COMMUNICATION: -

The word ‘Communication’ comes from the Latin word commūnicāre, meaning ‘to share’.
Communication is the ‘sharing’ of information between two or more individuals or within a group to
reach a common understanding.
Communication is a two-way process. The listener, reader, or receiver of communication is an
important part of the process of communication. Her or his response or feedback completes the cycle
of communication.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION: -
Method of
Communication

Verbal Communication Non-Verbal Communication Visual Communication

1. Verbal Communication: -
Verbal communication is the most popular means of sharing information or ideas. People use
words to exchange thoughts, feelings, and ideas with others.
There are two primary mediums of verbal communication:
a. Oral communication
b. Written communication

a. Oral Communication: -
It refers to spoken words being used to convey a message. Effective oral communication is a
two-way process and involves both speaking and listening. Oral communication can be done either
by using mechanical devices like telephone, loudspeaker, tape recorder, or face-to-face interactions.

FACTORS TO IMPROVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS

- Speech: It is the act of delivering a formal oral communication to an intended audience.
Clarity is essential and is needed most.
- Vocabulary: effective communication is judged by the correct usage of vocabulary.
Vocabulary can be improved by reading new words daily.
- Rhythm: One should maintain a rhythm to express one's attitude and the different array of
emotions such as surprise, happiness, irritation, curiosity, boredom.
- Tone: The tone of the speaker helps to create an impact on the listeners. It reflects the
attitude and the emotions of the speaker.
- Pitch: Pitch refers to the loudness or softness of a speaker's voice. One should always speak
in a clear, slow, and conversational tone in order to be an effective communicator.

TIPS TO IMPROVE ORAL COMMUNICATION

- Read out loud.
- Make audio/video recordings of your reading. Take note of the areas you need to work on.
- Talk to people in a manner that shows interest.
- Take part in activities which involve public speaking.
 b. Written Communication: -
Written communication means communicating through written words. Writing is more valid
and reliable than speech. Different forms of written communication include letters, reports,
memos, circulars, questionnaires, manuals. These days, messengers like WhatsApp, e-mails,
etc., are also used by people

Tips to Improve Written Communication

- Expand your vocabulary and learn new words.
- Learn to spell words correctly.
- Read regularly. It gives you an idea of how to use words appropriately.
- Improve your grammar and use appropriate tense and correct punctuation.
-
Different types of verbal communication are as follows:
- Intrapersonal Communication, is extremely private. It includes the silent conversations we
have with ourselves.
- Interpersonal Communication – here information is exchanged between two individuals.
The two individuals involved, interchange their roles of sender and receiver repeatedly.
- Dyadic Communication, this type of communication takes place between two people. For
example, two friends talking face-to-face or two business colleagues using a telephone.
- Small group discussion.
- Public communication.
FUNCTIONS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Help us maintain relationships.
- Help us organize complex ideas and experiences into meaningful categories.
- Help us define reality.
- Help us think
- Can be used to reward and punish.
2. Non-verbal Communication: -
Instead of written or oral words, it depends on different non-verbal prompts like body
movements, gestures, facial expressions, symbols, images, signals charts, and so on to express
sentiments, attitudes or information.
For effective communication we should
- Use a variety of appropriate facial expressions while communicating with people.
- Try to make eye contact while speaking in the classroom, during presentations, discussions, etc.
as it define confidence and willingness to connect.
- Vary your vocal pattern throughout the presentation and avoid a moderately monotonous vocal
range.
- Refrain from fidgeting with your hands or clothes.
- During a presentation, always stand straight and move around with ease and assurance.

FUNCTIONS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

- To emphasize on verbal communication
- To replace verbal communication using behaviors that are easily recognized by others.
- To complement or reinforce verbal communication
- To communicate emotions.
- To give feedback to the other person.

NON-VERBAL PRACTICE TO FOLLOW DURING AN INTERVIEW

- Maintain eye contact with the interviewer for a few seconds at a time.
 - Smile and nod (at appropriate times) when the interviewer is talking.
- Be polite and keep an even tone to your speech. Don't be too loud or too quiet.
- Do not slouch while sitting.
- Relax and lean a little towards the interviewer so that you appear interested and engaged. Do
not lean back.
- Be attentive to whatever the interviewer is saying or asking.
- Do not interrupt your interviewer

3. Visual Communication: -
Visual communication involves sending and understanding messages only through images or pictures. This
type of communication is that you do not need to know any particular language for understanding it.
Examples: traffic symbol, traffic lights, sign for ladies and gents toilet, sign showing railway crossing, etc.

POINTS TO CONSIDER WHILE PREPARING A PRESENTATION

- Make sure that your content is suitable for visual presentation.

- All fonts should be legible and appropriate for the communication style.
- Use callouts in moderation to highlight vital information.
- Present content in a way that follows a logical hierarchy.
- Keep significant negative space. When too much information is present in a layout, messaging becomes
cluttered and incoherent.
- Don't overwhelm the audience with multiple graphs of a single topic

COMMUNICATION CYCLE AND IT’S ELEMENTS: -

Communication cycle refers to the process by which a message is sent from a source, received by a
recipient, and responded to by the recipient in a certain medium.

SENDER - A sender is an individual or a group, who has an idea or information which he wants to
communicate with others.
MESSAGE - It is the encoded idea sent by the sender.
ENCODING - Translation of an idea into a message by the source is called encoding.
COMMUNICATION CHANNEL - This is the means through which the message travels from the source
to the receiver.
RECEIVER - The person or group that receives the message is known as the receiver. The receiver is
the one who decodes or interprets the message
DECODING - It is the process of deriving meaning from the received message.

FEEDBACK - The cycle of communication is complete when the sender receives the feedback from
the receiver. Without feedback, the sender cannot confirm if the receiver has interpreted the message
correctly or not.
Feedback
Feedback is an essential factor in the process of the communication cycle. It is the response
or reaction of the receiver to the sender after perceiving or understanding the message. Here, the
receiver becomes the sender and vice versa.

IMPORTANCE OF FEEDBACK –
- Help the sender to justify the response of the receiver , if he is not agree to him
- The sender becomes cautious of the message sent by him
- Right feedback given at the right time can motivate and lead them towards their desired goal
- It helps to focus on the improvement areas and learn continuously.

TYPES OF FEEDBACK: -
a. Descriptive Feedback -
- Descriptive feedback includes specific information in the form of written comments or
verbal conversations that help the learner understand what he needs to do in order to
improve.
- Provides useful information to students about their learning.
- Fills the gap between their present level of performance and the learning goal
- Enable the students to self-assess and set their goals accordingly.
b. Specific Feedback –
Specific feedback provides detailed information about something particular, relating to
a task or the individual's performance. It is beneficial as it gives the receiver something
substantial to think about and work on the areas which need improvement.
For example, "It was impressive that you started with a question to hook the listeners. I like it.
c. Non-specific Feedback –
Non-specific feedback, in general, gives a vague response to the receiver. It may not be
of much help, as it does not guide the receiver properly to achieve the desired goal.
For example, "Great job”

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION: -
Effective communication implies that the transmitted content has been received and understood by
the receiver in a manner that was intended by the sender.

There are 7C’s that help in effective communication, these are

1. Clear – be clear about what you want to say.

2. Concise –refers to explaining things in a brief yet comprehensive manner. Don’t add
unnecessary details.
3. Concrete – communication is being specific and clear, rather than being vague and general.
4. Correct – use correct spellings, language, and grammar.
5. Coherent –message is logical and make sense to the receiver. All sentences should be connected
and relevant to the main topic.
6. Complete – your message should have all the needed information.
7. Courteous – be respectful, friendly and honest while communicating.

IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION ON OUR LIVES

- It encourages active participation in group discussions and cohesive teamwork.
- It helps in building relationships with others.
- Ability to communicate effectively builds your confidence
- Effective communication helps in handling various conflicts or misunderstanding in an organization.
- Effective communication saves time and reduces stress and anxiety levels.
FACTORS AFFECTING (BARRIERS IN) COMMUNICATION: -
A communication barrier is an obstacle that prevents the receiver from receiving and understanding
the message from sender.
TYPES BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION:
1. Barriers Related to The Formation of Message: -
These barriers occur due to problems in the composition or formation of the message itself. Some of
them are:
- Lengthy or Complicated Messages, Sometimes the vocabulary used in a conversation is too difficult and
complicated to understand or a sentence may be to: long for one to perceive its meaning.
- Linguistic Issues, In case of use of incorrect words, unfamiliar language and lack of detail, language
can act as a barrier to communicate what one wishes to convey.
- Inconsistent Tone or Non-verbal Communication, If the body language or tone used while communicating
is not correct, it will create barriers.
2. Internal Barrier: -
These types of barriers are related to our state of mind or some other internal issues.
- Fatigue, Disinterest, or Excitement, sometimes the receiver own feelings like tired, excited, or not
interesting topics may lead to lack of attention in receiver.
- Poor Listening Skill, Poor listeners do not attend carefully to all the information being given by the
speaker.
- Emotional Barriers, Some people find it difficult to express their emotions appropriately during
communication. During communication, both the sender and the receiver need to be in the right frame
of mind psychologically.
- Prejudice or Bias, Bias against a particular person may lead to false assumptions and cause
miscommunication.
- Cultural differences, It may seem like an appropriate gesture in one culture might be inappropriate in
another.
3. External Barrier: -
It occur due to factors we have no control over and are outside our body and mind.
- Noise and Other Distractions, One may miss an important part of the communication and misunderstand
due to these barriers.
- Physical barriers between Communicators, Technology problems with equipment used for
communication like weak signals, faulty handset may prevent proper contact in communication.
- Physical disability, Disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties can become a barrier to
communication
- Physical Barriers to Non-verbal Communication, You cannot see the non-verbal gestures, posture, and
general body language when you are making phone calls or sending text messages. Hence, they are less
effective than face-to-face communication.

Measures to Overcome the Barriers of Communication: -

1. Overcome Barriers related to the formation of Message: -
- Keep it simple, Messages should be simple and appropriate to serve the purpose and must be
clear and precise to ensure better understanding.
- Using correct Language, By using the appropriate language, the sender can ensure that the
receiver correctly interprets the meaning of the message.
- Using appropriate body language, The sender should use correct gestures, facial expressions, and
body posture while talking.
 2. Overcoming Internal Barriers
- Be sensitive and Empathetic, the sender must make sure that the receiver is in the right frame of
mind, and be confident of having the attention and interest of the receiver.
- Develop trust, mutual trust between the sender and the receiver helps in reducing perception
errors.
- Keep your emotions in check, being in a balanced frame of mind while communicating, helps to
check trust.
- Don’t assume, assumption should not be held against a person who is communicating.
- Be unbiased and fair, don’t hold prejudice or be judgmental about people when communicating.
3. Overcoming External Barriers
- Use proper communication channel, using proper infrastructure and equipment prevents noise
and other distraction.
- Find alternative means of communication to overcome physiological problem, like using of sign
language, written communication, or hearing aids etc.
- Use emoji while texting, It express feelings during messaging helps to overcome some of the
limitations of texting.
- Seeking feedback from receiver is one common and effective way to overcome all different types
of communication barriers.

Basic Writing Skills

To communicate well, we must have a good command over the language in which we are
communicating. To improve our writing skill, we will study the basic components of English grammar.

PHRASES
A phrase is a group of works that form a unit within a sentence but is incomplete independently. A
phrase lacks both the subject and the object.
SENTENCE
Sentence is the group of words that makes complete sense.
KIND OF SENTENCES
a. Assertive or Declaratives sentence – This is the most common type of sentence. It provides
information or states a fact.
Example: I go to school.
b. Question or Interrogative Sentence – Sentences that ask a question, and always end with a question
mark.
Example: Did you go to school?
c. Emotion/ Reaction or Exclamatory Sentence – It expresses a strong emotion, and always ends with
exclamation mark (!).
Example: Oh, it’s so cold!
d. Order or Imperative Sentence – it show an order, command, request, or advice. It can end with a
full stop or exclamation mark.
Example: Go to school today.
THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE ARE:
Subject – person or thing that does an action. Ask ‘who’ and the answer would be the subject.
Verb – describe the action.
Object – person or things that receive the action.

PARTS OF SPEECH
a. Noun - Nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing or idea. Example: dog, table, India, Sanjay
 b. Pronoun - A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. Example: I, They, He, You
c. Adjectives - Adjectives are words that describe other words. Example: Small, Sharp, Loud
d. Verbs - Verbs are words that show action. Example: Run, Eat, Think, Sit
e. Adverbs - Adverbs are words that add meaning to verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Example: Easily,
Always, Inside
f. Conjunctions - Conjunctions are words that join two nouns, phrases or sentences. Some common
conjunctions are ‘and’, ‘or’ and ‘but’. Ex: Sheela and I went to the market.
g. Prepositions - Prepositions connect one word with another to show the relation between them. They usually
answer the questions ‘where’, ‘when’ and ‘how’. Some common prepositions are ‘on’, ‘at’, ‘under’ and ‘in’.
Ex: The cat is on the roof.
h. Interjections - These words express strong emotions, such as happiness, surprise, anger or pain. They have
an exclamation mark at the end. Ex: Wow!, Oh!, Oh no!, Thanks!, etc.

Articles
The words ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are known as articles. Articles are generally used before nouns. Two types of articles are
there, i.e.
a. Indefinite Articles: It indicate that the noun they precede does not refer to any particular person or thing.
- ‘An’ is used before words with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) sound.
- ‘A’ is used before nouns with a consonant (all other alphabets) sound.

b. Definite Article: It is used when the noun that follows is already known.
- ‘The’ is used to refer to specific or particular words.

PARAGRAPH WRITING
A paragraph consists of several sentence grouped together to talk about a main subject. Thus, a paragraph is
essentially a collection of sentences that relate to one central topic.

HOW TO WRITE A GOOD PARAGRAPH

TOPIC - Decide the topic on which you are going to write the paragraph.
INTRODUCTION/TOPIC SENTENCE - A topic sentence conveys the main theme of the paragraph. It should always
contain a topic and a controlling idea.
SUPPORT/EXPLANATION - After stating the topic sentence, provide information in 7-8 sentences to explain the topic
in detail.
CONCLUSION - After illustrating your point with relevant information, add a concluding sentence that summarises the
points made in the paragraph
PROOFREAD - Before submitting, check your text for any grammar or spelling mistakes. Make sure your paragraph is
coherent and makes sense.

RULES FOR WRITING A PARAGRAPH

- Give the paragraph uniformity

- Keep the paragraph short
- Use topic sentences
- Leave out unnecessary details
- End the paragraph with a concluding sentence