SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

Design Data and Specifications SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

i) Material Properties
Steel strength, f y= 400 Mpa
Concrete strength, f 'c = 28 Mpa
Concrete density, ɤc = 2400 Kg/m3
Bituminous density, ɤb = 2250 Kg/m3
The modulus of elasticity of steel, Es = 200 Gpa
ii) Bridge Span and Support Dimensions
Clear span of the bridge,Cs = 10 m
Road way width Rw = 7.32 m
Additional Curb width Cw = 0.8 m
Curb depth Cd = 0.25 m
Abutment Width, Wrs = 0.4 m
Concrete posts and railings are used 2 2
Railing depth, Rd = 0.3 m
Railing width, Rww = 0.15 m
Post depth, Pd = 0.3 m
Post width, Pw = 0.3 m
Post height, Ph = 0.85 m
Post spacing ,Ps = 2.32 m
Thickness of Asphalt Layer = 75 mm
iii) Reinforcement Sizes
Diameter of main reinforcement = 32 mm
Diameter of distribution reinforcement = 16 mm
Diameter of temperature reinforcement = 12 mm
Diameter of stirrups= 6 mm

* Design Method: LRDF

iv) Current Construction Costs (Unit price)

Material Unit Unit Price
Reinforcing bars kg
Concrete m3
Formwork m2
Asphalt (bitumen) m3
Steel Pipe kg
Steel bearings pcs
Stone Masonry m3

Longitudinal section of a slab bridge

Cross Section of a Slab Bridge

Design Data
 Slab Bridge Design (10m of Clear Span) 26.752 Gpa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete)

1.Depth Determination
Minimum recommended depth for slabs with main reinforcement parallel to the traffic is:
D=1.2(S+3000)/30 ,where S= Cs+Wrs = 10.40 m (c/c spacing of the bridge)
530 D= 536.00 mm 10400 KN/m2
Thus, Use D =540mm 0.54 m 12.71 10400 0
540
Ec = 0.043ɤc1.5(fc')1/2 = 26.752 Gpa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete) 7
2. Equivalent Strip widths
Span=10400mm > 4600mm, therfore the longitudinal strip method for slab type bridge applies.
a) Interior Strip shear and
i) One lane loaded: multiple presence factor included 8920
E=Min(18,000 , 250+0.42(S*W)1/2) = 4295.278 mm (W=Rw+2Cw) 8920
where: W is the edge-to-edge width of the bridge

ii) Multiple lanes loaded 8920

Number of lanes loaded = int (7.32/3.6)=2 3255.794 4460
E=2100+0.12Sqrt(S*W) =3255.794 mm <W/NL(8920/2=4460mm) mm <W/NL(8920/2=4460mm)
3255.794
Use E = 3255.794 mm
Shear and moment per meter width of strip is critical for multiple lanes loaded because (4295.278 mm >3255.794 mm)
Equivalent Concentrated and distributed loads
Truck P1'= 35KN/3255.794mm = 10.75KN/m KN/m 35 10.750
Truck P2'= 145KN/3255.794mm = 44.536KN/m KN/m 145 44.536
Tandem P3'= 110KN/3255.794mm = 33.786KN/m KN/m 110 33.786 5.98 145.73
Lane W'= 9.3KN/m/3255.794mm = 2.856KN/m KN/m 9.3 2.856

b) Edge Strip 800 2727.897 1800.000 1.80

Longitudinal edge strip width for a line of wheels
E=distance from edge to face of barrier +300+1/2 strip width < 1800mm
E =800+300 +(1/2*3255.794) = 2727.897 mm
E=min (2727.897,1800)= 1800 mm

3. Influence Lines for shear force and bending moment

* Slab bridges shall be designed for all vehicular live loads specified in AASHTO Art. 3.6.1.2 including the lane load.

LIVE LOAD FORCE EFFECTS 0 1.04 2.08 3.12 4.16 5.2

0 1.04 2.08 3.12 4.16 5.2
a) Interior Strip
i) Influence Line for Moment (Truck Load) Rank 1 155.69
(Max. effect of truck load)
At position whereL1
X = 5.98 m, Mtr =145.729 KN-m/m (Max. effect
m2 of truck load) Mtr =145.729 KN-m/m
24
23 0
0.1 0 L2
1.04 10.40
9.36
m1
0.9360 -2.9340
m3
0.5060 m2 0
0
m3
0.5060 Mtr47.12520
22
21 0.125
0.15 1.3
1.56 9.10
8.84 1.1375
1.326 -2.625
-2.329 0.6
0.681 0
0 0.6 66.37549
0.681 57.1097
20
19 0.175
0.2 1.82
2.08 8.58
8.32 1.5015
1.664 -2.046
-1.776 0.749
0.804 0
0 0.749
0.804 74.92255
82.7509
18
17 0.225
0.25 2.34
2.6 8.06
7.80 1.8135
1.95 -1.519
-1.275 0.846
0.875 0
0 0.846 96.25145
0.875 89.86054
16
15 0.275
0.3 2.86
3.12 7.54
7.28 2.0735
2.184 -1.044
-0.826 0.891
0.894 0
0 0.891 106.8771
0.894 101.9236
14
13 0.325
0.35 3.38
3.64 7.02
6.76 2.2815
2.366 -0.621
-0.429 0.884
0.861 0
09.3/E 0.884 111.1119
0.861 117.4253
114.6279
12
11 0.375
0.4 3.9
4.16 6.50
6.24 2.4375
2.496 -0.25
-0.084 0.825
0.776 0
0 0.825
0.776 123.9367
119.5039
10
9 0.425
0.45 4.42
4.68 5.98
5.72 2.5415
2.574 0.069
0.209 0.714
0.639 0.069
0.209 0.714
0.639 130.8129
8
7 0.475
0.5 4.94
5.2 5.46
5.20 2.5935
2.6 0.336
0.45 0.551
0.45 0.336
0.45 0.551 136.3915
6
3 0.525
0.55 5.46
5.72 4.94
4.68 2.5935
2.574 0.551
0.639 0.336
0.209 0.551
0.639 0.336 140.6723
0.45
0.209 143.6555
145.3409
1
2 0.575
145/E
0.6 5.98
6.24 4.42
4.16 2.5415
2.496 0.714
0.776 0.069
-0.084 0.714
0.776 0.0690 145.7287
145.7218
4
5 0.625
0.65 6.5
6.76 3.90
3.64 145/E
2.4375
2.366 0.825
0.861 -0.25
-0.429 0.825
0.861
35/E 0
0 145.2987
143.7177
5.98
5.46 2.54
2.59 0.71
2.02 0.07
0
1.68 0.00
0.71 5.98 5.98 0 2.54 10.28
10.28 0 0.07 1.681.68 0.710
5.98
10.28 2.54
0.07 2.54
10.4010.40 0.00 0 5.98
2.5415
0 0.00 0.714
5.98 5.98 4.3 3.34 10.28
10.28 1.68 1.68 4.093.34 0.069
0.71
0.07
5.98

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x 155.99

Deck Design 3
 ii) Influence Line for Moment (Tandem Load) Rank 1 (Max. effect of tandem load)
At position where X = 5.46 m ,Mtm =155.99 KN-m/m (Max. effect of tandem load) Mtm =155.99 KN-m/m
0 10.40
5.46 0.00
2.59
0.00 5.46 5.46 0 2.59 4.264.26 0 2.02
5.46 5.460 0.000
5.0 3.79 4.26 4.26
110/E 110/E 5.46
2.5935
2.0235
1
2
3 0.1250 L1
0.1 0 L2
1.04
1.3 10.40
9.36
9.10
m1 1 m2
0.9
0.875 0 m3
-0.1
-0.125 0.586538
0.527885
0.513221
m2
0.1730769
0.1557692
0.1514423
m3
0.88461538
0.79615385
0.77403846
Vtr
72.51865
65.26679
63.45382
4
5
6 0.15
0.175
0.2 1.56
1.82
2.08 8.84
8.58
8.32 0.85
0.825
0.8 -0.15
-0.175 0.498558
-0.2 0.483894
0.469231 0.1471154
0.1427885
0.1384615 0.75192308
0.72980769
0.70769231 61.64086
59.82789
58.01492
7
8 0.225
0.25 2.34
2.6 8.06
7.80 0.775
0.75 -0.225
-0.25 0.454567 0.1341346 0.68557692 56.20196
10
11
12
9 0.275
0.3
0.325
0.35
2.86
3.12
3.38
3.64
7.54
7.28
7.02
6.76
0.725
0.7
0.675
0.65 -0.3 0.439904
-0.275
-0.325
-0.35
0.42524
0.410577
0.395913
0.38125
0.1298077
0.1254808
0.1211538
0.1168269
0.1125
0.66346154
0.64134615
0.61923077
0.59711538
0.575
54.38899
52.57602
50.76306
48.95009
47.13713
13
14
15 0.375
0.4
0.425 3.9
4.16
4.42 2.02 6.50
6.24
5.98 0.625
0.6
0.575 -0.375
-0.4
-0.425 0.366587
0.351923
0.33726 0.1081731
0.1038462
0.0995192 0.55288462
0.53076923
0.50865385 45.32416
43.51119
41.69823
16
17
18 0.45
0.475
0.5 4.68
4.94
5.2 5.72
5.46
5.20 2.59 0.55
0.525
0.5 -0.45
-0.475
-0.5 0.322596
0.307933
0.293269 0.0951923
0.0908654
0.0865385 0.48653846
0.46442308
0.44230769 39.88526
38.07229
36.25933
19
20
21 0.525
0.55
0.575 5.46
5.72
5.98 4.94
4.68
4.42 0.475
0.45
0.425 -0.525
-0.55
-0.575 0.278606
0.263942
0.249279 0.0822115
0.0778846
0.0735577 0.42019231
0.39807692
0.37596154 34.44636
32.63339
30.82043
22
23
24 0.6
0.625
0.65 6.24
6.5
6.76 4.16
3.90
3.64 0.4
0.375
0.35 -0.6
-0.625 0.234615
0.219952
-0.650 0.205288 0.0692308
0.0649038
0.0605769 0.35384615
0.33173077 29.00746
27.1945
0 0
0 5.46
1 0.586538 0.1730769 0.30961538
0.88461538 25.38153
1
10.400 10.40
0.00 1
0 0
-1 4.3
4.3 0.587
0.587
0 8.6 0 0.00 1
0.173
0.173 0
0 1.6
2 4.3 1.6
2 8.6 1.6
1.75
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0
iii) Influence Line for Shear Force (Truck Load) 10.40
Max. shear force due to truck load
72.519
occurs at
Max. shear force due to truck load occurs at position where X =0m, Vtr =72.519 KN/m Vtr =72.519 KN/m
0
0 0
0
0
0 10.4 0
1 0 1.2
10.4
10.4 0
0 0
0 -1
-1 1.2
1.2 0.8850
0.885 9.3/E
0
0 1.6
2 1.2
1.2 1.6
145/E 145/E 2
35/E

1
0.587
0.173
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

iv) Influence Line for Shear Force (Tandem Load)

Max. shear force due to tandem load occurs at
Max. shear force due to tandem load occurs at position where X =0m, Vtm =63.674 KN/m Vtm =63.674 KN/m

110/E 110/E

1
0.885

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

b) Edge strip
Half of the lane width is taken for design (multiple presence factor of 1.2 will be critical) since edge strip width is
limitted to 1800mm for one-lane loaded.

VLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]/2
MLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]/2
1 1
4. Select Resistance Factors
Strength Limit States (RC) 1 1 0.95
Flexure & Torsion Flexure & Torsion 1 i) Strength Limit State1.00 1.05
Resistance Factor = 1 Shear
Axial & Torsion
Compression 1 ii)
iii)Service
FatigueLimit
LimitState0.90
State0.75 1
Bearing on Concrete 0.70

Deck Design 4
5. Select Load Modifiers Concrete in strut & Tie model 0.70
i) Strength Limit State 1
i) Ductility 0.95 1.25 [Art. 1.3.3] dc 1.25
ii) Redundancy 1.05 1.50 [Art. 1.3.4] dw 1.5
iii) Importancy 1.05 1.75 [Art. 1.3.5] LL 1.75
Load Modifier = 1.05 1.00 FR 0.75

6. Select Applicable Load Combinations

i) Strength Limit State U=1.05(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00(FR+TG)
7. Dead Load Force Effects
a) Interior Strip
Take 1m Strip, unit wt. of concrete = 2400 Kg/m3 12.71
d= 499 d=499 mm (=540-32/2-25) 14.37 ? 0
Wdc = 2400*9.81KN/m3/1000*0.54m = 12.714KN/m2 (dead load of the deck slab)
Wdw = 2250*9.81KN/m3/1000*0.075m = 1.655KN/m2 (dead load of wearing surface)
b) Edge Strip
Dead Load Computations railings & post
Assume curb,
Assume curb, railings & postloadings spread over edge strip width (1800mm) loadings spread over edge strip width
2.53425 16.90
(0.25*0.75+0.5*0.25*0.05) *(2400*9.81) /1000
Curb = + 14.369 = 16.903 KN/m2(wearing surface is not included).
1.8
1.06 0.589
0.15*0.3 *(2400*9.81) /1000 0.589
Railings = = 0.589 KN/m2
1.8

Number of posts = Int. (clear span of bridge / post spacing)+1 = 5 0.481 0.481 10

(0.3*0.3*0.85) *5* (2400*9.81)/1000

Posts = = 0.481 KN/m2
1.8*10.4 Thus, the total edge load becomes,
Consider the total weight of components 0.00 3.600
17.973
Thus, the total edge load becomes, 16.903+0.589+0.481 = 17.973 KN/m2
8. Investigate Strength Limit State
i) Flexure
a) Interior Strip
U=1.05(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00(FR+TG)
For simple slab bridges, temperature gradient effect reduces gravity load effects.Because temperature gradient may not be
there, assume TG=0
Thus, U=1.05(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM))
Design Shear and Moment Computaions
a) Interior Strip
i) Shear Force
X Vtr Vtm Vln Vdl VD VDU
0 0 72.519 63.674 14.851 74.719 302.584 162.089
0.1 1.04 65.267 57.306 12.029 59.775 260.063 137.071
0.2 2.08 58.015 50.939 9.505 44.831 218.087 112.351
0.3 3.12 50.763 44.572 7.277 29.888 176.658 87.928
0.4 4.16 43.511 38.204 5.346 14.944 135.774 63.801
0.5 5.2 36.259 31.837 3.713 0.000 95.436 39.972
0.55 5.72 32.633 28.653 3.007 -7.472 95.085 43.113
0.6 6.24 29.007 25.469 2.376 -14.944 94.871 46.327
0.65 6.76 25.382 22.286 1.819 -22.416 94.793 49.616
72.519 14.851 302.584 162.089
VDmax=1.75[1.33Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+1.25Vdl = 302.584 KN/m

Deck Design 5
 ii) Moment
X Mtr Mtm Mln Mdl MD MDU ρ As S
0.00 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00210 1047.90 200
1.04 47.125 31.624 13.901 69.937 232.503 130.963 0.00265 1323.77 200
2.08 82.751 80.005 24.712 124.332 410.828 231.795 0.00477 2382.50 200
3.12 106.877 119.197 32.435 163.186 565.083 314.818 0.00668 3332.60 200
4.16 119.504 144.334 37.069 186.498 665.626 367.901 0.00796 3970.75 200
5.20 140.672 155.416 38.613 194.269 705.746 388.298 0.00848 4229.85 190
5.72 145.341 155.686 38.227 192.326 703.147 386.239 0.00844 4212.99 190
6.24 145.722 152.442 37.069 186.498 685.443 376.009 0.00821 4098.40 190
6.76 143.718 145.685 35.138 176.785 652.632 357.608 0.00779 3887.39 200
145.722 155.686 705.746 388.298
0.00848 4229.849 190
MDmax=1.75[1.33Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+1.25Mdl = 705.746 KN-m/m 190 4230.74

b) Edge Strip As provided 4229.85

i) Shear Force 363.544 206.182 3255.794
VLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]/2
X Vtr Vtm Vln Vdl VD VDU 1800.000
0 0 78.702 69.103 16.117 93.460 363.544 206.182 1.80877444 494.894
0.1 1.04 70.832 62.192 13.055 74.768 312.030 174.098 1.09
0.2 2.08 62.962 55.282 10.315 56.076 261.160 142.380
0.3 3.12 55.091 48.372 7.898 37.384 210.932 111.031
0.4 4.16 47.221 41.462 5.802 18.692 161.346 80.048
0.5 5.2 39.351 34.551 4.029 0.000 112.404 49.433
0.55 5.72 35.416 31.096 3.264 -9.346 112.707 53.890
0.6 6.24 31.481 27.641 2.579 -18.692 113.171 58.438
0.65 6.7678.702 27.546 24.186
16.117 1.974 -28.038
1321.051 113.795 63.079
VDmax=1.75[1.33Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+1.25Vdl = 363.544 KN/m
ii) Moment 499
MLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]/2
de= 499mm (To compute reinforcements around the curb)
X Mtr Mtm Mln Mdl MD MDU ρ As S
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00210 785.93 200
1.040 51.143 34.320 15.086 87.478 290.472 167.322 0.00449 1680.34 200
2.080 89.807 86.827 26.819 155.517 513.438 296.191 0.00820 3069.64 200
3.120 115.990 129.360 35.201 204.116 704.359 401.843 0.01161 4344.61 180
4.160 129.693 156.640 40.229 233.275 828.321 469.277 0.01396 5223.39 150
5.200 152.667 168.667 41.905 242.995 877.422 495.098 0.01492 5584.26 140
5.720 157.733 168.960 41.486 240.565 873.899 492.403 0.01485 5558.11 140
6.240 158.147 165.440 40.229 233.275 851.661 479.305 0.01441 5393.96 140
6.760 155.972 158.107 38.134 221.125 810.708
877.422 455.804
495.098 0.01362
5584.255 5095.78
140 150
140
877.422 0.01492 0.01076 5369.72 140
MDmax=1.75[1.33Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+1.25Mdl = 877.422 KN-m/m 5741.71

Checking the adequacy of the section 5584.26

The section is checked for the maximum design moment whether the initial depth under consideration is sufficed or not.
705.746E+6 dic < d used, The
1.53section is sufficed!
dic =Sqrt( ) =292.11mm
0.2954*bf'c 292.11
dic < d used, The section is sufficed! 0.741
Check for shear The section is sufficed! 0.741
Vcc=0.14√(f'c)+17.2*r*(VDU/MU)/1000<0.29√(f'c) 247.89 218.744
=0.14√(28)+17.2*0.00848*(162.089/388.298)/1000 = 0.741 Vcc = 0.741Mpa 0
div=VDU/Vcc= 162.089/0.741 =218.744mm The section is sufficed!

Deck Design 6
Flexural Reinforcement Interior Strip ( Using 32 mm diameter reinforcing bars)
As= 4229.85 mm2, Use Φ 32 c/c 190 mm (As provided= 4230.74 mm2 ) Φ

Flexural Reinforcement Edge Strip for the widthfor the width

As= 5584.26 mm2, Use Φ 32 c/c 140 mm (As provided= 5741.71 mm2 around the curb)
As= 5369.72 mm2, Use Φ 32 c/c 140 mm (As provided= 5741.71 mm2 for the rest of the edge strip width)
5741.71
ii) Shear Reinforcement
Slab bridges designed in accordance with AASHTO, Art 4.6.2.3 may be considered satisfactory for shear.

iii) Distribution Reinforcement

The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as a percentage of the main reinforcement required
for positive moment and a minimum spacing of 250mm.
Pe= min[50,1750/√(L1)] 50
Pe = Percentage of distribution reinforcement
Thus Pe= min [50, 1750/sqrt (10400 )] = 0.172 17% 17.16 17.16

a) Interior strip 725.85

Ati= PeAsti = 725.85mm2 ( Using 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars) 0.171602
Sdi =min(3.14 (dd)21000/Ati,250] = Min (270,250 ) 276.86 27 270 250
As= 725.85 mm2, S= 250 mm Use Φ 16 c/c 250 mm

b) Edge strip
Ate= PeAste = 958.27mm2 958.27
2
Sde =min(3.14 (dd) 1000/Ate,250] = Min(200,250 ) 209.71 20 200 200
As= 958.27 mm2, S= 200 mm Use Φ 16 c/c 200 mm

iv) Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily
temperature changes. The steel should be distributed equally on both sides.
Ast≥ 0.75Ag/Fy
Where: Ag is the gross concrete area 1012.5
Ast = 0.75*1000*540/400=1012.5 mm2/m (in each direction, both faces)
506.25
Top layer Ast = 1/2*1012.5= 506.25 mm2/m 223.29 22 220 220
2
Spacing =min(3.14 (dt) 1000/Ast,250) = Min (220,250 )
Use Φ12 mm rebars c/c 220mm, transverse (in each direction, both faces)
9. Investigation of Service Limit State
i) Durability
For durability, adequate cover shall be used (for bottom of cast in place slab the cover is 25mm). A 25mm concrete cover is
provided here, thus there is no problem of durability.

a) Moment Interior Strip

The load factors used above in all dead and live loads are taken as unity.
MDU= Mdl+[max.(Mtrl,Mtml)] = 388.298
VDU= Vdl+[max.(Vtrl,Vtml)] = 162.089

MDU Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 3705.49

AS =
fs*j*d OK!
388298000
AS = = 3705.49mm2/m OK!
(0.6*400)*0.875*499

Deck Design 7
 b) Moment Edge Strip
MDU= Mdl+[max.(Mtrl,Mtml)] = 495.098
VDU= Vdl+[max.(Vtrl,Vtml)] = 206.182

MDU Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 3147.68

AS =
fs*j*de OK!
495098000
AS = = 3147.68mm2/m OK!
(0.6*0.4)*0.875*499

ii) Control of Cracking.

Cracking may occur in the tension zone for RC members due to the low tensile strength of concrete. The cracks may be
controlled by distributing steel reinforcements over the maximum tension zone in order limit the maximum allowable crack
widths at the surface of the concrete for given types of environment.
Components shall be so proportioned that the tensile stress in the mild steel reinforcement at the service limit state, fsa doesn’t
exceed.
Fs≤Fsa
Fsa=Z/(dc*A)1/3 ≤ 0.6fy
Z=23000N/mm
dc= concrete cover + (diam. of bars/2)
- clear cover to compute dc≤50mm
Ac= 2dcS
Fr=0.63√ (fc’)
Fcten = 6Mus/(bD2) ; D is in mm.
Where:
Z= Crack width parameter
Ac= area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tensile reinforcement are bounded by the surfaces of the
cross section and a line parallel the neutral axis divided by the number of bars (mm2), clear cover here also≤50mm.
S = spacing of bars.
Fr = modulus of rupture
Fcten= tensile strength of the concrete
If Fcten> 0.8fr, the section has cracked. 7.99 3.33 2.66
MDu=388.298 222 Section has cracked
Fr=0.63√fc’ = 3.33 Mpa 0.8fr = 2.66 Mpa
6*388.298E+6 Nmm
Fcten = =7.99 Mpa
1000*540^2
Section has cracked
Now, steel stress for elastic cracked section for which moment of inertia of the composite transformed section, Icr,
should be used.
If fs > fsa, then the area of reinforcing bars has to be increased by reducing the spacing of bars or the section depth
has to be increased.
a) Interior Strip

Deck Design 8
 Moment about the NA: 1000x22/2=nApi(d1-x2)
x2=((-nApi)+ √((nApi)2+2000*n d1 Api))/1000 X2= 144.835 mm -29615.18 174450.591 144.835
3 2
Icr=(b*x2 )/3+(n*Api*(d1-x2) ) = 4.727 *E+09 mm4 1.013E+09 3714716348 4.73E+09
fs=(MDu(d1-x2)n)/Icr = 203.63 Mpa 203.62965 203.63 4.727
2 1/3
fsa=23000/(2*((D-d1) )Si) = 267.18 Mpa 267.18 240
where:
X2 is the neutral axis depth from top fiber < No problem of cracking
MDu= unfactored max moment, interior strip. 11 Provide 32 mm rebars spaced at 190 mm
Icr = moment of inertia of the composite transformed section

Δs= 0 mm (change in spacing of bars)

Si = 190 mm As =4230.74 mm2 0 4230.74 190
Api =4230.74mm2, Si=190mm d1=499mm, n=Es/Ec, MDu=388.298
2
The equivalent concrete area, nApi = 29615.18 mm = 4.727E+09 mm4 = 203.63 Mpa= 267.18 Mpa
Substitution yields:
x2=144.835 mm ,Icr= 4.727E+09 mm4, fs= 203.63 Mpa, fsa= 267.18 Mpa < -29615.18 174450.591
No problem 144.835
of Cracking!
fsa =240 Mpa 11 Thus, Provide Φ32 c/c 190 mm
fs (= 203.63 Mpa) < fsa ( =240 Mpa) No problem of Cracking! 240 fsa =240 Mpa
Thus, Provide Φ32 c/c 190 mm fsa ( =240 Mpa

b) Edge Strip

x3=((-nApe)+ √((nApe)2+1500n de Ape))/((Cw-0.05)*1000) 654877878 5242211417 5.9E+09

Icre= ((Cw-0.05)*1000)/3x33+(n Ape(de-x3)(de-x3)) = 5.897 *E+09 mm4 295.81 240
* if x3>cd, then recalculate X3 and Icre using the method of siperposition.
Icre=(Cw-0.05)/3*Cd3+n*As2*(de-x3)2+(Cw-0.05)*Cd*(x3-Cd/2)2 +850/3*(x3-Cd)3
fse=(Muse(de-x3)n)/Icre = 212.25 Mpa fsa =240 Mpa fsa ( =240 Mpa
2 1/3
fsae=23000/(2((D-de) )Se) = 295.81 Mpa 240 fsa =240 Mpa
11 Thus, provide Φ32 mm rebars spaced
Trial Δs = 0 mm (change in spacing of bars)
Se= 140 mm As =5741.71 mm2 0 5741.71 140 7 40191.97
Ape =5741.71mm2, Se=140mm de=499mm, n=Es/Ec, MDue=495.098
The equivalent concrete area is nApe= 40191.97 mm2 = 5.897E+09 mm4 = 212.25 Mpa= 295.81 Mpa
Substitution yields:
x3=137.85mm, Icr= 5.897E+09 mm4, fs= 212.25 Mpa, fsa= 295.81 Mpa -40191.97 178042.366
654877878 137.85
5242211417 5.9E+09
fsa =240 Mpa 240 fsa =240 Mpa
fs (= 212.25 Mpa) < fsa =240 Mpa) No problem of cracking fsa =240 Mpa
Thus, provide Φ32 c/c 140 mm. < fsa
No (problem
=240 Mpa
of cracking

iii) Deformations 11 Thus, provide Φ32 c/c 140 mm.

Deflection and camber calculations shall consider dead load, live load, erection loads, concrete creep and shrinkage. Immediate
(Instantaneous) deflections may be computed taking the moment of inertia as either the effective moment of inertia Ie, or the gross
moment of inertia Ig.

Deck Design 9
The long-term deflection due to creep and shrinkage may be taken as the immediate deflection multiplied by the following factor.
(3 to 1.2) As’/As ≥1.6 if ddl is calculated using Ie.
(4)As’/As ≥ 1.6 if ddl is calculated using Ig.
Where:
ddl is the total dead load deflection.

Dead load camber

Total dead load of the bridge and the whole bridge cross section is considered.

Cw = 0.8 m
D= 0.54 m
Rw = 7.32 m
Cd = 0.25 m
8.62 m

Dead Loads of the whole bridge 8.62 0.54

Components Weight Width (m) Total wt.
Wt. of slab 12.71 (Rw+2Cw-0.3) 8.62 109.595
Wearings wt. 1.66 Rw 7.32 12.115
Curb wt. 2.534 2Cw 1.6 4.054
Railing wt. 0.589 2Ee 3.6 2.120
Posts wt. 0.481 10 posts 10 4.81 6.92
End Barriers 0.000 - 1.00 0 (on both sides)
Wdd = 132.694
Wdd = 132.694 KN/m
The total, maximum and critical moments due to dead and live load of the whole slab bridge, respectively are given by the
equations:
Mlld=Mmd+MAX(Mtrl,Mtml)*Em1*NL ; Em1 is in m.
Mmd= Wdd*L12/8 =132.694*10.4^2/8 =1794.023KN-m/m 1794.023
Mlld= 1794.023+1.33*155.69*3.2558*2=3142.37KN-m/m 3142.37

(Rw+2Cw-0.3)D2/2+Cw*Cd(Cd/2+D)2
Yt =
(Rw+2Cw-0.3)*D+(Cw*2Cd)

8.62*0.54^2/2 +0.8*0.25*(0.25/2+0.54)*2 1.522796

Yt = = 0.301m = 301mm
8.62*0.54+(0.8*0.25*2) 5.0548
Thus, the gross moment of inertia of the whole slab bridge becomes 0.301
Ig = 8.62*0.54^3/12 +(8.62*0.54*(0.54/2-0.301)^2)+2*0.8*0.25^3/12+(2*0.8*0.25*(0.665-0.301)^2) 301
Ig= 1.73E+11 mm4 0.173 0.301
The critical moment of inertia is 0.665
Icr =(Icr)interior *(Rw+2Cw-2)+2(Icr)edge = (4.727E+9)*6.92 + 2*5.897E+9 0.173
Icr = 4.45E+10 mm4 1000
1E+12
The effective moment of inertia is calculated using the following equation: 1.73E+11
Ie=(((Mcr/Mlld)3)Ig)+(1-((Mcr/Mlld)3))Icrt
Where:
Mlld= total moment due to dead and live load of the whole slab bridge
Mmd= total dead load moment of the whole slab bridge >
Mcr= critical moment of the whole slab bridge The Secton doesn't crack under
1.91E+09
DL, Use Ig.
Mcr =frIg/Yt = 3.33*0.173E+12/301 = 1913.92KN-m Ig 1.73E+11 1913.92
4
Ie= 7.35E+10 mm
Mcr > Mmd The Secton doesn't crack under DL, Use Ig.

Deck Design 10
 Thus, the dead load deflection of the slab bridge is given by:
5WdlL14 4.3674E-09 4.367
ddl= = 4.367 mm
384Ec*Ig 17.468
Camber =ddl+long term deflection, Long term deflection = 3ddl 13
Camber =ddl(1+3)= 17.468 mm Thus, provide a camber of 17.468 mm

b) Live Load Deflection (Optional in AASHTO)

dmax=L1/800 (L1 is in mm); the permissible limit = 10400/800 =13mm
Where:
dmax is the permissible limit ( max. deflection)
In the computation of live load deflection, design truckload alone or design lane load plus 25% of truckload is considered.

i) Deflection due truckload

PLL1=1.33*145NL = 385.7KN 385.7
PLL2=1.33*35NL = 93.1KN 93.1
Where:
PLL1 and PLL2 are truck loads.
PLL1 PLL1 PLL2
The second load is to the

0.78 right
At X1=5.98 m, Mtr =145.729 KN-m/m (Location of maximum truck load effect) 1.68 8.72
The maximum deflection of the bridge due to truck load occurs at a wheel load position where moment is a maximum.Thus,
the deflection at the point of maximum moment, x1, due to each truck load at 'a' distance a from the left support is given by:

of the
The second load is to the right ,0.78mm, of the center 4.42 center
dki=PLLi*b*x(L12-b2-x2)/6EcIcL1 (for x< a)
where:
dki= deflection due to each truck load. 0.12
a= location of the load to be considered, b=L1-a and x=L1-X1 10.28
Ec*Ic=26752*0.07E+12= 1.97E+15 (Nmm2) =1967343.531.97 1.97E+06 1.97E+00
a) First Load 14865.8037 85.8012
a=8.72m, b=1.68m, x=4.42m 1.23E+08 1.04E-02
385.7*1.68*4.42 1.04E+01
dk1= (10.4^2-1.68^2-4.42^2) = 0.002m= 2mm
6*1.97E+6*10.4 1.97E+06 1.97E+00
1.97E+15 26752
b) Second Load
1.97E+06 7.00E-02
a=5.98m, b=4.42m, x=5.98m
385.7*4.42*5.98 1.02E+04 5.29E+01
dk2= (10.4^2-4.42^2-5.98^2) = 0.00439m= 4.39mm
6*1.967E+6*10.4 1.23E+08 4.39E-03
4.39E+00
c) Third Load
a=10.28m, b=0.12m, x=5.98m 1.30E+01
93.1*0.12*5.98 6.68E+01 7.24E+01
dk3= (10.4^2-0.12^2-5.98^2) = 0.00004m= 0.04mm
6*1.967E+6*10.4 1.23E+08 4.00E-05
4.00E-02
Using the method of superposition, the total live load deflection due truckload is the sum of each deflections, dki’s.
Thus, compare the value obtained with the permissible limit.
dkt=dk1+dk2+dk3 = 2+ 4.39+0.04 = 6.43mm 14.82 mm 1.48E+01

Deck Design 11
ii) Deflection due to tandem load
The maximum deflection due to tandem load occurred when a single concentrated tandem load is acting at the mid span.
dtl=Pstl*L13/48EcIc = 1.33*110*2*NL
where:
dtl = deflection due to tandem load.
Pstl = Single concentrated factored tandem load = 1.33*110*2*NL = 585.2KN 585.2
dtl= 585.2*10.4^3/(48*1967343.53) = 0.00697m = 6.97 mm 6.97E+00 6.97E-03

iii) Deflection due lane load

WL1=9.3NL 18.6
4
dLa = 5WL1*L1 /(384EIe) = 5*(9.3*2)*10.4^4/(384*1967343.53) 1.44E-03
= 0.00144m =1.44 mm 1.44E+00
dkt= 0.25dkt+dla 3.05E+00
dkt= (0.25*6.43)+1.44 =3.048 mm (for 25% of truck load) 6.97E+00
########
Where:
dla = deflection due to lane load.
WL1= lane load
dKt = total live load deflection
<
dmax= 6.97mm (< 13mm) The deflection is within the limit.

Investigation of Fatigue Limit State

U=0.75*(LL+IM)
Where:
U= Fatigue load shall be one design truck with 9m spacing.
Maximum moment results when the two front axles are on the span and the rear axle is out of the span.
Mmf= 0.75*1.15(MmaxL1
)
24
24 0
0.1 0 L2
1.04 10.40
9.36
m1 -4.3 m2 0.931840 m3-0.004160 m2 0.931840 m3
-2.92096 0
0
Mtr
135.11680
24
23 0.125
0.15 1.3
1.56 9.10
8.84 -2.61
-2.31256 1.131
1.31664 -0.039 1.131 0 163.995
22
21 0.175
0.2 1.82
2.08 8.58
8.32 -2.02864
-1.75824 1.48876 -0.08736
1.64736 -0.14924
-0.22464
1.31664
1.48876
1.64736
0
0
0
190.9128
215.8702
238.8672
20
19 0.225
0.25 2.34
2.6 8.06
7.80 -1.50136
-1.258 1.79244
1.924 -0.31356
-0.416 1.79244
1.924 0
0 259.9038
278.98
18
17 0.275
0.3 2.86
3.12 7.54
7.28 -1.02816
-0.81184 2.04204 -0.53196
2.14656 -0.80444
-0.66144 2.04204
2.14656 0
0 296.0958
311.2512
16
14 0.325
0.35 3.38
3.64 7.02
6.76 -0.60904
-0.41976 2.23756
2.31504 2.23756 0 324.4462
13
11 0.375
0.4 3.9
4.16 6.50
6.24 -0.244
-0.08176 2.379 -0.96096
2.42944 -1.131
-1.31456
2.31504
2.379
2.42944
0
0
0
335.6808
344.955
352.2688
9
7 0.425
0.45 4.42
4.68 5.98
5.72 0.06696
0.20216 2.46636 -1.72224
2.48976 -1.51164 2.46636
2.48976 0
0 359.9658
368.0908
5
4 0.475
0.5 4.94
5.2 5.46
5.20 0.32384
0.432 2.49964
2.496 -1.94636
-2.184 2.49964
2.496 0
0 373.7822
377.04
2
3 0.525
0.55 5.46
5.72 4.94
4.68 0.52664
0.60776 2.47884 -2.43516
2.44816 -2.97804
-2.69984 2.47884
2.44816 0
0 377.8642
376.2548
3
3 0.575
0.6 5.98
6.24 4.42
4.16 0.67536
0.72944 2.40396
2.34624 2.40396 0 372.2118
3
3 0.625
0.65 6.5
6.76 3.90
3.64 0.77
0.79704 2.275 -3.26976
2.19024 -3.575
-3.89376
2.34624
2.275
2.19024
0
0 365.7352
356.825
6.760 345.4812
377.86
325.91
75.88
Mmax occurs at x= 6.76m and equals to 377.8642 KNm 43.95 4.295
Mmf= 0.75*1.15(Mmax) = 325.908KNm/lane 43.9498638 4.73E+09
Mmf= the maximum moment for fatigue.
240 <
a) Tensile live load stresses
One lane loaded, Strip width is Em1 (for interior strip)
Mllf= Mmf/Em1 (Em1 is in meter)
= 325.908 /4.295 =75.88KNm/m
fsmax=n(Mllf(D-x2)/Icr =7*75.88E+6*(536-144.835)/(4.73E+9) mm4 =43.95 Mpa 4.73
fsmax= 43.95Mpa (< 240Mpa) OK
where:
Mllf is the maximum moment per meter width for fatigue.

b) Reinforcing Bars
The stresses range in straight reinforcement bars resulting from fatigue load combination shall not exceed.
If fsmax < ff , then there is no problem of fatigue. Otherwise increase the area of reinforcing bars.
where:
ff is the stress range.
fmin is the minimum live load stress where there is stress reversal. For simply supported slab bridge, r/h is 0.30 and fmin is zero.
ff=145-0.33fmin+55(r/h) =145+55*0.3=161.5MPa > 43.95MPa OK! No problem of fatigue. 161.5
>
OK!
THE DESIGN IS COMPLETED!

Deck Design 12