1989 92

Thickener thickener
Humectant humectant
967 Xylitol
Sweetener sweetener
bodying agent
Thickener
thickener
455 Yeast mannoproteins Stabilizer stabilizer
107 Yellow 2G Colour colour
161h(i) Zeaxanthin, synthetic Colour colour
Zeaxanthin-rich extract from Tagetes
161h(ii) Colour colour
erecta
161h Zeaxanthins
650 Zinc acetate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
557 Zinc silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
CXG 36-1989 93
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST –- MODIFIED STARCHES
List in alphabetical order

1422 Acetylated distarch adipate Stabilizer stabilizer
binder
Thickener
thickener
1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1451 Acetylated oxidized starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
1401 Acid-treated starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
1402 Alkaline treated starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
1403 Bleached starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
CXG 36-1989 94

Carrier carrier
1400 Dextrins, roasted starch Stabilizer stabilizer
binder
Thickener
thickener
1412 Distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
1410 Monostarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1404 Oxidized starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate Emulsifier emulsifier

CXG 36-1989 95

binder
Thickener
thickener
1420 Starch acetate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate Carrier carrier
1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate
binder
Thickener
thickener
1405 Starches, enzyme treated
binder
Thickener
thickener
NOTES
1FAO and WHO. 1995. General Standard for Food Additives. Codex Alimentarius Standard, No. CXS 192-1995. Codex
Alimentarius Commission. Rome.

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CLASS NAMES AND THE INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES

Adopted in 1989. Revised in 2008. Amended in 2018, 2019, 2021, 2023.

2. TABLE OF FUNCTIONAL CLASSES, DEFINITIONS AND TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSES

FUNCTIONAL CLASSES DEFINITION TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSE

FUNCTIONAL CLASSES DEFINITION TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSE

23. Raising agent A food additive or a combination of food raising agent

3. INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

Antioxidant antioxidant synergist

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

Antioxidant antioxidant synergist

Firming agent firming agent

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

Calcium disodium Colour retention agent Colour-retention agent

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan dispersing agent

Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan dispersing agent

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (cellulose Gelling agent gelling agent

Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl Stabilizer stabilizer

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

Foaming agent foaming agent

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

Mineral oil, medium and low viscosity, glazing agent

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose

INS No. Name of food additive Functional class Technological purpose