Keywords and Definitions

Volume 9, Issue 4, April – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24APR026
Investigating the Impact of the Central Agricultural

Research Institute's (CARI) Agricultural Extension
Services on the Productivity and Livelihoods of
Farmers in Bong County, Liberia, from 2013 to 2017
Silas Bellet Mulbah1 Mogana S. Flomo, Jr.2
Postgraduate Student Department of Research, IAMA Center of
Department of Agriculture, IAMA Center of Excellence, Excellence, International Academic and
International Academic and Management Association, Management Association,
Delhi, India Delhi, India
Abstract:- In Liberia, a country where agriculture plays  Innovations in Agriculture: New methods, ideas,
a pivotal role in socio-economic development and food products, or services implemented to improve efficiency,
security, the effectiveness of agricultural extension productivity, sustainability, or profitability in the
services remains crucial yet underexplored, especially in agricultural sector. This includes the adoption of new
the context of transitioning from subsistence to farming techniques, technologies (e.g., improved seed
commercial agriculture. This study focuses on assessing varieties, pest management systems), and practices (e.g.,
the Central Agricultural Research Institute's (CARI) conservation agriculture).
agricultural extension services' impact on the agricultural  Technology Adoption: The process by which farmers
productivity and livelihoods of farmers in Suakoko, and agricultural practitioners start to use new technologies
Jorquelleh, and Yealliquelleh districts of Bong County, or innovations. Adoption can be influenced by several
from 2013 to 2017. The objectives were to evaluate the factors, including access to information, perceived
accessibility and adoption of agricultural innovations benefits, and socio-economic and environmental
disseminated by CARI and analyze the effectiveness of its conditions.
extension delivery methods. Employing a mixed-methods  Productivity: In the context of agriculture, productivity
approach, the research yielded significant findings: refers to the output (e.g., crop yield) per unit of input (e.g.,
54.1% of respondents were male, indicating a gender land, labor, capital). Higher productivity indicates more
disparity in agricultural engagement. The adoption of efficient use of resources.
new technologies and practices was varied, with 43.3% of  Sustainable Practices: Farming methods and practices
farmers reporting access to new fertilizer application that maintain the balance between meeting human needs
methods as the most prominent innovation provided by and preserving the environment so that these needs can be
CARI. Despite the extension efforts, 68.8% of farmers did met not only in the present but also for future generations.
not receive visits from CARI agents, and a considerable This includes practices like soil conservation, water
50% reported no access to new innovations or management, and organic farming.
technologies. The study also highlighted a distinct  Gender Disparity: The difference in treatment or
preference for learning through demonstrations (73.7%) outcomes between men and women. In the context of this
and meetings (25%), underscoring the demand for study, it refers to the unequal access to agricultural
practical and interactive extension services. extension services, resources, and opportunities in
farming activities.
Keywords and Definitions:-  Socio-Economic Development: The process of social
and economic improvement or growth in a community or
 Agricultural Extension Services: A series of educational region. In the context of this study, it pertains to how
activities and support services designed to assist farmers advancements in agricultural practices and productivity
and rural communities in improving agricultural can contribute to improving the quality of life and
productivity, income, and livelihoods through the economic status of individuals and communities.
dissemination of practical information on farming  Livelihoods: The means and activities through which
techniques, innovations, and technology. people obtain necessities for living. In rural agricultural
 Commercial Agriculture: The production of crops and contexts, livelihoods are often directly related to farming
livestock for sale in the market, often involving large- and related activities.
scale operations, advanced technologies, and significant  Integrated Pest Management (IPM): A sustainable
capital investment, in contrast to subsistence farming approach to managing pests by combining biological,
which is primarily for family consumption. cultural, physical, and chemical tools in a way that
minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.
IJISRT24APR026 www.ijisrt.com 27
I. INTRODUCTION  Analyze the Effectiveness of Extension Delivery

Methods: To analyze the effectiveness of various
Agriculture is pivotal to Liberia’s socio-economic extension delivery methods used by CARI in reaching and
development, food security, and poverty alleviation, with the impacting farmers in the study areas, considering the
majority of its rural population relying on it for livelihood. diverse agricultural practices and challenges specific to
The transition from subsistence to commercial agriculture, each district.
driven by technological advancements, market expansion,
and policy reforms, presents both opportunities and II. LITERATURE REVIEW
challenges for farmers (Green et al., 2005; Bardara, 2000).
Agricultural extension services, therefore, are crucial in The evolution of agricultural extension services has
enabling farmers to access innovative technologies and transitioned from traditional top-down technology transfer
information, thereby improving agricultural productivity and models to more participatory and integrated approaches,
sustainability. These services have evolved from mere addressing the complex challenges faced by today's farmers.
technology transfer to facilitating learning and addressing Early forms of agricultural extension can be traced back to
broader issues such as marketing, resource conservation, and practices in ancient China and later developments in Europe
food safety (USAID, 2002). and North America, where agricultural schools and
experimental farms played pivotal roles in disseminating
A. Background of the Study agricultural knowledge and practices. For instance, Philipp
Despite Liberia’s agricultural potential, various factors, Emanuel von Fellenberg, in the early 19th century,
including infertile soils, low rainfall, pests, limited resources, established agricultural schools and an experimental farm in
and infrastructural deficits, hinder its agricultural Switzerland, significantly contributing to agricultural
productivity. Additionally, the impacts of civil unrest and the education and the spread of innovative farming techniques
Ebola outbreak have devastated the agricultural sector and its (Jones & Garforth, 1997).
extension services. The Central Agricultural Research
Institute (CARI), located in Suakoko, Bong County, plays a Modern agricultural extension services began to take
pivotal role in research and extension, aiming to disseminate shape in response to agricultural crises, such as the potato
new technologies and innovations to improve production and blight in Europe in the mid-19th century. The British
productivity. However, the effectiveness of these services in government's initiative to appoint itinerant lecturers to
addressing the challenges faced by farmers in Bong County’s educate small farmers on improving cultivation practices
districts of Suakoko, Jorquelleh, and Yealliquelleh remains marked the beginning of organized extension services. This
uncertain (Mcmilian and Sanders, 2001; Nyensuah, 2016). model expanded throughout Europe and the United States,
evolving over time to include a more formal educational
B. Statement of the Problem component for farmers and their families (Jones & Garforth,
Liberia's agriculture faces multifaceted challenges 1997).
exacerbated by war, disease outbreaks, and climate change
vulnerabilities. The destruction of extension services and The shift towards participatory approaches in
infrastructure has led to significant gaps in farmer knowledge agricultural extension services reflects the need to engage
and technology adoption, resulting in low agricultural farmers actively in the learning process, recognizing their
productivity. The study aims to investigate the impact of knowledge and experiences. Such approaches aim to foster a
CARI's agricultural extension services on farmers in the two-way exchange of information between farmers and
selected districts of Bong County, focusing on the efficiency extension providers, improving the relevance and
and effectiveness of these services in overcoming the myriad effectiveness of the services offered. Innovative models, like
challenges to improve agricultural outcomes. the integrated, climate-resilient field school methodology
discussed by Osumba et al. (2021), exemplify this evolution
C. Objectives of the Study by combining elements of Farmers’ Field Schools, Climate
To assess the impact of the Central Agricultural Field Schools, Climate-Smart Agriculture, and indigenous
Research Institute (CARI) agricultural extension services on technical knowledge into a comprehensive package that
the agricultural productivity and livelihoods of farmers in addresses the multifaceted challenges of climate change and
Suakoko, Jorquelleh, and Yealliquelleh districts of Bong agricultural sustainability (Osumba et al., 2021).
County from 2013 to 2017.
The history and development of agricultural extension
 Specific Objectives services underscore the importance of adapting extension
methodologies to the changing needs and circumstances of
 Evaluate the Accessibility and Adoption of Agricultural the agricultural sector. From the early dissemination of
Innovations: To determine the extent to which farmers in agricultural knowledge by itinerant teachers and experimental
the targeted districts have access to and adopt agricultural farms to the modern, integrated, and participatory
innovations and technologies disseminated through approaches, agricultural extension has continually evolved to
CARI's extension services. better serve the needs of farmers, enhance agricultural
productivity, and promote sustainability.
A. Historical Development of Agricultural Extension B. The Role of Extension Services in Agricultural

Services Productivity
The historical development of agricultural extension Agricultural extension services play a crucial role in
services has seen a significant shift towards participatory enhancing agricultural productivity, sustainability, and the
methods and the integration of Information and socio-economic well-being of rural communities. These
Communication Technologies (ICTs), enhancing the services bridge the gap between agricultural research and
effectiveness and reach of these services. This evolution is practice by disseminating knowledge, introducing innovative
underscored by a move from traditional top-down technology farming techniques, and providing tailored advice to farmers.
transfer approaches to more inclusive and interactive models, The role of extension services in agricultural productivity
leveraging technology to bridge gaps between research and encompasses several key areas:
practical application in farming.
 Knowledge Dissemination and Skill Development
Participatory methods in agricultural extension Extension services are fundamental in transferring
emphasize the active involvement of farmers in the learning cutting-edge agricultural research and practices from
process, fostering a two-way exchange of knowledge between scientists to farmers. Through training sessions,
extension agents and farmers. This approach not only demonstrations, and field visits, extension agents equip
enhances the relevance and applicability of the information farmers with the knowledge and skills needed to adopt
shared but also empowers farmers by recognizing their modern agricultural techniques, manage pests and diseases
valuable insights and experiences. The integration of ICTs more effectively, and improve crop and livestock
further amplifies the impact of these participatory approaches management practices (Xu, Adeyemi, Landaverde, et al.,
by overcoming geographical barriers, enabling timely access 2023).
to information, and facilitating wider dissemination of
agricultural knowledge and innovations.  Technology Transfer and Adoption
The integration of new technologies, including both
A scoping review highlighted the crucial role of hard technologies (e.g., improved seed varieties, machinery,
agricultural extension programs in disseminating knowledge, and irrigation systems) and soft technologies (e.g., crop
empowering farmers, and driving agricultural development. management strategies, soil conservation methods), is
The review points out the necessity of leveraging technology facilitated by extension services. They play a pivotal role in
to enhance the delivery of extension programs, noting that demonstrating the benefits of these technologies, encouraging
technology applications can lower communication costs, their adoption, and providing support to overcome any
improve smallholder market access, and household welfare, barriers to their effective use (Xu, Adeyemi, Landaverde, et
leading to improved farming practices, increased al., 2023).
productivity, and enhanced agricultural outcomes (Xu,
Adeyemi, Catalan, et al., 2023).  Enhancing Market Access and Linkages
Extension services assist farmers in understanding and
Furthermore, the integration of ICT in agricultural accessing markets, including providing information on
extension has been identified as a transformative force, market demand, quality standards, and prices. By linking
offering innovative tools and applications that revolutionize farmers with markets, extension agents help to ensure that
farming practices, optimize resource utilization, and address farmers receive fair prices for their produce and can make
sustainability challenges. The application of technology in informed decisions about what crops to plant and when to sell
agricultural extension has been explored from two distinct yet (Xu, Adeyemi, Landaverde, et al., 2023).
interconnected perspectives: the use of technology as a factor
of production and as a means of enhancing knowledge  Promoting Sustainable Farming Practices
transfer and skills development through educational Sustainability is a critical concern in modern
technology (ET) (Xu, Adeyemi, Catalan, et al., 2023). agriculture. Extension services are at the forefront of
promoting practices that balance productivity with
However, it's essential to acknowledge that despite the environmental conservation. This includes the introduction of
potential benefits of integrating ET and agricultural integrated pest management (IPM), conservation agriculture,
technology in extension services, comprehensive reviews of and climate-smart agriculture techniques that help to mitigate
practical outcomes are still lacking. This gap underscores the the effects of climate change while enhancing soil health and
need for further research to explore the effectiveness and biodiversity (Xu, Adeyemi, Landaverde, et al., 2023).
impact of these integrated approaches in agricultural
extension services (Xu, Adeyemi, Catalan, et al., 2023).  Social and Economic Empowerment
Beyond technical advice, extension services can play a
In sum, the shift towards participatory methods and the transformative role in the social and economic empowerment
integration of ICTs in agricultural extension represents a of farming communities. This includes promoting gender
significant advancement in how agricultural knowledge is equality by targeting and empowering women farmers,
disseminated and adopted. These developments promise to facilitating access to credit and financial services, and
enhance the efficiency, accessibility, and impact of extension supporting farmer groups and cooperatives to strengthen their
services, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and bargaining power and social networks (Xu, Adeyemi,
improved livelihoods for farmers worldwide. Landaverde, et al., 2023).
 Adaptation to Climate Change farmers' perceptions and decisions regarding new

Extension services are crucial in helping farmers adapt technologies.
to the challenges posed by climate change. This includes
disseminating knowledge on climate-resilient crop varieties,  Other Influential Factors
water-saving irrigation techniques, and practices to reduce In addition to the primary factors mentioned, several
greenhouse gas emissions. other variables can influence the adoption of agricultural
innovations. These include:
Agricultural extension services are vital for improving
agricultural productivity, fostering sustainable practices, and  Perceived benefits: Farmers' perception of the potential
enhancing the livelihoods of rural communities. By serving benefits and profitability of an innovation can
as a conduit for the flow of information and support between significantly impact their willingness to adopt it.
researchers and farmers, extension agents ensure that  Land tenure security: Farmers who own their land or have
agricultural innovations are effectively translated into secure tenure are more likely to invest in long-term
practice, leading to improved food security, economic improvements, including the adoption of new
growth, and environmental sustainability. technologies.
 Extension services: The quality, frequency, and relevance
C. Adoption of Agricultural Innovations of the information provided by extension services are
The adoption of agricultural innovations is a complex critical in influencing adoption. Effective extension
process influenced by various socio-economic, institutional, programs that tailor their messages to the local context
and individual factors. Studies in this field aim to identify and and needs of farmers can significantly enhance adoption
understand the dynamics that affect farmers' decisions to rates.
adopt new technologies and practices disseminated through
extension services. Key variables influencing adoption The adoption of agricultural innovations is crucial for
include farmer education, access to credit, and the role of improving productivity, sustainability, and livelihoods in
social networks. rural communities. Understanding the factors that influence
adoption can help policymakers, extension workers, and
 Farmer Education researchers design more effective strategies for disseminating
Education plays a critical role in the adoption of agricultural innovations and encouraging their widespread
agricultural innovations. More educated farmers are generally adoption.
more likely to understand and adopt new technologies and
practices. A study by Adesina and Baidu-Forson (1995) III. METHODOLOGY
found that the education level of the farmer significantly
influences the decision to adopt new agricultural This study employs a mixed-methods approach to assess
technologies. Educated farmers are better able to process and the impact of agricultural extension services, integrating both
evaluate the information received from extension services, quantitative and qualitative research strategies. In the
leading to higher adoption rates (Adesina & Baidu-Forson, quantitative phase, we used a structured questionnaire that
1995). targeted key indicators like technology adoption rates, and
service accessibility, using stratified random sampling for
 Access to Credit diverse farmer representation across the three districts. Data
Access to credit is another crucial factor influencing the collection involved direct interviews or questionnaires, with
adoption of agricultural innovations. Credit availability statistical software applied for data analysis, focusing on
enables farmers to invest in new technologies and inputs descriptive statistics. Qualitatively, focus group discussions,
required for improved agricultural practices. A study by in-depth interviews, and observations dive into the nuanced
Feder et al. (1985) highlights that access to credit facilitates impacts of extension services, examining farmer satisfaction,
the adoption of new agricultural technologies by easing perceived benefits, and adoption barriers. This approach
liquidity constraints (Feder et al., 1985). However, the same allowed for a comprehensive analysis, enriching the
study also points out that the terms and conditions attached to quantitative findings with qualitative depth. Ethical
credit, such as interest rates and repayment schedules, can considerations ensure participant rights and data integrity,
affect adoption rates. while potential research limitations acknowledge biases and
methodological challenges.
D. Role of Social Networks
Social networks, including informal exchanges of A. Population and Sample size calculation:
information among farmers, play a significant role in the In the context described, EPI Info, a statistical software
diffusion and adoption of agricultural innovations. Conley designed for public health professionals to conduct
and Conley & Udry (2001) investigated the role of social epidemiological research, including sample size calculations,
learning in the adoption of new agricultural technologies and was utilized to determine the necessary sample size for a
found that farmers are more likely to adopt new practices if population survey across three districts. Let's break down the
they observe successful adoption among their peers (Conley explanation based on the provided parameters and results:
& Udry, 2001). Social networks act as channels for the
dissemination of knowledge and experiences, influencing
 Parameters Set in EPI Info: C. Sample Size Determination:

Total Population Size: 640 individuals in the area of By multiplying the number of clusters (3) by the number
interest. of participants to be selected from each cluster (80), the total
sample size was determined to be 240 participants. This
 Number of Clusters (Districts): 3, implying the survey means that, to achieve the survey objectives with the specified
would be conducted in three distinct geographic areas. parameters, 240 individuals should be randomly selected
 Expected Frequency: 50%, indicating the anticipated across the three districts.
proportion of the population displaying the characteristic
or outcome of interest. This value is often chosen for D. Explanation:
maximum variability to ensure the sample size is The calculation is based on the need to ensure that the
sufficient to estimate the proportion accurately. survey can accurately estimate a parameter (in this case, a
 Margin of Error: 0.05 (or 5%), which reflects the frequency of 50%) with a given level of confidence and
maximum expected difference between the sample precision across a specified population, taking into account
estimate and the actual population parameter. A smaller the survey's clustered design. By choosing 80 participants per
margin of error requires a larger sample size for the same cluster, the study aimed to gather enough data to reliably
level of confidence. estimate the expected frequency within a 5% margin of error,
 Design Effect: 1, a factor that adjusts for the increase in even when considering the potential complexities introduced
variance that occurs when a study uses a complex design by conducting the survey across different geographic areas.
like clustering rather than simple random sampling. A
design effect of 1 suggests that the clustering does not This approach ensures that the sample is representative
increase the variance beyond what would be expected of the population across the three districts, allowing for
with simple random sampling, which is often an reliable and generalizable findings within the defined margin
optimistic assumption in clustered designs. of error and confidence level. The use of clusters can help
manage logistical and cost constraints while still providing
B. Calculation and Result: meaningful data for analysis.
Given these parameters, EPI Info calculated that 80
participants needed to be randomly selected from each of the Using EPI Info for sample size calculation of a
three clusters (districts) to achieve the desired level of population survey and descriptive survey the following
precision for the survey's estimates. This calculation accounts parameters were reached. Total population size was 640.
for the design of the survey, expected frequency of the Number of clusters was 3 districts, expected frequency of
outcome of interest, and the margin of error, while assuming 50% and a margin of error of 0.05 with a design effect of 1.
no additional variance due to the clustered design (design The results showed those 80 participants were randomly
effect = 1). selected from each cluster (district). Therefore, 3 cluster
multiplied by 80 gave 240 as the sample size.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 1: Distribution of Gender and Age Range

Gender Male 142 (54.1%) Female 98 (40.8%)
Age Range 41-50 50 above
20-30 85 (35%) 43 (17.3%) 24 (10%)
31-40 89 (37.1%)
This distribution has implications for agricultural might be more open to adopting new technologies and
extension services and their effectiveness in reaching and innovations introduced by agricultural extension services.
benefiting different segments of the farming community.
 Comparative Analysis:
 Key Observations:
 When comparing these findings with other studies on
 Gender Distribution: The data indicates a higher number agricultural extension services' impact, several themes
of male farmers (54.1%) compared to female farmers emerge:
(40.8%). This gender distribution is reflective of broader  Gender and Extension Services: The gender disparity in
trends in agricultural sectors in many regions, where access to and utilization of agricultural extension services
farming is predominantly male-oriented due to various is a well-documented challenge. Studies have shown that
socio-economic and cultural factors. female farmers often have less access to agricultural
 Age Range Distribution: The age distribution shows a extension services due to factors such as cultural norms,
significant portion of the farming community is relatively responsibilities at home, and less ownership of land and
young, with 72.1% of respondents being under the age of resources (Aduwo et al., 2019). The higher number of
40. This suggests a youthful farming population that male participants in extension programs could reflect
these underlying issues.
and sustainability. Extension services could focus on

 Age and Adoption of Innovations: The relatively young leveraging this potential by providing youth-focused
age of farmers in the study is promising for the adoption training programs that emphasize modern agricultural
of new agricultural technologies and practices. Younger techniques, digital agriculture, and entrepreneurship in
farmers are often more willing to experiment with farming.
innovative farming techniques and may be more receptive  Continuous Learning and Adaptation: As shown in the
to the changes suggested by extension services. This is Bangladesh and Ghana/Zambia studies, the impact of
consistent with findings from other regions where the extension services can vary significantly based on how
youth's involvement in farming correlates with higher they are delivered and the circumstances of the recipients.
rates of technology adoption (Rahman & Connor, 2022). Continuous monitoring and adaptation of extension
methods based on feedback from farmers can help
 Implications for Extension Services: improve their effectiveness.
 Tailored Approach: There's a need for agricultural In conclusion, the gender and age data from Bong
extension services to tailor their approach to address the County, Liberia, provides valuable insights into the
specific needs and constraints of both male and female demographic makeup of the farming community,
farmers. This includes considering the best times and highlighting the importance of targeted and inclusive
methods to reach female farmers and designing programs extension services. Comparing these findings with similar
that are inclusive and accessible to all genders. studies underscores common challenges and opportunities in
 Leveraging Youth: The young demographic represents a enhancing the effectiveness of agricultural extension services
significant opportunity for driving agricultural innovation across different regions.
Table 2: Marital Status and Educational Level of Farmers

Married Single Divorced Separate Widow Widower Married
91(37.9%) 19 (7,9% 10 (4.2%) 12 (5%) 8 (3.3%) 100 ( 41.7%)
Edu. No formal Primary Secondary Dropout High sch Voca.Sch College University
level 67 (27.9%) 52 (21.7%) 28 ( 11.7%) 43 (18%) 32 (13.3%) 14 (5.8%) 2 (0.8%) 2 (0.8%)
The marital status and educational level of farmers have innovation, suggesting that education, along with marital
a profound impact on agricultural innovation and status and family responsibilities, entices people towards
productivity. Studies indicate that married farmers, especially innovation in agriculture. This is particularly true for
women, face distinct challenges and opportunities in the smallholder women, whose capacity to innovate in
agricultural sector. Married women, in particular, can agriculture is positively influenced by their marital status.
innovate successfully provided they are in collaborative The education and empowerment of women farmers are
relationships with their husbands. This collaboration can essential for fostering innovation and achieving sustainable
mitigate some gender-specific constraints related to socio- agricultural development (Badstue et al., 2020).
cultural forces that otherwise reduce agricultural productivity
and limit their ability to ensure production. Additionally, These insights underscore the importance of considering
marital status influences land ownership and control over socio-demographic factors such as marital status and
production decisions and expenditures, with single women educational level in the development and implementation of
more likely to own land but facing struggles to obtain agricultural policies and programs. Addressing these factors
resources due to customary norms (Badstue et al., 2020). can enhance the effectiveness of agricultural extension
services, improve access to resources and innovative
The level of education among farmers also plays a technologies, and ultimately contribute to sustainable
critical role in their capacity to adopt agricultural innovations. agricultural development and food security.
Educated farmers are more likely to engage in agricultural
Table 3: Distribution of CARI Extension Services Outcome Result

CARI Extension Services outcome result Respondents Percentages
High Production 13 54
Low Production 131 54.6
Moderate Production 64 26
No Production 32 13.3
Total 240 100
The findings from the CARI Extension Services findings, we can look into existing studies on the impact of
outcome result, showing the distribution of farmers' agricultural extension services.
production levels, indicate varied impacts of extension
services on farm productivity. To contextualize these
A study analyzing the effects of ACDEP extension knowledge on best practices, new technologies, and market
programs in Northern Ghana found no significant difference opportunities. However, the impact varies significantly based
in maize yields between participants and non-participants of on how the services are implemented, the local context, and
the agricultural extension program. However, there was a the specific needs and capabilities of the farmers involved
20% difference in income from maize in favor of the (Orivel, 1981).
participants, which was significant. This suggests that while
extension services may not always lead to higher yields, they The findings from the CARI Extension Services
can contribute to increased farm income, possibly through outcome, showing a relatively high percentage of farmers
better market linkages. The total household income and per experiencing low production despite extension services,
capita income were significantly higher for participating underscore the need for a nuanced understanding of the
households, indicating that extension services can have a conditions under which these services can be most effective.
broader positive impact on farmers' economic well-being It points to the importance of tailoring extension services to
(Danso-Abbeam et al., 2018). the specific needs of the farmers and ensuring that these
services are part of a broader strategy to support farmers,
The variation in the effectiveness of extension services which may include access to credit, inputs, and market
can be attributed to several factors, including the nature of the information.
extension activities, the local agricultural context, and the
specific challenges faced by farmers in different regions. For In summary, while agricultural extension services have
instance, extension services that focus on linking farmers to the potential to significantly impact farm productivity and
markets or provide specific knowledge on crop management income, the outcomes depend heavily on various factors
could lead to different outcomes in terms of production and including the design and focus of the extension services, local
income. agricultural conditions, and the socio-economic
characteristics of the farmer households. This underscores the
The general literature on agricultural extension services complexity of agricultural development efforts and the need
supports the idea that these services can play a crucial role in for tailored, context-specific approaches to extension
improving farm productivity and income, by disseminating services.
Table 4: CARI’s Extension Methods Used

CARI Extension Methods Used Respondents Percentages
Mass Media 176 73.3
Group Discussion 31 12.9
Individual discussion 33 13.8
Total 240 100
The data presented on the CARI extension methods used They are particularly effective in complex agricultural
and the distribution of respondents by method highlight the decisions that require back-and-forth communication,
predominant reliance on mass media (73.3%) for agricultural such as pest management or the adoption of new
extension, followed by individual discussion (13.8%) and technologies.
group discussion (12.9%). This distribution raises several  Integration of Methods: The effective integration of
points for discussion and comparison with existing literature various extension methods could enhance the overall
on agricultural extension services. impact of extension services. Combining mass media with
interactive methods like group and individual discussions
 Implications: can provide both the efficiency of broad reach and the
effectiveness of personalized support. This approach can
 Reach and Scalability: Mass media's dominance as an help bridge the gap between general information
extension method underscores its potential for broad reach dissemination and the application of knowledge to
and scalability. It's an efficient way to disseminate specific local contexts.
information to a large audience, which is crucial in
regions with many farmers and limited extension workers.  Comparison with Previous Studies:
However, the effectiveness of mass media can vary based Research indicates that the effectiveness of agricultural
on the quality of the content, accessibility for the target extension methods varies widely, influenced by factors such
audience, and the extent to which the information meets as the nature of the information being disseminated, the socio-
the farmers' needs. economic characteristics of the farmer population, and the
 Personalization and Interaction: The relatively lower agricultural context. For example, a study on the impact of
percentages for individual (13.8%) and group discussions extension services in Ethiopia found that face-to-face
(12.9%) suggest a lesser focus on methods that allow for extension methods, including group and individual
personalization and interaction. These methods are crucial discussions, were more effective in improving agricultural
for addressing specific concerns, providing tailored productivity compared to non-personal methods. This was
advice, and facilitating a two-way exchange of attributed to the interactive nature of these methods, which
information between farmers and extension workers. allowed for a more nuanced understanding and application of
the agricultural advice provided (Danso-Abbeam et al., implemented, can play a significant role in improving
2018). agricultural knowledge and practices. They offer an efficient
way to reach a vast number of farmers, complementing more
In support of the notion that mass media can personalized extension methods like individual and group
significantly impact agricultural extension by rapidly discussions. The effectiveness of mass media in agricultural
increasing awareness and knowledge among farmers, extension underscores the need for a multi-channel extension
especially in areas with a high ratio of farmers to extension strategy that combines the broad reach of mass media with
agents, a study highlights the importance of mass media in the the depth of personal interactions to address the diverse needs
agricultural extension and development process. Mass media, of the farming community.
encompassing print, broadcast, and digital media, is crucial
for disseminating information that helps farmers make The findings from the CARI extension methods used
knowledgeable decisions regarding agricultural activities. align with global trends indicating a shift towards more
The study points out that broadcast media, such as radio and scalable and cost-effective extension approaches, such as
television, are particularly effective in reaching farmers with mass media. However, the literature emphasizes the
vital information and knowledge. However, it also notes the importance of complementing these broad-reach methods
limitations of printed materials in educating farmers with with more interactive and personalized approaches to address
limited literacy, suggesting that information intended for a complex issues and facilitate the practical application of
broad audience may not address the specific needs of every knowledge.
farmer across different communities (Anyanwu & Udoh,
2022). In summary, while mass media provides an efficient
way to reach a large audience, the effectiveness of
Additionally, a World Bank document discusses the role agricultural extension services is significantly enhanced by
of mass media in supporting basic education and agricultural incorporating interactive methods that allow for
extension. It emphasizes the extension and educational personalization and two-way communication. The integration
services' goals, underlining mass media's potential to enhance of various extension methods, tailored to the specific needs
the reach and effectiveness of these services (Orivel, 1981). and contexts of the target population, is crucial for
maximizing the impact of agricultural extension services on
These findings align with the broader literature, farm productivity and livelihoods.
suggesting that mass media campaigns, when effectively
Table 5: Farmers most Preferred CARI Extension Service Method

Farmers Most Preferred CARI Extension Service Method Respondents Percentage
Poster 0 0
Public Address 3 1.3
Leaflet 0 0
Letter 0 0
Meeting 60 25
Demonstration 177 73.7
Total 240 100
The data on farmers' most preferred CARI Extension  Social Learning Environment: The preference for
Service Methods reveals a significant preference for meetings suggests that farmers also value the social aspect
demonstrations, with 73.7% (177 respondents) favoring this of learning, where they can share experiences, ask
method, followed by meetings at 25% (60 respondents). questions, and learn from each other in a group setting.
Other methods such as public address, posters, leaflets, and This aligns with adult learning theories that emphasize the
letters received minimal to no preference, with public address importance of social interaction and experiential learning.
garnering only 1.3% (3 respondents) and the others receiving  Limited Engagement with Print and Broadcast Media:
0%. The negligible preference for posters, leaflets, and letters
suggests that these methods may not be as effective in
 Implications: engaging farmers or conveying complex agricultural
information. This could be due to literacy barriers, the
 Practical Learning Preference: The strong preference for passive nature of these communication methods, or both.
demonstrations indicates that farmers value practical,  Need for Interactive Extension Services: The data
hands-on learning experiences. Demonstrations allow underscores the importance of interactive and engaging
them to see firsthand how to implement new techniques extension methods that facilitate active learning and
or technologies, which can increase their confidence in participation among farmers. Extension services may
adopting these practices on their own farms. need to focus more on these methods to effectively reach
and impact the farming community.
 Comparison noted for their ability to meet specific needs and foster
The preference for demonstration methods and meetings productive discussions, emphasizing the value of interaction
among farmers, as indicated by the findings, reflects broader and participation in the learning process (Oakley & Garforth,
trends observed in agricultural extension studies. 1983).
Demonstrations, being highly favored at 73.7%, align with
the principle that farmers prefer to see firsthand how new Comparatively, a study on improved agricultural
ideas work and the impact they can have on crop production. extension approaches in Tunisia explored the design of
This method provides tangible, visible proof of the benefits innovative and cost-effective technology transfer systems.
of new practices, which is crucial for convincing farmers to This research highlighted the need for extension methods to
adopt these practices themselves. The emphasis on be locally emergent, based on experimentation, learning, and
demonstrations is supported by research indicating that adaptation to both prevailing and evolving conditions. The
practical demonstrations are an invaluable method in study suggested that extension should be demand-driven,
extension work, particularly for farmers who may not easily with extension staff receiving appropriate training to ensure
absorb information through reading or lectures. services meet end-users' needs effectively. It also pointed to
Demonstrations allow farmers to observe directly the the use of partnerships and information and communication
differences between recommended new crop practices and technologies (ICTs) as means to enhance the efficiency of
traditional ones, highlighting the simplicity and effectiveness resource use in extension services (Dhehibi et al., 2022).
of new methods in a way that written materials cannot
(Oakley & Garforth, 1983). These findings, both from the preference data and the
study in Tunisia, underline the critical need for agricultural
Meetings, preferred by 25% of respondents, underscore extension services to focus on interactive, engaging methods
the importance of social learning environments where that facilitate active learning and participation among
farmers can share experiences, ask questions, and learn from farmers. Demonstrations and meetings serve as effective
each other. The structure and conduct of meetings, whether platforms for such engagement, offering practical insights
formal or informal, play a significant role in facilitating and fostering a community-based approach to learning and
effective communication and decision-making among innovation in agriculture.
community members. Smaller meetings, in particular, are
Table 6: CARI’s Agent Visit to field

CARI agent Visit to Field Respondents Percentage
Yes 82 39.2
No 158 68.8
Total 240 100
The findings indicate a significant portion of farmers and profit. Frequent extension contacts were associated with
(68.8%) did not receive visits from CARI agents, suggesting better outcomes, including less overuse of urea fertilizer and
potential gaps in extension service delivery. Previous studies, higher crop yields and profits, indicating the quality and
such as one assessing the impact of agricultural extension on frequency of extension interactions can significantly
farmers in Bangladesh, highlight the importance of extension influence farming practices and outcomes (Rahman &
service attributes like frequency of contact and provider type Connor, 2022)
(government or private) on outcomes like fertilizer use, yield,
Table 7: New Innovations and Technology Provided by CARI

New Innovations and technology provided by CARI Respondents Percentages
Fertilizer Application 104 43.3
Compost making 3 1.3
Pesticide application 7 2.9
IMP method 6 2.5
None 120 50
Total 240 100
The key findings from the data on new innovations and Integrated Pest Management (IMP) methods, alongside a
technology provided by CARI reveal a notable emphasis on substantial percentage of respondents (50%) indicating no
fertilizer application, with a significant portion of respondents access to new innovations or technologies.
(43.3%) identifying it as a new innovation or technology they
have accessed. This interest in fertilizer application might be Comparing these findings with recent studies offers
reflective of the critical role fertilizers play in enhancing crop valuable insights. For instance, a study on the adoption of
yields and soil fertility. However, the distribution also fertilizer application in agriculture from Ethiopia explored the
highlights a relatively low engagement with other sustainable complex relationship between technology adoption and
practices like compost making, pesticide application, and market participation, emphasizing that success in agricultural
growth through the adoption of modern agricultural  Improve Service Delivery and Reach: Efforts should be
technologies primarily depends on market opportunities. The intensified to bridge the current gaps in extension service
study underscores the importance of promoting smallholders' delivery, ensuring that more farmers receive visits from
technology adoption to enhance productivity and enable CARI agents. A targeted approach, focusing on
broader market participation, with a positive impact of underrepresented and hard-to-reach segments, could
inorganic fertilizer on market participation of Kenyan maize enhance the overall effectiveness of the services.
suppliers also highlighted (Tesfay, 2020).  Focus on Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Given the
global shift towards sustainable agriculture, CARI's
Another relevant study conducted in Bangladesh extension services should incorporate more training and
focused on Boro rice farmers' adoption decisions regarding resources on sustainable practices like compost making,
recommended fertilizer doses. This study pointed out the Integrated Pest Management (IMP) methods, and efficient
long-term inefficiencies within the agricultural sector despite pesticide application. This shift is crucial for aligning
previous productivity gains from fertilizer subsidies. It Liberia's agricultural sector with global sustainability
underlined a significant shift towards sustainable trends and ensuring long-term environmental and
intensification methods to adjust fertilizer use, aiming to economic viability.
reduce environmental degradation while enhancing  Leverage Technology and Innovation: To overcome the
agricultural practices. The emphasis was on understanding challenges of scale and reach, incorporating ICT and other
the factors influencing farmers towards balanced nutrient innovative tools in extension services could provide a
application and promoting sustainable agriculture practices scalable solution. Digital platforms can complement
(Sunny et al., 2022). traditional extension methods, offering wider accessibility
and tailored agricultural advisories.
These comparative studies highlight the global trend  Strengthen Feedback Mechanisms: Implementing robust
towards not just enhancing agricultural productivity through feedback mechanisms to gather insights directly from
modern technologies like fertilizer application but also the farmers about their needs, preferences, and challenges can
growing recognition of sustainable practices. The focus on guide the continuous improvement of extension services.
balanced nutrient application, efficient use of resources, and This approach can help CARI to adapt and evolve its
sustainable intensification reflects a broader shift in strategies in real-time, ensuring they remain relevant and
agricultural practices towards sustainability. In contrast, the impactful.
high percentage of "None" responses in the CARI data could
signal barriers to access, adoption, or awareness of these By implementing these recommendations, CARI can
technologies and innovations. Bridging these gaps could be significantly enhance the efficiency, reach, and impact of its
crucial for integrating more farmers into sustainable agricultural extension services, ultimately contributing to
agricultural practices, aligning with global trends towards improved agricultural productivity, sustainability, and the
environmental sustainability and increased productivity. socio-economic well-being of farmers in Bong County,
Liberia.
V. CONCLUSION
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Volume 9, Issue 4, April – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24APR026

Investigating the Impact of the Central Agricultural

I. INTRODUCTION  Analyze the Effectiveness of Extension Delivery

A. Historical Development of Agricultural Extension B. The Role of Extension Services in Agricultural

 Adaptation to Climate Change farmers' perceptions and decisions regarding new

 Parameters Set in EPI Info: C. Sample Size Determination:

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1: Distribution of Gender and Age Range

and sustainability. Extension services could focus on

Table 2: Marital Status and Educational Level of Farmers

Table 3: Distribution of CARI Extension Services Outcome Result

Table 4: CARI’s Extension Methods Used

Table 5: Farmers most Preferred CARI Extension Service Method

Table 6: CARI’s Agent Visit to field

Table 7: New Innovations and Technology Provided by CARI

[26]. Tesfay, M. G. (2020). Does fertilizer adoption

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