Statistics and Probability

Learning Activity Sheet # 2

Lesson 2 :Formulating Hypothesis Testing

Target

In your previous lesson, you have learned about how to illustrate null and
alternative hypothesis in words and in symbols.
This learning material will provide you more information and examples in
formulating hypotheses.
After going through this learning material, you are expected to:
1. identify the parameter to be tested given in real-life problem.
(M11/12SP-IVa-3)
2. formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a
population mean. (M11/12SP-IVb-1)

Subtasks:
1. define parameter
2. formulate null and alternative hypothesis on a population mean
4. write the symbol for null and alternative hypothesis

Discover

Parameter is used to describe the entire population being studied. A

population is a set of all people, objects, events, or ideas wish to investigate. Usually
parameter describes the average or mean of the population.
A sample mean is an estimate of the population mean. It is the average of a
set of data or sample while population mean is an average of a group characteristics.
The group could be a person, item or thing, like “all the people living on a certain
place” or “all the dog owner in a subdivision” and others.

Two types of hypothesis:

The null hypothesis denoted by Ho, is a statement that there is no difference
between a parameter and a specific value, or no phenomena is observed or
there is no relationship between what you are comparing. This is what we want to
test. It is the hypothesis to be tested. The null hypothesis is considered to be true,
until we have sufficient evidence to reject it. Then, if we reject the null hypothesis,
we are led to the alternative hypothesis.
Alternative Hypothesis denoted by Ha or 𝑯𝟏 (read as “H one), contradicts the null
hypothesis. It allows the possibility of many values.
The two parameters of interest are denoted by 𝜇1 and 𝜇2 . If there is no
difference between the two values, the relationship is written in symbol as:
𝝁𝟏 - 𝝁𝟐 = 0
So, the null hypothesis would be written in symbol as:
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐

The symbol ≠ in the alternative hypothesis suggest either a greater than (>) relation
or a less than (<) relation.
Steps in formulating null and alternative hypotheses
1. Identify the parameter of interest
2. Determine the claim to be tested (null or alternative)
3. Translate the claim into mathematical symbols or notations
4. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
There are three different ways in writing hypothesis as illustrated below:
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝒌 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≤ 𝒌 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≥ 𝒌
𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝒌 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 > 𝒌 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 < 𝒌
Phrases such as equal to (=), less than (<), greater than (>), greater than or equal to
(≥), less than or equal to (≤) and not equal to (≠), and others are very important in
formulating hypothesis.
Let’s consider the following examples.
Example 1. A survey conducted the college students in their study stated that cell
phone owners received an average of 65 texts every day. What parameter
should these students consider proving this claim? State the null
hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
Solution:
The parameter of interest is the average number of text messages received
every day.
The null hypothesis is the average texts every day is 65. In symbol,
Ho: 𝝁 = 𝟔𝟓 (claim).
 The alternative hypothesis is the average text received is not equal to 65”. In
symbol, Ha: 𝝁 ≠ 𝟔𝟓.

Example 2. A nutritionist wants to estimate the mean amount of sodium consumed

by children under the age of 10. From a random sample of 75 children
under the age of 10, the nutritionist obtains a sample mean of 2993
milligrams of sodium consumed.
Solution:
The parameter of interest is the average amount of sodium consumed by
the children under the age of 10.
The null hypothesis is the sample mean 2993 milligrams of sodium
consumed. In symbol Ho: 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟑 (claim).
The alternative hypothesis is the mean is not equal to 2993”. In symbol,
Ha: 𝝁 ≠ 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟑

Example 3. A university wants to test if college students take less than five years
to graduate from college, on the average.
Solution:
The parameter of interest is the average years to graduate from college.
The null hypothesis is the college students take less than five years to
graduate from college. In symbol, Ho: 𝝁 ≥ 5.
The alternative hypothesis is the college students take more than five years
to graduate from college. In symbol, Ha: 𝝁 < 𝟓 (claim)

Example 4: The average height of Grade 11 female students is above 158 cm.
Their adviser wants to test the students’ claim.
Solution:
The parameter of interest is the average height of the Grade 11 female
students.
The null hypothesis is the average height of Grade 11 students is above 158
cm. In symbol, Ho: 𝝁 ≤ 158.
The alternative hypothesis is the average height of Grade 11 students is not
above 158 cm. In symbol, Ha: 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟓𝟖 (claim) .
 Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and
strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Enrichment Activity 1: Complete Me!

Directions: Read and analyze the given problem, then give what is asked to
complete the table below. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

A teacher wants to know if listening to popular music affects the performance

of pupils. A class of 50 grade 1 pupils was used in the experiment. The mean score
was 83 and the standard deviation is 5. A previous study revealed that 𝜇 = 82 and
the standard deviation 𝜎 = 10

Question Answer
1. Identify the parameter of interest.

2. What is the null hypothesis?

3.What is the alternative hypothesis?

4.Write in symbol the null hypothesis.

5.Write in symbol the null hypothesis.

Assessment 1. Read and analyze the given problem.

Identify the parameters to be tested on real-life problem. State the null and
alternative hypothesis. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided.

1. A researcher wants to estimate the number of hours that 5-year old children
spend watching television. A sample of 50 five-year old children was observed
to have a mean viewing time of 3 hours. The population is normally distributed
with a standard deviation of 0.5.
Parameter: ______________________________________________________________
Ho:______________________________________________________________________
H1:______________________________________________________________________
2. The average height of grade 11 female students is 158.2 cm. The mean height
of a sample of 100 female students is 160 cm with a standard deviation of 6 cm.
Parameter: ______________________________________________________________
Ho:______________________________________________________________________
H1:______________________________________________________________________
3. The net weight of a packet of a snack brand is 130 g. A sample of 80 packs
yielded a sample mean weight of 112 g with standard deviation of 15 g.
Parameter: ______________________________________________________________
Ho:______________________________________________________________________
H1:______________________________________________________________________
4. A statistics class at a large high school suspects that students at their school are
getting less than 8 hours of sleep on average. To test their theory, they randomly
sample 42 of these students and ask them how many hours of sleep they get per
night. The mean from the sample is 𝐱 = 7.5 hours.
Parameter: ______________________________________________________________
Ho:______________________________________________________________________
H1:______________________________________________________________________
5. A restaurant owner installed a new automated drink machine. The machine is
designed to dispense 530 mL of liquid on the medium size setting. The owner
suspects that the machine may be dispensing to much in medium drinks. They
decide to take a sample of 30 medium drinks to see if the average amount is
significantly greater than 530mL.
Parameter: ______________________________________________________________
Ho:______________________________________________________________________
H1:______________________________________________________________________

Enrichment Activity 2: Fill the Missing Piece!

Directions: Complete the table below by writing the parameter, null
hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
1. A study of all homes sold at auction Parameter:
in Laguna last year showed that the
average sale price for such homes was
Php 650,000.00
2. A researcher made a random sample Null Hypothesis:
of 100 deaths and found that the Alternative Hypothesis:
average life span of Filipinos is 69.3.
Assuming a population standard
deviation of 7.8 years, does this seem
to indicate that the life span today is
lesser than 70 years? In this case, what
parameters should the researcher
consider?
3. A survey conducted the college Null Hypothesis:
students in their study stated that cell Alternative Hypothesis:
phone owners received an average of 65
texts every day. What parameter should
these students consider proving this
claim?
 Statistics and Probability
Activity Sheet # 2
Lesson 2 :Formulating Hypothesis Testing

Name : ___________________________________ Date : ____________

Grade & Section : __________________

Directions: Read each item carefully and write the answer in your answer
sheet provided.

For items 1-2, use the problem below.

Myla conducted a survey to all grade 6 students and claimed that their
average age is 12.
1. What should be the null hypothesis?
A. All 12 years old students are grade 6.
B. Not all 12 years old students are grade 6.
C. The average age of grade 6 students is 12.
D. The average age of grade 6 students is not 12.

2. What should be the alternative hypothesis?

A. All 12 years old students are grade 6.
B. Not all 12 years old students are grade 6.
C. The average age of grade 6 students is 12.
D. The average age of grade 6 students is not 12.

3. Analyze the null hypothesis below based on the given problem and select the
word/s that make/s it wrong.
Problem: The owner of a factory that sells a particular bottled fruit juice
claims that the average capacity of a bottle of their product
is 250 ml.
Ho: The bottled drinks do not contain 250 ml per bottle.
1 2 3 4
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

For items 4-5, refer to the statement below.

Is there a significant difference among the treatments in terms of aroma?
4. What should be the alternative hypothesis?
A. There is a difference in terms of aroma
B. There is no significant difference in aroma
C. There is a significant difference among the treatments in terms of aroma.
D. There is no significant difference among the treatments in terms of aroma.

5. What should be the null hypothesis?

A. There is a difference in terms of aroma
B. There is no significant difference in aroma
C. There is a significant difference among the treatments in terms of aroma.
D. There is no significant difference among the treatments in terms of aroma

6. Analyze the alternative hypothesis below based on the given problem and select
the word/s that make/s it wrong.
Problem: The owner of a factory that sells a particular bottled fruit juice
claims that the average capacity of a bottle of their product is 250 ml.
Ha: The bottled drink does contain 250 ml per bottle.
1 2 3 4
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
7. What do you call a number that describes a population characteristic?
A. mean B. parameter C. sample D. variable

8. What do you call the set of all people, objects, events, or ideas you want to
investigate?
A. data B. population C. sample D. statistics

9. When the null hypothesis is rejected, which of the following is true?

A. The conclusion is guaranteed
B. The conclusion is not guaranteed
C. There is a sufficient evidence to back up the decision
D. There is no sufficient evidence to back up the decision.

10. Which of the following symbol refers to greater than or equal to in formulating
hypothesis?
A. ≤ B. ≥ C. > D.<
11. What hypothesis refers to a statement that shows a difference between two
parameters?
A. alternative hypothesis B. directional test
C. null hypothesis D. non- directional test

12. Which statement does NOT refer to a parameter?

A. That city has a population of more than 567,345.
B. There are 305 doctors in Naguilian District Hospital
C. The number of students enrolled at the Mala Elementary School is 278.
D. A survey of 2000 federation members had shown that 25% believed policed
should have the right to take industrial action.

13. A researcher has exam result for students who took a training course for a
national exam. The researcher wants to know if trained students score
above the national average of 850. Which of following is the parameter of
interest?
A. The researcher
B. The training course
C. The national exam
D. The average score of 850

14. Refer to item 12, what will be the null hypothesis?

A. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 850 B. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 > 850. C. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 < 850 D. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≠ 850

15. Refer to item 12, what will be the alternative hypothesis?

A. 𝐻1 : 𝜇 = 850 B. 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 850 C. 𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 850 D. 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 850

Parent's Signature : _____________________________