Mays Subs GROUP 6

THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
Mays Subsp (Corn Cobs): The Eco-Friendly Solution for Grey Water Recycling
A Research Study Presented to the
Faculty of Senior High School
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 2
Researchers:
Figueroa, Andrei Jemero
Ferrer, Stanley
Ramos, Jerome Brian
Ramos, Russel
Puerto, Armiene Ysabelle
Rivera, Troy Denver
Valderama, Jayrielle
2023
Chapter I
The Problem and Its Background
INTRODUCTION
Burgos Avenue, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. 3100. Tel: (044) -464-3212. Local 131 1
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
According to UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) and
WHO (World Health Organization), billions of people around the world are continuing to suffer
from poor access to clean and sanitized water. As climate change continues and the earth's
temperature keeps on rising. Countries that are gravely affected by this change have less and
less access to clean and sanitized water. One great example of this is our country the
Philippines. The Philippines although known for its diverse economy lacks access to clean and
sanitized water. Our country accounts for a population of 109 million people and 57 million
people lack access to clean and sanitized water which amounts to 52% of our population. 1 in
every 10 households lacks access to safe and sanitized water and there is a need to critically
look at alternative approaches like the 3R to ensure sustainable water management. Water
scarcity is a growing concern, and greywater recycling offers a practical solution for conserving
water, reducing stress on our freshwater resources, and lowering water bills.
Grey water is an inescapable wastewater that can be treated to be reused again. Grey
water or sullage water constitutes wastewater generated from houses and offices without the
presence of fecal contamination, i.e. excluding wastewater generated from the toilet. Water
from the kitchen, bath, and laundry are sources of grey water. Did you know that flushing
toilets account for nearly 30% of indoor water use, even though the water isn't "clean" enough
for drinking? But what if we could harness this "greywater" for other purposes, using a readily
available, eco-friendly solution? Generally treated grey water is less harmful than sewage water
because it contains fewer harmful pathogens when treated. We often think of greywater as
"wastewater," but what if it's a hidden resource waiting to be harnessed? This treated grey water
can be reused again for flushing purposes, landscaping, and other non-potable uses. Recycling
and reusing greywater is a great way of reducing the tremendous supply of freshwater.
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
We humans have been enhancing the flavor, odor, and appearance of our drinking water
since at least 4,000 B.C. Everyone wants clear water, but the reality is not everyone can afford
one. One of the ways of acquiring clean water is by filtering it. A water filter works as a
physical barrier that can trap or block debris (for example sand) and sometimes bacteria from
passing through. Having a water filter is expensive and not every household can provide one.
The researchers of this study have found an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and waste-free
approach to filtering out grey water.
Corn—also known as maize, goes by the scientific name Zea Mays Subsp and is a part
of the grass family or Poaceae (Nelson et al., 2017). It is consumed as a staple food and as a
livestock fodder. Maize is commonly grown in the Philippines, accounting for 3.9 percent of
the country's food grain production. South Cotabato, Sarangani, North Cotabato, and Sultan
Cudarat are the four provinces that contribute about 13 percent to the total corn production in
the country (Subaba, 2011). Cultivation of Maize generates large amounts of corn cobs as
agricultural waste. Immature corn cobs are eaten by the local farmers. But even animals avoid
eating corn cobs because they could choke to death, which is why there is still a significant
amount of waste from mature corn cobs. Because of this, farmers start burning the corn cobs for
fuel, which adds to air pollution and, ultimately, global warming. Owing to their rigidity and
highly porous structure corn cobs possess adsorption properties( Nethaji et al., 2011).
Imagine a sustainable, low-cost solution for recycling greywater, readily available in your
backyard. What if corncobs could be the key?
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
According to T. Janani, et al., (2019) In terms of efficacy, the corn cob is a bio-
adsorbent material that can effectively filter the many contaminants present in water. This
means corn cobs can filter out heavy metals, along with other certain impurities like color
detergent, etc. It is possible to separate about 70-80% of contaminants from wastewater at the
household level itself, by connecting the drainpipe to a chamber having various layers of corn
cobs (Leyva-Ramos, 2005a; D. Mohan, 2005b; Nasiruddin Khan, 2007; Y. Zhang, 2012).
Activated charcoal may be made from leftover corn cobs, which is a step toward recycling
bioresources and utilizing biomass. The resulting charcoal is a promising adsorbent for
pollution control because of its noticeably large surface area.
Mays subsp (corn cobs) emerge as a promising eco-friendly solution for greywater
recycling. Corn cobs are a readily available and renewable agricultural byproduct with a high
surface area, making them effective at adsorbing pollutants from greywater. Moreover, corn
cobs are a sustainable material as they can be composted after use, reducing their environmental
footprint. Mays subsp. (corn cobs) offer a unique, eco-friendly approach to greywater recycling.
They're abundant, biodegradable, and surprisingly effective at removing pollutants from
greywater.
This research investigates the potential of Mays subsp. (corn cobs) as a sustainable and
efficient filtration media for greywater recycling, offering a promising solution for water
conservation and environmental protection. In water-stressed regions like Central Luzon,
Philippines, finding innovative ways to conserve water is crucial. This research explores the
potential of a locally available resource, corn cobs, to address this challenge.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The following research questions are proposed to address the issue:
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
1. How effective is Mays subsp. (corn cobs) at removing pollutants from greywater?
2. How long do corn cobs last as a biofilter material?
3. How cost-effective is it to use corn cob as a biofilter material?
4. How can public acceptance of using corn cobs as a biofilter be increased?
By answering these research questions, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of
the potential of Mays subsp (corn cobs) as an eco-friendly solution for greywater recycling.
This knowledge can then be applied to the development of practical and long-term greywater
recycling systems that contribute to water conservation and environmental protection.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study of Mays Subsp (Corn Cobs): The Eco-Friendly Solution for Grey Water
Recycling holds significant importance for addressing the growing global water scarcity issue.
By exploring the potential of corn cobs as an effective and sustainable biofilter material for
greywater recycling, this research presents a promising approach to conserving water and
protecting the environment.
Environmental Significance:
Water scarcity is a serious threat to environmental sustainability because it jeopardizes
ecosystems, agricultural productivity, and human well-being. Greywater recycling provides a
viable solution to water scarcity by reusing wastewater generated by household activities such
as washing, bathing, and cooking. Corn cobs, an abundant agricultural byproduct, emerge as an
eco-friendly alternative to conventional biofilter materials, reducing the environmental footprint
of greywater treatment.
Economic Significance:
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
Greywater recycling systems based on corn cobs are economically advantageous due to
their low cost and availability. This lowers the overall cost of wastewater treatment, making it
more affordable to communities and individuals, especially in developing countries.
Furthermore, reusing greywater for irrigation can reduce the demand for freshwater resources,
resulting in cost savings in water acquisition and distribution.
Social Significance:
The adoption of corn cobs as a biofilter material promotes sustainable practices in
communities, encouraging individuals to take ownership of their water usage and contribute to
environmental conservation efforts. Furthermore, using an agricultural byproduct for
wastewater treatment promotes a circular economy approach, reducing reliance on
nonrenewable resources and minimizing environmental impact.
Technological Advancement:
The research on Mays Subsp (Corn Cobs): The Eco-Friendly Solution for Grey Water
Recycling advances greywater recycling technologies. Researchers can improve the efficiency
and effectiveness of greywater treatment systems by optimizing the use of corn cobs as a
biofilter material, making them more applicable in a variety of settings. This technological
advancement may lead to broader adoption of greywater recycling, alleviating concerns about
water scarcity.
Policy Implications:
The findings of this study can help policymakers make decisions about water
conservation and greywater recycling. Corn cobs as a biofilter material can be incorporated into
water management strategies by governments and regulatory bodies, promoting sustainable
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
wastewater treatment and resource utilization. Furthermore, policies can incentivize the use of
greywater recycling systems made from corn cobs, encouraging households and communities to
participate in water conservation efforts.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
The target respondents of this research are the senior high school students at the Good
Samaritan Colleges and the constituents of specific Barangays i.e. Patalac, Mayapyap. Bakod
Bayan. The study was named “Mays Subsp (Corn Cobs): The Eco-Friendly Solution for Grey
Water Recycling.” The purpose of this research is to assess the viability of Mays subsp (corn
cobs) as an environmentally friendly solution for greywater recycling. This will entail
researching the efficacy, durability, cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and social acceptability of
using corn cobs as a biofilter material for greywater treatment.
The following delimitations will apply to this study: The focus will be on the treatment
of greywater from sinks, showers, baths, and washing machines. Greywater from toilets will
not be considered. The use of Mays subsp. (corn cobs) as a biofilter material will be the
primary focus. Other biofilter materials will not be extensively explored. The evaluation of the
system will primarily focus on its ability to remove pollutants from greywater. Other factors,
such as the cost and energy efficiency of the system, will not be considered in detail.
In addition to the general delimitations mentioned above, the following specific
delimitations will apply to this study: The greywater recycling system will be designed to treat
greywater for use in irrigation. Other potential uses of treated greywater, such as flushing
toilets, will not be considered. The greywater recycling system will be designed to treat
greywater from a single-family household. Systems for larger or smaller applications will not
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
be considered. This study will be put to the test in Good Samaritan Colleges during the 2023-
2024 academic year.
HYPOTHESIS
Mays Subsp (corn cobs) have a filtration system that can filter out heavy metals along
with other certain impurities like color, detergents, etc. and this possesses the natural property
to filter out impurities from grey water and tap water as corn cobs are porous, lightweight
material polymer. Mays Subs or corn cobs are a low-cost water treatment material as it is
available for a fee and is a waste. Thus, it was also expected if the product is successful, the
evaluation they make as a water filter will be significantly different and meaningful and that
hypothesis denoted by h0 is as follows:
1. How effective is Mays Subsp(corn cobs) at removing pollutants from grey water?
h0: Mays Subsp has no significant effectiveness at removing pollutants from greywater.
H1: Mays Subsp has significant effectiveness at removing pollutants from grey water.
2. How long do corn cobs last as a biofilter material?
h0: Corn cobs have no significant factors that allow it to last as a biofilter material.
h1: Corn cobs have significant factors that allow it to last as a biofilter material.
3. How cost-effective is it to use corn cob as a biofilter material?
h0: Corn cobs have no significant role as a biofilter material to make it a cost-effective water
filter material.
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
h1: Corn cobs have a significant role as a biofilter material to make it a cost-effective water
material.
4 How can public acceptance of using corn cobs as a biofilter be increased?
H0: Corn cobs as a biofilter have no significant increase in terms of public acceptance.
H1: Corn cobs as a biofilter have a significant increase in terms of public acceptance.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Input
- corn cobs
Process
- grey water - measuring the structure of
Output
- tap water corn cobs
Effects of filtering out
- container - drying the corn cobs under certain impurities like color,
the sun detergent, etc using Zea
- water bottle
- turning corn cobs into Mays Subsp (corn cobs)
active charcoal
- using corn cobs as water
filtrate
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework
DEFINITION OF TERMS
All definitions were taken on Merriam-Webster
https://www.merriam-webster.com/
1.) Active charcoal - a highly adsorbent powdered or granular carbon made usually by
carbonization and chemical activation and used chiefly for purifying by adsorption.
2.) Bio filter - a filter bed in which sewage is subjected to the action of microorganisms that
assist in decomposing it.

THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
3.) Biomass - plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel.
4.) Bio resources - a resource is a substance or object in the environment required by an
organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
5.) Byproduct - something produced in a usually industrial or biological process in addition to
the principal product.
6.) Cost effectiveness - producing good results without costing a lot of money.
7.) Grey water - household wastewater (as from a sink or bath) that does not contain serious
contaminants (as from toilets or diapers).
8.) Irrigation - the watering of land by artificial means to foster plant growth.
9.) Incentivize - to provide an incentive.
10.) Jeopardize - to expose to danger or risk.
11.) Maize - a tall annual cereal grass (Zea mays) originally domesticated in Mexico and widely
grown for its large, elongated ears of starchy seeds.
12.) Pathogens - a specific causative agent (such as a bacterium or virus) of disease.
13.) Poaceae - taxonomic synonym of Gramineae.
14.) Sullage water - is domestic wastewater other than that which comes from the toilet.
15.) 3R -stands for Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. These three small words are pivotal to managing
waste and helping to combat climate change.
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
CHAPTER II
Review Related Literature
This chapter contained different literature reviews, articles, books, theses, ideas and existing
research that the researchers wanted to further investigate and develop. It would serve as the
researchers’ guide in developing the project. The similarities of literature and studies to the research
would help the researchers to have more precise and informative research. The study aims to address
the following objectives:
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
 Readily Available and Low-Cost
 Efficacy in Pollutant Removal
 Sustainability and Cost-Effectiveness
 Public Acceptance
READILY AVAILABLE AT LOW-COST
A procedure made by Arias, Bustamante, and Monsalvo (2019), found that greywater’s organic
matter was efficiently removed by corn cobs biofilter, which had an average removal efficiency of 82%
for BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and 64% for COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). It was also
found that with an average removal efficiency of 75%, TSS (Total Suspended Solids) removal was
likewise noteworthy. Lastly, it was also found that the long-term effectiveness of the biofilter was
demonstrated by its consistent performance throughout the researcher’s study. This means that because
of their high absorption capacity, affordability, and environmental friendliness, corn cobs—a readily
available and inexpensive agricultural waste—have emerged as a promising biofilter material for
greywater treatment.
The study made by researchers, Aria, Bustamante, and Mansalvo (2022), conducted a study and
found that with an average removal efficiency of up to 70% for nitrogen and 50% for phosphorous,
corn cob biofilters demonstrated considerable promise for eliminating nutrients from greywater. In
addition, corn cob biofilters showed promise in eliminating heavy metals from greywater, average
removal efficiencies for lead, copper, and zinc were 60%, 50%, and 40%, respectively. The
effectiveness of removing heavy metals and nutrients was greatly impacted by operating parameters
like pH and hydraulic loading rate. Pollutant removal performance was also influenced by biofilter
design parameters such as particle size and bed depth. Consequently, because of their high absorption
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
capacity and ability to promote microbial growth, corn cobs—a plentiful and inexpensive agricultural
waste—have gained interest as a biofilter material for greywater treatment.
In a study made by Van der Waals, Janssen, Van Lier, and Sijthoff (2205), using a pilot scale
biofilter filled with compost material, the researchers ran it for a full year. Researchers continuously
circulated air tainted with a blend of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) through the biofilter.
Additionally, it was discovered that throughout the 12-month study, the biofilter successfully removed
VOCs from the air, with average removal efficiencies surpassing 90%. Even under conditions of highly
volatile organic compounds and variable operating conditions, biofilter performance remained robust
and stable, retaining high removal efficiencies. Long-term resilience and adaptability were
demonstrated by the biofilters microbial population, which gradually adjusted to the shifting VOC
composition. As a result, the availability and low cost of corn cobs make them a desirable biofilter
material.
In a certain study made by Xu and Yang (2005), greywater was successfully treated by corn cob
biofilters, achieving removal efficiencies of up to 80%. The initial concentration of PAHs affected the
removal efficiency, with higher removal rates noted at lower concentrations. Hydraulic loading rate
significantly affected PAH removal; slower flow rates encourage more efficient degradation. The
removal of PAHs was improved by inoculating biofilters with microorganisms that break down PAHs.
Therefore, greywater contaminated with PAHs can be treated using corn cobs, an affordable and easily
accessible biofilter material.
EFFICACY IN POLLUTANT REMOVAL
A study made by Aturamu, Edet, and Ekanem (2019), examined the efficacy of corn cob as an
absorbent in the removal of contaminants from greywater. The BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand),
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TSS (Total Suspended Solids), heavy metals, oil and grease, and
other pollutants were all successfully removed by corn cob, according to the research. Numerous
factors, such as the type of pollutant, its concentration, the length of time the corn cobs and greywater
come into contact, and the size of the corn cob particles, have been found to affect how effective corn
cobs are as water filters. The study’s conclusions concludes that corn cobs are a cheap and potentially
effective absorbent for treating greywater. Because they are a renewable and sustainable resource, corn
cobs are a popular choice for treating greywater in underdeveloped nations.
In a certain study conducted by Aworteng, Alturamu, and Akpeni (2021), the usefulness of corn
cob as an inexpensive absorbent for treating greywater was assessed in the study. The outcomes
demonstrated how well corn cobs removed heavy metals, nutrients, and organic matter from greywater.
Corn cobs are a promising absorbent for treating greywater, according to the study’s findings. All
things considered, the study concluded that corn cob is a cheap and efficient absorbent for treating
greywater. Greywater containing organic matter, nutrients, and heavy metals could all be effectively
cleaned up by using corn cobs. According to the study, maize cobs present a viable substitute for more
costly absorbents in the treatment of greywater.
The study by Kumar and Sharma (2015), examined whether activated carbon and corn cobs
work well for treating greywater. The outcomes demonstrated that both absorbents were successful in
filtering contaminants out of greywater. However, it turned out that corn cobs were less effective than
activated corn cobs. The study found that for the treatment of greywater, activated carbon is a better
absorbent.
The procedure made by Oko and Kagbara (2014), explored the efficacy of using CAC (Corn
cob Activated Carbon) as an absorbent to remove contaminants from household greywater. A
straightforward chemical activation process was used to create a CAC from corn cob. An assessment
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
was conducted on the absorptive capacity of CAC for a range of pollutants, such as COD, BOD, TSS,
and heavy metals. The outcomes demonstrated that CAC was successful in eliminating every pollutant
under investigation. TSS, BOD, and COD were found to have removal efficiency of 95%, 85%, and
90%, respectively. It was discovered that the heavy metal removal efficiency ranged from 70% to 90%.
The investigation found that CAC is a potential absorbent for treating greywater in homes. According
to the study, CAC is a workable solution for treating greywater treatment in homes. An inexpensive
and efficient absorbent that can remove a variety of contaminants from greywater is called CAC.
Because of this, it is a potentially useful technology in developing nations with poor access to clean
water.
SUSTAINABILITY AND COST-EFFECTVENESS
A study made by Aturamu, Edet, and Ekanem (2019), examined the efficacy of corn cob as an
absorbent in the removal of contaminants from greywater. The BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand),
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TSS (Total Suspended Solids), heavy metals, oil and grease, and
other pollutants were all successfully removed by corn cob, according to the research. Numerous
factors, such as the type of pollutant, its concentration, the length of time the corn cobs and greywater
come into contact, and the size of the corn cob particles, have been found to affect how effective corn
cobs are as water filters. The study’s conclusions concludes that corn cobs are a cheap and potentially
effective absorbent for treating greywater. Because they are a renewable and sustainable resource, corn
cobs are a popular choice for treating greywater in underdeveloped nations.
In a certain study conducted by Aworteng, Alturamu, and Akpeni (2021), the usefulness of corn
cob as an inexpensive absorbent for treating greywater was assessed in the study. The outcomes
demonstrated how well corn cobs removed heavy metals, nutrients, and organic matter from greywater.
Corn cobs are a promising absorbent for treating greywater, according to the study’s findings. All
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
things considered, the study concluded that corn cob is a cheap and efficient absorbent for treating
greywater. Greywater containing organic matter, nutrients, and heavy metals could all be effectively
cleaned up by using corn cobs. According to the study, maize cobs present a viable substitute for more
costly absorbents in the treatment of greywater.
The study by Kumar and Sharma (2015), examined whether activated carbon and corn cobs
work well for treating greywater. The outcomes demonstrated that both absorbents were successful in
filtering contaminants out of greywater. However, it turned out that corn cobs were less effective than
activated corn cobs. The study found that for the treatment of greywater, activated carbon is a better
absorbent.
The procedure made by Oko and Kagbara (2014), explored the efficacy of using CAC (Corn
cob Activated Carbon) as an absorbent to remove contaminants from household greywater. A
straightforward chemical activation process was used to create a CAC from corn cob. An assessment
was conducted on the absorptive capacity of CAC for a range of pollutants, such as COD, BOD, TSS,
and heavy metals. The outcomes demonstrated that CAC was successful in eliminating every pollutant
under investigation. TSS, BOD, and COD were found to have removal efficiency of 95%, 85%, and
90%, respectively. It was discovered that the heavy metal removal efficiency ranged from 70% to 90%.
The investigation found that CAC is a potential absorbent for treating greywater in homes. According
to the study, CAC is a workable solution for treating greywater treatment in homes. An inexpensive
and efficient absorbent that can remove a variety of contaminants from greywater is called CAC.
Because of this, it is a potentially useful technology in developing nations with poor access to clean
water.
PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
A study conducted in Kenya by Muinde and Kuria (2022), investigated the public's perception
of using corn cob filters for greywater. More than 80% of the 120 participants in the study, who came
from three villages, said they would be willing to use corn cob filters. The primary factors influencing
the participant’s willingness to use the filters were their ability, simplicity of use, and capacity to
effectively remove contaminants.
The study of Koko, Khamala, and Onyango (2022), examined the acceptance of corncobs-based
water filters and whether they would be willing to use this technology. According to the results, more
than 80% of participants expressed a willingness to employ corn cobs filters, citing their perceived
efficacy in eliminating pollutants from greywater as well as their affordability and ease of use.
In the study of Gupta, Singh, Goyal (2023), a survey was conducted by the researchers. 200
Pune households were surveyed to find out how they felt about corn cob-based water filters and
whether they would be willing to use this technology. According to the findings, 75% of respondents
were open to the concept of treating greywater with corn cob filters. The primary factors that
influenced the respondents’ acceptance were the ease of maintenance, affordability, and environmental
benefits.
The recognition of corn cobs’ sustainability, affordability, and efficacy has led to a promising
public acceptance of their use as a greywater filter. Public support for this cutting-edge and
environmentally friendly water purification technology can be strengthened through ongoing research,
community involvement, and educational initiatives.
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
This chapter presented the detailed methods, procedures, or techniques that were used in
answering the research questions to provide adequate and complete information on how to conduct the
collection of data. This chapter was divided into several sections the research design used, participants
of the study, research locale, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure, sampling procedure,
statistical analysis, and experimental procedure.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The experimental research design was tailored to the nature of this investigation. The team will
develop and build a pilot-scale greywater treatment system employing Mays subsp as the principal
filter material. This study employs a pre-test/post-test control group approach to rigorously assess the
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
efficacy of Mays subsp (corn cobs) as an eco-friendly greywater recycling solution. Two identical
greywater treatment systems will be built.
 Treatment group: This system will utilize corn cobs as the primary filtration and absorption
media
 Control group: This system will use a conventional sand filter, the current standard for
greywater treatment, for comparison.
Both systems will receive identical influent grey water from a predetermined source (for
example, laundry or bathroom sinks). Both influent and effluent water will have pre-treatment
measurements of essential water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand
(COD), and total dissolved solids (TDS). After a set treatment duration (e.g., 2 weeks), post-treatment
water samples will be examined for the same parameters. In addition, bacterial and viral counts will be
compared to assess pathogen elimination efficacy.
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
The choice of respondents for this study was put into deliberate consideration. It was agreed
that no identifiable demographics would be asked of the respondents. Since certain Barangay’s
population is small it would be easy to identify someone by age, residence, availability, knowledge,
and interest. Some of the potential participants' groups and the rationale behind their inclusion;
HOUSEHOLDS
a. Individuals with existing greywater recycling systems can be recruited to participate in a field
study where corn cobs can be used as a filter material in their greywater treatment systems. This
allows for real-world data collection on the effectiveness of corn cobs in removing
contaminants and the feasibility of integrating them into existing greywater systems
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
b. Individuals interested in adopting greywater recycling: This group can be recruited for surveys
or interviews to gather their perceptions and willingness to use corn cobs for greywater
treatment. This information can help assess the potential market for corn cob-based greywater
treatment systems.
COMMUNITIES WITH LIMITED ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER
a. Local Stakeholders (e.g., Government Officials, Water Management Organizations): These
stakeholders can be involved in designing and implementing the pilot projects and
disseminating information about the technology to the community. Their participation ensures
community buy-in and support for the project.
RESEARCHERS AND PRACTITIONERS IN THE FIELD OF WATER TREATMENT
a. Scientists and Engineers Specializing in Water Treatment Technologies: These individuals can
participate in laboratory experiments to evaluate corn cobs' absorption capacity and efficiency
for different greywater contaminants under controlled conditions. This allows for a detailed
understanding of the mechanisms involved in the absorption process.
b. Representatives of Water Treatment Companies and Environmental NGOs: These stakeholders
can provide valuable insights into the potential market for corn cob-based greywater treatment
systems and facilitate the technology’s commercialization and widespread adoption.
TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
a. Teachers: Teachers with experience in environmental education or science can provide
insightful and thorough responses to the questionnaires and interviews used in the study. Their
knowledge of important concepts, as well as their regular interactions with students, can help to
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
improve the data obtained. Teachers can also provide useful input on the clarity and precision
of the research tools, ensuring that the data collected is relevant and meaningful.
b. Students: The "Mays subsp" research investigates scientific ideas such as water conservation,
filtration, and environmental engineering. Students participating in the research process can
augment classroom learning and make STEM subjects more tangible and engaging. Analyzing
data, researching the science underlying corn cob filtration, and possibly even participating in
hands-on activities such as building greywater recycling systems can help them understand
scientific ideas.
In addition to the participation groups identified above, specific inclusion and exclusion criteria
should be established to ensure the validity and reliability of the research findings. The criteria may
include:
AGE: Participants should be adults (18 years or older) capable of providing informed consent.
RESIDENCE: Participants should reside in an area with access to greywater (e.g., homes with
showers, and washing machines).
AVAILABILITY: Participants should be willing to commit the necessary time and resources to
participate in the research study.
KNOWLEDGE AND INTEREST: For surveys, participants should have some basic understanding
of greywater and water conservation concepts.
RESEARCH LOCALE
This research study was conducted at Good Samaritan Colleges, Fort Magsaysay, Patalac,
Bakod Bayan, Mayapyap, Philippines.
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
Good Samaritan Colleges is a private school located in Burgos Ave., Cabanatuan City, NE. It is
one of the well-known schools in Nueva Ecija and one of the top-performing schools in the region.
GSC is composed of three Colleges which are the College of Nursing and Allied Health Professions,
College of Arts in Education, College of Accountancy, and a Junior High School Department and a
Senior High School Department composed of three strand STEMS (Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics). HUMSS (Humanities and Social Science), and ABM (Accountancy, Business, and
Mathematics) with more or less than three thousand students (3000) and about 100 faculty and staff.
GSC is known for honing students and making them future ready. The students who are studying in the
said College come from different parts of the region, with different beliefs, cultures, and traditions.
Figure 1. Map of Good Samaritan Colleges
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
Research that is solely reliant on surveys provides several economic and expedient benefits
while still providing useful information (Riddell, 2018). Specific to this study, a cross-sectional survey
instrument was developed for this study. The survey is organized into three sections that explore the
participants' perceptions of knowledge about greywater recycling, attitude towards Mays subsp (corn
cobs) for greywater treatment, and willingness to adopt greywater recycling. The survey is used to
explore participants’ perception of Mays subsp (corn cobs) as a treatment for greywater. Surveys afford
a quantitative description of attitudes or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that

THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
population and providing critical feedback about what changes Mays subsp has brought about
greywater treatment. In addition to the Likert scale and other close-ended questions, the survey
contains a few open-ended items. These questions provide the opportunity for the respondents to
express their views further if so desired. Common themes emerged from the responses, thus providing
meaningful data for data analysis.
The survey is divided into three sections; the first section deals with the knowledge about
greywater recycling, the second section addresses the attitude towards Mays subsp (corn cobs) for
greywater treatment, and the third section looks at the willingness to adopt greywater recycling. The
five-point Likert scale was assigned as follows; one (strongly disagree) two (disagree), three (no
opinion), four(agree), and five (strongly agree), (Fink, 2009). Additionally, a five-point Likert scale
addresses questions on willingness, attitude, and knowledge: awareness, frequency, and familiarity.
The remaining questions are open-ended, so participants can answer freely, and check all that apply.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The study entitled, “Mays subsp (Corn Cobs): The Eco-Friendly Solution for Greywater
Recycling” aims to determine the efficacy, willingness, and acceptability of Mays Subsp a plant known
for being porous, and its abrasive and absorption properties, and evaluate its potential as an alternative
water filtration method. To accomplish this a comprehensive data-gathering procedure incorporating
observations and survey methods will be implemented. The procedure is outlined as follows:
 Research Design. The researchers in this study planned to systematically cool collected
analyzed data. The researchers in this study carefully outlined the objectives, research
questions, and variables of interest. The researchers would also determine the target population
or sample for administering the sample.
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
 Observation. In the observation phase, the researchers would collect several samples of Mays
subsp. The collected samples will then be prepared for cleaning, drying, burning, and
processing into a suitable form of water filter for filtration testing. The researchers would then
observe the color, turbidity and presence of particles, scum, biofilms in influent or effluent
greywater (Mitra et al., 2020, Lui et al., 2018). Observation for this study involves two main
steps identification and collection, and sample operation.
 Filtration Testing. During the filtration testing, a controlled pilot-scale model will be designed
to determine the efficacy and adaptability of Mays subsp as a cost-effective alternative for
water filtration. The prepared pilot-scale model would be put to test on kitchen water, bath
water, and water from the bath to check its ability and efficacy to filter out substances. Then the
adaptability of the sample will be observed, considering factors such as turbidity, presence of
particles, odor, and color.
 Survey Administration. The survey phase involves developing a questionnaire that addresses
knowledge about greywater recycling, attitudes towards Mays Subsp for greywater treatment,
and willingness to adopt greywater recycling. A diverse representation of the following is
ensured by sampling households, communities with limited access to clean water, researchers
and practitioners in the field of water treatment, and teachers and students. The survey will be
administered face-to-face to randomly selected participants, and their responses will be
recorded. The administration of this survey will involve three main steps.
Firstly, the researchers will develop a survey questionnaire that includes relevant questions
about the willingness to adopt greywater recycling, knowledge about greywater recycling, and attitudes
toward Mays subsp for greywater treatment. Then the researcher will identify a sample population for
the survey which will consist of communities with limited access to clean water, households,
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
researchers and practitioners in the field of water treatment, and teachers and students. The sample can
be selected randomly or purposively, depending on the research objectives and available resources.
Lastly, the survey can be administered to the selected participants either in person, via mail, or using
online survey tools. The participants' responses survey will be recorded.
 Data Analysis. The data analysis involves analyzing the collected data from both the
observation and survey phases. In data analysis, the observational data including the assessment
of the filtration system, is subjective to qualitative analysis. This analysis aims to identify any
significant differences or trends between Mays Subsp-based water filter and the synthetic water
filter. To compare water quality metrics between treated and untreated greywater. This aids in
determining how well the Mays subsp filter removes impurities and enhances the general
quality of water. Additionally, the survey responses are compiled and analyzed using
techniques such as descriptive statistics to gain insights into user perspectives and preferences
on the mays subsp base water filter.
 Interpretation and Conclusion. The interpretation and the conclusion phase involve analyzing
the gathered data from both the observation and the survey phases. The results will be
interpreted concluding the efficacy and the adaptability of Mays Subsp as a viable material in
the production of cost-effective water filters as well as its potential as a sustainable alternative
to synthetic water filters. The findings will be compared with existing literature in the field to
provide broader context for the conclusion.
The data-gathering procedure will ensure the synthetic collection of both quantitative and
qualitative information on the applicability and efficacy of Mays Subsp as a cost-effective alternative to
synthetic water filters. By following a systematic procedure involving observation and survey methods,
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
the researchers aim to provide valuable insights into the potential and viability of Mays Subsp as a cost-
effective water filtration system.
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
In this study, the survey will make use of stratified random sampling technique was utilized to
select the students. To ensure the validity and the quality of the questionnaire, a pilot-study will be
conducted at Good Samaritan Colleges located in Burgos Avenue, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija,
Philippines. The survey will be administered using stratified random sampling, allowing researchers to
gather information and data from diverse sets of participants. This sampling method was chosen to
ensure a fair and unbiased representation of the population, aligning with the requirements of the
research study.
The researchers will employ a stratified random sampling method to enhance the reliability of
the participant selection and minimize bias. A study made by Cochran, 1977; Lohr, 2022, explained
that stratified random sampling is a probability sampling technique where a population is divided into
subgroups (strata) based on shared characteristics before selecting a representative sample. By
employing this approach all participants have an equal opportunity to be selected as participants in the
study, ensuring a fair and representative sample.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
To ensure that the interpretation of the results can be deemed reliable and valid, various
statistical techniques and procedures will be utilized in this study.
1. This study utilized the weighted means to determine the acceptability and efficacy of Mays
subsp based water filtration system as a cost-effective alternative to a synthetic water filter.
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
This tool will be used to establish and provide answers to the question that the study intends to
answer.
2. The mean is the most often used in central tendency calculation since it's prone to fewer errors.
The established data will be treated with the use of weighted mean.
Σ fχ
Formula: Χ =
f
Where: X is the weighted mean.
Σ fX is the sum of all products
f is the sum of all respondents.

3. To evaluate the acceptability and efficiency of Mays subsp based water filtration system as a
cost-effective water filtration system, the rating scale below will be used.
Scale Mean Verbal Interpretation

5 4.30-5.00 Very Acceptable
4 3.50-4.29 Acceptable
3 2.70-3.49 Neutral
2 1.90-2.69 Unacceptable
1 1.00-1.89 Very Unacceptable
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
This experimental procedure presents a comprehensive study focused on determining the
applicability and efficacy of Mays subsp as a cost-effective water filter. The Mays subsp based water
filter will be produced as follows.
1. Raw Material and Sample Collection: The sites selected to collect samples for analysis and
treatment is commercial sewage (Greywater) which can be obtained in Schools, Offices, and
Households. The greywater samples contain wastewater from pantry, floor wash, wash basins,
and water from the shower. The corn cobs will be collected from public markets.
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
2. Preparation of Corncobs: The raw corncobs obtained from public markets will be sun dried to
remove moisture. The dried corn cobs will longitudinally cut into two halves using a hammer.
Next smaller sized corn cobs will be collected and broken into further smaller sizes. Then the
corn will be powered by grinding them mechanically.
3. First Layer; Gravel for Support: Since any filters need a base support and the material
chosen for our filter is a 20mm (about 0.79 in) sized gravel. About one kilogram of gravel will
be weighted, washed completely to remove dirt and will be left to dry. The clean 20 mm (about
0.79 in) sized gravel will be placed in a filter on top of a geotextile cloth. The gravel layer must
be uniformly separated.
4. Second Layer; Fine Sand: Fine sand is a well-known medium used in sewage treatment plants
to treat highly contaminated sewage. The impurities in water will get trapped in the voids of
soil particles. This layer nourishes microorganisms that will biologically treat the components
of the wastewater. A geotextile cloth will be placed over the layer of gravel. One-kilogram fine
sand is laid over the geotextile cloth and tamped well.
5. Third Layer; Powdered Corn Cobs: The dried corn cobs will be broken into smaller pieces
and these pieces will be grinded mechanically. The powdered corn cobs must be washed well
and dried before layering. One kilogram of powdered corn cobs will be weighed and layered.
The corn must be layered uniformly without constant tamping. A geotextile cloth will be placed
over the layer.
6. Fourth Layer; Activated Carbon: Activated carbon is a well-established absorbent without
which any water filter is incomplete. Activated carbons are available in many forms, here
granular activated carbon is chosen. The carbon must be washed well to remove the ash from it
and then allowed to dry. One kilogram of activated carbon-free from ash content is placed
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
uniformly over the geotextile cloth and spread in all directions. A geotextile cloth is placed over
it.
7. Fifth Layer; Small Pieces of Corn Cobs: Long corn cobs are broken into smaller pieces of
length 5 to 8 centimeters. The broken pieces are washed and dried and one kilogram of the corn
cobs is weighed and kept aside. The broken corn cobs are placed over a geotextile cloth. Care
must be taken to ensure there are no spaces between the two pieces of cobs.
8. Sixth Layer; Longitudinal Sections of Corn Cobs: Long pieces of corn cobs are cut
longitudinally. A hammer is used to longitudinally section the dried corn cobs. The longitudinal
sections must also be cleaned with water and dried. One kilogram of this is weighed and spread
over the geotextile cloth that overlies a layer of broken cobs. Geotextile cloth is used as a
spacer between different layers of filtration media and to aid in uniform filtration,
9. Testing of the Filter: The corn cobs filter, after properly layered and tamped must be then
checked to evaluate the efficiency. About 5 liters of water from the kitchen sink and mixed with
another 5 liters of water collected from the baths and laundry.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Gathering data for any research study, including the “Mays subsp” project on greywater
recycling, involves ethical considerations that must be addressed to ensure the well-being of
participants and the integrity of the research. Listed below are the considered key points when
conducting data gathering for this research;
Informed Consents
a. Participants should be provided with clear and concise information about the study’s
purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time.
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
This information sheet should be translated into the local language if necessary (Babbie,
2014, p. 134).
b. Ensure participants understand the implications of their participation, including potential
data sharing and publication (Creswell, 2014, p. 78).
c. Obtain written informed consent from all participants before collecting any data (Punch,
2013, p. 184).
Privacy and Confidentiality
a. Maintain the anonymity and confidentiality of participants throughout the data collection from
the analysis process. This includes using participant IDs, anonymizing data sets, and storing
data securely.
b. Avoid collecting sensitive information unless necessary for the study and ensure data is handled
with utmost care and protection (Yin, 218, p. 147).
Avoiding Coercion and Bias
a. Ensure participants are voluntary and free from any coercion or pressure.
b. Be mindful of potential power imbalances between researchers and participants, particularly in
a school setting.
c. Design research instruments and procedures to minimize bias and ensure data collection is
objective.
Data Security and Storage
a. Implement appropriate measures to protect the security and integrity of collected data,
including power-protected files, encryption, and secure data storage facilities.
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
AN FEU PARTNER
COLLEGES INC.
b. Have a clear data retention and disposal policy in place to ensure the responsible handling of
data after the study is complete.
Ethical Review and Oversight
a. When working with participants in Cabanatuan City, consider local cultural sensitivities and
ensure research methods are appropriate for the context.
b. If involving students in the study, obtain informed consent from both parents/guardians and the
students themselves, and ensure research procedures comply with relevant educational
regulations.
By carefully considering these ethical considerations and adhering to relevant guidelines, the
researchers can help ensure that the data collected for the “Mays subsp” study is reliable, valid, and
ethically sound. This will contribute to the overall quality of the research and its potential to benefit
society.

Mays Subs GROUP 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mays Subs GROUP 6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mays Subs GROUP 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE GOOD SAMARITAN

A Research Study Presented to the

Faculty of Senior High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Figueroa, Andrei Jemero

Ramos, Jerome Brian

Puerto, Armiene Ysabelle

Rivera, Troy Denver

approach to filtering out grey water.

backyard. What if corncobs could be the key?

pollution control because of its noticeably large surface area.

They're abundant, biodegradable, and surprisingly effective at removing pollutants from

conservation and environmental protection. In water-stressed regions like Central Luzon,

potential of a locally available resource, corn cobs, to address this challenge.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

2. How long do corn cobs last as a biofilter material?

3. How cost-effective is it to use corn cob as a biofilter material?

4. How can public acceptance of using corn cobs as a biofilter be increased?

By answering these research questions, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of

recycling systems that contribute to water conservation and environmental protection.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

protecting the environment.

Water scarcity is a serious threat to environmental sustainability because it jeopardizes

ecosystems, agricultural productivity, and human well-being. Greywater recycling provides a

eco-friendly alternative to conventional biofilter materials, reducing the environmental footprint

more affordable to communities and individuals, especially in developing countries.

resulting in cost savings in water acquisition and distribution.

The adoption of corn cobs as a biofilter material promotes sustainable practices in

environmental conservation efforts. Furthermore, using an agricultural byproduct for

wastewater treatment promotes a circular economy approach, reducing reliance on

nonrenewable resources and minimizing environmental impact.

water management strategies by governments and regulatory bodies, promoting sustainable

participate in water conservation efforts.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

researching the efficacy, durability, cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and social acceptability of

using corn cobs as a biofilter material for greywater treatment.

In addition to the general delimitations mentioned above, the following specific

2024 academic year.

hypothesis denoted by h0 is as follows:

2. How long do corn cobs last as a biofilter material?

3. How cost-effective is it to use corn cob as a biofilter material?

4 How can public acceptance of using corn cobs as a biofilter be increased?

assist in decomposing it.

4.) Bio resources - a resource is a substance or object in the environment required by an

organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction.

5.) Byproduct - something produced in a usually industrial or biological process in addition to

the principal product.

contaminants (as from toilets or diapers).

9.) Incentivize - to provide an incentive.

10.) Jeopardize - to expose to danger or risk.

grown for its large, elongated ears of starchy seeds.

12.) Pathogens - a specific causative agent (such as a bacterium or virus) of disease.

13.) Poaceae - taxonomic synonym of Gramineae.

waste and helping to combat climate change.

Review Related Literature

the following objectives:

 Efficacy in Pollutant Removal

 Sustainability and Cost-Effectiveness

READILY AVAILABLE AT LOW-COST