Folk Dance Collections and Folk Dance Research in Denmark and the Færoe Islands

Author(s): Lisbet Torp and Anca Giurchescu

Source: Yearbook for Traditional Music, Vol. 25, Musical Processes in Asia and Oceania
(1993), pp. 126-135
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 FOLK DANCE COLLECTIONS AND FOLK DANCE
RESEARCH IN DENMARK AND
THE FAEROE ISLANDS

by Lisbet Torp and Anca Giurchesc

Introduction
The aim of this article is to present a survey of the developmen
stage of dance studies in Denmark. The presentation focus
and publications of scholarly work and on collections concern
social dance. Thus, otherwise important studies on historical
reconstruction, Bournonville tradition and dance in educa
sporadically mentioned below and are generally not listed in th
As the development of dance ethnology in Denmark is close
that of ethnomusicology, the present article supplements the p
by Henrik Koudal.
The Period Before 1900
Very little is known about the dances of the Middle Ages in
We do know, however, that chain and round dances were com
they were performed both to vocal and instrumental accomp
earliest iconographic source for the performance of linked ch
Denmark is the so-called Orslev Fresco which dates from
1350. The fresco shows a group of nine dancers, men and wom
to the music of a trumpet-like instrument played by an animal
concerning the dances of this time are the medieval ballad
From 1500 onwards, couple dances became more popular among
European noble families at the expense of the medieval group dances in
linked formation. Toward the end of the 16th century, couple dances
imported from France and Germany and taught by dancing masters largely
formed the repertoire at the Danish court and among the noble families.
According to sources from about 1750, the most popular social dances in
Copenhagen at that time were minuets and so-called English and Polish
dances. From the beginning of the 19th century, various types of waltzes
became the most popular dances in these social circles, and from there they
spread throughout the country. During the first part of the 19th century,
another couple dance, the Hamburger, apparently gained great popularity.
During the second half of the century this dance was replaced in many locales
by the similar polka.
From the introduction of couple dances around 1500 to the end of the
19th century, almost nothing is written about dances and dancing of the
peasantry. However, attempts throughout the 19th century to establish a
particular Danish national identity, also resulted in an increasing interest
in dances of the peasants. Hence, Danske Folke-Sange og Melodier (Danish Folk
Songs and Melodies) from 1842 by A.P. Berggreen includes 52 dance tunes
collected from peasants in various regions of the country. Although Berggreen
was mainly a collector of folk songs, this work also provides descriptions

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TORP/GIURCHESCU RESEARCH IN DENMARK AND THE FAEROES / 127

of some dances as well as useful first-hand information on or

and distribution. (See also Koudal, in this volume.)
The Period 1900-1970
Associations, institutions and research
The first attempts to systematically collect dances of the peasantry were
made around 1900 by Andreas Otterstr6m. Inspired by the visit of the first
Swedish folk dance association, Philochoros, to Copenhagen in 1899,
Otterstr6m, who was an adult-school principal, began collecting dances,
dance melodies and costumes. In 1901, Foreningen til Folkedansens Fremme (Th
Association for the Advancement of Folk Dancing) was established. During
the following decades, the association was responsible for the collection of
numerous dances and their music, as well as for the collection and recon-
struction of various costumes of the peasants. Dances and their music were
published in a series of booklets meant as manuals for folk dance teachers
throughout the country. Since the archives of the association were unti
recently not accessible to the public, these publications, although questioned
by some dance specialists, came to function as the sole authoritative source
in the revival movement. The comprehensive archives, which comprise
approximately 2000 dance descriptions and about 1500 dance tunes from
all over the country (including local variants) are now kept at the Danish
Folklore Archives in Copenhagen. Foreningen til Folkedansens Fremme inspired
a number of similar local associations, and in 1929 together they established
the national association Danske Folkedansere (Danish Folk Dancers).
Danske Folkedansere has until recently largely defined its repertoire as those
dances performed by the peasantry from approximately 1750-1850, which
corresponds to the time period chosen concerning the costumes. Today, a
discussion regarding the scientific validity of this delimitation has finally
begun within the association together with an increasing insight into what
dance is and how it can be documented.
Although it was and still is the aim of the various folk dance associa
to maintain the "old dances", the ways and the attitudes in which this
is pursued differ. From 1928 and to approximately 1945 a numb
alternative folk dance associations named Selskabelige Foreninger til Bev
afgamle Danse (Social Associations for the Preservation of Old Dances),
also known as Gammeldanseforeninger (Old Dance Associations),
established. The attitude of the Gammeldanseforeninger has been less rig
than that of Danske Folkedansere, which results in a mixed repertoire
traditional dances and various fashion dances of the 1930s and 40s. As
opposed to the practice in the other associations mentioned above, dances
are learned in the Gammeldansforeninger only through participation, and wit
no instruction. The members do not perform in public and they do not danc
in traditional costumes. As of winter 1992, very few of these Gammeldanse-
foreninger are still active, and within those that function the average age of
the members is around seventy.
At Dansk Folkemindesamling (The Danish Folklore Archives) dance studies
were carried out by the ethnomusicologists Hjalmar Thuren (1873-1912
and Hakon Griiner-Nielsen (1881-1953) as part of their musicological
research during the first three decades of the 20th century (see also Kouda

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128 / 1993 YEARBOOK FOR TRADITIONAL MUSIC

above). Thuren's book Folkesangen paa Fcerderne (The Folk Song in

Islands) from 1908 is not only an important work regarding
traditions of the Faroes, it is also the first study in Denmark
scientific approach to dance in general. It represents, in addition
descriptions, information on context, analyses of song and dance re
as well as placing the song chain dance typical of the Faeroe Is
European historical perspective by comparing it to similar mediev
of France, Germany, and England.
Griiner-Nielsen followed the same trends in his works Vore celdste F
Langdans og Polskdans (Our oldest Folk Dances, Langdans and
and Folkelig Vals (Popular Waltz) from 1917 and 1920, respectively
Nielsen's contribution is significant in that he describes the r
traditional contexts in which these dance genres were performed
regions and places them in a European perspective by including c
sources. However, from Griiner-Nielsen's death until Morten Lev
his report on a dance event in S6nderho (on the island of Fan6
it appears that nothing concerning dance was done at the arc
general, the documentation and research at Dansk Folkemindesam
its establishment in 1904 until the 1960s was mainly on the D
Faeroese ballads, popular religious songs, and instrumental dan
Outside of Dansk Folkemindesamling, Tvermose Thyregod s
mentioned for his work on song-games (see Koudal p. 120) and Ra
and Klaus Vedel for their editing of the work Folkedansen i Danm
Dance in Denmark) (see Koudal p. 121).
The Period 1970-1991
Institutions and associations
Dansk Dansehistorisk Arkiv (The Danish Dance History Archive) was created
in 1978 on the initiative of Henning Urup. Its purpose is to collect a
comprehensive stock of written and audio-visual documentary materials
(registered in the DANDOK-data base), in order to stimulate and support
research in the following spheres of dance and dance forms: folk dance, social
dance, classical and modern ballet. The archives organize scientific sessions
dedicated to the study of historical dance, Bournonville tradition, folk dance,
dance notation, and dance analysis. Since 1981 Dansk Dansehistorisk Arkiv
published a journal, Meddelelserfra Dansk Dansehistorisk Arkiv (Information
from the Danish Dance History Archive), which carries articles on dance
research and information about the activities in general. Access to the archive
is obtained through Henning Urup.
Although Dansk Folkemindesamling (The Danish Folklore Archives) have
no appointed dance specialists, there is an interest in the collection and
documentation of dance, and in the support of outside projects (see also under
research below).
Nordisk Foreningfor Folkedanseforskning (The Nordic Society for Folk Dance
Research) was established in 1977 by representatives from each of the Nordic
countries. Its purpose is to coordinate and support inter-Nordic comparative
studies, to establish a common Nordic dance terminology, and to organize
seminars. The association publishes its results in an annual journal (Brev)
(see also under research below).

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TORP/GIURCHESCU RESEARCH IN DENMARK AND THE FAEROES / 129

Nordisk Forum for Danseforskning, NOFOD (The Nordic Foru

Research) was established in 1990. It is an umbrella organization
an institutional framework for collaborative research on all for
including the dance process and theatrical dance. Under the
Erik Aschengreen and Henning Urup, the Danish section o
organized several seminars on dance. The following topic
addressed: "Documentation in Dance Research" (1988), "Dan
(1989), and, in 1990, a symposium with several themes: "Da
"Reconstruction", "Aesthetics", "Education in Dance", "Dance Move-
ment Notation", and "Dance Ethnology" (NOFOD 1991).
Education
From 1972-82, Danmarks Larerhdjskole (The Royal Danish Academy for
Educational Studies) offered practical and methodological courses in folk
dance, (taught by Lisbet Torp) for primary and secondary school teachers
as a part of their in-service-training at the department of music.
In 1989, Aesthetics and History of Dance became a subject of higher education
at the University of Copenhagen-Amager, with the following courses: The
History of Ballet; Aesthetics and Criticism; Dance Technique (modern dance
and classical ballet); and an additional free subject. Until today, dance
ethnology has not been included as a separate subject. The founder and
director is the ballet historian and dance critic Erik Ashengreen.
International Folk Dancing and Danish Folk Dance Revival
Towards the end of the 1960s so-called international folk dancing became
quite popular in Denmark. Workshops were organized and folk dance clubs
established for the learning of Balkan, Spanish, Irish, Scottish, and American
dances. During the 1970s an increasing interest in Danish folk dances also
emerged as part of a general folk music revival (see also Koudal). Dance
workshops in Denmark and abroad, and courses with foreign teachers and
lecturers contributed to the development of interest in the subject, and to
increased competence of a large body of practitioners from which some of
the present dance researchers originate. This in turn led to numerous
publications of a pedagogical nature. Among those involved in the publi-
cation of dance teaching materials were music and dance pedagogues such
as Hanna Asmussen and Rickey Holden, Claus J6rgensen, Ejnar Kampp,
and Svend Hamborg.
Research

Since 1979 video and sound recordings have become an integral part of
the field research activities of Dansk Folkemindesamling. This was initiated by
ethnomusicologist and archivist Svend Nielsen, in collaboration with Anders
Christensen, Sven E. Ottosen, Judy Ryslander Schomacker (all of whom
were students at the Department of Folklore at Copenhagen University),
and others, such as Henning Urup and Niels J6rn Ostergaard. The focus
of this work is to document dance as part of an uninterrupted tradition in
various social contexts, where the presence of active musicians has been a
precondition for the preservation of the local dance tradition. To record
regional differences in dance repertoire and its performance, research has
been conducted, both in purposely organized and spontaneous dance

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130 / 1993 YEARBOOK FOR TRADITIONAL MUSIC

gatherings, in Jutland (particularly in Thy and West Jylland), but

other parts of Denmark and in the Faeroe Islands. The collection co
135 video tapes (Christensen 1991).
Another research project of the Dansk Folkemindesamling, condu
Svend Nielsen, focused on "clapping-songs", and on song-dances and
as performed at Indre Mission's (The Home Mission) meetings, i
yards, etc. (Nielsen 1981, 1984 plus altogether 25 video tapes). In add
to its interest in Danish dance traditions, Dansk Folkemindesamling also
dance research on non-Danish dance traditions (see below).
In 1979, dance historian and musicologist Henning Urup beg
historical inqiury within the framework of Dansk Dansehistorisk Arkiv o
Dancing Schools between 1900 and 1960, focusing on their rol
development of dance in Denmark. In 1984, this theme was exte
a still ongoing and more comprehensive project: Dance in Denmark,
deals with the dance-music relationship and the development of
interrelationship among different dance forms in Denmark. Under
guidance, research on various types of dances performed around
being carried out by a study group on Historical Dance. The study i
on written music, dance descriptions, and iconography. In addition, H
Urup is working on the interpretation of documentary sources by
the method of historical dance and music reconstruction (Urup 198
A bibliography on dance in Denmark was published in 1982 by He
Urup as part of a Nordic Folk Dance Bibliography prepared by
Foreningfor Folkedansforskning (The Nordic Society for Folk Dance R
Within the same framework, two other research projects: Gammeldans i
(The "Old Time Dances" in the Nordic Countries) and Valsen i D
(The Waltz in Denmark) were carried out through a sustained collab
between the Nordic countries. The Danish contributions by Henning
(coordinator), Gertrud Weensgaard, Anders Christensen, and
Ottosen should be mentioned here. The first project was a typo
systematization of a common Northern dance "family" ("standard"
of the 19th century such as waltz, polka, mazurka, etc.), base
comparative analysis of their structure and form. The project Valsen i D
aimed to study this dance form from the perspective of its characterist
diffusion, and historical evolution at a local scale, and finally on a N
cross-cultural level.
The Danish National Committee of the ICTM, named Dansk Selskab for
Traditional Musik og Dans (The Danish Association for Traditional Music
and Dance) was established in 1981 with the purpose of offering a forum
for scientific discussions and studies of traditional music and dance in various
cultures. The activities, in which dance ethnology is well represented, include
public lectures, debates and seminars (see ICTM Bulletins from 1987 and
1990).
In addition to the common projects, independent research has been
conducted on such themes as: determination of dance types such as Polka
(Christensen 1981), Polsk (Urup 1975), Waltz (Urup 1983, 1988), Trippevals
(Ottosen 1987), Seksture and Trekanter (Christensen 1981), the relationship
between dance and music (Urup 1975), the dance in context, Gammeldanse-
foreninger i Danmark (Ryslander 1985), the role of musicians for the preser-
vation and diffusion of a dance tradition (Urup 1980, Gade 1981).

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TORP/GIURCHESCU RESEARCH IN DENMARK AND THE FAEROES / 131

The Faroe Islands

Astri Luihn has studied the relationship between music and dance in the
Faeroe Islands which resulted in her work Fdroyskur Dansur. Studier i sangdans-
tradisjonen pa Fardyene (Faeroese Dances. Studies of the Song Dance Tradition
in the Faeroe Islands, 1980). In 1981, dance ethnologist Lisbet Torp (see
below) conducted interviews about dance in context in the Faeroe Islands,
copies of which are kept at Dansk Folkemindesamling (5 tapes).
In 1983, Svend Nielsen conducted field research in the Faeroe Islands
(Suderoy, Str6moy, Nolsoy, and Sandoy Islands) in cooperation with Bjirni
S6rensen. This work resulted in 15 video tapes documenting the song-dance
tradition at a number of dance events, with additional interviews.
Research outside Denmark
Some Danish researchers have mainly concentrated on dance cultures
outside of Denmark.
Lisbet Torp, dance ethnologist and musician, was active in the inter-
national folk dance movement in Denmark during the 1970s, her main
interest being the chain and round dances. Since 1976, she has conducted
fieldwork in the Balkan countries in general, and in Greece and Bulgari
in particular, where she has studied and documented dance in ritual and
traditional context. (All materials are kept in her private archives.) In 1990
she earned her Ph.D. (dr. habil.) at the Department of Folklore at the
University of Copenhagen on the basis of her work Chain and Round Dance
Patterns-a Methodfor Structural Analysis and Its Application to European Material
This work is the result of a highly theoretical approach that sees dance as
patterned movement. Her current project has primarily a sociologica
perspective. It deals with Greek urban music, lyrics, and dance as performed
during the first half of the 20th century within the so-called Rebetika milieu
After 26 years of dance research at the Institute of Ethnography and
Folklore in Bukarest (Romania), dance ethnologist Anca Giurchescu settled
in Denmark in 1980. In her work, she bridges the East European structural
approach to the Western anthropological perspective on dance. Thus, with
support from the Danish Research Council for the Humanities, she studied
dance as a means of communication in contemporary social context, and
the use of dance as a symbol for political power legitimation (1985, 1987).
Since 1986, she has conducted research in collaboration with Dansk Folke-
mindesamling on the role of dancing among the Vlachs of North-East Serbia
who settled in Denmark. Her current project concerns the study of
relationships between Romanian-Hungarian dance traditions in mixed
villages of Transylvania in Romania. The complex documentation, including
46 video tapes on Vlach dance events and rituals and 12 on Romanian an
Hungarian dances, is kept at Dansk Folkemindesamling.
The American dance ethnologist William C. Reynolds, who settled in
Denmark in 1980, has carried out theoretical and methodological studies
on various systems of dance notation with focus on Labanotation and on
the process of improvisation (1989). His current projects involve dance
iconography, dance structural analysis, and the history of Danish dance
tradition. He is editor of the ICTM Study Group on Ethnochoreology
Newsletter.

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132 / 1993 YEARBOOK FOR TRADITIONAL MUSIC

Ethnomusicologist Birthe Trarup, associate professor at the Insti

Musicology, University of Copenhagen, used film and sound recor
document dancing at weddings in Gora (Kosovo) as part of her
research on music of this region (see Koudal p. 124).
The American ethnomusicologist Jane Mink Rossen, who se
Denmark in 1962, did her main research on the Polynesian musical t
found on Bellona Islands. On the basis of this work, she earned he
(dr. habil.) in 1987 with the book Songs of Bellona Islands (see Kouda
In this context, she also studied and recorded the dances of Bellona and
their relationship to the accompanying songs (Rossen 1981a and 1981b).
Since 1975, Elisabeth Sarah Nielsen has conducted research on European,
Arabic and African dance performance. From 1984-90, she worked on her
dissertation on the dances of the Massai people of Tanzania. Presently, she
is involved with. a study on Ethnic Performance, Culture and Identity.
Conclusion
In conclusion it can be said that dance research in Denmark has
contributed to the general development of dance theory and m
Nevertheless, we can only regret that the field of dance is not int
into the studies of anthropology, ethnology, folklore, and musicolog
universities in Denmark. Although Dansk Folkemindesamling (The D
Folklore Archives) supports dance research, until now there is no p
dedicated to the study of dance. However, the archives have
compensate for this situation through cooperation with dance speciali
outside the archives. The result is that most of the dance research carried
out during the last forty years has been done outside institutional framework,
however, since the end of the 1970s, research projects on dance have regularly
been grant-aided by The Danish Research Council for the Humanities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

This selected bibliography is divided into three groups:

1) Written source publications: Denmark and the Faeroe Islands.
2) Research: Denmark and the Faeroe Islands.
3) Research: The rest of the world (except Greenland).

Written source publications: Denmark and the Faeroe Islands

Christensen, Anders
1989 "De sidste 10 ars danseindsamling med video ved Dansk Folkeminde
last 10 years' Video Documentation of Dance by the Danish Folklore Archiv
Forening for Folkdansforskning Brev 12: 5-10.
Demuth, Karen Marie and Thorkild
1979 Mando, Trindans-bryllupsskikke, danse-sange [Mandd, Trindans-Wedding Customs,
Dances-Songs]. Seem Gamle Skoles Forlag.
Foreningen til Folkedansens Fremme
1901-79 19 booklets with dance descriptions and music from Bornholm, Fyn og Oerne, Hardsyssel,
Lolland- Falster, Mors og Thy, Mdn, PrastdAmt, Randersegnen, Sjalland, Vejle Vesteregn,
Vendsyssel og Lasd, Himmerland, Sailing, Sdnderjylland og Forskellige Egne. Copenhagen.
1991 Hdndbog over trin og udtryk i danskfolkedans [Handbook on Steps and Terminology in
Danish Folk Dance]. Copenhagen.
Griiner-Nielsen, Hakon, ed.
1924 "Larsdfolk i gamle dage. Folkelivsskildring efter trykte og utrykte kilder" [People from Laesd
in the old Times. A Folk-life description based on published and unpublished Sources].
Copenhagen.
1924 "Folkedanse" [Folk Dances]. In: Ibid., pp. 248-51.

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TORP/GIURCHESCU RESEARCH IN DENMARK AND THE FAEROES / 133

Kristiansen, K.P.
1893 Fortegnelse over folkelige Danse [Survey of Folk Dances]. AEr6.
Landsforeningen Danske Folkedansere
1979 Danske FolkedanseresJubilaumsskrift 1929-79 [Danish Folk Dancers' J
1929-79]. Salling.
Olsen, Christian
1923-28 Gamle Dansefra Nordvest-Sjalland, I-III [Old Dances from North-W
Torpelund pr. Eskelund.
Otterstrim, C.F.
1909 "Om optegnelse af Folkedans og "Foreningen til Folkdansens F
Dance Notation and "The Association for the Dissemination of Folk Dance"].
Danmarks Folkeminder 4: 72-79.
Petersen, Poul
1884 Danse Album [Dance Album]. Copenhagen.
Research: Denmark and the Faeroe Islands
Christensen, Anders
1981 "Nogle eldre polkaformer, som endnu kan ses i levende tradition i Danmark"
old Polka Forms which can still be witnessed in living Tradition in Denmar
Meddelelser fra Dansk Dansehistorisk arkiv 1: 56-61.
1991 "Seksture og Trekanter". In NOFOD Kollekolle Rapporten 1990, 47-52. Copenh
Nordisk Forum for Dansesforskning.
Gade, Viggo Balle and Sven E. Ottosen
1981 Viggo Balle Gade, Spillemand og Smed. Albertslund.
Griiner-Nielsen, Hakon
1917 Vore aldste Folkedanse, Langdans og Polskdans [Our oldest Folk Dances, Langdans
Polskdans]. Danmarks Folkeminder 16.
1920 Folkelig Vals [Popular Waltz]. Danmarks Folkeminder 22. (photo reprint Copen
1976).
1933 "Dans i Danmark" [Dance in Denmark]. Nordisk Kultur 24: 130-149.
Holm, Ralph and Klaus Vedel, eds.
1946 Folkedansen i Danmark [Folk Dance in Denmark]. Copenhagen: Forlaget "Vort Land".
Luihn, Astri
1980 Ldroyskur Dansur. Studier i sangdanstradisjonen pa Fatrdyene [Faeroese Dance. Studies of
the Song Dance Tradition on the Faroe Islands]. Trondheim: Radet for folkemusikk
og folkedans.
Ryslander, Judy
1985 "Gammeldanseforeniger i Danmark" [Gammeldans (Old Dance) Associations in
Denmark]. Meddelelser fra Dansk Dansehistorisk Arkiv 4: 45-60.
1987 "Spillemandsmusik og Laesdanse" [Dance music and Dances from Laes]. In
Museumsforeningen for Laso( 11-15, Laes.
Schomacker, Judy Ryslander
1991 "Folkelige dansemiljler i Kibenhavn" [Popular Dance Milieus in Copenhagen].
Meddelelserfra Dansk Dansehistorisk Arkiv 10: 20-30, Copenhagen.
Thuren, Hjalmar
1901 Dans og Kvaddigtning pa Farderne [Dance and Ballads in the Faroe Islands].
Copenhagen: Andr. Fred. Hist og Sin.
1902 "Tanz, Dichtung und Gesang auf den Fir6ern" [Dance, Poetry, and Song on the
Faroe Islands]. Sammelbiinde der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft 3: 222-69.
1908 Folkesangen paa Fard'erne [The Folksong in the Faroe Islands-with a Summary in
German]. (F.F. Publications Northern Series no. 2.) Copenhagen: Andr. Fred. Hist
& Sin.
Torp, Lisbet
1986 " 'Hip Hop Dances'-their adoption and function among boys in Denmark
1983-1984". Yearbook for Traditional Music 18: 29-36.
Urup, Henning
1975 "De danske 'Polsk-danse' belyst under anvendelse af komparativ koreog
analyseteknik" [The Danish 'Polish-dances' examined by use of Compara
Choreographic Analysis]. Musik &forskning 1: 80-94. (English summary.)

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134 / 1993 YEARBOOK FOR TRADITIONAL MUSIC

1980a "Danish Couple-dances in Folk Tradition". In Der iiltere Paartanz in Europa,

Konferenzbericht, 21-27. Stockholm: Arkivet f6r folklig dans, Dansmuseet.
1980b "Spillemandsmusik og folkedans i Danmark omkring 1979- vilkarenes indflydelse"
[Fiddler Music and Folk Dance in Denmark about 1979-Influence of the
Circumstances]. In Nordisk Musik och Musikvetenskap under 1970-talet, en kongressreport,
202-10. Gothenburg.
1981 "Danseskolevirksomhed i Danmark" [Dancing School Activities in Denmark].
Meddelelser fra Dansk Dansehistorisk Arkiv 1: 11-23.
1983 "Dance Research in Denmark". Dance Studies 7: 7-20.
1984 "Vals i Danmark og Valsen i norden" [Waltz in Denmark and the Waltz in
Scandinavia]. Meddelelserfra Dansk Dansehistorisk Arkiv 3: 14-24.
1985 "Historisk danseforskning-metodeproblemer og kildemateriale" [Problems
concerning Sources and Historical Dance Research]. Musik & Forskning 9: 5-26.
(English summary.)
1988 "Om valsens introduktion i Danmark" [On the Introduction of Waltz in Denmark].
Meddelelser fra Dansk Dansehistorisk Arkiv 7: 15-20.
Urup, Henning; Henry Sj6nberg, Egil Bakka, e.a.
1988 Gammeldans i Norden [Old-time Dances in Scandinavia]. Trondheim, Norway: Nordisk
forening for folkedansforskning.
1991 "Danserekonstruktion som dansehistorisk metode" (Dance Reconstruction, a method
for Dance History). In NOFOD Kollekolle Rapporten 1990: 111-121. Copenhagen:
Nordisk Forum for Danseforskning.
Weensgard, Gertrud
1988 "Vals i Norden-Danmark-Fyn" [Waltz in Scandinavia-Denmark-Funen
Island]. Meddelelser fra Dansk Dansehistorisk Arkiv 7: 32-49.

Research outside of Denmark (except Greenland)

Giurchescu, Anca (only works published after her settlement in Denmark)
1983 "The Process of Improvisation in Folk Dance". Dance studies 7: 21-56.
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TORP/GIURCHESCU RESEARCH IN DENMARK AND THE FAEROES / 135

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1988 "The Anastenaria (Nestinari) Ritual as Performed in the Village of Langadha,

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1990 Chain and Round Dance Patterns-A Method For Structural Analysis and Its Application to
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1991 "An Urban Milieu and Its Means of Expression: A Case Study of the Rebetika".
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1993 " 'It's All Greek to Me'. The Invention of Pan-Hellenic Dances-And Other National
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