TAS FET EUCLIDEAN

GEOMETRY COURSE
BOOKLET 1

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Mastering

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FET

T
Geometry
by The TAS Maths Team

Mastering FET
Geometry

Geometry FET
Course Booklets Set

WWW.THEANSWER.CO.ZA
 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS OF BOOKLETS

BOOKLET 1: Mastering Geometry

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BOOKLET 2: Lines, Angles, Triangles & Quadrilaterals

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BOOKLET 3: Circle Geometry

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BOOKLET 4: Proportionality, Similarity and
The Theorem of Pythagoras

These Geometry materials (Booklets 1 to 4) were created and produced

by The Answer Series Educational Publishers (Pty) (Ltd) to support the
teaching and learning of Geometry in high schools in South Africa.
They are freely available to anyone who wishes to use them.
This material may not be sold (via any channel) or used for
profit-making of any kind.
 BOOKLET 1: CONTENTS
Teaching Documents

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• The Mark Distribution for FET Maths Paper 2

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• The 2021 Amended FET Teaching Plan (ATP)

• The FET Geometry CAPS Curriculum Overview

• The FET Geometry CAPS Curriculum per Grade (10 – 12)

• Exemplar FET Geometry Questions and Detailed Solutions . . . Page 1

• Acceptable reasons for statements in Geometry . . . Page 6

• Important Advice for Learners . . . Page 8

 CAPS Curriculum page 10 or page 55

FET EXAMINATIONS: Mark distribution

PAPER 2:

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Grades 11 & 12 : theorems and/or trigonometric proofs: maximum 12 marks

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Description GRADE 10 GRADE 11 GRADE 12

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Statistics 15 20 20

Analytical Geometry 15 30 40

Trigonometry 40 50 50

Euclidean Geometry and Measurement 30 50 40

TOTAL 100 150 150

NOTE:
• Questions will not necessarily be compartmentalised in sections, as this table indicates.
Various topics can be integrated in the same question.

• A formula sheet will be provided for the final examinations in Grades 10, 11 and 12.
 CAPS Curriculum page 17

THE 2021 FET AMENDED TEACHING PLAN

Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
No. of No. of weeks No. of weeks
weeks

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Algebraic Expressions 3 Exponents and Surds 2
Term 1

Patterns, Sequences and Series 3

Numbers, Surds & Exponents 1 Equations and Inequalities 3
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY 3.
Equations and Inequalities 2 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY 3.

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Consolidation 1 Trigonometry 4
Trigonometry (reduction formulae, 2 (10)
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY (#1) 3 (10) graphs, equations) (10)

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Trigonometry (#1) 2 Analytical Geometry 2
Trigonometry (equations) 1
Term 2

Number Patterns 1 Functions & Inverse Functions &

Analytical Geometry 2
Functions (Algebra) 3 Exponential & Logarithmic
Consolidation 1 Functions 2
Trig Functions (#2) 1
Number Patterns 2 Calculus, including Polynomials 4
Consolidation 1
Functions 4 (10) Finance 2 (10)
Analytical Geometry 2 (10)

Trig graphs & 2D (#3) 2 Finance 1

Term 3

Trig. (sine, area & cosine rules) 3

Statistics 2 Statistics (regression & correlation) 3
Measurement 2
Probability 2 Counting and Probability 2
Statistics 3
Finance (Growth) 2 Revision 1
Probability 2 (10)
Measurement 2 (10) INTERNAL EXAMS 3 (10)

1
Probability 1 Paper 1 Revision
Term 4

EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY (#2) 2. 1

Finance (Growth & Decay) 3 Paper 2 Revision
Revision 3 1
Revision 3 Exam Techniques
EXAMS
EXAMS EXTERNAL EXAMS
 CAPS Curriculum page 14

THE CAPS CURRICULUM: OVERVIEW OF TOPICS

Paper 2

7. EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12

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(a) Revise basic results established in earlier (a) Investigate and prove theorems of the (a) Revise earlier (Grade 9) work on the
grades. geometry of circles assuming results from necessary and sufficient conditions for
earlier grades, together with one other result polygons to be similar.
(b) Investigate line segments joining the mid-

A
concerning tangents and radii of circles.
points of two sides of a triangle. (b) Prove (accepting results established in earlier
(b) Solve circle geometry problems, providing grades):
(c) Properties of special quadrilaterals.
reasons for statements when required.  that a line drawn parallel to one side of a

T
(c) Prove riders. triangle divides the other two sides
proportionally (and the Mid-point Theorem
as a special case of this theorem);
 that equiangular triangles are similar;
 that triangles with sides in proportion are
similar;
 the Pythagorean Theorem by similar
triangles; and
 riders

THE CAPS CURRICULUM TERM BY TERM CONTENT

GRADE 10 - GRADE 12
CAPS
GRADE 10: TERM 1
Weeks Topic Curriculum statement Clarification
1. Revise basic results established in earlier Comments:
grades regarding lines, angles and
triangles, especially the similarity and • Triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are equal, or if the ratios of their sides are
congruence of triangles. ˆ = Dˆ ,
equal: Triangles ABC and DEF are similar if A Bˆ = Eˆ and Cˆ = Fˆ . They are also
2. Investigate line segments joining the mid-
points of two sides of a triangle. similar if .
3. Define the following special quadrilaterals:

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the kite, parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus, • We could define a parallelogram as a quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite sides parallel.
square and trapezium. Investigate and Then we investigate and prove that the opposite sides of the parallelogram are equal, opposite
Euclidean make conjectures about the properties of angles of a parallelogram are equal, and diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
3
Geometry the sides, angles, diagonals and areas
of these quadrilaterals. Prove these It must be explained that a single counter example can disprove a Conjecture, but numerous

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•
conjectures. specific examples supporting a conjecture do not constitute a general proof.
Example:
In quadrilateral KITE, KI = KE and IT = ET. The diagonals intersect at M. Prove that:

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1. IM = ME and (R)
2. KT is perpendicular to IE. (P)
As it is not obvious, first prove that .

MATHEMATICS GRADES 10-12

25
 MATHEMATICS GRADES 10-12
GRADE 10: TERM 4
Weeks Topic Curriculum statement Clarification
28

Solve problems and prove riders using the Comment:

properties of parallel lines, triangles and
quadrilaterals. Use congruency and properties of quads, esp. parallelograms.
Example:
CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT POLICY STATEMENT (CAPS)

EFGH is a parallelogram. Prove that MFNH is a parallelogram.

E F

Euclidean

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2 M
Geometry

A
N F
H M G

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(C)
N
H E
 MATHEMATICS GRADES 10-12
GRADE 11: TERM 1
No. of
Topic Curriculum Statement Clarification
34

weeks
Accept results established in earlier grades Comments:
as axioms and also that a tangent to a circle Proofs of theorems can be asked in examinations, but their converses
CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT POLICY STATEMENT (CAPS)

is perpendicular to the radius, drawn to the (wherever they hold) cannot be asked.
point of contact. Example:
Then investigate and prove the theorems of 1. AB and CD are two chords of a circle with centre O. M is on AB and N is on CD such that
OM ⊥ AB and ON ⊥ CD. Also, AB = 50mm, OM = 40mm and ON = 20mm. Determine the

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the geometry of circles: radius of the circle and the length of CD. (C)
• The line drawn from the centre of a circle
perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord; 2. O is the centre of the circle below and Oˆ1 = 2x .

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• The perpendicular bisector of a chord
passes through the centre of the circle;
• The angle subtended by an arc at the
centre of a circle is double the size of the

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angle subtended by the same arc at the
circle (on the same side of the chord as the
Euclidean centre);
3
Geometry
• Angles subtended by a chord of the circle,
on the same side of the chord, are equal;
• The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral
are supplementary;
• Two tangents drawn to a circle from the
same point outside the circle are equal in
length;
• The angle between the tangent to a circle 2.1. Determine Ô2 and M̂ in terms of x . (R)
and the chord drawn from the point of
contact is equal to the angle in the alternate
2.2. Determine K̂1 and K̂ 2 in terms of x . (R)
segment.
Use the above theorems and their 2.3. Determine Kˆ1 + Mˆ . What do you notice? (R)
converses, where they exist, to solve riders.
2.4. Write down your observation regarding the measures of K̂ 2 and M̂ . (R)
 MATHEMATICS GRADES 10-12
GRADE 12 TERM 1
No. of
48

Topic Curriculum statement Clarification

Weeks
1. Revise earlier work on the necessary and Example:
sufficient conditions for polygons to be
similar. Consider a right triangle ABC with . Let and .
CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT POLICY STATEMENT (CAPS)

2. Prove (accepting results established in Let D be on such that . Determine the length of in terms of a and c . (P)
earlier grades):
• that a line drawn parallel to one side
of a triangle divides the other two

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Euclidean sides proportionally (and the Mid-point
3
Geometry Theorem as a special case of this
theorem) ;
• that equiangular triangles are similar;

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• that triangles with sides in proportion are
similar; and
• the Pythagorean Theorem by similar

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triangles.
 GR 10 – 12 EXEMPLAR GEOMETRY
2.2 AE || OD . . . opp. sides of ||m AODE
GRADE 10: QUESTIONS GRADE 10: MEMOS â AE || BO

1. PQRS is a kite such that the diagonals intersect in O. the longer diagonal of a kite and OF || AB . . . proven above
1.1 OQ = 2 cm  ...
OS = 2 cm and OPS ˆ = 20º. bisects the shorter diagonal
â OE || AB

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Q ˆ = 90º  the diagonals of a kite
1.2 POQ ...
intersect at right angles â ABOE is a ||m ... both pairs of opposite
sides are parallel
the longer diagonal of a
O 1.3 ˆ = 20º
QPO ... kite bisects the (opposite)

A
P R opp. sides
20º ˆ = 40º 
â QPS angles of a kite OR: In ||m AODE : AE = and || OD . . .
2 cm of ||m

But OD = BO . . . O proved midpt of BD

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S of BD in 2.1
2. Hint :
1.1 Write down the length of OQ. (2) â AE = and || BO
ˆ Use highlighters to mark the various ||ms and Δs
1.2 Write down the size of POQ. (2)
â ABOE is a ||m  . . . 1 pr of opp. sides
ˆ
1.3 Write down the size of QPS. (2) [6] A = and ||

2. In the diagram, BCDE and AODE are parallelograms.

B E
A
2.3 In Δs ABO and EOD
F The highlighted Δs
(and their sides)
O
refer to Question 2.3. 1) AB = EO . . . opposite sides of ||m ABOE
B E
C D 2) BO = OD . . . proved in 2.1
F
2.1 In ΔDBA : 3) AO = ED . . . opposite sides of ||m AODE
O m
diagonals of || BCDE
O is the midpt of BD . . .
bisect each other
â ΔABO ≡ ΔEOD  . . . SSS
m
C D & F is the midpt of AD . . . diagonals of || AODE
bisect each other
2.1 Prove that OF || AB. (4)
the line joining the
2.2 Prove that ABOE is a parallelogram. (4) â OF || AB  . . . midpoints of two sides
2.3 Prove that ΔABO ≡ ΔEOD. (5) [13] of a Δ is || to the 3rd side

Copyright © The Answer Series 1

 2.2 In the diagram, M is the centre of the circle. 3.1 Complete the following statement so that it
GRADE 11: QUESTIONS A, B, C, K and T lie on the circle. is valid :
AT produced and CK produced meet in N. The angle between a chord and a tangent
at the point of contact is . . . (1)
1.1 Complete the statement so that it is valid : Also NA = NC and B̂ = 38º.
The line drawn from the centre of the circle
perpendicular to the chord . . . (1) B 3.2 In the diagram, EA is a tangent to circle ABCD
at A.
P 38º
1.2 In the diagram, O is the AC is a tangent to circle CDFG at C.
centre of the circle. E CE and AG intersect at D.
The diameter DE is

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C
perpendicular to the C M
O Q B
chord PQ at C.
DE = 20 cm and CE = 2 cm. D A
1 2

A
3
K
Calculate the length of the following with reasons : 4 1
2 T

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1.2.1 OC 1.2.2 PQ (2)(4) [7] C 1

3 2
N 3
2 A
2.1 In the diagram, O is the D 1
x
2.2.1 Calculate, with reasons, the size of the
centre of the circle and 4 5
A, B and D are points on following angles : 3 2 1
2
the circle. O D
ˆ
(a) KMA (b) Tˆ 2 (2)(2) G 1
2
1
F y
A
(c) Ĉ (d) Kˆ 4 (2)(2) 2 1
B
E

Use Euclidean geometry methods to prove the

ˆ = 2ADB.
ˆ
2.2.2 Show that NK = NT. (2) If Aˆ 1 = x and Eˆ 1 = y, prove the following with
theorem which states that AOB (5)
reasons :
2.2.3 Prove that AMKN is a cyclic
3.2.1 BCG || AE (5)
quadrilateral. (3) [18]
3.2.2 AE is a tangent to circle FED (5)

3.2.3 AB = AC (4) [15]

Copyright © The Answer Series 2

 3.1 . . . equal to the angle subtended by the chord
B
GRADE 11: MEMOS 2.2 in the alternate segment. 
38º

M 3.2 B
1.1 . . . bisects the chord  C

12 A
radii 3
1.2.1 OE = OD = 1 (20) = 10 cm = 1 diameter
K
4 1
2 2 2 T
C 1
â OC = 8 cm  . . . CE = 2 cm
N 3 2 3

S
2 A
1
x
1.2.2 In ΔOPC : 4
5
2.2.1 ˆ = 2(38º)
(a) KMA ... ø at centre = 3 2 1
PC2 = OP2 - OC2 . . . Pythagoras 2
2 % ø at circumference G 1 D
= 102 - 82 = 76º 

A
2 1
P F y
= 36 2 1
â PC = 6 cm E
(b) Tˆ 2 = 38º  . . . ext. ø of cyclic quad. BKTA E
C

T
O Q
s ˆ = x
A
(c) Ĉ = 38º  . . . ø in the same segment
3.2.1 1 . . . given
D
or, ext. ø of cyclic quad. CKTA
â Cˆ 2 = x . . . tan chord theorem
â PQ = 12 cm  . . . line from centre ⊥ chord
ˆ
(d) NAC = 38º . . . øs opp = sides ˆ = x
â G . . . tan chord theorem
2

â Kˆ 4 = 38º  . . . ext. ø of c.q. CKTA ˆ

â Aˆ 1 = (alternate) G 2
D
2.1 Construction : Join DO and s
â BCG || AE  . . . (alternate ø equal)
produce it to C 12
2.2.2 In ΔNKT : Kˆ 4 = Tˆ 2 . . . both = 38º in 2.2.1
Proof : O
ˆ
Fˆ1 = C . . . ext. ø of cyclic quad. CGFD
12 â NK = NT  . . . sides opp equal øs 3.2.2
Let Dˆ 1 = x
3
A
then  = x
radii; C = Eˆ 1 (= y) . . . alternate øs ; BCG || AE
... B
øs opp = sides
ˆ = 2x
â O1
2.2.3 ˆ = 2(38º)
KMA . . . see 2.2.1(a) â AE is a tangent to ?FED 
. . . ext. ø of ΔDAO
& N̂ = 180º - 2(38º) . . . sum of øs in ΔNKT . . . converse of tan chord theorem
Similarly: Let Dˆ 2 = y (see 2.2.2)
ˆ = 2y
then, O 2 ˆ + N̂ = 180º
â KMA 3.2.3 ˆ = CAE
C1
ˆ . . . alternate øs ; BCG || AE
ˆ
â AOB = 2x + 2y â AMKN is a cyclic quadrilateral 
= B̂ . . . tan chord theorem
= 2(x + y) . . . opposite øs supplementary
ˆ  â AB = AC  . . . sides opposite equal øs
= 2 ADB

Copyright © The Answer Series 3

 2. In the diagram, M is the centre of the circle and diameter 3.2 In the diagram, ADE is a triangle having BC | | ED
GRADE 12: QUESTIONS AB is produced to C. ME is drawn perpendicular to AC and AE | | GF. It is also given that AB : BE = 1 : 3,
such that CDE is a tangent to the circle at D. ME and AC = 3 units, EF = 6 units, FD = 3 units and
chord AD intersect at F. MB = 2BC. CG = x units.
1.1 Complete the following statement :
A
The angle between the tangent and the chord at
the point of contact is equal to . . . (1) 3
B C

1.2 In the diagram, A, B, C, D and E are points on the x

M B
circumference of the circle such that AE | | BC. A C
3 1 2 1
BE and CD produced meet in F. GBH is a 2 G

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tangent to the circle at B. Bˆ = 68º and F̂ = 20º.
1 1
2 x E
F 3 4
2 6 D
3 F 3
G
1

A
D

A Calculate, giving reasons:

F E

T
E 20º 3.2.1 the length of CD (3)
1
3
ˆ = x, write down, with reasons, TWO other
2.1 If D
2 4
68º
angles each equal to x. (3) 3.2.2 the value of x (4)
1 2
B 3 1 3.2.3 the length of BC (5)
2.2 Prove that CM is a tangent at M to the circle
4 2 D area ΔABC
passing through M, E and D. (4) 3.2.4 the value of (5) [23]
area ΔGFD
2.3 Prove that FMBD is a cyclic quadrilateral. (3)

2.4 Prove that DC2 = 5BC2. (3)

C
2.5 Prove that ΔDBC | | | ΔDFM. (4)
H
DM
2.6 Hence, determine the value of . (2) [19]
FM

Determine the size of each of the following:

1.2.1 Eˆ 1 (2) 3.1 In the diagram, points D A

and E lie on sides AB
1.2.2 Bˆ 3 (1) and AC respectively of
ΔABC such that DE | | BC. D E
1.2.3 ˆ
D (2) Use Euclidean Geometry
1
methods to prove the
1.2.4 Eˆ 2 (1) theorem which states
AD AE B C
that = .
1.2.5 Ĉ (2) [9] DB EC (6)

Copyright © The Answer Series 4

 2.4 Let BC = a ; then MB = 2a 3.2.2 CG = x ; so GD = 9 - x
GRADE 12: MEMOS â MD = 2a . . . radii 9-x
In DAE : = 3 . . . prop. thm. ; AE || GF
ˆ = 90º
In MDC : MDC . . . radius  tangent x+3 6
â 54 - 6x = 3x + 9
â DC2 = MC2 - MD2 . . . Theorem of Pythagoras
1.1 . . . the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate â - 9x = - 45
segment. = (3a)2 - (2a)2
â x = 5 
= 9a2 - 4a2
1.2.1 Eˆ 1 = Bˆ 1 . . . tan chord theorem = 5a2
3.2.3 In s ABC and AED
= 68º  = 5BC2 
(1) Â is common
1.2.2 Bˆ 3 = Eˆ 1 . . . alt. øs ; AE || BC 2.5 In s DBC and DFM ˆ = Ê
(2) ABC . . . corr. øs ; BC || ED
= 68º  (1) Bˆ = Fˆ . . . ext ø of c.q. FMBD
1 2
â ABC ||| AED . . . equiangular  s
1.2.3 ˆ = Bˆ
D . . . ext. ø of cyclic quad. ˆ = D
(2) D ˆ . . . both = x

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â BC = AB
1 3 4 2
. . . |||  s
= 68º  s ED AE
â DBC ||| DFM  . . . equiangular 
p
1.2.4 Eˆ 2 = D
ˆ + 20º
1 . . . ext. ø of  â BC =
9 4p
= 88º  2.6 â DM = DC . . . |||  s
FM BC

A
% 9) â BC = 9 units 
1.2.5 Ĉ = 180º - Eˆ 2 . . . opp. øs of cyclic quad. = 5 BC
. . . see 2.4
4
= 92º  BC
1 ˆ
AC . BC sin ACB
= 5  area of ABC 2
3.2.4 =

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area of GFD 1 ˆ
DG . DF sin D
2.1 Â = x . . . tan chord theorem A 2
ˆ = x 3.1 Construction :
D 2 . . . øs opp. equal sides 1
. 3 . 94 . sin Dˆ
Join DC and EB = 2
. . . corr. øs ; BC || ED
and heights h and h′
1
2
. 4 . 3 . sin Dˆ
2.2 h′ h
E
D
9
Proof : 4
1
AD . h =
area of ADE 2 4
M B =
A C area of DBE 1
DB . h 9
3 1 2 1 2 B C = 
2 16
= AD
1 2
x . . . equal heights
F3 2 4 DB
3 1 . p . 3 . sin Aˆ
OR : area of ABC = = 1
1
D 1
AE . h 2
& area of ADE = 2
= AE . . . equal heights area of AED 1 . 4 p . 12 . sin Aˆ 16
E area of EDC 1
EC . h EC 2
4
2
ˆ = Aˆ + D
ˆ same base DE &
M1 2 . . . ext. ø of 
But, area of DBE = area of EDC . . . betw. same || lines, â area of ABC = 1 area of AED ... –
16
= 2x i.e. same height
â area of ADE = area of ADE
ˆ = 90º - 2x
â M . . . ME  AC area of DBE area of EDC
2 1
. 4 . 3 . sin Dˆ
ˆ = 90º . . . radius MD  tangent CDE â AD = AE  & area of GFD = 2
= 1
& MDE DB EC area of AED 1
. 12 . 9 . sin Dˆ 9
2
â Ê = 2x . . . sum of øs in MED 3 3
3.2.1 Let AB = p ; then BE = 3p
ˆ = Ê
â M1 â area of GFD = 1 area of AED ... —
CD 3p 9
In AED : = . . . proportion thm; BC || ED
â CM is a tangent at M to ?MED  . . . converse tan chord 3 p
theorem A 1
% 3) â CD = 9 units  area of AED
2.3 ˆ
ADB = 90º . . . ø in semi-?
p 3 –  — : â area of ABC = 16
1
B C area of GFD area of AED
9
ˆ
& M3 = 90º . . . ME  AC x
= 9 
3p

â M ˆ
ˆ = ADB G 16
3
E
â FMBD is a cyclic quad  . . . converse ext. ø of cyclic quad 6 D
F 3

Copyright © The Answer Series 5

ACCEPTABLE REASONS: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S) THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)

LINES If two sides and an included angle of one triangle are
respectively equal to two sides and an included angle of SAS OR SøS
The adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary. øs on a str line another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
If the adjacent angles are supplementary, the outer arms If two angles and one side of one triangle are respectively
adj øs supp
of these angles form a straight line. equal to two angles and the corresponding side in another AAS OR øøS
The adjacent angles in a revolution add up to 360º. øs round a pt OR øs in a rev triangle, the triangles are congruent.

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Vertically opposite angles are equal. vert opp øs = If in two right angled triangles, the hypotenuse and one
side of one triangle are respectively equal to the
If AB || CD, then the alternate angles are equal. alt øs; AB || CD RHS OR 90ºHS
hypotenuse and one side of the other, the triangles are
If AB || CD, then the corresponding angles are equal. corresp øs; AB || CD congruent.

A
If AB || CD, then the co-interior angles are supplementary. co-int øs; AB || CD The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a
triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half the Midpt Theorem
If the alternate angles between two lines are equal, then
alt øs = length of the third side.
the lines are parallel.

T
The line drawn from the midpoint of one side of a triangle, line through midpt || to 2nd
If the corresponding angles between two lines are equal, parallel to another side, bisects the third side. side
corresp øs =
then the lines are parallel.
A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the line || one side of Δ OR
If the co-interior angles between two lines are
co-int øs supp other two sides proportionally. prop theorem; name || lines
supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same line divides two sides of Δ in
TRIANGLES proportion, then the line is parallel to the third side. prop
ø sum in Δ OR sum of øs If two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding
The interior angles of a triangle are supplementary.
OR int øs in Δ sides are in proportion (and consequently the triangles are ||| Δs OR equiangular Δs
similar).
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
ext øs of Δ
interior opposite angles. If the corresponding sides of two triangles are
proportional, then the triangles are equiangular (and Sides of Δ in prop
The angles opposite the equal sides in an isosceles
øs opp equal sides consequently the triangles are similar).
triangle are equal.
If triangles (or parallelograms) are on the same base (or on
The sides opposite the equal angles in an isosceles same base; same height OR
sides opp equal øs bases of equal length) and between the same parallel lines,
triangle are equal. equal bases; equal height
then the triangles (or parallelograms) have equal areas.
In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is Pythagoras OR
equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Theorem of Pythagoras QUADRILATERALS

If the square of the longest side in a triangle is equal to the Converse Pythagoras The interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360º. sum of øs in quad
sum of the squares of the other two sides then the triangle OR Converse Theorem of The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel. opp sides of ||m
is right-angled. Pythagoras
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel, then
If three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to opp sides of quad are ||
SSS the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
three sides of another triangle, the triangles are congruent. Continued on The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length. opp sides of ||m
next page.

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 THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S) THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, then the opp sides of quad are = OR The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is
øat centre = 2 % ø at
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. converse opp sides of a parm double the size of the angle subtended by the same arc at
circumference
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. opp øs of ||m the circle (on the same side of the chord as the centre)
øs in semi circle OR
opp øs of quad are = OR The angle subtended by the diameter at the circumference
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal then the diameter subtends right angle
converse opp angles of a of the circle is 90º.
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. OR ø in ½ ?
parm
If the angle subtended by a chord at the circumference of chord subtends 90º OR
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. diag of ||m
the circle is 90°, then the chord is a diameter. converse ∠s in semi circle
diags of quad bisect each
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then Angles subtended by a chord of the circle, on the same
other OR øs in the same seg

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the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. side of the chord, are equal.
converse diags of a parm
If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles
If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal line subtends equal øs OR
pair of opp sides = and || at two points on the same side of the line segment, then
and parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. converse øs in the same seg
the four points are concyclic.

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The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect its area. diag bisect area of ||m
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference
equal chords; equal øs
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect at right angles. diags of rhombus of the circle.
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the interior angles. diags of rhombus Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle. equal chords; equal øs

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All four sides of a rhombus are equal in length. sides of rhombus Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the equal circles; equal chords;
circumference of the circles. equal øs
All four sides of a square are equal in length. sides of square
Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the equal circles; equal chords;
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal in length. diags of rect
centre of the circles. equal øs
The diagonals of a kite intersect at right-angles. diags of kite
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are
A diagonal of a kite bisects the other diagonal. diag of kite opp øs of cyclic quad
supplementary
A diagonal of a kite bisects the opposite angles. diag of kite If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary opp øs quad supp OR
then the quadrilateral is cyclic. converse opp øs of cyclic quad
CIRCLES
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the tan ⊥ radius ext ø of cyclic quad
interior opposite angle.
radius/diameter of the circle at the point of contact. tan ⊥ diameter
If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the
If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius/diameter at the line ⊥ radius OR ext ø = int opp ø OR
interior opposite angle of the quadrilateral, then the
point where the radius/diameter meets the circle, then the converse tan ⊥ radius OR converse ext ø of cyclic quad
quadrilateral is cyclic.
line is a tangent to the circle. converse tan ⊥ diameter
Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point Tans from common pt OR
The line drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint line from centre to midpt of outside the circle are equal in length. Tans from same pt
of a chord is perpendicular to the chord. chord
The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord
The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to drawn from the point of contact is equal to the angle in the tan chord theorem
line from centre ⊥ to chord
a chord bisects the chord. alternate segment.
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the If a line is drawn through the end-point of a chord, making
perp bisector of chord converse tan chord theorem
centre of the circle. with the chord an angle equal to an angle in the alternate
OR ø between line and chord
segment, then the line is a tangent to the circle.

Copyright © The Answer Series 7

 PROBLEM-SOLVING: An Active Approach

AS
A Be Active . . .
ACT!

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C Use all the Clues/Triggers

T Recall the Theory systematically

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A Be Active . . .

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Mark all the information on the drawing:

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 equal or parallel sides

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 equal øs

 right øs

 radii

 diameter

 tangents

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C Use all the Clues/Triggers . . .
The information provides clues to facts.

 Intersecting lines  adj. suppl. & vert. opp. øs ; øs about a point

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 Parallel lines  alternate, corresponding & co-interior øs or Proportion theorem

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 Equal radii or tangents (in triangles)  øs opposite equal sides

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 Equal chords  equal øs
There are 3 theorems in ? geometry
 90º angle  the Theorem of Pythagoras, or:
which involve right angles.

line from centre ⊥ chord ; diameter  ø in semi-? = 90º ; diameter ⊥ tangent

 Triangles  sum of the interior øs = 180º ; exterior ø of Δ ; equilateral Δs ;

isosceles Δs ; congruency ; similarity ; Theorem of Pythagoras

 Quadrilaterals  sum of the interior øs of a quadrilateral = 360º ; types & properties of all quads
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T Recall the Theory systematically . . .

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Previous Geometry

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Revise previous geometry under the headings:

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 Angles
 Lines
 Triangles
 Quadrilaterals

Circle Geometry

Recall and apply the facts by group.

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 IMPORTANT ADVICE FOR MASTERING MATHS

Don't focus on what you haven't done in the past. ™ WORK FOCUS
Put that behind you and start today! Give it your all – it is well worth it! Don't worry about marks! Just focus on the work and the marks will take care
of themselves.
– TIMETABLE / PLANNING Worrying is tiring and time-wasting and gets in the way of your progress!
■ Draw up a timetable of study times. Your marks will gradually improve if you work consistently.

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■ Revise your schedule from time to time to ensure optimum focus and
awareness of time. š YOUR APPROACH
Motivation will not be a problem once you've done this, The most important thing of all is to remain positive. Some times will be

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because you will see that you need to use every minute! tough, some exams WILL BE TOUGH, but in the end, your results will reflect
all the effort that you have put in.
— ROUTINE

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■ Despair can destroy your Mathematics
Routine is really important. Start early in the morning, at the same time every
Mathematics should be taken on as a continual challenge (or not at all!).
day, and don't work beyond 11 at night.
Teach your ego to suffer the 'knocks' which it may receive – like a poor
Arrange some 1 hour and some 2 hour sessions on test result. Instead of being negative about your mistakes (e.g. 'I'll never
particular subjects. be able to do these sums'), learn from them. As you address each one,
Schedule more difficult pieces of work for early in the day they will help you to understand the work and do better next time!
and easier bits for later when you're tired.
■ Work with a friend occasionally.
Reward yourself with an early night now and again! Discussing Mathematics makes it alive and enjoyable.
Allow some time for physical exercise – at least ½ hour a
day. Any sport or walking, jogging (or skipping when it rains)
will improve your concentration. › A GREAT GENERAL STUDY TIP

■ Don't just read through work!

˜ 'NO-NO'S' ■ Study a section and then, on your own, write down all you can remember.
Limit the time you spend Knowing that you're going to do this makes you study in a logical, alert
way.
■ on your phone
■ at the television ■ You're then only left to learn the few things which you left out.

■ on Facebook and any other social networks ■ This applies to all subjects. In this text, read the explanations very
carefully and actively, trying all worked examples yourself first as you
■ in the sun
master each topic.
All these activities break down your commitment, ■ A subject like Maths also requires you to practise and apply the concepts
focus and energy. regularly.
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œ ABOUT THE MATHS ž THE EXAMS
■ Try each problem on your own first – no matter how inadequately – Finally, for the exams themselves, make sure you have all you need (e.g. your
before consulting the answer. It is only by encountering the difficulties calculator, ruler, etc.) and don't allow yourself to be upset by panicking friends.
which you personally have that you will be able, firstly, to pin-point them, Plan your time in the exam well – allowing some time to check at the end.
and then, secondly, to understand and rectify them and then make sure Whatever you do, don't allow yourself to get stuck on any difficult issues in the
you don't make them again!! exam. Move on, and rather come back to problem questions if you have time
left. If you're finding an exam difficult, just continue to do your absolute best
■ Learn to keep asking yourself 'why'? right until the end! Partial answers can earn marks.
It is when you learn to REASON that you really start enjoying Maths and,
quite coincidentally, start doing well at it!!

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Answers are by no means the most important thing in Mathematics.
When you've done a problem, don't be satisfied only to check the answer. We wish you the best of luck in your studies and hope that this book
will be the key to your success – enjoy it!!

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Check also on your layout and reasoning (logic). Systematic, to-the-point,
logical and neat presentation is very important. The Answer Series Maths Team

■ Revise earlier work as often as possible. Set up a revision plan with at

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least one session a week for this purpose. Familiarity is the key to success
in Maths!

 EXAM PREPARATION
The best way to prepare for your exam is to start early – in fact, on the
first day of the year!!! Working past papers is excellent preparation for any
exam – and The Answer Series provides these – but, only when you're ready.
Focus on WORKING ON ONE TOPIC AT A TIME first. It is the most effective
way to improve, particularly as you will build up your confidence this way. PLEASE NOTE:
The Answer Series provides thorough topic treatment for all subjects, These Geometry materials (Booklets 1 to 4) were created
enabling you to cover all aspects of each topic, from the basics to the top and produced by The Answer Series Educational Publishers
level questions. Thereafter, working past papers is a worthwhile and (Pty) (Ltd) to support the teaching and learning of Geometry
rewarding exercise. in high schools in South Africa.

They are freely available to anyone who wishes to use them.

This material may not be sold (via any channel) or used for
profit-making of any kind.

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 GRADES 8 - 12
ALL MAJOR SUBJECTS IN
ENGLISH & AFRIKAANS

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