1-0 mn~ns';

1-1 çLrkouk
1-2 dgkuh % iwl dh jkr
1-3 dgkuh dk lkj
1-4 lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k
1-5 dFkkoLrq
1-6 pfj=-fp=.k
1-7 ifjos'k
1-8 lajpuk f'kYi
1-9 çfrik|
1-10 lkjka'k
1-11 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
1-12 cks/k ç'uks@
a vH;klksa ds mÙkj

çLrqr bdkbZ esa vki dgkuh ds fofHkUu i{kksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ tkusaxsA

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki :
• dgkuh dk lkj crk ldsaxs rFkk dgkuh ds egRoiw.kZ va'kksa dh O;k[;k dj
ldsax(s
• dgkuh dh dFkkoLrq dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldsax(s
• dgkuh ds çeq[k ik=ksa dk pfj=&fp=.k dj ldsax(s
• dgkuh ds ifjos'k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crk ldsaxs(
• dgkuh dh 'kSyh] Hkk"kk vkSj laokn dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crk ldsaxs vkSj
• mi;qZä fo'ys"k.k ds ek/;e ls dgkuh ds egRo dh igpku dj ldsaxsA

bl ikB~;Øe esa vki lkfgR; dh fofHkUu fo/kkvksa dk v/;;u djsaxAs izLrqr bdkbZ
esa çsepan dh dgkuh ‘iwl dh jkr’ nh tk jgh gSA bl dgkuh dh x.kuk çsepan
dh Js"B dgkfu;ksa esa dh tkrh gSA
çsepan dk tUe okjk.klh ds ikl yegh xk¡o esa lu~ 1880 esa gqvk FkkA mUgksaus ch-
,- rd f'k{kk çkIr dhA vkjaHk esa mUgksaus mnwZ esa ys[ku fd;k] ckn esa os fganh esa Hkh
fy[kus yxsA ys[ku ds vfrfjä] çsepan f'k{kk foHkkx esa fujh{kd jgs vkSj ^gal^ 7
 if=dk dk laiknu fd;kA mudk nsgkolku 1936 esa gqvkA fganh dgkuh ijaijk esa
çsepan dk ;qxkarjdkjh egRo gSA mUgksaus fganh dgkuh dks u;k eksM+ fn;k FkkA
mUgksaus dgkuh dks lkekftd ;FkkFkZ ls tksM+k vkSj mls lksn~ns';rk çnku dhA
mUgksaus viuh dgkfu;ksa esa mRihfM+r vkSj 'kksf"kr turk ds nq%[k&nnZ dks ok.kh nh]
mudh laosnuk vkSj la?k"kZ dks u;k vFkZ fn;kA vkjaHk esa mu ij vkn'kZokn dk çHkko
Fkk] ysfdu /khjs&/khjs mudk vkn'kZokn ls eksgHkax gksus yxk vkSj os 'kks"kd oxksaZ dh
vekuoh;rk ds dVq vkykspd cu x;sA çsepan us vius dFkk lkfgR; esa thou ds
çR;sd i{k ij fy[kk ysfdu fdlkuksa vkSj efgykvksa ds çfr mudh xgjh lgkuqHkwfr
FkhA ^ekuljksoj* ds vkB Hkkxksa esa mudh lHkh çkIr dgkfu;k¡ ladfyr gSaA mudh
dqN çfl) dgkfu;k¡ gSa: ^dQu*] ^iwl dh jkr^] ^'krjat ds f[kykM+h^] ^Bkdqj dk
dqvk¡^] ^ln~xfr^ vkfnA muds ç[;kr miU;klksa esa ^xksnku^] ^jaxHkwfe^] ^deZHkwfe^]
^çsekJe^] ^fueZyk^] ^lsoklnu^ dh ppkZ dh tkrh gSA ^xksnku^ dks fdlku&thou dk
egkdkO; dgk x;k gSA
^iwl dh jkr^ dgkuh dk dF; fdlku&thou ls lacaf/kr gSA çsepan us bl dgkuh
ds ek/;e ls crk;k gS fd fdl rjg dBksj ifjJe ds ckotwn fdlku ges'kk
vHkkoksa ls f?kjk jgrk gS vkSj dtZ ls eqä ugha gks ikrkA yxkrkj 'kks"k.k ls
mRihfM+r fdlku dh vkLFkk fdlkuh ls Mxexk tkrh gSA dgkuh ds blh dF; dk
fo'ys"k.k bl bdkbZ esa foLrkj ls fd;k x;k gSA bdkbZ esa fn;s x;s cks/k ç'u vkSj
vH;kl ls vki ;g tku ldsaxs fd vkius dgkuh dks fdruk le>k gSA

gYdw us vkdj L=h ls dgk & lguk vk;k gSA ykvks] tks #i;s j[ks gSa] mls ns nw¡]
fdlh rjg xyk rks NwVAs
eqUuh >kM+w yxk jgh FkhA ihNs fQjdj cksyh & rhu gh rks #i;s gSa] ns nksxs rks
dEey dgk¡ ls vkosxk\ ek?k&iwl dh jkr gkj esa dSls dVsxh\ mlls dg nks]
Qly ij ns nsaxAs vHkh ughaA
gYdw ,d {k.k vfuf'pr n'kk esa [kM+k jgkA iwl flj ij vk x;k] dEey ds fcuk
gkj esa jkr dks og fdlh rjg lks ugha ldrkA exj lguk ekusxk ugha] ?kqM+fd;k¡
tekosxk] xkfy;k¡ nsxkA cyk ls tkM+ksa esa ejsaxs] cyk rks flj ls Vy tk,xh] ;g
lksprk gqvk og viuk Hkkjh Hkjde Mhy fy;s gq, ¼tks mlds uke dks >wBk fl)
djrk Fkk½ L=h ds lehi vk x;k vkSj [kq'kken djds cksyk & yk ns ns] xyk rks
NwVsA dEey ds fy, dksbZ nwljk mik; lkspw¡xkA
eqUuh mlds ikl ls nwj gV x;h vkSj vk¡[ksa rjsjrh gqbZ cksyh & dj pqds nwljk
mik;! tjk lquw¡ rks dkSu mik; djksxs\ dksbZ [kSjkr esa ns nsxk dEey\ u tkus
fdruh ckdh gS] tks fdlh rjg pqdus gh ugha vkrhA eSa dgrh gw¡] rqe D;ksa ugha
[ksrh NksM+ nsr\s ej&ej dke djks] mit gks rks ckdh ns nks] pyks Nqêh gqbZA ckdh
pqdkus ds fy, gh rks gekjk tUe gqvk gSA isV ds fy, etwjh djksA ,slh [ksrh ls
ckt vk;sA eSa #i;s u nw¡xh & u nw¡xhA

8
gYdw mnkl gksdj cksyk & rks D;k xkyh [kkš\
eqUuh us rM+idj dgk & ^xkyh D;ksa nsxk] D;k mldk jkt gS\^
exj ;g dgus ds lkFk gh mldh ruh gqbZ HkkSagas <hyh iM+ xb±A gYdw ds ml okD;
esa tks dBksj lR; Fkk] og ekuks ,d Hkh"k.k tarq dh Hkk¡fr mls ?kwj jgk FkkA
mlus tkdj vkys ij ls #i;s fudkys vkSj ykdj gYdw ds gkFk ij j[k fn;sA fQj
cksyh+ ^rqe NksM+ nks vcdh ls [ksrhA etwjh esa lq[k ls ,d jksVh [kkus dks rks
feysxhA fdlh dh /kkSal rks u jgsxhA vPNh [ksrh gS! etwjh djds ykvks] og Hkh
mlh esa >ksad nks] ml ij /kkSalA^
gYdw us #i;s fy;s vkSj bl rjg ckgj pyk] ekuks viuk ân; fudky dj nsus tk
jgk gksA mlus etwjh ls ,d&,d iSlk dkV&dkVdj rhu #i;s dEcy ds fy,
tek fd, FksA og vkt fudys tk jgs FksA ,d&,d ix ds lkFk mldk eLrd
viuh nhurk ds Hkkj ls nck tk jgk FkkA
iwl dh v¡/ksjh jkr! vkdk'k ij rkjs Hkh fBBqjrs gq, ekywe gksrs FksA gYdw vius [ksr
ds fdukjs Å[k ds iÙkksa dh ,d Nrjh ds uhps ck¡l ds [kVksys ij viuh iqjkuh
xk<+s dh pknj vks<+s iM+k dk¡i jgk FkkA [kkV ds uhps mldk laxh dqÙkk tcjk isV
esa eq¡g Mkys lnhZ ls dw¡&dw¡ dj jgk FkkA nks esa ls ,d dks Hkh uhan u vkrh FkhA
gYdw us ?kqVfu;ksa dks xjnu esa fpidkrs gq, dgk & D;ksa tcjk] tkM+k yxrk gS\
dgrk rks Fkk] ?kj esa iqvky ij ysV jg] rks ;gk¡ D;k ysus vk;s FksA vc [kkvks BaM]
eSa D;k d:¡A tkurs Fks] eSa ;gk¡ gyqok&iwjh [kkus vk jgk gw¡] nkSM+s&nkSM+s vkxs&vkxs
pys vk;sA vc jksvks ukuh ds uke dksA
tcjk us iM+s&iM+s nqe fgyk;h vkSj viuh dw¡&dw¡ dks nh?kZ cukrk gqvk ,d ckj
tEgkbZ ysdj pqi gks x;kA mldh 'oku&cqf) us 'kk;n rkM+ fy;k] ^Lokeh dks esjh
dw¡&dw¡ ls uhan ugha vk jgh gSA^
gYdw us gkFk fudkydj tcjk dh BaMh ihB lgykrs gq, dgk &^dy ls er vkuk
esjs lkFk] ugha rks BaMs gks tkvksxsA ;g jk¡M+ iNqvk u tkus dgk¡ ls cjQ fy;s vk
jgh gSA mBw¡ fQj ,d fpye Hk:¡A fdlh rjg jkr rks dVsA vkB fpye rks ih
pqdkA ;g [ksrh dk etk gS! vkSj ,d&,d Hkkxoku ,sls iM+s gSa] ftuds ikl tkM+k
tk; rks xjeh ls ?kcM+kdj HkkxsA eksVs&eksVs xís] fygkQ] dEeyA etky gS] tkM+s
dk xqtj gks tk;A rdnhj dh [kwch gSA etwjh ge djsa] etk nwljs ywVsa!^
gYdw mBk xM~<s esa ls tjk lh vkx fudkydj fpye HkjhA tcjk Hkh mB cSBkA
gYdw us fpye ihrs gq, dgk] fi,xk fpye] tkM+k rks D;k tkrk gS] gk¡ tjk] eu
cny tkrk gSA
tcjk us mlds eq¡g dh vksj çse ls Nydrh gqbZ vk¡[kksa ls ns[kkA
gYdw & vkt vkSj tkM+k [kk ys dy ls eSa ;gk¡ iqvky fcNk nwaxkA mlh esa ?kqldj
cSBuk] rc tkM+k u yxsxkA
tcjk us vxys iats mldh ?kqVfu;ksa ij j[k fn;s vkSj mlds eq¡g ds ikl viuk eq¡g
ys x;kA gYdw dks mldh xeZ lk¡l yxhA fpye ihdj gYdw fQj ysVk vkSj 9
 fu'p; djds ysVk fd pkgs dqN gks vcdh lks tkšxk] ij ,d gh {k.k esa mlds
ân; esa dEiu gksus yxkA dHkh bl djoV ysVrk] dHkh ml djoV] ij tkM+k
fdlh fi'kkp dh Hkk¡fr mldh Nkrh dks nck, gq, FkkA
tc fdlh rjg u jgk x;k] mlus tcjk dks /khjs ls mBk;k vkSj mlds flj dks
FkiFkikdj mls viuh xksn esa lqyk fy;kA dqÙks dh nsg ls tkus dSls nqxaZ/k vk jgh
Fkh] ij og mls viuh xksn esa fpeVk, gq, ,sls lq[k dk vuqHko dj jgk Fkk] tks
b/kj eghuksa ls mls u feyk FkkA tcjk 'kk;n le> jgk Fkk fd LoxZ ;gha gS] vkSj
gYdw dh ifo= vkRek esa rks ml dqÙks ds çfr ?k`.kk dh xa/k rd u FkhA vius fdlh
vfHkUu fe= ;k HkkbZ dks Hkh og bruh gh rRijrk ls xys yxkrkA og viuh nhurk
ls vkgr u Fkk] ftlus vkt mls bl n'kk dks igq¡pk fn;kA ugha] bl vuks[kh eS=h
us tSls mldh vkRek ds lc }kj [kksy fn;s Fks vkSj mldk ,d&,d v.kq çdk'k ls
ped jgk FkkA
lglk tcjk us fdlh tkuoj dh vkgV ikbZA bl fo'ks"k vkReh;rk us mlesa ,d
ubZ LQwfrZ iSnk dj nh Fkh] tks gok ds BaMs >ksadksa dks rqPN le>rh FkhA og
>iVdj mBk vkSj Nijh ds ckgj vkdj Hkw¡dus yxkA gYdw us mls dbZ ckj
pqedkjdj cqyk;k] ij og mlds ikl u vk;kA gkj esa pkjksa rjQ nkSM+&nkSM+dj
Hkw¡drk jgkA ,d {k.k ds fy, vk Hkh tkrk] rks rqjar gh fQj nkSM+rkA dÙkZO; mlds
ân; esa vjeku dh Hkk¡fr mNy jgk FkkA
cks/k ç'u
vkius dgkuh dk mi;qZä va'k /;ku ls i<+k gksxkA vc vki fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa dk
lgh mÙkj dks"Bd esa mila[;k fy[kdj nhft, vkSj vius mÙkjksa dks bdkbZ ds var
esa fn;s x;s mÙkjksa ls feykb,A
1½ gYdw dh iRuh eqUuh us dtZ pqdkus dk fojks/k D;ksa fd;k\
d½ gYdw dks dacy dh t:jr FkhA
[k½ muds ikl iSls ugha FksA
x½ mUgksaus igys gh dtZ pqdk fn;k FkkA
?k½ iRuh us dtZ pqdkus dk fojks/k ugha fd;kA ¼½
2½ ^u tkus fdruh ckdh gS tks fdlh rjg pqdus gh ugha vkrhA* ;g okD;
fdlus fdlls dgk\
d½ gYdw us lguk ls
[k½ eqUuh us lguk ls
x½ gYdw us eqUuh ls
?k½ eqUuh us gYdw ls ¼½
3½ ^etwjh ge djsa] etk nwljs ywVa!s ^ bl okD; dk rkRi;Z D;k gS\
d½ etnwjh djus esa etk ugha gSA
[k½ ,d dh esgur dk nwljs }kjk ykHk mBk;k tkukA
x½ fdlkuksa dh esgur ls ljdkj etk ywVrh gSA
?k½ etnwjh djus okys ets ugha ywVrsA ¼½
10
,d ?kaVk vkSj xqtj x;kA jkr us 'khr dks gok ls /k/kdkuk 'kq: fd;kA gYdw mB
cSBk vkSj nksuksa ?kqVuksa dks Nkrh ls feykdj flj dks mlesa fNik fy;k] fQj Hkh BaM
de u gqbZA ,slk tku iM+rk Fkk] lkjk jä te x;k gS] /kefu;ksa esa jä dh txg
fge cg jgk gSA mlus >qddj vkdk'k dh vksj ns[kk] vHkh fdruh jkr ckdh gSA
lIrf"kZ vHkh vkdk'k esa vk/ks Hkh ugha p<+sA Åij vk tk;saxs rc dgha losjk gksxkA
vHkh igj ls Åij jkr gSA
gYdw ds [ksrksa ls dksbZ ,d xksyh ds VIis ij vkeksa dk ,d ckx FkkA ir>M+ 'kq:
gks xbZ FkhA ckx es ifÙk;ksa dk <sj yxk gqvk FkkA gYdw us lkspk] pydj ifÙk;k¡
cVks:¡ vkSj mUgsa tykdj [kwc rkiw¡A jkr dks dksbZ eq>s ifÙk;k¡ cVksjrs ns[ks rks le>s]
dksbZ Hkwr gSA dkSu tkus dksbZ tkuoj gh fNik cSBk gks] exj vc rks cSBs ugha jgk
tkrkA
mlus ikl ds vjgj ds [ksr esa tkdj dbZ ikS/ks m[kkM+ fy;s vkSj mudk ,d >kM+w
cukdj gkFk esa lqyxrk gqvk miyk fy;s cxhps dh rjQ pykA tcjk us mls vkrs
ns[kk] ikl vk;k vkSj nqe fgykus yxkA
gYdw us dgk & vc rks ugha jgk tkrk tc:! pyks] cxhps esa ifÙk;k¡ cVksjdj
rkisaA Vk¡Bs gks tk,¡x]s rks fQj vkdj lks,¡xAs vHkh rks jkr cgqr gSA
tcjk us dw¡&dw¡ djds lgefr çdV dh vkSj vkxs cxhps dh vksj pykA
cxhps esa [kwc v¡/ksjk Nk;k gqvk Fkk vkSj va/kdkj esa funZ; iou ifÙk;ksa dks dqpyrk
gqvk pyk tkrk FkkA o`{kksa ls vksl dh cwansa ViVi uhps Vid jgh FkhaA
,dk,d ,d >ksadk esagnh ds Qwyksa dh [kq'kcw fy;s gq, vk;kA
gYdw us dgk & dSlh vPNh egd vkbZ tc:! rqEgkjh ukd esa Hkh dqN lqxa/k vk
jgh gS\ tcjk dks dgha tehu ij ,d gM~Mh iM+h fey xbZ FkhA mls fppksM+ jgk
FkkA
gYdw us vkx tehu ij j[k nh vkSj ifÙk;k¡ cVksjus yxkA tjk nsj esa ifÙk;ksa dk
<sj yx x;kA gkFk fBBqjs tkrs FksA uaxs ik¡o xys tkrs FksA vkSj og ifÙk;ksa dk
igkM+ [kM+k dj jgk FkkA blh vyko esa og BaM dks tykdj HkLe dj nsxkA
FkksM+h nsj esa vyko ty mBkA mldh ykS Åijokys o`{k dh ifÙk;ksa dks Nw&Nwdj
Hkkxus yxhA ml vfLFkj çdk'k esa cxhps ds fo'kky o`{k ,sls ekywe gksrs Fks] ekuks
ml vFkkg va/kdkj dks vius fljksa ij laHkkys gq, gksaA va/kdkj ds ml vkuan lkxj
ls ;g çdk'k ,d ukSdk ds leku fgyrk] epyrk gqvk tku iM+rk FkkA
gYdw vyko ds lkeus cSBk vkx rki jgk FkkA ,d {k.k esa mlus nksgj mrkjdj
cxy esa nck yh] nksuksa ik¡o QSyk fn;s] ekuks BaM dks yydkj jgk gks] ^rsjs th esa
tks vk, lks djA* BaM dh vlhe 'kfä ij fot; ikdj og fot;&xoZ dks ân;
esa fNik u ldrk FkkA
mlus tcjk ls dgk & D;ksa tcjk] vc BaM ugha yx jgh gS\
tcjk us dw¡&dw¡ djds ekuks dgk & vc D;k BaM yxrh gh jgsxh\
^igys ls ;g mik; u lw>k] ugha bruh BaM D;ksa [kkrsA^
11
 tcjk us iw¡N fgyk;hA
^vPNk vkvks] bl vyko dks dwndj ikj djsaA ns[ksa] dkSu fudy tkrk gSA vxj
ty x, cPpw] rks eSa nok u d:¡xkA^
tcjk us ml vfXu&jkf'k dh vksj dkrj us=ksa ls ns[kk!
^eqUuh ls dy u dg nsuk] ugha yM+kbZ djsxhA^
;g dgrk gqvk og mNyk vkSj ml vyko ds Åij ls lkQ fudy x;k! iSjksa esa
tjk yiV yxh] ij og dksbZ ckr u FkhA tcjk vkx ds fxnZ ?kwedj mlds ikl
vk [kM+k gqvkA
gYdw us dgk & pyks&pyks] bldh lgh ugha! Åij ls dwndj vkvksA og fQj
dwnk vkSj vyko ds bl ikj vk x;k!
ifÙk;k¡ ty pqdh FkhaA cxhps esa fQj v¡/ksjk Nk;k FkkA jk[k ds uhps dqN&dqN vkx
ckdh Fkh] tks gok dk >ksadk vk tkus ij tjk tkx mBrh Fkh] ij ,d {k.k esa fQj
vk¡[ksa can dj ysrh FkhA
gYdw us fQj pknj vks<+ yh vkSj xeZ jk[k ds ikl cSBk gqvk ,d xhr xquxqukus
yxkA mlds cnu esa xehZ vk xbZ Fkh] ij T;ksa&T;ksa 'khr c<+rh tkrh Fkh] mls
vkyL; nck, ysrk FkkA tcjk tksj ls Hkw¡ddj [ksr dh vksj x;kA gYdw dks ,slk
ekywe gqvk fd tkuojksa dk ,d >qaM mlds [ksr esa vk;k gSA 'kk;n uhyxk;ksa dk
>qaM FkkA muds dwnus&nkSM+us dh vkoktsa lkQ dku esa vk jgh Fkha fQj ,slk ekywe
gqvk fd [ksr esa pj jgh gSaA muds pckus dh vkokt pj&pj lqukbZ nsus yxhA
mlus fny esa dgk & ugha] tcjk ds gksrs dksbZ tkuoj [ksr esa ugha vk ldrkA
uksp gh MkysA eq>s Hkze gks jgk gSA dgk¡! vc rks dqN ugha lqukbZ nsrkA eq>s Hkh
dSlk /kks[kk gqvk!
mlus tksj ls vkokt yxk;h & tcjk] tcjkA
tcjk Hkw¡drk jgkA mlds ikl u vk;kA
fQj [ksr ds pjs tkus dh vkgV feyhA vc og vius dks /kks[kk u ns ldkA mls
viuh ^txg ls fgyuk tgj yx jgk FkkA dSlk nank;k gqvk cSBk FkkA bl
tkM+s&ikys esa [ksrksa esa tkuk] tkuojksa ds ihNs nkSM+uk vlá tku iM+kA og viuh
txg ls u fgykA
mlus tksj ls vkokt yxk;h & fygks! fygks! fygks!
tcjk fQj Hkwad mBkA tkuoj [ksr pj jgs FksA Qly rS;kj gSA dSlh vPNh [ksrh
Fkh] ij ;s nq"V tkuoj mldk loZuk'k fd, Mkyrs gSaA
gYdw iDdk bjknk djds mBk vkSj nks rhu dne pyk] ij ,dk,d gok dk ,slk
BaMk] pqHkusokyk] fcPNw ds Mad dk&lk >ksadk yxk fd og fQj cq>rs gq, vyko ds
ikl vk cSBk vkSj jk[k dks dqjsndj viuh BaMh nsg dks xekZus yxkA

12
tcjk viuk xyk QkM+s Mkyrk Fkk] uhyxk;sa [ksr dk lQk;k fd, Mkyrh Fkha vkSj
gYdw A xeZ jk[k ds ikl 'kkar cSBk gqvk FkkA vdeZ.;rk us jfLl;ksa dh Hkk¡fr mls
pkjksa rjQ ls tdM+ j[kk FkkA
mlh jk[k ds ikl xeZ tehu ij og pknj vks<+dj lks x;kA
lcsjs tc mldh uhan [kqyh] rc pkjksa rjQ /kwi QSy xbZ Fkh vkSj eqUuh dg jgh Fkh
& D;k vkt lksrs gh jgksx\s rqe ;gk¡ vkdj je x, vkSj m/kj lkjk [ksr pkSiV gks
x;kA
gYdw us mBdj dgk & D;k rw [ksr ls gksdj vk jgh gS\
^eqUuh cksyh & gk¡] lkjs [ksr dk lR;kuk'k gks x;kA Hkyk] ,slk Hkh dksbZ lksrk gSA
rqEgkjs ;gk¡ e¡MS+;k Mkyus ls D;k gqvk\
gYdw us cgkuk fd;k & eSa ejrs&ejrs cpk] rq>s vius [ksr dh iM+h gSA isV esa ,slk
njn gqvk] ,slk njn gqvk fd eSa gh tkurk gw¡!
nksuksa fQj [ksr ds Mk¡M+ ij vk;sA ns[kk] lkjk [ksr jkSank iM+k gqvk gS vkSj tcjk
e¡M+S;k ds uhps fpr ysVk gS] ekuks çk.k gh u gksA
nksuksa [ksr dh n'kk ns[k jgs FksA eqUuh ds eq[k ij mnklh Nk;h Fkh] ij gYdw çlUu
FkkA
eqUuh us fpafrr gksdj dgk & vc etwjh djds ekyxqtkjh Hkjuh iM+sxhA
gYdw us çlUu eq[k ls dgk & jkr dks BaM esa ;gk¡ lksuk rks u iM+sxkA
'kCnkoyh&pkSiV gks x;k % u"V gks x;k] e¡M+;
S k % >ksiM+h] Mk¡M+ % [ksr dh lhek]
fdukjk] ekyxqtkjh % tehu ij dj
cks/k ç'u
fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa ds lgh mÙkj dks"Bd esa mila[;k fy[kdj nhft, vkSj vius
mÙkj bdkbZ ds var esa fn;s x;s mÙkjksa ls feykb,A
4½ gYdw us [ksr ij BaM ls cpus ds fy, D;k fd;k\
d½ mlus dacy vks<+ fy;kA
[k½ og ?kj pyk x;kA
x½ mlus vyko tyk;kA
?k½ ogh lnhZ esa fBBqjrk jgkA ¼ ½
5½ ^tks gok dk >ksadk vk tkus ij tjk tkx mBrh Fkh] ij ,d {k.k esa fQj vk¡[ksa
can dj ysrh FkhA* bl okD; esa fdlds txus dh vksj ladsr fd;k x;k gS\
d½ eqUuh
[k½ BaM
x½ uhan
13
 ?k½ vkx ¼ ½
6½ gYdw ds [ksr dh [kM+h Qly dks fdlus u"V fd;k\
d½ vkx us
[k½ dqÙks us
x½ uhyxk;ksa us
?k½ ck<+ us ¼ ½

vkius dgkuh dks /;kuiwoZd i<+k gksxkA vki le> x;s gksaxs fd çsepan us dgkuh
ds ek/;e ls D;k dguk pkgk gSA dgkuh ij foLr`r fopkj djus ls igys vkb,]
ge dFkk dk lkj tku ysaA
^iwl dh jkr^ dgkuh xzkeh.k thou ls lacaf/kr gSA bl dgkuh dk uk;d gYdw
ekewyh fdlku gSA mlds ikl FkksM+h&lh tehu gS] ftl ij [ksrh djds og xqtkjk
djrk gS ysfdu [ksrh ls tks vk; gksrh gS] og _.k pqdkus esa fudy tkrh gSA
lfnZ;ksa esa dacy [kjhnus ds fy, mlus etwjh djds cM+h eqf'dy ls rhu #i;s
bdës fd;s gSaA ysfdu og rhu #i;s Hkh egktu ys tkrk gSA mldh iRuh eqUuh
bldk cgqr fojks/k djrh gS] fdarq og Hkh var esa ykpkj gks tkrh gSA
gYdw viuh Qly dh ns[kHkky ds fy, [ksr ij tkrk gS] mlds lkFk mldk ikyrw
dqÙkk tcjk gSA ogh va/kdkj vkSj vdsysiu esa mldk lkFkh gSA ikS"k dk eghuk gSA
BaMh gok cg jgh gSA gYdw ds ikl pknj ds vykok vks<+us dks dqN ugha gSA og
dqÙks ds lkFk eu cgykus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS] fdarq BaM ls eqfä ugha feyrhA rc
og ikl ds vke ds cxhps ls ifÙk;k¡ bdëh dj vyko tykrk gSA vyko dh vkx
ls mldk 'kjhj xjek tkrk gS] vkSj mls jkgr feyrh gSA vkx cq> tkus ij Hkh
'kjhj dh xjekgV ls og pknj vks<+s cSBk jgrk gSA
m/kj [ksr esa uhyxk;sa ?kql tkrh gSaA tcjk mudh vkgV ls lko/kku gks tkrk gSA
og mu ij Hkw¡drk gSA gYdw dks Hkh yxrk gS fd [ksr esa uhyxk;sa ?kql vkbZ gSa
ysfdu og cSBk jgrk gSA uhyxk;sa [ksr dks pjus yxrh gSa] rc Hkh gYdw ugha
mBrkA ,d ckj mBrk Hkh gS rks BaM ds >ksads ls iqu% cSB tkrk gS vkSj var esa
pknj rkudj lks tkrk gSA
lqcg mldh iRuh mls txkrh gS vkSj crkrh gS fd lkjh Qly u"V gks x;hA og
fpafrr gksdj ;g Hkh dgrh gS fd ^vc etnwjh djds ekyxqtkjh Hkjuh iM+sxhA ^bl
ij gYdw çlUu gksdj dgrk gS fd jkr dks BaM esa ;gk¡ lksuk rks u iM+sxk!* blh
ds lkFk dgkuh lekIr gks tkrh gSA

;gk¡ ge dgkuh ds dqN egRoiw.kZ va'kksa dh lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k çLrqr dj jgs gSa]
blls vkidks dgkuh le>us esa vkSj enn feysxhA
14
tcjk 'kk;n le> jgk Fkk fd LoxZ ;gh gS] vkSj gYdw dh ifo= vkRek esa rks ml
dqÙks ds çfr ?k`.kk dh xa/k rd u FkhA vius fdlh vfHkUu fe= ;k HkkbZ dks Hkh og
bruh gh rRijrk ls xys yxkrk gSA og viuh nhurk ls vkgr u Fkk] ftlus vkt
mls bl n'kk dks igq¡pk fn;kA ugha] bl vuks[kh eS=h us tSls mldh vkRek ds lc
}kj [kksy fn;s Fks vkSj mldk ,d&,d v.kq çdk'k ls ped jgk FkkA
;g m)j.k çsepan dh dgkuh ^iwl dh jkr^ ls fy;k x;k gSA bl dgkuh esa
gYdw ¼fdlku½ vius [ksr dh j[kokyh dj jgk gS vkSj mlds lkFk mldk dqÙkk
tcjk gSA gYdw BaM ls cpus ds fy, tcjs dks viuh xksn esa fpiVk ysrk gSA dqÙks
esa ls nqxZ/a k vk jgh gSA
tcjk dks viuh nsg ls fpiVk, gYdw dks lq[k dk vuqHko gks jgk FkkA ;g
lq[k oLrqr% ml vdsysiu] va/kdkj vkSj BaM dh jkr esa tcjk ds lkFk ls gYdw ds
eu esa iSnk gqvk FkkA gYdw esa Å¡p&uhp dk gh ugha euq"; vkSj i'kq dk Hkh Hksn
feV x;k FkkA og dqÙks dks mruk gh vkReh; le> jgk Fkk] ftruk og vius fdlh
fj'rsnkj vkSj fe= dks le>rkA gYdw xjhc Fkk] gkM+rksM+ esgur ds ckotwn] mldh
ftanxh vHkkoksa ls xzLr Fkh] ysfdu xjhch us mldh vkRek dh ifo=rk dks dqpyk
ugha FkkA blhfy, og ,d tkuoj ds lkFk Hkh cjkcjh vkSj vkReh;rk dk O;ogkj
dj ldk Fkk] mls viuk fe= cuk ldk FkkA tcjs ds lkFk fe=rk us mlds ân;
dks vkSj mnkj cuk fn;k Fkk] mldh vkRek esa ftu Hkkoksa dk lapkj gks jgk Fkk]
mlus mlds O;fäRo dks vkyksfdr dj fn;k FkkA tcjk ds çfr gYdw dh bl
Hkkouk dk vlj tcjk ij Hkh iM+k Fkk] vkSj og Hkh gYdw ds çfr vf/kd oQknkj gks
x;k Fkk] tks dgkuh ds vkxs ds ?kVuk fodkl esa O;ä gksrk gSA

1½ gYdw xjhch vkSj _.k ls iwjh rjg nck gqvk gSA vius [ksr dh j[kokyh djrs
gq, vius ikyrw dqÙks ds lkFk mldk O;ogkj fdlku ds ân; dh mPprk vkSj
mnkjrk dks mtkxj djrk gSA
2½ gYdw vkSj tcjk ds chp ds laca/k dks çsepan us vR;ar Hkkoço.k :i esa O;ä
fd;k gS] tks muds Hkkf"kd&dkS'ky dks Hkh crkrk gSA blds fy, çsepan us
çlkn&xq.k ls ;qä Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx fd;k gS vFkkZr~ Hkk"kk Hkkoksa dks O;ä djus
esa iwjh rjg l{ke gSA
m)j.k% 2
etwjh ge djsa] etk nwljs ywVa!s
lanHkZ% ;g mfä çsepan dh dgkuh ^iwl dh jkr^ ls yh x;h gSA dacy ds fy,
cpk, x, rhu #i;s lguk ¼egktu½ dks pqdkus ds ckn iwl dh BaMh jkr esa] dsoy
pknj ds lgkjs gYdw dks [ksr dh j[kokyh djuh gSA [ksr ij cSBs&cSBs gYdw ds eu
esa dbZ fopkj mBrs gSaA
O;k[;k% ;g NksVh&lh mfä fdlku ds thou dh foMacuk dks iwjh rhozrk ls O;ä
dj nsrh gSA fdlku vkSj etnwj jkr&fnu esgur djrs gSaA mUgha dh esgur ls
15
 lekt dh t:jrsa iwjh gksrh gSaA ysfdu viuh esgur dk og ykHk ugha mBk ikrkA
tks dqN Hkh esgur&etwjh ls gkfly djrk gS] og dtZ pqdkus esa fudy tkrk gSA
ftuds ikl #i;k gS vkSj tks xjhcksa dks C;kt ij iSls nsrs gSa] os fcuk dksbZ esgur
fd;s C;kt ds :i esa xjhcksa dh esgur dh dekbZ ywVrs jgrs gSaA C;kt c<+rk jgrk
gS vkSj fdlku dHkh dtZ ugha pqdk ikrkA bl rjg og xjhch vkSj vHkkoksa esa gh
Q¡lk jgrk gS tcfd mudh esgur dh dekbZ dks ywVus okys] tks fdlh rjg dh
esgur Hkh ugha djrs] esgur djus okyksa ls dgha T;knk vkjke ls jgrs gSaA
fo'ks"k%
1½ ;g NksVh&lh mfä gekjs lekt ds eq[; varfoZjks/kksa dks cgqr gh rh[ks :i esa
O;ä dj nsrh gSA
2½ çsepan us bruh egRoiw.kZ ckr dks cgqr gh lgt :i esa çLrqr dj fn;k gSA
vH;kl
1½ uhps fn;s m)j.k dh lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k dhft,A
u tkus fdruh ckdh gS] tks fdlh rjg pqdus gh ugha vkrhA eSa dgrh gw¡] rqe D;ksa
ugha [ksrh NksM+ nsrs\ ej&ej dke djks mit gks rks ckdh ns nks] pyks Nqêh gqbZA
ckdh pqdkus ds fy, gh rks gekjk tUe gqvk gSA isV ds fy, etwjh djksA ,slh
[ksrh ls ckt vk;sA
lanHkZ%
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dgkuh esa dFkkoLrq dk fuekZ.k ?kVukvksa rFkk ik=ksa ds ikjLifjd la;ksx ls gksrk gSA
dqN dFkkud ,sls gksrs gSa ftudh cqukoV esa ifjos'k dh Hkh cgqr cM+h fgLlsnkjh
gksrh gSA dF; ds vuqlkj gh dFkkoLrq dk Lo:i curk gS] mlh ds vuqlkj dHkh
?kVuk,¡ ç/kku gks tkrh gSa] dHkh pfj=] dHkh ifjos'k ;k okrkoj.kA bl dgkuh esa
?kVuk,¡ cgqr vf/kd ugha gSa] u gh ifjos'k dk foLr`r fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA ik= Hkh
cgqr de gSaA bl dgkuh dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa ?kVuk fodkl] ik=ksa dk
pfj= vkSj ifjos'k rhuksa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSaA
dgkuh dk vkjaHk: ^iwl dh jkr^ çsepan dh Js"B dgkfu;ksa esa fxuh tkrh gSA bl
dgkuh esa dFkk dk vf/kd foLrkj ugha gSA u ?kVukØe rsth ls cnyrs gSaA dFkk
dk vkjaHk gYdw ds ?kj ls gksrk gSA dgkuhdkj gYdw ds ?kj dk mruk gh o.kZu
djrk gS] ftrus dk ml dgkuh ls laca/k gSA gYdw us dtZ ys j[kk gS] lguk]
ftlls dtZ fy;k gS og viuk #i;k ek¡xus gYdw ds ;gk¡ vkrk gSA gYdw viuh
iRuh eqUuh ls #i;s ek¡xrk gSA eqUuh ds ikl rhu #i;s gSa tks gYdw us etwjh esa ls
cM+h eqf'dy ls cpk, gaS rkfd ,d dacy [kjhnk tk ldsA fcuk dacy ds tkM+ksa
dh jkr [ksrksa ij xqtkjuk dfBu gksxk] blhfy, eqUuh #i;s nsus dk fojks/k djrh
gSA bl le; ifr&iRuh esa tks ckrphr gksrh gS og vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA eqUuh
dgrh gS ^u tkus fdruh ckdh gS tks fdlh rjg pqdus gh ugha vkrhA^ eqUuh ds
bl dFku esa ,d cM+h lPpkbZ dks çsepan us mtkxj fd;k gSA fdlku etcwj gksdj
egktu ls _.k ysrk gS] fdarq mlds ckn og mlls eqä ugha gks ikrkA C;kt&nj
ds tky esa og ,slk my> tkrk gS fd mldh lkjh esgur&etwjh mls pqdkus esa gh
pqd tkrh gSA
eqUuh fdlkuksa ds thou dh bl O;oLFkk dks vkSj mtkxj djrs gq, dgrh gS] ^ej
ej dke djks] mit gks rks ckdh ns nks] pyks Nqêh gqbZA ckdh pqdkus ds fy, gh rks
gekjk tUe gqvk gSA ^Li"V gh _.k pqdkrs jgus dh foMacuk ls ijs'kku fdlku ds
eu esa ;g loky t:j iSnk gksrk gS fd D;k mldk tUe dsoy _.k pqdkus ds
fy, gh gqvk gS D;k mldh esgur blh rjg nwljs gM+irs jgsaxAs vkSj viuk isV
Hkjus ds fy, mls etwjh djuh iM+sxhA vxj viuk isV Hkjus ds fy, etwjh gh
djuh gS rks fQj [ksrh ls fpids jgus dk D;k eryc blh Hkkouk ls çsfjr gksdj
eqUuh gYdw ls dgrh gS] ^rqe NksM+ nks vcdh ls [ksrhA etwjh esa lq[k ls ,d jksVh
17
 [kkus dks rks feysxhA fdlh dh /kkSal rks u jgsxhA vPNh [ksrh gS! etwjh djds
ykvks] og Hkh mlh esa >ksad nks] ml ij /kkSalA* cgjgky] gYdw og rhu #i;s lguk
dks ns nsrk gSA ;g dgkuh dk igyk Hkkx gSA
bl Hkkx dks i<+us ls Li"V gksrk gS fd gYdw tSls xjhc fdlku ds fy, [ksrh
fdruh eqf'dy gksrh tk jgh FkhA ;gk¡ rd fd os ;g Hkh lkspus yxrs gSa fd D;ksa
u fdlkuh NksM+ dj etwjh dh tk,\ dgkuh dk 'ks"k va'k fdlku dh blh euksn'kk
dk vR;ar ekfeZd fp=.k djrk gSA
dgkuh dk fodkl: dgkuh dk nwljk Hkkx gYdw ds vius [ksr ij vkjaHk gksrk gSA
iwl dh va/ksjh jkr gSA gYdw ds lkFk flQZ mldk ikyrw dqÙkk tcjk gSA BaMh gok
py jgh gSA gYdw ds ikl lnhZ ls cpus ds fy, ,d pknj Hkj gS] ysfdu og
pknj ml BaM ls mldh j{kk ugha dj ikrhA gYdw dh euksHkkouk,¡ çsepan us ;gk¡
tcjk ds lkFk gYdw dh ckrphr ls O;ä dh gSA ;|fi dqÙkk gksus ds dkj.k tcjk
gYdw dh fdlh ckr dks u le> ldrk gS] u tokc ns ldrk gS] ysfdu tcjk ds
çfr gYdw dh vkReh;rk mldh ân;xr Å¡pkb;ksa dks O;ä djrh gSA
[ksr esa gYdw dh lcls cM+h fpark BaM ls cpko dh gSA og tcjk dks lacksf/kr dj
dgrk gS fd bruh lnhZ esa rqe esjs lkFk D;ksa vk,A fQj blh rjg dh ckr djrs
gq, og viuh fLFkfr dh rqyuk mu ^Hkkxoku^ yksxksa ds lkFk djus yxrk gS ^ftuds
ikl tkM+k tk, rks xjeh ls ?kcjkdj HkkxsA eksVs&eksVs xís] fygkQ] dacyA etky
gS] tkM+s dh xqtj gks tk,A rdnhj dh [kwch gSA etwjh ge djsa] etk nwljs ywVsaA ^
;gk¡ gYdw dh ckrksa ds ek/;e ls çsepan lekt ds ,d cgqr cM+s varfoZjks/k dks
mtkxj djrs gSaA og ,d rjg ls ;g ç'u mBkrs gSa fd ,slk D;ksa gS fd esgur
djus okyk fdlku rks Hkw[kk lksrk gS vkSj mldh esgur dk Qy Hkksxus okys ets
djrs gSa\ tkfgj gS] gYdw ds ikl bl loky dk tokc ugha gSA og rks bls
^rdnhj dh [kwch^ gh eku jgk gSA gYdw dh bl ekufldrk dh rqyuk vxj dgkuh
ds vkjaHk esa eqUuh dh ckrksa ls djsa rks ge vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSa fd nksuksa
,d&lh gh ckr lksp jgs gSaA vxj gekjh esgur nwljksa ds ikl gh tkuh gS rks
[ksrh ls tqM+s jgus dk D;k ykHk\
dgkuh dk vkxs dk fgLlk gYdw dh tkM+s ls cpko dh dksf'k'k ds :i esa lkeus
vkrk gSA igys og fpye ihrk gS] fQj pknj vks<+dj lksrk gS] rc Hkh lnhZ ls
cpko ugha gksrk] rks og dqÙks dks viuh xksn esa lqyk nsrk gSA dqÙkk gYdw dh bl
vkReh;rk dks eglwl Hkh djrk gSA blhfy, tc fdlh tkuoj dh vkgV vkrh gS
rks og pkSdUuk gksdj HkkSadus yxrk gSA
vkf[kj tc lnhZ ls fdlh rjhds ls cpko ugha gksrk rks gYdw vyko tykrk gSA
vyko ls mldks dkQh jkgr feyrh gSA mldk 'kjhj xjek tkrk gSA ,d u;k
mRlkg mlds eu esa iSnk gksrk gS vkSj og tcjk ds lkFk vyko ij ls dwnus dh
çfr;ksfxrk Hkh djus yxrk gSA
/khjs&/khjs vyko Hkh cq> tkrk gS] ysfdu 'kjhj dh xjekgV gYdw dks dkQh vPNh
yxrh gS] og xhr xquxqukus yxrk gSA ysfdu c<+rh lnhZ mlds vanj vkyL;
c<+kus yxrh gSA ;gk¡ dgkuh esa ,d egRoiw.kZ eksM+ vkrk gSA
18
dgkuh dh ifj.kfr: gYdw ds [ksr esa uhyxk;ksa dk >qaM ?kql vkrk gS] ftudh vkgV
ij tcjk HkkSadrk gqvk [ksr dh vksj Hkkxrk gSA gYdw dks Hkh yxrk gS fd tkuojksa
dk >qaM [ksr esa ?kql vk;k gSA fQj muds dwnus&nkSM+us dh vkoktsa Hkh vkus yxrh
gSa] vkSj fQj [ksr ds pjus dh HkhA ysfdu gYdw ugha mBrkA og vius eu dks >wBk
fnyklk nsrs gq, lksprk gS fd ^tcjk ds gksrs dksbZ tkuoj [ksr esa ugha vk ldrkA^
tcjk yxkrkj HkkSd a rk jgrk gS] ysfdu gYdw dks vkyL; ?ksjs jgrk gSA ,d ckj og
mBrk Hkh gS] nks&rhu dne pyrk gS] ysfdu BaM ds rst >ksads ds dkj.k og fQj
vyko ds ikl vkds cSB tkrk gSA vkf[kjdkj] uhyxk;sa iwjs [ksr dks u"V dj tkrh
gSaA
;gk¡ ç'u mBrk gS fd gYdw viuh Qly dks cpkus dh dksf'k'k D;ksa ugha djrk\
D;k og vkylh gS\ D;k og BaM ds ekjs bruk ijs'kku Fkk fd viuh Qly dk
u"V gksuk Hkh og lnhZ ds eqdkcys cnkZ'r dj ldrk FkkA Li"V gh dkj.k ;s ugha
gS\ dkj.k tSlk fd dgkuh ls lkQ gS gYdw dh og ekufldrk gS] ftldh ppkZ
ge igys dj pqds gSaA vkf[kj og viuh Qly dh j{kk fdlds fy, djs\ D;k
flQZ egktuksa dks yqVkus ds fy,\ vxj mldh esgur lwn[kksjksa vkSj tehankjksa ds
ikl gh tkuh gS rks fQj uhyxk;sa pj ysa rks D;k\ oLrqr% yxkrkj 'kks"k.k us gYdw
dks viuh gh esgur ls mitk;h Qly ls mnklhu cuk fn;k gS] blhfy, mldh
eq[; fpark lnhZ ls cpus dh gks tkrh gS] Qly dks cpkus dh ughaA ;gh dkj.k gS
fd og viuh iRuh ds ;g dgus ij fd vc etwjh djds ekyxqtkjh pqdkuh iM+sxh
rks og dgrk gS ^jkr dks BaM esa ;gk¡ lksuk rks u iM+sxkA^
cks/k ç'u
fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa dk mÙkj nhft,A
7½ eqUuh dh og dkSu&lh ckr gS tks dgkuh dh ifj.kfr esa O;ä gqbZ gSA
d½ Þegktu xkyh D;ksa nsxk] D;k mldk jkt gS\Þ
[k½ Þckdh pqdkus ds fy, gh rks gekjk tUe gqvk gSAÞ
x½ Þrqe NksM+ nks vcdh ls [ksrhA etwjh esa lq[k ls ,d jksVh rks feysxhAÞ
?k½ Þu tkus fdruh ckdh gS] tks fdlh rjg pqdus gh ugha vkrhAÞ
8½ gYdw [ksr dks cpkus ds fy, D;ksa ugha mBk\
d½ mls BaM yx jgh FkhA
[k½ yxkrkj 'kks"k.k us mls viuh mit ds çfr mnklhu cuk fn;k FkkA
x½ mls tcjk ij fo'okl Fkk fd mlds jgrs tkuoj ugha ?kql ldrsA
?k½ mlds isV esa cM+s tksjksa ls nnZ mB jgk FkkA
9½ gYdw dks [ksrh NksM+us dh lykg nsrs gq, eqUuh dkSu ls fopkj çLrqr djrh gS\
rhu iafä;ksa esa mÙkj nhft,A
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10½ [ksr u"V gks tkus ij Hkh gYdw ÞçlUurkß O;ä djrk gS\ vki mu nks dkj.kksa
dks crkb, tks gYdw dh ÞçlUurkÞ esa O;ä gks jgs gSa\
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bl dgkuh esa dqy pkj ik= vkrs gSaA gYdw fdlku] mldh iRuh eqUuh] lguk tks
dtZ olwyus vkrk gS vkSj gYdw dk ikyrw dqÙkk tcjkA lguk dk ftØ flQZ
dgkuh ds vkjaÒ esa gS] mldk dgkuh esa çR;{k ços'k ugha gksrkA eqUuh dgkuh ds
igys vkSj vafre Hkkx esa vkrh gSA igys Hkkx esa og gYdw dks rhu #i;s lguk dks
nsus ls jksdrh gSA ml le; mlds ek/;e ls çsepan dgkuh dh dFkkoLrq ij
çdk'k Mkyus okyh dbZ ckrs dgykrs gSaA mu ckrksa ls vkSj ckr djus ds vankt ls
mlds –<+ O;fäRo dk irk pyrk gSA blds ckn vafre Hkkx esa og iqu% vkrh gS]
tc [ksr u"V gks tkus ds ckn og losjs vius ifr ds ikl igq¡prh gS vkSj mls
txkrh gSA ;gk¡ mldk nwljk :i lkeus vkrk gSA [ksr u"V gks tkus ls ;gka og
fpafrr utj vkrh gSA ysfdu çsepan us bl pfj= dk vf/kd foLrkj ugha fd;k gSA
tcjk [ksr ij gYdw ds lkFk jgrk gS] mldh LokfeHkfä] [ksr u"V gksrs ns[kdj
vius Lokeh dks lko/kku djus dh dksf'k'k] HkkSad&HkkSad dj tkuojksa dks Hkxkus dh
dksf'k'k vkSj var esa vlQy gks tkus ij iLr gksdj ysV tkuk] mldks dkQh
thoar ik= cuk nsrs gSa] ysfdu dgkuh esa foLrkj ls gYdw ds pfj= dh gh
vfHkO;fä gqbZ gSA
gYdw : gYdw ^iwl dh jkr^ dk dsaæh; pfj= gSA og xjhc fdlku gSA mlds ikl
dqN [ksrh yk;d tehu gSA tehu fdruh gS] bldk fooj.k çsepan us ugha fn;k gS]
ysfdu gYdw dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa og cgqr ekewyh gSfl;r
dk fdlku gS vkSj [ksrh ;ksX; tehu Hkh cgqr de gksxhA tehu ij tks mit gksrh
gS] og ?kj&ifjokj ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gS] blfy, mls dtZ ysuk iM+rk gSA mldh
lkjh mit dtZ pqdkus esa pyh tkrh gS] fQj Hkh og _.k ls eqä ugha gks ikrkA
blfy, mls etnwjh djuh iM+rh gS] ;|fi Þetwjhß ls cpk, iSls Hkh mls egktu
20 dks nsus iM+rs gSaA
vkfFkZd nhurk us gYdw ds eu dks nhu ugha cuk;k gS yxkrkj 'kks"k.k us mls
/khjs&/khjs fdlkuh ds çfr mnklhu vo'; cuk fn;k gSA gYdw ds LoHkko dk ifjp;
gesa dgkuh dh 'kq#vkr ls gh yx tkrk gSA tc lguk dtZ ek¡xus vkrk gS] rc
mldh iRuh Þetwjhß ls cpk, rhu #i;s nsus dks rS;kj ugha gksrhA tcfd gYdw dk
–f"Vdks.k T;knk O;kogkfjd gSA og tkurk gS fd blls cpus dk dksbZ mik; ugha
gSA vxj vHkh og #i;k ugha nsxk rks mls xkfy;k¡ vkSj ?kqM+fd;k¡ lguh iM+saxhA
tc og ;gh ckr eqUuh dks dgrk gS rks eqUuh dgrh gS Þxkyh D;ksa nsxk] D;k
mldk jkt gSÞ eqUuh lwn[kksj egktuksa vkSj tehankjksa dh rkdr dks Hkys u tkurh
gks] gYdw tkurk gSA og tkurk gS fd buls cpus dk dksbZ jkLrk ugha gSA
gYdw ,d le>nkj fdlku gSA og lekt ds varfoZjks/k dks c[kwch le>rk gSA og
tkurk gS fd lekt esa ,sls yksx Hkh gSa ftuds ikl gj rjg dh lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa ds
lk/ku ekStwn gSaA ysfdu ;s lk/ku mu yksxksa ds ikl gSa tks Lo;a esgur ugha djrs]
tks fdlkuksa dh esgur dk ykHk mBkrs gSaA ysfdu gYdw blds lgh dkj.k dks
igpkuus esa vleFkZ gSA og mls ^rdnhj dh [kwch^ le>rk gSA ;kuh fd tks nwljksa
dh esgur ij ets dj jgs gSa] os HkkX;'kkyh gSa vkSj ge tks esgur djds Hkh Hkw[ks
ej jgs gSa] gekjk HkkX; gh [kjkc gS 'kks"k.k dks HkkX; dk [ksy le>us ds dkj.k
gYdw ds ikl 'kks"k.k ls cpus dk dksbZ vU; jkLrk ugha gSA blhfy, og lksprk gS
fd vxj [ksrh esa Hkh 'kks"k.k gksuk gS rks ,slh [ksrh ls fpids jgus dk D;k ykHk\
nwljs] og ;g Hkh lksprk gS fd tc yksx esgur u djds Hkh lq[kh gSa] rks fQj
esgur djrs jgus dk D;k eryc\ bl rjg yxkrkj 'kks"k.k mldh psruk dks —f"k
vkSj Je nksuksa ls mnklhu cuk nsrk gSA gYdw dh ;gh ekufldrk [ksr ij mlds
lkjs O;ogkj esa O;ä gksrh gSA
[ksr ij og vius mit dh ns[kHkky djus ds fy, vk;k gSA mlds lkFk mldk
dqÙkk gS] ftlds lkFk mldk O;ogkj mlds ân; dh ekuoh;rk vkSj ifo=rk dks
O;ä djrk gSA tSlk fd çsepan us Lo;a dgkuh esa fy[kk gS] ^xjhch us gYdw dh
vkRek dks vkgr ugha fd;k gS^ A blfy, og vius dks lnhZ ls cpkus ds fy,
ftruk fpafrr gS] mruh gh fpark tcjk dks ysdj Hkh gSA gYdw ds [ksr esa tc
uhyxk;sa vk tkrh gSa] rc gYdw mBdj ugha tkrkA igys og lksprk gS fd tcjk
ds jgrs dksbZ tkuoj [ksr esa tk gh ugha ldrkA fQj og mBrk Hkh gS rks nks&rhu
dne pydj BaM ds cgkus ls iqu% cSB tkrk gSA ;g tkurs gq, fd uhyxk;sa [ksr
pj jgh gSa] og pknj vks<+dj lks tkrk gSA mldk ;g O;ogkj fu'p; gh mlds
igys ds O;ogkj ls fHkUu gS] ysfdu vxj ge dgkuh ds igys Hkkx ij xkSj djsa rks
ge vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSa fd bl O;ogkj dk D;k dkj.k gS\ oLrqr% gYdw
yxkrkj 'kks"k.k ls ijs'kku gksdj ftl ekufldrk ls xqtj jgk gS] mlh dk urhtk
gS fd og viuh gh esgur ls mitkbZ Qly dks cpkus dh dksf'k'k ugha djrkA
fu”p; gh gYdw Lo;a bl O;ogkj ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA ifjfLFkfr;ksa us mls
,slh fLFkfr esa igq¡pk fn;k gSA os ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSa] fdlku dk yxkrkj 'kks"k.kA og
vf'kf{kr gS] /kkfeZd vkrad vkSj va/kfo'okl ds dkj.k HkkX;oknh gS] xjhc gS] blfy,
og dfFkr mPpoxhZ; egktuksa vkSj tehankjksa ds paxqy esa Q¡lk gqvk gSA 'kks"k.k ds
pØ ls og dSls eqä gks] ;g ugha tkurk] blfy, og fdlkuh djus dh ykpkjh ls
gh eqä gksus dh lksprk gSA Li"V gh mldh ekufldrk fdlku ds Hk;kog 'kks"k.k
dks gh mtkxj djrh gS] vkSj bl vFkZ esa gYdw dh ;g ekufldrk dsoy gYdw dh
21
 ekufldrk ugha jgrh] xjhc esgurd'k dh ekufldrk cu tkrh gSA gYdw dk
pfj= blh vFkZ esa ,d oxhZ; pfj= cu tkrk gSA
vH;kl
2½ uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij gYdw ds pfj= dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A
d½ exj lguk ekusxk ugha] ?kqM+fd;k¡ tekosxk] xkfy;k¡ nsxk] cyk ls tkM+ksa
esa ejsaxs] cyk rks lj ls Vy tk,xhA
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[k½ vkSj ,d&,d Hkkxoku ,sls iM+s gSa ftuds ikl tkM+k tk, rks xehZ ls
?kcM+k dj HkkxsA eksVs&eksVs xís&fygkQ] dEeyA etky gS tkM+s dk
xqtj gks tk,A rdnhj dh [kwch gSA etwjh ge djsa] etk nwljs ywVsaA
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x½ vkt vkSj tkM+k [kk ysA dy ls eSa ;gk¡ iqvky fcNk nw¡xkA mlh esa
?kqldj cSBuk] rc tkM+k u yxsxkA
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?k½ gYdw us cgkuk fd;k & eSa ejrs&ejrs cpk] rq>s vius [ksr dh iM+h gS!
isV esa ,slk njn gqvk fd eSa gh tkurk gw¡A
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22
dgkuh dh jpuk esa ns'k&dky dk cM+k egRo gksrk gSA ns'k&dky ls rkRi;Z gS og
ifjos'k ftlesa dgkuh dk iwjk ?kVukpØ ?kfVr gqvk gSA dgkuh dk ;g dF; ftl
ifjos'k esa ?kfVr gksrk gS] og Hkh dF; dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gSA nwljs dgkuh dk dF; ftl ns'k&dky ls lacaf/kr gksrk gS] mlds }kjk
ge ml ;qx dh fLFkfr;ksa dh vf/kd ;FkkFkZijd igpku Hkh djrs gSaA
^iwl dh jkr^ dh jpuk çsepan us 1930 esa dh FkhA ml le; Hkkjr esa vaxzstksa dk
jkt FkkA vaxzsth jkt esa Hkkjr ds fdlkuksa dh n'kk vR;ar n;uh; FkhA tehankjh
çFkk ds dkj.k vke fdlkuksa dk Hk;adj 'kks"k.k gksrk FkkA mudh mit dk cM+k
fgLlk tehankj ekyxqtkjh ds :i esa olwy dj ysrs FksA blls mudks vius
thou;kiu ds fy, egktu ls dt+kZ ysuk iM+rk FkkA ysfdu egktu Hkh fdlku dh
etcwjh vkSj mldh vf'k{kk rFkk fiNM+siu dk ykHk mBkrs FksA ifj.kke ;g gksrk Fkk
fd ,d ckj _.k ds pØ esa Q¡lus ds ckn fdlku dh vklkuh ls eqfä ugha gksrh
FkhA çsepan us viuh dbZ dgkfu;ksa esa xzkeh.k thou ds blh ;FkkFkZ dks fpf=r
fd;k gSA
bl dgkuh esa xzkE; thou dk foLr`r fp=.k ugha gS] ysfdu xzkeh.k thou dh lkjh
fo'ks"krk,¡ blesa vR;ar thoar :i esa fpf=r gqbZ gSaA çsepan xzkE; okrkoj.k dh
l`f"V djus ds fy, lcls igys Hkk"kk ds Lrj ij ifjorZu djrs FksA xzkE; okrkoj.k
ls tqM+h gqbZ dgkfu;ksa esa rn~Hko vkSj ns'kt 'kCnksa dk vf/kd ç;ksx gksrk gS tSls &
dEey] Mhy] iwl] mit] vkys] /kkSal vkfnA çsepan xzkeh.k okrkoj.k dks ;FkkFkZijd
cukus ds fy, eqgkojksa dk Hkh ç;ksx djrs gSaA tSls & ckt vkuk] BaMs gks tkuk]
pkSiV gksuk vkfnA çsepan dks xzkE; thou dh lw{e igpku FkhA bl dgkuh esa
mUgksaus va/ksjh jkr esa [ksr ij gYdw vkSj tcjk ds fØ;kdykiksa dk tks fp=.k fd;k
gS] mlesa ml okrkoj.k dks çsepan us vR;ar ltho cuk fn;kA iwl dh va/ksjh jkr
esa [ksr dk –'; nsf[k,%
^^iwl dh va/ksjh jkrA vkdk'k ij rkjs Hkh fBBqjrs gq, ekywe gksrs FksA gYdw vius
[ksr ds fdukjs Å[k ds iÙkksa dh ,d Nrjh ds uhps ckal ds [kVksys ij viuh iqjkuh
xk<+s dh pknj vks<s+ iM+k dk¡i jgk FkkA**
bl –'; esa vki ik;saxs fd çsepan us [ksr ds okrkoj.k ds lkjs i{kksa dks lesV fy;k
gSA iwl dh va/ksjh jkr gSA ikS"k ds eghus esa iM+us okyh BaM dks O;ä djus ds fy,
og vxyk okD; fy[krs gSa Þvkdk'k ij rkjs Hkh fBBqjrs gq, ekywe gksrs FksAÞ ;g
okD; BaM dh rY[kh dks O;ä djrk gS vkSj BaM dk dgkuh ds fodkl ls xgjk
laca/k gSA blls vxys okD; esa ml LFkku dk o.kZu gS tgk¡ mls tkM+s dh jkr
xqtkjuh gSA ysfdu ;gk¡ Hkh Þiqjkuh xk<+s dh pknjÞ dk ftØ egRoiw.kZ gS ftls
yisVs og ckal ds [kVksys ij cSBk dkai jgk gSA blh ÞpknjÞ dh txg og dacy
[kjhnuk pkgrk FkkA blhfy, Þiqjkuh xk<+s dh pknj vks<+sÞ dk¡iuk gYdw dh vkxs
dh fØ;kvksa dk vk/kkj cu tkrk gSA çsepan dsoy cká ifjos'k ds fp=.k esa gh
lQy ugha gSa oju~ ik=ksa dh euksn'kk ds fp=.k esa Hkh vR;ar dq'ky gSaA

23
 fpye ihdj gYdw fQj ysVk vkSj fu'p; djds ysVk fd pkgs dqN gks vcdh lks
tkÅ¡xk] ij ,d gh {k.k esa mls ân; esa daiu gksus yxkA dHkh bl djoV ysVrk
dHkh ml djoV] ij tkM+k fdlh fi'kkp dh Hkk¡fr mldh Nkrh dks nck, gq, FkkA
BaM ds ekjs gYdw ijs'kku gSA pknj lnhZ jksdus esa vleFkZ gSA rc og fpye ihrk
gS] ysfdu fpye Hkh mldh dksbZ lgk;rk ugha djrhA mlds ckn dh mldh
eu%fLFkfr vkSj cká ifjfLFkfr ds }a} dk mi;qZä iafä;ksa esa fp=.k fd;k gSA gYdw
fpye ihdj fu'p; djrk gS fd vc og ysV tk,] ysfdu lnhZ ls og dk¡ius
yxrk gSA rc og b/kj-m/kj djoV cnyrk gS ysfdu mlls Hkh mls vkjke ugha
feyrkA ,sls esa çsepan lnhZ dh rhozrk dks O;ä djus ds fy, ,d fLFkfr dk
mnkgj.k çLrqr djrs gSa ÞtkM+k fdlh fi'kkp dh Hkk¡fr mldh Nkrh dks nck, gq,
FkkAÞ ;gk¡ fi'kkp }kjk Nkrh dks nckuk ftl fLFkfr dks O;ä djrk gS mlls BaM
dh rhozrk ikBd ds lkeus lgt gh Li"V gks tkrh gSA
çsepan us dsoy gYdw dh fØ;kvksa dk gh ugha tcjk dh fØ;kvksa dk Hkh vR;ar
ltho vkSj ;FkkFkZ fp=.k fd;k gSA
lglk tcjk us fdlh tkuoj dh vkgV ikbZA bl fo'ks"k vkReh;rk us mlesa ,d
ubZ LQwfrZ iSnk dj nh Fkh] tks gok ds BaMs >ksadksa dks rqPN le>rh FkhA og
>iVdj mBk vkSj Nijh ds ckgj vkdj Hkwadus yxkA gYdw us dbZ ckj mls
pqedkjdj cqyk;k] ij og mlds ikl u vk;kA gkj esa pkjksa rjQ nkSM+&Hkw¡drk
jgkA ,d {k.k ds fy, vk Hkh tkrk] rks rqjar gh fQj nkSM+rkA dÙkZO; mlds ân;
esa vjeku dh Hkk¡fr mNy jgk FkkA
;gk¡ flQZ dqÙks dh fØ;kvksa dk gh o.kZu ugha gS] oju~ mldh gYdw ds çfr
dÙkZO;&Hkkouk dk Hkh fp=.k fd;k x;k gS vkSj nksuksa phtsa mi;qZä va'k esa brus
vkReh; :i esa O;ä gqbZ gSa fd dqÙkk] dqÙkk ugha oju~ dgkuh dk thoar ik= cu
dj lkeus vk;k gSA

dgkuh dh jpuk Hkk"kk esa gksrh gS vkSj Hkk"kk dk dykRed mi;ksx dgkuh ds dF;
vkSj çfrik| dks laçs"; cukrk gSA blfy, dgkuh jpuk ds fy, bruk gh i;kZIr
ugha gS fd dgkuh dk dF; vkSj çfrik| mRÑ"V gks oju~ ;g Hkh t:jh gS fd og
mR—"Vrk dgkuh esa vfHkO;ä Hkh gksA ;g vfHkO;fä Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls gh gksrh gSA
dgkuh dk dF; vyx&vyx 'kSfy;ksa dks laHko cukrk gSA bl çdkj 'kSyh vkSj
Hkk"kk dgkuh dh lajpuk ds eq[; vax gSaA
: ^iwl dh jkr^ çsepan dh vR;ar çkS<+ jpuk ekuh tkrh gSA ;g dgkuh
ftruh dF; vkSj çfrik| dh –f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gS] mruh gh Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh dh
–f"V ls HkhA ;g dgkuh xzkE; thou ij vk/kkfjr gSA ysfdu çsepan dh vkjafHkd
dgkfu;ksa esa ftl rjg dk vkn'kZokn fn[kkbZ nsrk Fkk] og bl dgkuh esa ugha gSA
bldk çHkko dgkuh dh 'kSyh ij Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA çsepan us bl dgkuh esa vius
dF; dks ;FkkFkZijd –f"V ls çLrqr fd;k gS blfy, mudh 'kSyh Hkh ;FkkFkZoknh
gSA ;FkkFkZoknh 'kSyh dh fo'ks"krk ;g gksrh gS fd jpukdkj thou ;FkkFkZ dks mlh
24 :i esa çLrqr djrk gS ftl :i esa os gksrh gSa] ysfdu ,slk djrs gq, Hkh mldh
–f"V flQZ rF;ksa rd lhfer ugha gksrhA blds foijhr og thou dh
okLrfodrkvksa dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa blfy, çLrqr djrk gS rkfd mlds cnys tkus
dh vko';drk dks ikBd Lo;a eglwl djsA nwljs] ;FkkFkZoknh jpukdkj ;FkkFkZ ds
mn~?kkVu }kjk ikBdksa dks] leL;k dk gy ugha nsrk ij mUgsa çsfjr djrk gS fd
og Lo;a fLFkfr;ksa dks cnyus dh vko';drk eglwl djs vkSj mlds fy, mfpr
ekxZ [kkstsA bl dgkuh esa çsepan dh –f"V ;FkkFkZ ds mn~?kkVu ij fVdh gSA os u
rks gYdw dks uk;d cukrs gSa u [kyuk;dA os bl leL;k dk dksbZ gy Hkh çLrqr
ugha djrsA dgkuh dh jpuk os bl rjg djrs gSa fd ftlls dgkuh esa çLrqr dh
xbZ leL;k viuh iwjh rkfdZdrk ds lkFk mHkjsA
^iwl dh jkr^ dk vxj ge fo'ys"k.k djsa rks bl ckr dks vklkuh ls le> ldrs
gSaA dgkuh dk vkjaHk ,d NksVh&lh ?kVuk ls gksrk gSA gYdw ds ;gk¡ egktu dtZ
ek¡xus vk;k gSA gYdw rhu #i, mldks ns nsrk gS tks mlus dsoy dacy [kjhnus
ds fy, tksM+s gSaA blds ckn dgkuh bl çlax ls dV tkrh gSA nwljs Hkkx ls
dgkuh esa ,d u;k çlax vkjaHk gksrk gSA iwl dk eghuk gSA va/ksjh jkr gSA vius
[ksr ds ikl cuh eaM+S;k esa og pknj yisVs cSBk gS vkSj BaM ls dk¡i jgk gSA lnhZ esa
BaM ls dk¡iuk igys çlax ls dgkuh dks tksM+ nsrk gS tc gYdw dks etcwju rhu
#i;s nsus iM+s FksA ;gk¡ igys çlax esa mBk;k x;k loky Hkh mHkjrk gS fd ,slh
[ksrh ls D;k ykHk] ftlls fdlku dh cqfu;knh t:jrsa Hkh iwjh ugha gksrh\ ;kuh
yxkrkj 'kks"k.k vkSj mlls eqfä dh laHkkouk dk vHkko varr% fdlku dks ,slh
ekufld fLFkfr esa igq¡pk ldrk gS tgk¡ dgkuh ds var esa gYdw ig¡p tkrk gSA
dgkuh ds var esa uhyxk;ksa }kjk [ksr u"V gksrs ns[kdj Hkh gYdw vxj ugha mBrk
rks bldk dkj.k dsoy BaM ugha gSA ;gk¡ gYdw esa viuh mit dks cpkus dh bPNk
gh [kRe gks pqdh gSA bl rjg leL;k dh Hk;kogrk dk fp=.k djrk gqvk
dgkuhdkj dgkuh dks lekIr dj nsrk gSA ^iwl dh jkr^ dh 'kSyh dh ;gh fo'ks"krk
gS vkSj blh ;FkkFkZoknh 'kSyh us mudh bl jpuk dks Js"B cuk;k gSA
Hkk"kk : çsepan dh dgkfu;ksa dh Hkk"kk cksypky dh lgt Hkk"kk ds utnhd gSA
muds ;gk¡ laL—r] vjch] Qkjlh vkfn Hkk"kkvksa ds mu 'kCnksa dk bLrseky gqvk gS
tks cksypky dh fganh ds vax cu pqds gSaA çk;% os rn~Hko 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
os dgkuh ds ifjos'k ds vuqlkj 'kCnksa dk p;u djrs gSa] tSls xzkE; thou ls
lacaf/kr dgkfu;ksa esa ns'kt 'kCnksa] eqgkojksa rFkk yksdksfä;ksa dk vf/kd ç;ksx gksrk
gSA okD; jpuk Hkh lgt gksrh gSA yacs vkSj tfVy okD; cgqr de gksrs gSaA çk;%
NksVs vkSj lqy>s gq, okD; gksrs gSa rkfd ikBdksa rd lgt :i ls laçsf"kr gks ldsaA
^iwl dh jkr^ dgkuh xzkeh.k thou ls lacaf/kr gSA blfy, bl dgkuh esa ns'kt
vkSj rn~Hko 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx vf/kd gqvk gSA tSl(s dEey] iwl] mit]
tue] Å[kA
ns'kt : gkj] Mhy] vkys] /kkSal] [kVksy]s iqvky] VIis] mitk] vyko] nksgjA rn~Hko
vkSj ns'kt 'kCnksa ds ç;ksx ls dgkuh ds xzkeh.k okrkoj.k dks thoar cukus esa dkQh
enn feyrh gSA ysfdu çsepan us mnwZ vkSj laL—r ds 'kCnksa dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;k gSA
mnwZ ds çk;% ,sls 'kCn tks fganh esa dkQh çpfyr gSa] gh ç;ksx fd, x, gSaA tSls]
[kq'kken] rdnhj] etk] vjeku] [kq'kcw] fxnZ] fnu] lkQ] nnZ] ekyxqtkjh vkfnA mnwZ
ds ;s 'kCn Hkh mUgha :iksa esa ç;qä gq, gSa] ftu :iksa esa os cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa
25
 çpfyr gSa tSls nnZ dks njn] etnwjh dks etwjh vkfnA bl dgkuh esa laL—r ds
rRle 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx Hkh i;kZIr gqvk gS] ysfdu os Hkh T;knkrj fganh esa çpfyr gSa
vkSj dfBu ugha ekus tkrsA tSls] ân;] ifo=] vkRek] vkReh;rk] fi'kkp] nhurk]
eS=h vkfnA 'oku] vdeZ.;rk v.kq tSls vis{kk—r de çpfyr rRle 'kCn Hkh gSa]
ysfdu os dgkuh esa [kVdrs ughaA rRle 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx çk;% ,slh gh txg gqvk
gS] tgk¡ dFkkdkj us fdlh Hkkoço.k fLFkfr dk fp=.k fd;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,
fuEufyf[kr va'k dks nsf[k,%
^^tcjk 'kk;n le> jgk Fkk fd LoxZ ;gha gS vkSj gYdw dh ifo= vkRek esa rks ml
dqÙks ds çfr ?k`.kk dh xa/k rd u FkhA vius fdlh vfHkUu fe= ;k HkkbZ dks Hkh og
bruh gh rRijrk ls xys yxkrkA og viuh nhurk ls vkgr u Fkk ftlus vkt
mls bl n'kk esa ig¡qpk fn;kA ugha] bl vuks[kh&eS=h us tSls mldh vkRek ds lc
}kj [kksy fn, Fks vkSj mldk ,d&,d v.kq çdk'k ls ped jgk FkkAÞ
mi;qZä okD;ksa esa vki ns[ksaxs fd ,d HkkokRed fLFkfr dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA bu
rRle 'kCnksa esa tks dkseyrk gS og bl vkReh; iw.kZ fLFkfr dks thoar cukus esa
lgk;d gSA ysfdu çsepan us ;g /;ku j[kk gS fd mUgha rRle 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx
djsa tks fganh Hkk"kk dh LokHkkfodrk ds vuqdwy gksA çsepan dh jpukvksa esa 'kCnksa dk
ç;ksx vR;ar lrdZrk ds lkFk gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh 'kCn Qkyrw ugha gksrk rFkk muesa
vFkZ dh vf/kdre laHkkouk,¡ O;ä gksrh gSaA tSls fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks nsf[k,%
etwjh ge djsa] etk nwljs ywVsaA
mi;qZä okD; esa ÞetwjhÞ vkSj Þet+kÞ 'kCn 'kks"k.k dh iwjh çfØ;k dks O;ä djus esa
leFkZ gSaA fo'ks"k ckr ;g gS fd bl rjg ds xgjs vFkZ okys okD;ksa esa Hkh ,slh
lgtrk gksrh gS fd mls dksbZ Hkh vklkuh ls le> ldsA çsepan dh Hkk"kk tfVy
Hkkouk] fopkjksa ;k fLFkfr;ksa dks O;ä djus esa iwjh rjg leFkZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks ns[ksa%
gYdw ds ml okD; esa tks dBksj lR; Fkk] og ekuks ,d Hkh"k.k tarq dh Hkkafr mls
?kwj jgk FkkA
dHkh bl djoV ysVrk] dHkh ml djoV ij] tkM+k fdlh fi'kkp dh Hkkafr mldh
Nkrh dks nck, gq, FkkA
dÙkZO; mlds ân; esa vjeku dh Hkk¡fr mNy jgk FkkA
Åij ds rhu m)j.kksa esa eksVs v{kjksa okys okD;ksa ls iwoZ ds okD;ka'kksa esa O;ä fd,
x, Hkkoksa dh rhozrk ;k vFkZoÙkk vf/kd Li"V :i ls vkSj çHkko'kkyh <ax ls
mtkxj gqbZ gSA blls Hkk"kk esa thoarrk Hkh vkrh gSA
laokn : çsepan dh dgkfu;ksa esa laokn dh Hkk"kk muds dF; dh rjg ;FkkFkZ ijd
gksrh gSA laoknksa dh Hkk"kk dk fu/kkZj.k ik=ksa ds ifjos'k vkSj mudh eu%fLFkfr ls r;
gksrk gSA bl dgkuh esa vf/kdka'k laokn gYdw ds gSa] dqN mldh iRuh eqUuh ds
gYdw ds laoknksa esa Hkh LodFku okys laokn ;k ,sls laokn tks tcjk ¼dqÙks½ dks
lacksf/kr gSa] vf/kd gSaA gYdw vkSj eqUuh xjhc fdlku gSaA blhfy, mudh Hkk"kk Hkh
mlh ifjos'k ds vuqdwy xzkE;rk fy, gq, gSaA
26
gYdw vkSj eqUuh dh ckrphr dk va'k nsf[k, % gYdw us vkdj L=h ls dgk & lguk
vk;k gSA ykvks] tks #i;s j[ks gSa] mls ns nw¡] fdlh rjg xyk rks NwVsA eqUuh >kM+w
yxk jgh FkhA ihNs fQj dj cksyh& rhu gh rks #i, gSa] ns nksxs rks dEey dgk¡ ls
vkosxkA ek?k&iwl dh jkr gkj esa dSls dVsxh mlls dg nks] Qly ij ns nsaxs vHkh
ughaA ;s dgkuh ds vkjafHkd laokn gSaA buesa vki ik;saxs fd nksuksa O;fä;ksa dh Hkk"kk
cgqr gh ljy gS buesa ,d Hkh dFku tfVy ugha gSA dEey] iwl] gkj tSls 'kCn
muds xzkE; i`"BHkwfe dks O;ä djrs gSaA xyk rks NwV]s eqgkojk okD; dks vkSj vf/kd
LokHkkfod cukrk gS] lkFk gh dgus okys dh ekufld fLFkfr dk ladsr Hkh djrk
gSA okD; cgqr NksVs&NksVs gSa] muesa Hkh NksV-s NksVs miokD;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
Þykvks] tks #i;s j[ks gSa] mls ns nw¡] fdlh rjg xyk rks NwVsß bl okD; esa dgha
my>ko ugha gSA NksVs&NksVs miokD;ksa ds dkj.k iwjh ckr lgt gh Li"V gks tkrh
gSA çsepan us ik=ksa dh eu%fLFkfr dk fo'ks"k :i ls /;ku j[kk gSA gkj ij gYdw ds
laoknksa esa mnkjrk] ljyrk] le>nkjh] prqjkbZ lHkh >ydrh gS vkSj Hkkoukvksa ds
lw{e varj ds vuqdwy Hkk"kk esa Hkh varj vkrk x;k gSA
bl rjg 'kSyh] Hkk"kk vkSj laokn rhuksa –f"V;ksa ls çsepan dh ;g dgkuh mR—"V gSA
cks/k ç'u
11½ ^iwl dh jkr^ dgkuh esa ls ,sls Ng 'kCn pqfu, ftuls xzkE; okrkoj.k cukus esa
enn feyh gksA
d½ --------------------------- [k½ --------------------------- x½ ---------------------------
?k½ --------------------------- M-½ --------------------------- p½ ---------------------------
12½ dgkuh esa eqUuh ds xqLls dks O;ä djus okyk laokn fyf[k,A laokn ds fy,
dgkuh ns[k ldrs gSaA
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13½ Þcxhps esa [kwc va/ksjk Nk;k gqvk Fkk vkSj va/kdkj esa funZ; iou ifÙk;ksa dks
dqpyrk gqvk pyk tkrk FkkA o`{kksa ls vksl dh cw¡ns ViVi uhps Vid jgh
FkhaA^^ mi;qZä okD;ksa esa rhu&rhu rRle vkSj rn~Hko 'kCn pqudj fyf[k,%
rRle 'kCn %------------------- ---------------- ----------------
rn~Hko 'kCn % ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
vH;kl
3½ uhps fn, x, m)j.k dh rhu Hkk"kkxr fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A
ÞFkksM+h nsj esa vyko ty mBkA mldh ykS Åij okys o`{k dh ifÙk;ksa dks
Nw&Nwdj Hkkxus yxhA ml vfLFkj çdk'k esa cxhps ds fo'kky o`{k ,sls ekywe
27
 gksrs Fks] ekuks ml vFkkg va/kdkj dks vius fljksa ij laHkkys gq, gksA va/kdkj ds
ml vkuan lkxj ls ;g çdk'k ,d ukSdk ds leku fgyrk] epyrk gqvk tku
iM+rk FkkAÞ
d½ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[k½ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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4½ ^iwl dh jkr^ dgkuh dks ;FkkFkokZnh 'kSyh dh dgkuh dgk x;k gSA bl 'kSyh
dh –f"V ls bl dgkuh dh rhu fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A
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jpuk ys[kd fdlh mn~ns'; ls çsfjr gksdj gh djrk gSA ftl mn~ns'; ls çsfjr
gksdj jpukdkj jpuk djrk gS] dgkuh dk ogh çfrik| dgykrk gSA ^iwl dh jkr^
dgkuh dks vkius /;kuiwoZd i<+k gksxkA vkius vc rd dgkuh dk tks fo'ys"k.k
i<+k gS] mlls ;g Hkh Li"V gks x;k gksxk fd çsepan dgkuh ds ek/;e ls D;k
dguk pkgrs gSaA ge mUgha ckrksa dks iqu% ;gk¡ çLrqr djsaxsA ;g dgkuh pkSFks n'kd
ds nkSjku fy[kh xbZ gSA ml le; Hkkjr ijk/khu Fkk vkSj ;gk¡ dh turk Lora=rk
çkfIr ds fy, la?k"kZ dj jgh FkhA bl la?k"kZ esa fdlku vkSj etnwj turk Hkh
'kkfey FkhA fdlku flQZ ns'k dh Lora=rk ds fy, gh la?k"kZ ugha dj jgs Fks oju~
vius vf/kdkjksa ds fy, Hkh la?k"kZ dj jgs FksA
ml tekus esa tehankjh çFkk FkhA fdlkuksa dks viuh mit dk cM+k Hkkx yxku vkSj
ekyxqtkjh esa pqdkuk iM+rk FkkA bl dkj.k mUgsa viuk thou;kiu djus ds fy,
egktuksa vkSj tehankjksa ls _.k ysuk iM+rk FkkA pw¡afd vf/kdka'k fdlku turk
vf'kf{kr Fkh] blfy, tehankj vkSj egktu dtZ ij euekuk C;kt olwyrs FksA ,d
ckj tc dksbZ fdlku dtZ ds pDdj esa Q¡l tkrk Fkk rks fQj og vklkuh ls NwV
28
ugha ikrk FkkA gYdw dh Hkh ;gh fLFkfr gSA çsepan us dgkuh esa fdlkuksa dh bl
voLFkk dk fp=.k ugha fd;k gS] cfYd ;g ;FkkFkZ rks dgkuh dh i`"BHkwfe esa ekStwn
jgrk gSA ysfdu vlyh loky blds ckn iSnk gksrk gSA 'kks"k.k pØ esa Q¡lk gqvk
fdlku D;k djs\ dgkuh dk fo"k; ;gh gSA gYdw Hkh 'kks"k.k ds mlh pØ esa Q¡lk
gqvk gSA ;gk¡ rd dh viuk vkSj vius ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus ds fy, gYdw
dks etnwjh Hkh djuh iM+rh gSA ysfdu etnwjh ls feys iSls esa ls vxj ?kj-ifjokj
dh t:jr ds fy, dqN iSls Hkh cpkrk gS ¼flQZ rhu #i,½ rks og Hkh egktu ys
ysrk gSA ,sls esa fdlku D;k djsA vkf[kj og fdlkuh ls D;ksa fpidk jgs\
O;fä mTToy Hkfo"; dh vk'kk esa gh d"V lgrk gSA mls Hkjkslk jgrk gS fd vkt
ugha rks dy og t:j bu nq[kksa ls eqä gksxkA gYdw ds thou esa og vk'kk ugha
jgh gSA og lksprk gS fd ,slk D;ksa gS fd esgur djus okys Hkw[ks ejrs gSa vkSj
mudh esgur dks Nhuus okys ekSt djrs gSa\ mlds ikl bldk cuk&cuk;k tokc
Hkh gS & ;g lc HkkX; dk [ksy gSA ftl fLFkfr esa og th jgk gS] mlesa og blls
vf/kd nwj rd lksp Hkh ugha ldrkA ysfdu HkkX; dk [ksy ekuus ls 'kks"k.k ls
eqfä ugha fey ldrh gSA gk¡] ;g vo'; gS fd O;fä udkjkRed fn'kk esa lkspuk
'kq: dj ns] tSlk fd gYdw lksprk gS vkSj tks eqUuh dh ckrksa esa O;ä gqvk gSA
gYdw dk fdlkuh ij ls fo'okl mB tkrk gSA og viuh gh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus vius
[ksr dh mit dks uhyxk;ksa ds }kjk u"V gksrs gq, ns[krk gS vkSj pknj vks<+s ysVk
jgrk gSA mls [ksr ds u"V gks tkus dk nq%[k ugha cfYd bl ckr dh çlUurk gS
fd vc mls BaMh jkrksa esa [ksr ij lksuk ugha iM+sxkA ;g 'kks"k.k ls mRihfM+r fdlku
dh og ekufldrk gS] tgk¡ mlesa mTToy Hkfo"; dh vk'kk fcYdqy lekIr gks x;h
gSA HkkX;okn us mls vkSj vf/kd fuf"Ø; cuk fn;k gSA ,sls esa ;g dgkuh ,d
psrkouh dh rjg gekjs lkeus vkrh gS fd D;k 'kks"k.k dk pØ ;w¡ gh pyrk jgsxk\
D;k gYdw tSls fdlku viuh mit dh dekbZ Lo;a ugha Hkksx ldsxk os ,sls gh
nfjæ vkSj vf'kf{kr cus jgsaxs vkSj 'kks"k.k rFkk HkkX;okn ds uhps filrs jgsax\s
çsepan budk dksbZ mÙkj ugha nsrsA laHkor% mÙkj dh vko';drk Hkh ugha gSA D;ksafd
bu ç'uksa dh xaHkhjrk esa gh budk mÙkj fufgr gSA gk¡] ;gk¡ ,d fodYi dh vksj
ladsr vo'; gqvk gSA og gS] fdlku ls etnwj cuus dk fodYiA ;g fodYi Hkh
foo'krk ds dkj.k lkeus vkrk gS] tksfd çsepan dk vkn'kZ u gksdj lkekftd
;FkkFkZ dk gh ,d <ax gSA iw.kZ :i ls etnwj cudj Hkh gYdw 'kks"k.k mRihM+u ls
eqä gks tk,xk] ,slh xyrQgeh çsepan dks ugha gSA
çsepan us xzkeh.k thou ij dbZ miU;klksa vkSj dgkfu;ksa dh jpuk dh gSA çsepan
dks fdlku thou dk egku fprsjk dgk tkrk gSA mUgksaus fdlkuksa ds thou ds
çR;sd i{k dks viuh jpukvksa dk fo"k; cuk;k gSA bu jpukvksa esa mudh lgkuqHkwfr
xjhc vkSj esgurd'k fdlkuksa ds lkFk gSA fdarq os fdlkuksa ds thou esa O;kid
udkjkRed i{kksa dks Hkh mtkxj djrs gSaA vkjaHk esa çsepan viuh jpukvksa esa
dksbZ&u&dkbZ vkn'kZoknh gy is'k djrs Fks] ysfdu ckn esa mudk bl rjg ds
vkn'kZokn ij ls fo'okl mB x;k FkkA vkn'kZokn dk LFkku ;FkkFkZokn us ys fy;kA
os ekuus yxs Fks fd fdlh leL;k dk dksbZ —f=e gy is'k djus ds ctk; mls
iwjh rhozrk vkSj bZekunkjh ls çLrqr djuk gh jpukdkj ds fy, i;kZIr gSA ;g
dgkuh blh –f"V dk çfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA
29
 'kh"kZd dh mi;qärk % dgkuh dk 'kh"kZd dgkuh ds ewy çfrik| dks] dF; dks]
pfj= dks O;ä djus okyk gksrk gSA bl dgkuh ds dF; dk eq[; Hkkx ikS"k dh
,d jkf= esa ?kfVr gksrk gSA dgkuh dk vkjaHk ml dacy dh ppkZ ls gksrk gS] ftls
[kjhnus ds fy, gYdw us cM+h eqf'dy ls rhu #i;s cpk;s gSa fdarq os #i;s Hkh mls
egktu dks nsus iM+rs gSaA dacy u [kjhn ikus ds dkj.k iwl dh jkr esa iqjkuh
pknj vks<s+ mls [ksr ij tkuk iM+rk gSA 'ks"k dgkuh [ksr ij mlh jkr esa ?kfVr
gksrh gSA
iwl dh ;g jkr BaMh gSA ;g jkr çrhdkRed Hkh gSA fdlku ds thou ds va/ksjs dh
rjg ;g Hkh va/ksjh jkr gSA vk'kk dk vyko dc dk cq> pqdk gS ysfdu lfØ;rk
dh vk¡p Hkh ugha cph gSA ifj.kker% [ksr ¼thou½ dh Qly uhyxk;sa ¼'kks"kd½ [kk
tkrh gSa ysfdu og HkkX; ds pØ esa c¡/kk gqvk cSBk jgrk gSA iwl dh jkr fujk'kk
vkSj va/kdkj dh ,slh gh jkr gS] ftls ;g 'kh"kZd iwjh rjg O;ä djrk gSA
cks/k ç'u
14½ ^iwl dh jkr^ dgkuh dh eq[; leL;k gSA ¼viuk mÙkj dks"Bd esa lgh
mila[;k fy[kdj nsa½
d½ Qly dh j{kk dh leL;k
[k½ lnhZ ls cpko dh leL;k
x½ fdlkuksa ds 'kks"k.k dh leL;k
?k½ dacy [kjhnus dh leL;k ¼ ½
15½ uhps dqN okD; fn;s x;s gSa] buesa ls dqN esa dgh x;h ckrsa lgh gSa] dqN
xyrA lgh vkSj x+yr okD;ksa dks igpkfu,A
d½ vaxzsth jkt esa tehankjh çFkk FkhA ¼lgh@xyr½
[k½ fdlkuksa dks yxku vkSj ekyxqtkjh ugha nsuh iM+rh FkhA ¼lgh@xyr½
x½ gYdw HkkX;oknh FkkA ¼lgh@xyr½
?k½ ^iwl dh jkr^ vkn'kZoknh dgkuh gSA ¼lgh@xyr½
vH;kl
5½ ^rdnhj dh [kwch gS^A gYdw ds bl dFku dk dgkuh ds mn~n's ; ls D;k laca/k
gS] pkj iafä;ksa esa Li"V dhft,A
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30
6½ ^iwl dh jkr^ dks ;FkkFkZoknh D;ksa dgk x;k gS\ pkj iafä;ksa esa crkb,A
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vkius ^iwl dh jkr^ dgkuh dks /;kuiwoZd i<+k gksxk vkSj mlds fo'ys"k.k dk Hkh
xaHkhjrk ls v/;;u fd;k gksxkA
• ^iwl dh jkr^ dgkuh dh dFkkoLrq fdlku thou ls lacaf/kr gSA gYdw xjhc
fdlku gS tks dtZ ls nck gqvk gSA yxkrkj 'kks"k.k ls mldk fdlkuh ls
fo'okl mB tkrk gSA vki dFkkoLrq ds vk/kkj ij dgkuh dk fo'ys"k.k dj
ldrs gSaA
• gYdw dgkuh dk uk;d gSA og xjhc ijarq le>nkj fdlku gSA vki bl
pfj= dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dj ldrs gSaA
• Lora=rk çkfIr ls iwoZ fdlkuksa dh D;k n'kk Fkh] bl dgkuh ds fo'ys"k.k ls
vki le> ldrs gSaA vc vki Lo;a ^ifjos'k^ dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldrs gSaA
• ^iwl dh jkr^ dh 'kSyh ;FkkFkZoknh] Hkk"kk cksypky dh ,o laokn LokHkkfod gSA
vc vki bl dgkuh ds lajpuk f'kYi dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crk ldrs gSa vkSj
• ^iwl dh jkr^ ;FkkFkZoknh dgkuh gSA bl dgkuh ds çfrik| dk bl vk/kkj ij
fo'ys"k.k Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

f}osnh] gtkjh çlkn % lkfgR; lgpj] yksdHkkjrh çdk'ku] bykgkcknA

'kekZ] jke foykl % çsepan vkSj mudk ;qx] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyhA

1½ d
2½ ?k
3½ [k
4½ x
31
 5½ ?k
6½ x
7½ x
8½ [k
9½ eqUuh dgrh gS fd dM+h esgur ds ckn Hkh lkjh mit dtZ pqdkus esa pyh
tkrh gSA isV Hkjus ds fy, etnwjh djuh iM+rh gS] rc [ksrh ls fpids jgus
dk D;k ykHkA
10½ d½ gYdw bl ckr ls çlUu gS fd mls BaM esa [ksr ij ugha jguk iM+sxkA
[k½ vc mldh mit egktuksa ds ;gk¡ ugha tk,xh
11½ d½ iwl [k½ gkj x½ Å[k ?k½ iqvky
M-½ vyko p½ eaM+S;k N½ Mk¡M+ t½ ekyxqtkjh
12½ ^^dj pqds nwljk mik;A tjk lquw¡ rks dkSu mik; djksx\s dksbZ [kSjkr ns nsxk
dEey\ u tkus fdruh ckdh gS] tks fdlh rjg pqdus gh ugha vkrhA eSa
dgrh gw¡ rqe D;ksa ugha [ksrh NksM+ nsr\s ej&ej dke djks mit gks rks ckdh ns
nks] pyks NqV~Vh gqbZA ckdh pqdkus ds fy, gh rks gekjk tue gqvk gSA isV ds
fy, etwjh djksA ,slh [ksrh ls ckt vk;sA eSa #i;s u nw¡xh&u&nw¡xhÞ
13½ rRle 'kCn rn~Hko 'kCn
va/kdkj va/ksjk
o`{k cxhps
iou ifÙk;ksa
funZ;
14½ x
15½ d½ lgh
[k½ xyr
x½ lgh
?k½ xyr
vH;kl
1½ lanHkZ % mi;qZä m)j.k çsepan dh ç[;kr dgkuh ^iwl dh jkr* ls fy;k x;k
gSA bl dgkuh ds uk;d gYdw dh iRuh eqUuh dk ;g dFku gSA gYdw ds ;gk¡
egktu #i;s ek¡xus vk;k gSA bl ij eqUuh gYdw ls miq;Zä ckr dgrh gSA
O;k[;k % eqUuh fpark O;ä djrs gq, dgrh gS fd ekywe ugha fdruk dtZ gS
fd pqdus dk uke gh ugha ysrkA vxj lkjh mit dtZ pqdkus esa gh tkuh gS
32
 rks blls csgrj gS fd ge [ksrh gh NksM+ nsaA ,slh [ksrh ls fpids jgus dk D;k
ykHk\ dM+h esgur ds ckn rks Qly rS;kj gksrh gSA fdlku dk ykHk rks
mldh mit gh gS] ysfdu ogh mit dtZ pqdkus esa pyh tk, rks fQj bruh
esgur djus dk D;k ykHk\ yxrk gS tSls fdlku dk tUe rks dtZ pqdkus ds
fy, gh gqvk gSA D;ksafd ,d ckj dtZ ysus ds ckn og dHkh ml dtZ ls NwV
ugha ikrk vkSj mldh mit egktuksa vkSj tehnkjksa ds ;gk¡ igq¡prh jgrh gS
vkSj Lo;a fdlku dks viuk vkSj vius ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus ds fy,
etnwjh dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA O;fä fdlkuh ;k dksbZ Hkh dke blhfy, rks
djrk gS rkfd og vius ?kj&ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dj lds] ysfdu mldk
og dke flQZ nwljksa dks ykHk igq¡pk,] mldh esgur dk FkksM+k&lk va'k Hkh
Lo;a mlds fy, u cp ik;s rks fQj ml dke dks djrs jgus ;k mlls fpids
jgus dk D;k ykHk\ blhfy, eqUuh dk dguk gS fd ,slh [ksrh tks flQZ dtZ
pqdkus esa pyh tk,] mlls rks nwj jguk gh vPNk %
fo'ks"k%
1½ eqUuh }kjk O;ä fd;s x;s fopkj bl dgkuh dk oSpkfjd vk/kkj gSA gYdw [ksr
ds u"V gksus ij Hkh D;ksa cSBk jgrk gS] bldk mÙkj gesa mi;qZä dFku esa fey
tkrk gSA
2½ ;g laokn gS vkSj bldh Hkk"kk esa ,d xjhc] xzkeh.k fdlku efgyk dh Hkk"kk
dh LokHkkfodrk fufgr gSA NksVs okD;] rn~Hko 'kCn] cksypky dh Hkk"kk bldh
fo'ks"krk gSA
3½ d½ ;gk¡ gYdw ds vkRelEeku dh Hkkouk O;ä gqbZ gSA gYdw tkurk gS fd iSls
ls og cp ugha ldrkA vxj og iSls ugha nsxk rks mls lguk dh
xkfy;k¡ lquuh iM+sxh] Mk¡V [kkuh iM+sxhA mls bl vieku ls cpus dk
,d gh jkLrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd og vius ikl cpk, x, iSls mls ns nsA
[k½ ;gk¡ gYdw dh le>nkjh O;ä gqbZ gSA og xjhc fdlku gS] ysfdu vuqHkoksa
us bls bruk le>k fn;k gS fd og fdl rjg ds lekt esa th jgk gSA
x½ ;gk¡ gYdw dh vkReh;rk O;ä gqbZ gSA tcjk ds lkFk Hkh og ogh O;ogkj
dj jgk gS] tks vius fdlh fe= ;k fj'rsnkj ds lkFk djrkA
?k½ ;gk¡ gYdw dk cgkusckth dk dkS'ky O;ä gqvk gSA gYdw ;g tkurs gq,
Hkh fd uhyxk;sa [ksr u"V dj jgh gSa] og cSBk jgrk gS] ysfdu vc iRuh
ds lkeus bl ckr dks Lohdkjuk Hkh ugha pkgrk] blfy, og isV nnZ dk
>wBk cgkuk cukrk gSA
3½ d½ iwjs –'; dks 'kCnksa esa thoar dj fn;k x;k gSA
[k½ vafre iafä;ksa esa Hkk"kk dkO;kRedrk fy, gq, gSA
x½ rRle 'kCnksa dk vf/kd ç;ksx gS ijarq Hkk"kk dh lgtrk cuh gqbZ gSA
4½ d½ xjhc fdlku ds thou dh lPpkbZ dks mlh :i esa O;ä fd;k x;k gSA
[k½ dgkuh dk var fdlh vkn'kZ dh LFkkiuk esa ugha fd;k x;k gSA 33
 x½ pfj= Hkh vlkekU; vkSj fof'k"V ugha gSA
5½ ^rdnhj dh [kwch gSA^ ;g dFku gYdw dh ekufldrk dks O;ä djrk gSA
çsepan blds ek/;e ls fdlkuksa dh HkkX;okfnrk dh ço`fÙk dks js[kkafdr djrs
gSaA fdlku lksprk gS fd mlds thou ds nq%[k mlds HkkX; ds dkj.k gSA tks
fcuk ifjJe ds lq[k&pSu dh ftanxh clj dj jgs gSa] mudk HkkX; vPNk gSA
6½ ^iwl dh jkr^ dgkuh dks ;FkkFkZoknh blfy, dgk x;k gS D;ksafd bl dgkuh esa
çsepan us fdlku ds thou dh okLrfodrk dks oSlk gh çLrqr fd;k gS] tSlh
og ml tekus esa FkhA çsepan us leL;k dk vkn'kZoknh lek/kku Hkh ugha fn;k
gS] oju~ lek/kku ikBdksa ds foosd ij NksM+ fn;k gSA

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