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ai

Steel Section Analysis

Calculation generated by |
April 27, 2024, 2:03 p.m.

Geometry inputs
Section Section Support
Length Connection type
classification type type
Pinned- Low torsion
300 x 100 x 16 RHS 1.2m
Pinned restraint

Steel section details

Steel grade 275.0N/mm2

Section depth 300.0mm
Section width 100.0mm
Web thickness 16.0mm
Flange thickness 16.0mm

Total area 115.0cm2

Root radius 0mm

1st moment of area (y-y) 370848.0cm4

2nd moment of area (y-y) 10900.0cm4

Wpl,y 986.0cm3
Wel,y 729.0cm3

1st moment of area (z-z) 40000.0cm4

2nd moment of area (z-z) 1720.0cm4

Wpl,z 425.0cm3

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Wel,z 344.0cm3

Applied loading
Bending MEd,y Shear VEd,y Axial NEd Bending MEd,z Shear VEd,z

20.0kNm 10.0kN 10.0kN 0.0kNm 0.0kN

Results summary
Overall result Pass 27
05

Worst case utilisation 7.0%

Tension utilisation 0.0%
Compression utilisation 0.0%
Bending utilisation 7.0%
Shear utilisation 2.0%
Bending & shear utilisation 7.0%
Bending & axial force 7.0%
Bending, shear & axial 7.0%
Flexural buckling 0.0%
Lateral torsion buckling 0%
Bending & axial buckling 0%

Detailed analysis
Section classification

The classification of the cross-section parts (flanges and web) is specified in

EN1993-1-1 Table 5.2. In this calculation cross-section classification is carried out
for the case of predominant axial force NEd and bending moment My,Ed about the
major axis y-y. For this case the web is classified for the combination of bending
and compression and the compressive flange is classified for pure compression.
The class of the compression part depends on its width c to thickness t ratio,

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adjusted by the factor ε = 1.000. The classification of the total cross-section is

determined by the class of its most unfavorable compression part, web or flange.

Flange classification:

• For the compression flange: c / t = (b / 2 - tw / 2 - r) / tf = 1

• Flange classification: Class 1 N/A

Web classification:

• For the web: c / t = (h - 2⋅tf - 2⋅r) / tw

• Web classification: Class 1 (c/t <= 72ε)

Section classification: Class 1

Shear buckling of web

The shear buckling resistance of the web is verified in accordance with

EN1993-1-1 §6.2.6(6):

• Shear buckling resistance without additional measures is proven if: h w/tw ≤

72 ⋅ ε / η
• 72 ⋅ ε / η = 0
• hw/tw = 0

Result: 0
0

Tension

The critical cross-section is verified for tensile axial force in accordance with
EN1993-1-1 §6.2.3:

• NEd / Nt,Rd ≤ 1.0

• Where NEd = 0 kN is the design tensile axial force. The tension resistance
Nt,Rd is estimated as the plastic tension resistance N pl,Rd on the basis of the
gross cross-section area A and the steel yield stress f y.
• Npl,Rd = 3162.5kN

Result: Pass 20 75
Utilisation: 0.0%

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According to EN1993-1-1 §6.2.3(2)b) for the case where holes for fasteners or other
openings are present the tension verification must also be performed on the basis of the net
cross-section area Anet and the steel ultimate stress f u>: Nu,Rd = 0.9 ⋅ Anet ⋅ fu / γM2

Compression

The critical cross-section is verified for compressive axial force in accordance with
EN1993-1-1 §6.2.4:

• NEd / Nc,Rd ≤ 1.0

• Where NEd = 10.0kN is the design compressive axial force. For the case of
class 1, 2, or 3 cross-section the compression resistance N c,Rd is estimated
as:
• Nc,Rd = 3162.5kN

Result: Pass 20 75
Utilisation: 0.0%
Verification is sufficient for steel members without holes or with fastener holes filled with
fasteners with the exception of oversize and slotted holes.

Bending moment

The critical cross-section is verified for bending moment in accordance with

EN1993-1-1 §6.2.5:
MEd / Mc,Rd ≤ 1.0

• For class 1 or 2 cross-sections the design resistance Mc,Rd for bending about
one principal axis is estimated as the corresponding plastic bending
resistance Mpl,Rd on the basis of the corresponding plastic section modulus
Wpl:
• For the major axis y-y: Mc,y,Rd = Wpl,y ⋅ fy / γM0 = 271.15kNm (>20.0kNm)
• For the minor axis z-z: Mc,z,Rd = Wpl,z ⋅ fy / γM0 = 116.875kNm (>0.0kNm)
• For bending about the major axis y-y utilisation: 0.07
• For bending about the minor axis z-z utilisation: 0.0

Bending result: Pass 27

05

Utilisation: 7.0%

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Shear

The critical cross-section is verified for shear force in accordance with EN1993-1-1
§6.2.6:
VEd> / Vc,Rd ≤ 1.0

• For class 1 or 2 cross-sections the design shear resistance V c,Rd for shear
force along one principal axis is estimated as the plastic shear resistance
Vpl,Rd on the basis of the corresponding shear area A v:
• For the shear force along z-z: Vpl,Rd,z = Av,z ⋅ (fy / √3 ) / γM0 = 457.0kN
(>10.0kN)
• For the shear force along y-y: Vpl,Rd,y = Av,y ⋅ (fy / √3 ) / γM0 = 1370.0kN
(>0.0kN)
• For shear about the major axis y-y utilisation: 0.02
• For shear about the minor axis z-z utilisation: 0.0

Shear result: Pass 27

05

Utilisation: 2.0%

Bending & shear

The effect of the shear force on the moment resistance is examined in accordance
with EN1993-1-1 §6.2.8.

• According to EN1993-1-1 §6.2.8(3) the bending resistance of the cross-

section is reduced when the applied shear force V Ed is larger than one-half of
the corresponding plastic shear resistance Vpl,Rd.
• Shear utilisation along axis z-z: Vz,Ed / Vpl,Rd,z = < 0.5 27
05 No additional
checks required for bending and shear
• Shear utilisation along axis y-y: Vy,Ed / Vpl,Rd,y = < 0.5 27
05 No additional
checks required for bending and shear

Bending & axial force

The effect of axial force on the plastic bending moment resistance of class 1 or
class 2 cross-sections is specified in EN1991-1-4 §6.2.9.1.

• For doubly symmetrical I- and H-sections allowance for the effect of axial
force on the bending moment resistance need not be made when the
following conditions are satisfied.
• For bending about major axis y-y:
• Check that NEd ≤ 0.25⋅Npl,Rd = 0kN

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• and NEd ≤ 0.50⋅hw⋅tw⋅fy / γM0 = 0kN

• For bending about minor axis z-z:
• Check that NEd ≤ hw⋅tw⋅fy / γM0 = 0kN
• NEd = kN
• Result: Allowance needs to be made for the effect of the axial force on the
plastic resistance moments.

Consideration of the effect of axial force on bending moment resistance

• The normalized axial force n is:

• n = NEd / Npl,Rd = 0.003
• The ratio a is defined as: a = min[0.5, (A - 2⋅b⋅t f) / A ] = 0.5
• The reduced bending moment resistance about major axis y-y is given as:
• My,Rd = min[Mpl,y,Rd, Mpl,y,Rd⋅(1 - n) / (1 - 0.5⋅a) ] = 271.15kNm
• The reduced bending moment resistance about minor axis z-z is given as:
•M = Mpl,z,Rd⋅(1 - [(n - a) / (1 - a)]2>) = 116.875kNm
z,Rd
• Therefore the utilization for the reduced bending resistance due to axial force
is:
• For bending about the major axis y-y: My,Ed / MN,y,Rd = 0.07
• For bending about the major axis z-z: Mz,Ed / MN,z,Rd = 0.0
• The effect of biaxial bending is examined in accordance with the criterion
specified in EN1991-1-4 §6.2.9.1(6):
• [My,Ed / MN,y,Rd]α + [Mz,Ed / MN,z,Rd]β ≤ 1
• where the exponents α and β are defined for the case of I- and H-sections as
follows:
• α = 2; β = max(1.0, 5⋅n) = 1
• Therefore the utilization factor for biaxial bending including the effect of the
axial force is:
• Biaxial bending: u = [M /M ]α + [M /M ]β = 7.0
y,Ed N,y,Rd z,Ed N,z,Rd

Result: Pass 20 75
Utilisation: 7.0%

Bending, shear & axial force

The effect of the shear force and axial force on the moment resistance is
examined in accordance with EN1993-1-1 §6.2.10.

• According to EN1993-1-1 §6.2.10(2) the resistance of the cross-section for

bending and axial force is reduced when the applied shear force V Ed is larger
than one-half of the corresponding plastic shear resistance V pl,Rd.

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• Shear force along axis z-z: Vz,Ed / Vpl,Rd,z = 0.02

05 applied shear less than 50% of the corresponding plastic shear
• Result: Pass 27
resistance. Therefore the effect of shear forces on the bending moment
resistance may be ignored.

Flexural buckling

The compression member is verified against flexural buckling in accordance with

EN1993-1-1 §6.3.1 as follows: NEd / Nb,Rd ≤ 1.0
Nb,Rd is the design buckling resistance of the compression member given in
EN1993-1-1 §6.3.1.1(3) for class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections: N b,Rd = χ⋅A⋅fy / γM1
The reduction factor χ due to flexural buckling is calculated for both the major and
the minor bending axes.

Flexural buckling about major axis y-y:

• The appropriate buckling curve is determined from EN1993-1-1 Table 6.2. For
rolled I-sections, h/b =, tf = mm, bending about major axis y-y the
corresponding buckling curve is curve "a"
• The imperfection factor α corresponding to the buckling curve is determined
from EN1993-1-1 Table 6.1 as α = 0.21
• The critical buckling length Lcr,y for flexural buckling about the major axis y-
y is considered as Lcr,y = 1.0⋅L = 1.2 m.
• According to the theory of elasticity the elastic critical buckling load for
flexural buckling is:
•N = π2⋅E⋅I / L = 156885.59kN
cr,y y cr,y2
• The ratio of the compression load to the elastic critical buckling load is N Ed/

Ncr,y
= 0.0001
• For class 1, 2 and 3 cross-section the non-dimensional slenderness λy for
flexural buckling is given in EN1993-1-1 §6.3.1.3(1):
• λ = (A⋅f / N )0.5 = 0.14
y y cr,y
• According to EN1993-1-1 §6.3.1.2(4) flexural buckling effects may be ignored
when NEd/Ncr,y ≤ 0.04 or λy ≤ 0.20.
• Result: Pass 27
05 no further verification of flexural buckling is required.

Flexural buckling about minor axis z-z:

• The appropriate buckling curve is determined from EN1993-1-1 Table 6.2. For
rolled I-sections, h/b =, tf = mm, bending about minor axis z-z the
corresponding buckling curve is curve "a"

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• The imperfection factor α corresponding to the buckling curve is determined

from EN1993-1-1 Table 6.1 as α = 0.21
• The critical buckling length Lcr,y for flexural buckling about the minor axis z-z
is considered as Lcr,z = 1.0⋅L = 1.2 m.
• According to the theory of elasticity the elastic critical buckling load for
flexural buckling is:
•N = πcr,z>⋅E⋅I / L 2 = 24756.26kN
cr,z z cr,z
• The ratio of the compression load to the elastic critical buckling load is NEd/
Ncr,z = 0.0004
• For class 1, 2 and 3 cross-section the non-dimensional slenderness λz for
flexural buckling is given in EN1993-1-1 §6.3.1.3(1):
• λ = (A⋅f / N )0.5 = 0.36
z y cr,z
• According to EN1993-1-1 §6.3.1.2(4) flexural buckling effects may be ignored
when NEd/Ncr,z ≤ 0.04 or λy ≤ 0.20.
• Result: Pass 27
05 no further verification of flexural buckling is required.

Overall flexural buckling result:

Flexural buckling result: Pass 27

05

Utilisation: 0.0%

Lateral torsion buckling

Members with laterally unrestrained compression flange subject to bending about

major axis y-y should be verified against lateral-torsional buckling in accordance
with EN1993-1-1 §6.3.2 as follows: My,Ed / Mb,Rd ≤ 1.0
Where Mb,Rd is the design buckling resistance moment given in EN1993-1-1
§6.3.2.1(3): Mb,Rd = χLT⋅Wy⋅fy / γM1

• For class 1 or 2 cross-sections: Wy = Wpl,y = cm 3

• The reduction factor χLT due to lateral-torsional buckling is calculated for
rolled sections or equivalent welded sections in accordance with EN1993-1-1
§6.3.2.3, depending on the elastic critical moment Mcr for lateral-torsional
buckling.

Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

• The elastic critical moment Mcr for lateral-torsional buckling may be

calculated by the following formula derived from buckling theory:
• Mcr = C1⋅π2⋅E⋅Iz / (k⋅LLT)2 ⋅ ( [ (k /kw)2 ⋅ (Iw /Iz) + (k⋅LLT)2⋅G⋅IT / (π2⋅E⋅Iz) +
(C2⋅zg)2]0.5 - C2⋅zg )
• The factors k and kw are effective length factors. The factor k refers to end
rotation on plan. It is analogous to the ratio of the buckling length to the

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system length for a compression member. The factor k should be taken as

not less than 1.0 unless the value less than 1.0 can be justified. The factor
kw refers to end warping. Unless special provision for warping fixity is made,
kw should be taken as 1.0. In the following calculation the effective length
factors are considered as k = 1.000 and kw = 1.000.
• The distance between the point of load application and the shear center is
denoted as zg. For double symmetric cross-sections the shear center
coincides with the centroid of the cross-section. The value of zg is positive for
loads acting towards the shear center from their point of application. For
loading on the centroid the appropriate value is zg = 0.0 mm.
• The coefficients C1 and C2 depend on the loading and end restraint
conditions. It can be shown that the values of C1 and C2 depend on the ratio
E⋅Iw / (G⋅Iw⋅LLT2). In the NCCI this ratio is considered equal to 0 which leads
to conservative values for the coefficient C1 and the elastic critical moment
Mcr. According to the NCCI, for uniform bending moment diagram,
corresponding to no internal loading, and ratio of the end moments ψ = 1.0,
the corresponding values of the coefficients are:
• C1 = 1.000 and C2 = 0.000
• The value of the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling is
obtained as: Mcr = 0kNm
• The ratio of the applied bending moment to the elastic critical buckling
moment is My,Ed/Mcr = 0

Reduced bending moment resistance due to lateral-torsional buckling

• The appropriate buckling curve is determined from EN1993-1-1 Table 6.5 .

For rolled I-sections, h/b = 3.0, the corresponding buckling curve is curve "0"
• The imperfection factor αLT corresponding to the buckling curve is
determined from EN1993-1-1 Table 6.4 as αLT = 0
• The non-dimensional slenderness λLT for flexural buckling is given in
EN1993-1-1 §6.3.2.2(1):
• λLT = (Wy⋅fy / Mcr)0.5 = 0
• According to EN1993-1-1 §6.3.2.2(4) lateral-torsional buckling effects may be
ignored when λLT ≤ λLT,0 or My,Ed/Mcr ≤ λLT,02, where λLT,0 = 0.400.
• Result: 0

Buckling interaction for bending & axial compression

The stability of the steel member subjected to compression force, end moments
and transverse loads is verified in accordance with EN1993-1-1 §6.3.3. The
individual member is considered as cut out of the system. The interaction effects
are described by EN1993-1-1 equations (6.61) and (6.62). For the case of class 1,
2, or 3 cross-sections the equations simplify to:

• NEd / (χy⋅NRk / γM1) + kyy⋅My,Ed / (χLT⋅My,Rk / γM1) + kyz⋅Mz,Ed / (Mz,Rk /

γM1) ≤ 1.0

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• NEd / (χz⋅NRk / γM1) + kzy⋅My,Ed / (χLT⋅My,Rk / γM1) + kzz⋅Mz,Ed / (Mz,Rk /

γM1) ≤ 1.0
• Where χLT, χy and χz are the corresponding reduction factors for lateral-
torsional buckling and flexural buckling as calculated in previous sections.
◦ NRk = A⋅fy = 3162.5kN
◦ My,Rk = Wy⋅fy = 271.15kN
◦ Mz,Rk = Wz⋅fy = 116.875kN
• The interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy, kzy depend on the calculation method
chosen.
• Method 1 (EN1993-1-1 Annex A) is selected for buckling interaction analysis.

Equivalent uniform moment factors for flexural buckling

• The equivalent uniform moment factors Cmi,0 are obtained from EN1993-1-1
Table A.2.
• For flexural buckling about major axis y-y the moment diagram My,Ed is
considered between points braced along z-z direction.
• For uniform or linearly varying bending moment diagram:
• Cmy,0 = 0.79 + 0.21⋅ψy + 0.36⋅(ψy - 0.33)⋅NEd / Ncr,y = 0
• For flexural buckling about minor axis z-z the moment diagram Mz,Ed is
considered between points braced along y-y direction.
• For uniform or linearly varying bending moment diagram:
• Cmz,0 = 0.79 + 0.21⋅ψz + 0.36⋅(ψz - 0.33)⋅NEd / Ncr,z = 0

Intermediate factors and coefficients

• The following intermediate factors and coefficients are calculated:

◦ Normalized axial force npl = NEd / (NRk / γM0) = 0.0
◦ The non-dimensional slenderness λLT for lateral-torsional buckling was
calculated in the section above as λLT = 0
◦ The non-dimensional slenderness λ0 for lateral-torsional buckling due to
uniform moment is calculated by repeating previous calculations using
C1 = 1.0 and C2 = 0.0. The obtained values are Mcr,0 = 0 kNm and λ0
=0
◦ The maximum non-dimensional slenderness for flexural buckling is
λmax = max(λy, λz) = 0
◦ Coefficient εy = (My,Ed / Wel,y) / (NEd / A) = 0
◦ The ratios of plastic to elastic section modulii are: wy = min(1.5, Wpl,y/
Wel,y) = 0
◦ The coefficient μy is obtained as: μy = (1 - NEd / Ncr,y) / (1 - χy⋅NEd /
Ncr,y) = 0
◦ The coefficient μz is obtained as: μz = (1 - NEd / Ncr,z) / (1 - χz⋅NEd /
Ncr,z) = 0
◦ The coefficient aLT is calculated as: aLT = max(0, 1 - IT / Iy) = 0
◦ The elastic critical force for torsional buckling is calculated using
EN1993-1-3 equation (6.33a) as 0kN

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• The effect of lateral torsional buckling is taken into account in the moment
factors Cmy, Cmz, CmLT which depend on the value of λ0, i.e. the non-
dimensional slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling due to uniform bending
moment.
• Slenderness limit for lateral torsional buckling: 0
• Where C1 is a factor depending on the loading and end conditions and may
be taken as C1 = kc-2 = 1.000-2 = 1.000, where the coefficient kc depends
on the shape of the bending moment diagram was calculated above.
•0
• Cmy = 0
• Cmz = 0
• CCmLT = 0
• Additional intermediate factors and coefficients
• The following intermediate factors and coefficients are calculated:
◦ The coefficients bLT to eLT are calculated in accordance with
EN1993-1-1 Table A.1 as bLT = 0, cLT = 0, dLT = 0, eLT = 0
◦ The coefficients Cyy to Czz are calculated in accordance with
EN1993-1-1 Table A.1 as Cyy = 0, Cyz = 0, Czy = 0, Czz = 0

Interaction factors

• The interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy, kzz are calculated in accordance with
EN1993-1-1 Table A.1 For class 1 or 2 cross-sections:
• kyy = Cmy⋅CmLT⋅μy / (1 - NEd / Ncr,y) ⋅ (1 / Cyy) = 0
• kyz = Cmy⋅CmLT⋅μz / (1 - NEd / Ncr,y) ⋅ (1 / Czy) ⋅ 0.6⋅(wy / wz)0.5 = 0
• kzy = Cmy⋅CmLT⋅μz / (1 - NEd / Ncr,y) ⋅ (1 / Czy) ⋅ 0.6⋅(wy / wz)0.5 = 0
• kzz = Cmz⋅μz / (1 - NEd / Ncr,z) ⋅ (1 / Czz) = 0

Verification of member resistance

• The interaction formulae for the resistance verification according to Method 1

are expressed as:
• NEd / (χy⋅NRk / γM1) + kyy⋅My,Ed / (χLT⋅My,Rk / γM1) + kyz⋅Mz,Ed / (Mz,Rk /
γM1) = 0
• NEd / (χz⋅NRk / γM1) + kzy⋅My,Ed / (χLT⋅My,Rk / γM1) + kzz⋅Mz,Ed / (Mz,Rk /
γM1) = 0

Overall buckling interaction result:

• Result: 0
• Utilisation: 0%

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