Ebook Cross Laminated Timber Design Structural Properties Standards and Safety PDF Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Cross Laminated Timber Design Structural Properties Standards and Safety PDF Full Chapter PDF
Mustafa Mahamid
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Contents
Preface ix
Contributors xi
1 Introduction to Cross-Laminated Timber •••• , •••• , •• , • , •• , • ••• , • 1
1.1 Codes and Standards ....................................... . 3
1.2 Structural Design .•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•. 3
1.3 Connection Design ....•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . • ..•. • . • .. . . 3
1.4 Hygrothermal Performance of CLT Assemblies:
Recommendations for Design, Construction, and Maintenance .•. 4
1.5 Acoustics .•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . • ..•. • . • .. . . 4
1.6 Fire ...................................................... . 5
1.7 Environmental Aspects of Wood as a Construction Material •..•. 5
1.8 Sustainability ...•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . • ..•. • . • .. . . 5
References ...................................................... . 5
2 Product Standard for Cross-Laminated Timber 7
Introduction .................................................... . 7
2.1 Scope of ANSI/APA PRG 320 ...•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•.•.•.... 9
2.2 Components for CLT ...•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . . ..•. • . • ..•. 11
2.2.1 Laminations ....................................... . 11
2.2.2 Adhesives •....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•.•.•.... 14
2.2.3 Lamination Joints •....•.•....•.•....• . • . . ..•. • . • ..•. 16
2.3 CLT Requirements ......................................... . 17
2.3.1 Dimensions and Dimensional Tolerances •....•.•.•..•. 17
2.3.2 CLT Layups ...•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . . ..•. • . • ..•. 17
2.3.3 CLT Qualification .................................. . 23
2.3.4 Appearance Classification •....•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•. 28
2.4 CLT Manufacturing Process ....•.•....•.•....• . • . . ..•. • . • ..•. 29
2.4.1 CLT Online Quality Control, Surface Sanding,
and Cutting ...•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•.•.•.... 29
2.4.2 Product Certification, Marking, Packaging,
and Shipping ...................................... . 29
2.5 Quality Assurance .•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•.•.•.... 30
2.6 Conclusion •....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . • ..•. • . • .. . . 32
References ...................................................... . 33
3 Structural Behavior, Analysis, and Design of Cross-Laminated
Timber . I •••••••••••• I •••••••••••••••••••••• I •••••••••••• I •••• 35
Introduction .................................................... . 35
3.1 Introduction to Structural Analysis of CLT •....• . • . . . .• . • . • . .• . 36
...Ill
iv Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
References . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 184
Recommended Readings and Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6 Acoustics . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 189
6.1 Acoustics in Buildings . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 189
6.1.1 Basic Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.1.2 Room Acoustics . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 192
6.1.3 Sound Isolation • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 193
6.1.4 Footfall/Impact Noise Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.1.5 Mechanical Noise and Vibration Control (HVAC) • . • . . • . 196
6.2 Acoustic Code Requirements . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 197
6.3 Acoustics for CLT Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.3.1 Comparing CLT with Other Structural Systems • . • . • . . • . 198
6.3.2 Cold-Formed Steel . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 200
6.3.3 CLT Compared with Other Mass Trmber Systems 200
6.3.4 CLT Floor/Ceiling Constructions • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 200
6.3.5 CLT Flanking Noise . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 203
6.3.6 CLT Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
6.3.7 Lab Tests and Other Analysis Methods • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 206
6.3.8 Resources for Acoustic Test Data • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 209
6.4 Future Research and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.5 Acoustic Consultants . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 209
6.6 Clarifications . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 210
6.7 A Note from the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7 Fire Safety for CLT Projects • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 211
7.1 Basics of Timber Reaction to Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.1.1 Wood Structure and Chemistry • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 211
7.1.2 Wood Pyrolysis and Combustion • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 211
7.1.3 Wood Char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.1.4 Char Rates . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 212
7.2 Building Stability during Fire . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 214
7.2.1 Expected Building Performance When Exposed
to Fire . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 214
7.2.2 High-Rise Structure Fire Resistance . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 214
7.2.3 High-Rise Mass Timber Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.3 CLT Fire Resistance Rating . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 215
7.3.1 CLT Manufacturer Compliance Fire Testing . . . • . • . • . . • . 215
7.3.2 Methodology for Calculating a Panel FRR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
7.4 Interior Finish and Flammability • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 218
7.4.1 Test Methods and Results • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 218
7.4.2 Methods to Control Flammability and Smoke
Development . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 218
7.5 CLT Behavior under Fire Exposure . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 219
7.5.1 CLT Panel Reaction to Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.5.2 Reaction of CLT Adhesives in Fire • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 221
Contents vii
C the early 1990s. The wood design communities, the forest product industry, and
researchers found in CLT an opportunity for increasing the use of wood in non-
conventional and nontraditional applications. Following the European experience, forest
product agencies in North America led by FPinnovations prepared peer-reviewed pub-
lications to provide immediate support for the design, construction, and manufacturing
of CLT products, and provided technical information for implementing CLT systems in
buildings codes and standards,
This book, in its first edition, provides the state of the art of recent developments in
CLT design in its various disciplines. The book provides engineers practicing engineers
and architects as well as students of these disciplines a comprehensive reference on the
planning and design of CLT systems. It also gives the designer the information likely
needed for all design phases. The book covers a general introduction to topics consid-
ered in design of CLT systems. These include codes and standards used in design of CLT
systems; structural behavior, analysis, and design; structural design connections; hygro-
thermal performance of CLT assemblies; recommendations for design, construction,
and maintenance; acoustics; fire safety for CLT projects; environmental aspects of wood
as a construction material; and sustainability related to CLT.
The nine chapters of the book have been written by 11 contributors. They have pre-
sented their material in a ready-to-use form wherever possible. Therefore, derivations of
formulas are omitted in all but a few instances, and many worked-out examples are
given. Background information, descriptive matter, and explanatory material have been
condensed or omitted. Because each chapter treats a subject that is broad enough to fill
a book in itself, the contributors have had to select the material that, in their judgment,
is likely to be most useful to the greatest number of users. References and sources of
additional material are noted for most of the topics that could not be treated in sufficient
detail. The editor is very grateful to the contributors for their tremendous efforts in writ-
ing, reviewing, and editing their work, and for their patience during the time it has taken
to complete the first edition.
Mustafa Mahamid
University ofIllinois at Chicago
ix
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Contributors
David Barber Arup
Denis Blount Arup
Jim L. Bowyer Professor Emeritus, Department ofBioproducts and Biosystems Engineering,
University of Minnesota
Max Clasen DipL-Ing (FH); MaSc.
Kathryn Fernholz Dovetail Partners, Inc.
Mustafa Mahamid PhD, SE, PE, P.Eng, F.SEI, F.ASCE, University of Illinois at Chicago
Matt Mahon LSTN Consultants
Lech MuSIJl\skl Wood Science and Engineering Department, Oregon State University
Kehh Porter B. Eng, Dalhousie University
Mariapaola Riggio Wood Science and Engineering Department, Oregon State University
Borjen Yeh Ph.D., P.E., APA-The Engineered Wood Association
xi
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction to
Cross-Laminated Timber
Mustafa Mahamld, PhD, SE, PE, P.Eng, F.sEI, F.ASCE
University ofIllinois at Chicago
1
2 Chapter One
• Connection design
• Hygrothermal performance of CLT assemblies: recommendations for design,
construction, and maintenance
• Acoustics
• Fire
• Environmental aspects of wood as a construction material
• Sustainability
especially suitable for use with CLT for these reasons. Self-tapping screws will form the
main focus of the connections chapter of this book. Connections must be strong enough
to provide continuous load paths from applied gravity, wind, and seismic loads on the
structure down to the foundation. The connection chapter provides extensive details on
connections types, wood, connectors, and fastener limit states and details.
In addition to the required structural performance of CLT members in buildings, the
book covers recommendations for design, construction and maintenance for hygrother-
mal, acoustics, fire, environmental aspects, and sustainability.
1.5 Acoustics
The impact that acoustics may have on building occupants and on people in the
environment surrounding the building should be considered in the design and construc-
tion of buildings. The study and practice of architectural acoustics is broadly intended to
address these impacts. For the characterization of the various acoustical impacts, archi-
tectural acoustics can be subdivided into basic elements, including room acoustics,
sound isolation, footfall/impact noise isolation, mechanical noise and vibration controL
and environmental noise control
Introduction 5
1.6 Fire
Chapter 7 of the book covers an extensive overview on fire as related to timber and CLT
as well as building performance when exposed to fire. The chapter covers the basics of
timber reaction to fire, wood structure and chemistry, wood pyrolysis and combustion,
wood char, char rates, building stability during fire, expected building performance
when exposed to fire, high-rise construction, and CLT fire resistance rating.
1.8 Sustainability
Sustainability is covered in Chapter 9 since CLT is a wood product; it depends upon the
availability of forest resources to be produced. All materials, including wood products,
have environmental impacts and considerations of sustainability that are relevant when
evaluating the use of CLT as well as other building materials. Chapter 9 discusses the
concept of sustainability, what it means, and what is considered. The specifics of forest
sustainability are also addressed, including historic factors, international conditions, and
North American forest resources. The modem methods of forest protection, manage-
ment, and restoration are described along with current concerns for forest health, carbon
storage, sustainable livelihoods, and other benefits associated with sustainability. Finally,
this chapter outlines the various ways that CLT and the use of CLT in construction can
contribute to sustainability goals for forests, communities, and our built environment.
References
[1] APA-The Engineered Wood Association. Standard for Performance-Rated Cross Laminated
Tnnber, ANSI/APA PRG 320. Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. 2011.
[2] International Code Council International Building Code. Country Club Hills, Illinois, U.S.A.
2015.
6 Chapter One
[3] APA-The Engineered Wood Association. Standard for Performance-Rated Cross Laminated
Tunber, ANSI/APA PRG 320. Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. 2012.
[4] International Code Council. International Residential Code. Cowitry Club Hills, Illinois, U.S.A.
2015.
[5] Engineering Design in Wood CSA 086, Canadian Standards Association, 2014.
[6] APA-The Engineered Wood Association. Standard for Performance-Rated Cross Laminated
Tunber, ANSI/APA PRG 320. Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. 2017.
[7] International Code Council. International Building Code. Country Club Hills, Illinois, U.S.A.
2018.
[8] International Code Council. International Residential Code. Cowitry Club Hills, Illinois, U.S.A.
2018.
[9] APA-The Engineered Wood Association. Standard for Performance-Rated Cross Laminated
Tunber, ANSI/APA PRG 320. Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. 2020.
CHAPTER 2
Product Standard for
Cross-Laminated Timber
Borjen ("BJ;j Yeh, Ph.D., P.E.
APA-The Engineered Wood Association
Introduction
Cross-laminated timber (CLT), as shown in Figs. 2.1 and 2.2, is a prefabricated
engineered wood product made of at least three orthogonal layers of graded sawn lum-
ber or structural composite lumber (SCL) that are laminated by gluing with structural
adhesives to form a solid rectangular-shaped, straight, and plane timber intended for
structural (roof, floor, or wall) applications. These CLT products can be used for
structural and nonstructural applications. For the purpose of this chapter, these CLT
products are intended for structural applications, such as those used in building con-
struction, and are different from those used in nonstructural applications, such as the
truck mats used in oil fields.
While these engineered wood products have been used in Europe for over 20 years,
the production of structural CLT and design of CLT structural systems started in North
America around 2008. Today, there are four major manufacturers of structural CLT in
North America. They are DR Johnson Wood Innovations in Riddle, Oregon; Nordic
Structures in Chibougamau, Quebec; Smartlam in Columbia Fall, Montana; and
Structurlam Products in Penticton, British Columbia, as shown in Fig. 2.3. There are at
least three additional CLT manufacturers that are expected to join the production in
North America in 2018. Check with www.apawood.org/manufacturer-directory for the
latest directory for CLT manufacturers certified by APA.
For the acceptance of new construction materials or systems in North America, such
as CLT, a consensus-based product standard is essential to the manufacturers, designers,
and regulatory bodies. In recognition ofthis need, APA-The Engineered Wood Association
in the United States and FPinnovations in Canada initiated a joint standard development
process in 2010. The intent was to develop a binational CLT standard for North America
using the consensus standard development process of APA as a standards developer
accredited by the ANSI. After months of intensive committee meetings and balloting, the
7
8 Chapter Two
FIGURE 2.1 Cross sectton of a five-layer CLT Panel (arrows Indicate the strength direction).
first North American CLT standard was completed as the ANSI/APA PRG 320-2011
Standard for Peiformance-Rated Cross Laminat.ed nmber [1] in December 2011. This
standard, which was adopted by the 2015 ln~mational Building Code (IBC) was subse-
quently revised and published as ANSI/APA PRG 320-2012 [2] in October 2012 and
FIGURE 2.2 CLT orientations (top left:flatwlse bending In the major strength direction; top right: ftatwlse
bending in the minor strength direction; bottom left edgewise bending in the major strength direction;
bottom right: edgewise bending in the minor strength direction).
Product Standard t
Smartlam Structurlam
Columbia Falls, Montana Penticton, British Columbia
adopted by the 2015 International Resi<kntial Code (IRC) in the United States and the
2014 CSA 086, Engineering Design in Wood, in Canada.
In October 2017, a new ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017 was completed by the PRG 320
consensus-based canvas committee and approved by ANSI as the latest standard. ANSI/
APA PRG 320-2017 [3], which have been adopted by the 2018 IBC and IRC, clarified and
addressed issues that were emerging in CLT manufacturing in North America. This
chapter provides detailed information for the background and key considerations based
on ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017. The provisions directed quoted from ANSI/APA PRG
320-2017 are shown in Italic in the text below. Note that the referenced sections in the
directed quoted provisions are those from ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017.
1.SCOPE
Cross-laminated timber (CI:I') panels referenced in this standard are <kfauui in 3.2 and shall
be qualified and trtukmarlaul in accordance with this standard. This standard provides
dimensions and tolerances, performance requirements, tut methods, quality assurance, and
trtukmarkingfor CLTpt:utBls.
CLT pmuls .shall be used lit dry service condl.tio11S, mch as ln most cqyered structure.s,
where th8 average equlllbrlrnn moisture amtent ofsolid wood is less than 16 perctnt In th8
US., and l.s 15 percent or kss ewer a year and does not uc.eed 19 percent in Canada. CLT
panels qualljkd ln aca>rdance with the provlslom ofthi.s standard are Intended to rul.st th8
f'jfects of moisture on structuml performance as may occur dw to construction delays or
otJter conditil>ns ofsimilar severity. Products carrying a trtukmark ofthis standard shall be
10 Chapter Two
Based on the stated scope, CLT products qualified and trademarked to ANSI/APA PRG
320 is limited to dry service conditions, such as in most covered structures where the
mean equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of solid-sawn lumber is less than 16 percent
(i.e., 65 percent relative humidity and 68°F or 20°C) in the United States and is 15 per-
cent or less over a year and does not exceed 19 percent in Canada. Therefore, the CLT
products manufactured to ANSI/APA PRG 320 may not be suitable for exterior applica-
tions where the products are exposed to the elements. Also, it should be noted that nail-
laminated timber (NLT), dowel-laminated timber (DLT), finger-jointed or scarf-jointed
CLT (in the billet form), or other CLT products manufactured without structural adhesive
bonds are outside the scope of ANSI/APA PRG 320.
It is important to note that CLT products evaluated by a recognized inspection or
product certification agency as meeting ANSI/APA PRG 320 is required by the U.S. and
Canadian building codes to provide the designers with an assurance for product quality
and performance. For example, the following are the requirements in the 2018
International Building Code (IBC) [4], the 2018 International Residential Code (IRC) [5],
and the 2014 CSA 086, Engineering Design in Wood [6], which is referenced by the
2015 National Building Code (NBC) of Canada [7]. Therefore, CLT products that are not
certified as in conformance to ANSI/APA PRG 320 are not in compliance with the IBC,
IRC, and NBC, unless specifically approved by the engineer of record and the authority
having jurisdiction (building regulators).
It is very important for the designer to understand that the acceptance of CLT prod-
ucts that have not demonstrated conformance to ANSI/APA PRG 320 is not as simple as
a conversion of design properties published by the CLT suppliers, especially for those
products imported from outside of North America. The CLT design standards in North
America were developed based on an array of performance expectations stipulated in
ANSI/APA PRG 320, such as heat durability, moisture durability, and fire performance,
in addition to the compatibility of the design value derivation in North America.
Accepting CLT products without demonstrated conformance to ANSI/APA PRG 320, as
required by the U.S. and Canadian building codes, carries the responsibility of structural
engineering and fire safety design, as well as the acceptance of product quality and dura-
bility in structural and fire performance.
Product Standard 11
2.2.1 Laminations
CLT is manufactured with laminations of dimension lumber or SCL, such as laminated
veneer lumber (LVL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), or oriented strand lumber (OSL),
which are bonded with structural adhesives through face joints, end joints, and/or edge
joints. The requirements for lumber laminations in ANSI/APA PRG 320 are as follows:
6.1 Laminations-Lumber
6.1.1 Lumber spedu
Any softwood lumber species or species combinations recognized by American Lumber
Standards Committee (ALSC) under PS 20 or Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation
Board (CLSAB) under CSA 0141 with a minimum published specific gravity of0,35, as pub-
lished in the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) in the US. and
CSA 086 in Canada, shall be permittedfor use in CLT manufacturing provided that other
requirements specified in this section are satisfied. The same lumber species or species com-
bination shall be used within a single layer of CLT. Adjacent layers of CLTshall be permitted
t.o be made ofdifferent species or species combinations.
6.1.2 Lumber grades
The minimum grade of lumber in the parallel layers of CLT shall be 1200f-1.2E MSR or
visual grade No, 2. The minimum grade oflumber in the perpendicular layers ofCLTshall be
visual grade No. 3. Remanufactured lumber shall be considered as equivalent t.o solid-sawn
lumber when qualified in accordance with Section 4.3.4 ofANSI Al 90.1 in the US. or SPS 1,
2, 4, or 6 in Canada. Proprietary lumber grades meeting or exceeding the mechanical proper-
ties of the lumber grades specified above shall be permitted for use provided that they are
qualified in accordance with the requirements ofan approved agency.
6.1.3 Lamination sizes
a. Major Strength Direction-The net width ofa lamination shall not be less than 1. 75
times the lamination thicknessfor the parallel layers.
b. Minor Strength Direction-If the laminations in the perpendicular (cross} layers are
not edge bonded, the net width of a lamination shall not be less than 3.5 times the
lamination thickness for the perpendicular (cross) layers unless the interlaminar shear
strength and creep are evaluated by testing in accordance with Section 8.5.5 and the
principles ofASTM D6815, respectively.
c. Both Directions-The net thickness ofa lamination for all layers at the time ofgluing
shall not be less than 5/8 inch {16 mm) or more than 2 inches (51 mm). In addition, the
lamination thickness shall not vary within the same CLT layer.
6.1.4 Moisture content
The moisture content ofthe lumber at the time of CLT manufacturing shall be 12 ± 396. The
moisture content ofthe SCL at the time ofCLT manufacturing shall be 8 ± 396.
6.2 Laminations-Structural Composite Lumber
SCL products meeting the requirements ofASTM D5456 and the equivalent specific gravity
specified in 6.1.1 shall be permitted for use. SCL laminations must also meet the require-
ments of6.1.3 through 6.1.6.
12 Chapter Two
ANSI/APA PRG 320 utilizes the European experience in engineering theories and
manufacturing processes of CLT and takes into consideration the characteristics of the
North American lumber resource, manufacturing preference, and end-use expectations.
For example, the standard permits the use of any softwood lumber species or species
combinations recognized by the American Lumber Standards Committee (ALSC) under
PS 20 [8] or the Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board (CLSAB) under CSA
0141 [9] with a minimum specific gravity (SG) of 0.35, as published in the National
Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) [10] in the United States or the
Engineering Design in Wood (CSA 086) [6] in Canada. One advantage ofusing standard-
grade lumber is that such lumber will typically be marked as "HT" (heat treated),
meaning that the resulting CLT product will also meet national and international phyto-
sanitary requirements when the traceability (chain-of-custody) requirements of the
lumber laminations can be properly demonstrated and certified. Note that CLT products
made of hardwood lumber species are not part of ANSI/ APA PRG 320 due to the lack of
manufacturing experience and insignificance in commercial production volume for
structural applications in North America today.
The minimum SG of 0.35 is intended as the lower bound for the CLT connection
design since it is the near minimum value of commercially available wood species in
North America, western woods in the United States, and northern species in Canada. To
avoid differential mechanical and physical properties of lumber, the standard requires
that the same lumber species or species combination be used within the same layer of the
CLT while permitting adjacent layers of the CLT to be made of different species or species
combinations. The standard also permits the use of SCL when qualified in accordance
with ASTM D5456 [11]. In reality, however, it may be still years away before SCL would
be used in CLT production because of apparent challenges in the face bonding of SCL to
SCL or SCL to lumber. Due to the thickness variation and surface oxidation or inactivation
of SCL, surface planing or sanding may be required for SCL before gluing. Another
consideration is its cost competitiveness with lumber. Nonetheless, the advantage of SCL
that can be produced in a long and wide billet form is one important reason that the
ANSI/APA PRG 320 Committee elected to include SCL in the standard Other attractive
factors also include free of natural defects, such as wane, shake, and knots; more uniform
stiffness and strength; and greater dimensional stability. The ANSI/APA PRG 320
Committee is working on more provisions that will be added to a future version of ANSI/
APA PRG 320 to guide the use of SCL in CLT production.
Lumber grades in the parallel and perpendicular layers of CLT are required to be at
least 1200f-1.2E MSR or visually graded No. 2 and visually graded No. 3, respectively.
Remanufactured lumber is permitted as equivalent to solid-sawn lumber when qualified
in accordance with ANSI A190.1 [12] in the United States or SPS 1, 2, 4, or 6 [13-16] in
Canada. Proprietary lumber grades meeting or exceeding the mechanical properties of
the lumber grades specified above are permitted provided that they are qualified in
accordance with the requirements of an approved agency, which is defined in the
standard as an independent inspection agency accredited under ISO/IEC 17020 [17] or
an independent testing agency accredited under ISO/IEC 17025 [18] in the United States
or a certification agency accredited under ISO/IEC 17065 [19] in Canada. This allows for
a great flexibility in the utilization of forest resources in North America.
The net lamination thickness for all CLT layers at the time of gluing is required to be
at least 5/8 in. (16 mm) but not thicker than 2 in. (51 mm) to facilitate face bonding.
In addition, the lamination thickness is not permitted to vary within the same CLT layer
Product Standard 13
except when it is within the lamination thickness tolerances-at the time of face bonding,
variations in thickness across the width of a lamination is limited to ±o.008 in. (0.2 mm)
or less, and the variation in thickness along the length of a lamination is limited to ±o.012
in. (0.3 mm). These maximum tolerances may need to be adjusted during qualification
so as to produce acceptable face bond performance.
The net lamination width is required to be at least 1.75 times the lamination thickness
for the parallel layers in the major strength direction of the CLT. This means that if
2x lumber (1-3/8 in. or 35 mm in net thickness after surfacing prior to gluing) is used in the
parallel layers, the minimum net lamination width must be at least 2.4 in. (61 mm), i.e.,
2 x 3 lumber. On the other hand, the net lamination width is required to be at least 3.5 times
the lamination thickness for the perpendicular layers ifthe laminations in the perpendicular
(cross) layers are not edge-bonded, unless the interlaminar shear strength and creep of the
CLT are evaluated by testing. This means that if 2x lumber is used in the perpendicular
layers, the net lamination width must be at least 4.8 in. (122 mm), i.e., 2 x 6 lumber.
This minimum lamination width in the perpendicular layers could become a problem
fur CLT manufacturers who may prefer to use 2 x 3 (net 1%in.x2% in. or 38 mm x 63 mm)
or 2 x 4 (net 1% in. x 3% in. or 38 mm x 89 mm) lumber. However, the Committee was
concerned about the unbonded edge joints, which could leave gaps as potential stress
risers. These, in turn, may reduce the effective interlaminar shear strength and stiffness
and may result in excessive creep. Therefore, in this case, the manufacturers will have to
either edge-glue the laminations or demonstrate the conformance to the standard by
conducting interlaminar shear tests and ASTM D6815 [20] creep tests. It should be noted
that this is an interim measure due to the lack of data at this point in time to address the
concerns. As a result, it is expected that this provision may be revisited as more information
becomes available.
The selection oflumber laminations represent a key step in CLT manufacturing, and
the lumber grade should be selected in accordance to the CLT layup of the CLT panel. In
addition, for a CLT appearance classification (discussed below), the outermost layer(s)
may have specific visual characteristics for aesthetic purposes.
Most adhesives require that surfaces be planed prior to adhesive application and
pressing to ensure a strong and durable gluebond. ANSI/APA PRG 320 recommends the
following:
Note 5. It may be necessary to plane the lamination suiface within 48 hours offace bonding
for some wood species.
When the graded lumber is replaned just prior to bonding, depending on the amount
of wood removed, this may alter the grade of the lumber, so a grade verification may be
necessary. The use of rough-sawn lumber may seem to result in some saving because the
lumber is required to be only planed once, and a lumber grading for visual or E-rating
after planing may increase the net cost.
It should be noted that the packages of kiln-dried lumber are usually solid-stacked
and dried to a moisture content (MC) of 19 percent or less at the time of surfacing, which
may not be suitable for all CLT manufacturing processes. For example, some adhesives
are sensitive to MC variations. ANSI/APA PRG 320 recommends that lumber having a
MC of 12% ± 3% for CLT manufacturing to ensure proper bond quality of the product. If
SCL is used, the target MC should be 8% ± 3% at the time of CLT manufacturing. It is
recommended that the maximum difference in MC between adjacent pieces that are to
14 Ch a p t er Two
be joined in CLT not exceed 5 percentage points. A handheld or online MC meter can be
used to check the lumber MC.
ANSI/APA PRG 320 does not specifically address the wood temperature for CLT
manufacturing with the expectation that this will be self-regulated by the adhesive
manufacturer's specification. In general, wood temperature will affect the gluebond
quality, and the adhesive manufacturer's recommendations should be followed. The
ambient temperature in the manufacturing facility may also have an effect on some
process parameters, such as the open assembly time and adhesive curing time. Therefore,
it is recommended that the ambient temperature for the CLT manufacturing be at least
60°F (15°C).
In addition to the lumber MC and temperature, there are other lumber characteristics
that may affect the quality of the adhesive bond. These either impact on the pressure that
is effectively applied to the gluebond or simply reduce the available bonding surface.
Lumber warp in the form of bow, crook, cup, and twist are examples ofthe former. Wane
is a common example of the latter. Standard grades of framing lumber permit these
characteristics to varying degrees. While these limits are acceptable for wood frame
construction, some of these characteristics need to be restricted when manufacturing
CLT in order to ensure formation of a good gluebond
It is important that the impact of these characteristics, if permitted, be taken into
account in the product manufacturing and expected gluebond performance. In ANSI/
APA PRG 320, for example, this is addressed by grading to achieve an effective bond area
of a minimum of 80 percent, as shown below:
For example, wane will reduce the bonding area and concentrate the stresses in a
CLT panel However, wane cannot be ignored because it is a permitted characteristic in
all lumber visual grades. The effect of wane can be accommodated by removing pieces
with excessive amounts of wane and/or rearranging or reorienting pieces with wane.
2.2.2 Adhesives
Another critical component for CLT is the adhesives. The requirements for CLT adhesives
in ANSI/APA PRG 320 are as follows:
6.3 Adhesives
a. In the U.S., adhesives usedfor CLT manufacturing shall meet the requirements ofANSI
405 with the exception that Section 2.1.6 of ANSI 405 (either ASTM D3434 or CSA
0112.9) is not required. In addition, adhesives shall be evaluatedfor heat performance
in accordance with Section 6.1.3.4 ofDOC PSl.
b. In Canada, adhesives shall meet the requirements of CSA 0112.10, and Sections 2.1.3
and 3.3 (ASTM D'1247 heat durability) of ANSI 405. In addition, adhesives shall be
evaluated for heat performance in accordance with Section 6.1.3.4 ofDOC PSl.
c. For use in both the US. and Canada, adhesives shall meet both a and b in this section.
Product Standard 15
The standard requires that the adhesives used for CLT manufacturing meet the
requirements of ANSI 405 [21] with the exception that the extreme gluebond durability
tests in ANSI 405 (either ASTM D3434 [22] or CSA 0112.9 [23]), which are designed for
adhesive qualification in exterior applications, is not required because CLT products man-
ufactured to ANSI/APA PRG 320 are limited to dry service conditions, such as in most
covered structures where the mean EMC of solid-sawn lumber is less than 16 percent (i.e.,
65 percent relative humidity and 68°F or 20°C) in the United States and is 15 percent or
less over a year and does not exceed 19 percent in Canada. Note that ANSI 405 includes
ASTM D7247 heat durability tests [24]. CLT products qualified in accordance with the
standard are intended to resist the effects of moisture on structural performance, as it may
occur due to construction delays or other conditions of similar severity.
In Canada, CLT adhesives have to meet the requirements of CSA 0112.10 [25] and
ASTM D7247 heat durability, which are part of the requirements in ANSI 405. In
addition, in both countries, CLT adhesives have to be evaluated for heat performance in
accordance with PSI [26]. The intent of the heat performance evaluation is to determine
if an adhesive will exhibit heat delamination characteristics, which may increase the char
rate of the CLT when exposed to fire in certain applications. If heat delamination occurs,
the CLT manufacturer is expected to consult with the adhesive manufacturer and the
approved agency to develop appropriate strategies in product manufacturing and/or
end-use recommendations for the CLT fire design [27].
It is important to note that ANSI/APA PRG 320 does not currently have pass/fail
criteria on adhesive heat delamination. This is because the standard CLT char rate, as
stipulated in Chapter 16 of the NDS, has assumed the occurrence of adhesive heat
delamination under fire exposure. However, in recent full-scale compartment fire tests,
it was discovered that a certain type of CLT adhesive that causes adhesive heat
delamination can result in a fire regrowth and second flashover, which is a concern by
the fire service for mid- to high-rise tall wood buildings that may have a delayed
firefighting if the automatic sprinklers are also malfunctioning or manually deactivated
for some reason. Therefore, the ANSI/APA PRG 320 Committee is actively working
with the International Code Council (ICC) Ad Hoe Committee on Tall Wood Buildings
to revise the adhesive qualification requirements in ANSI/APA PRG 320 to prohibit
adhesives that exhibit the heat delamination and fire regrowth behavior. In the
meantime, the ANSI 405 Committee has also just approved the addition of CSA 0177
[28] small-scale flame test to ANSI 405-2018 glulam adhesive standard. Since ANSI 405
is directly referenced in ANSI/APA PRG 320, the CSA 0177 small-scale flame test will
become a new requirement for all CLT adhesives when ANSI/APA PRG 320 adopts
ANSI 405-2018.
Several types of structural adhesives have been successfully used in CLT production,
as listed below:
PRF and MEL are well-known adhesives for structural use and commonly used for
glulam manufacturing in North America. EPI adhesive is used for wood I-joist and lam-
ination. PUR adhesive has been commonly used in Europe to produce CLT. It should be
16 Chapter Two
noted that not all formulations within an adhesive type will meet the requirements of the
structural adhesive standard and that there may be considerable variation in working
properties within each adhesive type. Documentation showing that the adhesive has met
the appropriate standards is required for CLT product certification. In addition, the
working properties of the adhesive needed by the manufacturing process should be con-
sidered and discussed with the adhesive supplier.
In addition to cost and working properties, each adhesive type may possess other
attributes that may be important. For example, among the four adhesive types indicated
above, PRF is dark brown, whereas MEL, EPI, and PUR are light colored. PUR is manu-
factured without the addition of solvents or formaldehyde and is moisture reactive. EPI
is also free from formaldehyde. Due to the chemical reaction, PUR normally produces
slight foaming during hardening.
Adhesive-bonded edge joints between laminations in the same layer of CLT are not
required in accordance with ANSI/APA PRG 320 unless CLT's structural and/or fire
performance is qualified based on the use of adhesive-bonded edge joints. As previously
mentioned, laminations with unbonded edge joints in the perpendicular layers are sub-
ject to the minimum width limitation of 3.5 times the lamination thickness. On the other
hand, the end joints within the same lamination, as applicable (e.g., SCL layers may be
provided in full width and full length), and the face joints between adjacent laminations
must be qualified in accordance with the glulam standard, ANSI A190.1 in the United
States and CSA 0177 in Canada, with the exception that the interlaminar shear strength
criteria do not apply due to the lower interlaminar shear strength when adjacent lamina-
tions are perpendicular. However, these provisions will be reviewed when more plant
data are gathered and analyzed in the immediate future.
It should be also noted that the gap in the unbonded edge joint of the CLT is not
specified in the current ANSI/APA PRG 320 even though the intent is to have the edge
joint as tight as possible. In practicality, however, it is very difficult to have a completely
tight unhanded edge joints. Therefore, the ANSI/APA PRG 320 Committee is currently
Product Standard 17
working on a reasonable specification to ensure that the unbonded edge joints are
reasonable close to each other. This specification is likely to be added to the future
version of ANSI/APA PRG 320.
The thickness of CLT is limited to 20 in. (508 mm) or less in ANSI/APA PRG 320.
This is considered an upper limit that the CLT may be handled in production and trans-
portation. In addition, dimension tolerances permitted in ANSI/APA PRG 320 are based
on the measurements at the time of manufacturing. Textured or other face or edge fin-
ishes are permitted to alter the tolerances. However, the designers need to compensate
for any loss in cross section and/or the specified strength due to such alterations.
The standard also specifies the CLT panel squareness, defined as the length of the
two panel face diagonals measured between panel corners, to be within % in. (3.2 mm)
or less. In addition, the CLT panel straightness, defined as the deviation of edges from a
straight line between adjacent panel corners, is required to not exceed 1/16 in. (1.6 mm).
interlaminar shear strength (~), and shear rigidity (GA), in both major and minor
strength directions. This allows for the needed flexibility to CLT manufacturers for con-
formance to the product standard based on the available material resources and required
design capacities.
The CLT layups were developed based on the following prescriptive lumber species
and grades available in North America:
• El: 1950f-1.7E Spruce-Pine-Fir MSR lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3
Spruce-Pine-Fir lumber in all transverse layers
• E2: 1650f-1.5E Douglas fir-Larch MSR lumber in all longitudinal layers and
No. 3 Douglas fir-Larch lumber in all transverse layers
• E3: 1200f-1.2E Eastern Softwoods, Northern Species, or Western Woods MSR
lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3 Eastern Softwoods, Northern Species,
or Western Woods lumber in all transverse layers
• E4: 1950f-1.7E Southern Pine MSR lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3
Southern Pine lumber in all transverse layers
• Vl: No. 2 Douglas fir-Larch lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3 Douglas
fir-Larch lumber in all transverse layers
• V2: No. 1/No. 2 Spruce-Pine-Fir lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3
Spruce-Pine-Fir lumber in all transverse layers
• V3: No. 2 Southern Pine lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3 Southern
Pine lumber in all transverse layers
The required characteristic strengths and moduli of elasticity for the laminations
used to manufacture each layup of CLT are listed in Table 2.1. The corresponding allow-
able stress design (ASD) values for the United States and limit states design {LSD) design
values for Canada are provided in Tables 2.2 and 2.3 (i.e., Tables Al and A4 in ANSI/APA
PRG 320), respectively. As seen from the list above, both mechanically graded lumber
(for "E" classes) and visually graded lumber (for "V" classes) are included in this stan-
dard. Also included are three major species groups in North America: Douglas fir-Larch,
Spruce-Pine-Fir, and Southern Pine (note that Layups E4 and V3 using Southern Pine
lumber are not available in Canada). With the published lumber properties for each
layup, the design capacities of the CLT were derived based on the "shear analogy"
method developed in Europe [29] and the following assumptions:
The design capacities for CLT are provided in the format of ASD for the United
States, as shown in Table 2.4 (i.e., Table A2 of ANSI/APA PRG 320), and LSD for Canada,
as shown in Table 2.5 (i.e., Table A4 in ANSI/APA PRG 320). The allowable bending and
shear strengths can be readily converted to the characteristic bending and shear strengths
(5th percentile with 75 percent confidence), respectively, by multiplying by an adjustment
Product Standard 19
L.amln11tlons used In m11jor strength direction L.amln11tlons used In minor strength direction
CLT
layup
fb
{psi)
E f~
(10' psi) {psi)
f.
{psi)
fy
{psi)
f,
(psi)
fb
(psi)
E
(106 psi)
f~
(psi)
f.
(psi)
fy
(psi) '·
(psi)
E1 4095 1.7 2885 3420 425 140 1050 1.2 525 1235 425 140
E2 3465 1.5 2140 3230 565 185 1100 1.4 680 1470 565 185
E3 2520 1.2 1260 2660 345 115 735 0.9 315 900 345 115
E4 4095 1.7 2885 3420 550 180 945 1.3 525 1375 550 180
V1 1890 1.6 1205 2565 565 185 1100 1.4 680 1470 565 185
V2 1835 1.4 945 2185 425 140 1050 1.2 525 1235 425 140
V3 1575 1.4 945 2375 550 180 945 1.3 525 1375 550 180
For SI: 1 psi= 0.006895 MPa.
ColSee Section 4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017 for symbols.
lbl'fabulated values are test values and shall not be used for design. See Table 2.2 for design properties.
c<1custom CLTlayupsthat are not listed lnthlstable shall be permitted In accordance with Sectlon 7.2.1of ANSVAPA PRG 320-2017.
ldl'fhe characteristic values shall be determined as follows from the published reference design value unless otherwise justi-
fied by the approved agency:
fb = 2.1 x published ASD reference bending stress (FJ.
f1 = 2.1 x publlshed ASD reference tenslle stress (F),
fc = 1.9 x published ASD reference compressive stress parallel to grain (FJ,
f.= 3.15 x published ASD reference shear stress (F,).
TABLE 2.1 Required CharacteristicTestValuesCa-dJ for Laminations Used in PRG 320 CLT
Laminations used In major strength direction Laminations used In minor strength direction
CLT Fb E'"' Ft Fe Fv F, Fb El<I> Ft Fe Fv F,
layup (psi) (10' psi) {psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (10' psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) I
E1 1950 1.7 1375 1800 135 45 500 1.2 250 650 135 45
E2 1650 15 1020 1700 180 60 525 1.4 325 775 180 60
E3 1200 1.2 600 1400 110 35 350 0.9 150 475 110 35
E4 1950 1.7 1375 1800 175 55 450 1.3 250 725 175 55
V1 900 1.6 575 1350 180 60 525 1.4 325 775 180 60
V2 875 1.4 450 1150 135 45 500 1.2 250 650 135 45
V3 750 1.4 450 1250 175 55 450 1.3 250 725 175 55
For SI: 1 psi= 0.006895 MPa.
!olSee Section 4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017 for symbols.
lhl'fabulated values are ASD reference design values and not permitted to be increased for the lumber size and flat use adjust-
ment factors in accordance with the NDS. The design values shall be used in conjunction with the section properties pro-
vided by the CLT manufacturer based on the actual layup used In manufacturing the CLT panel (see Table 2.4).
ic1custom CLT layups that are not listed in this table shall be permitted in accordance with Section 7.2.1 of ANSI/APA PRG
320-2017.
ldl'fhe tabulated Evalues are published Efor lumber. For calculating the CLT design properties shown in Table 2.4, the trans-
verse E of the lamination is assumed to be E/30, the longitudinal G of the lamination is assumed to be E/16, and the
transverse G of the lamfnatlon fs assumed to be longftudlnal G/10.
TABLE 2.2 ASD Reference Design ValuesC>-cl for Laminations Used in PRG 320 CLT (for use in the United States)
20 Chapter Two
Laminations used In major strength direction Laminations used In minor strength direction
CLT
E<dl E<lll
layup fb
{MPa) {MPa)
f, f, fy
{MPa) {MPa) {MPa) {MPa) '· fb
(MPa) {MPa)
f,
{MPa)
f,
(MPa)
fy
(MPa) '·
(MPa)
E1 28.2 11,700 15.4 19.3 15 0.50 7.0 9000 3.2 9.0 1.5 0.50
E2 23.9 10,300 11.4 18.1 1.9 0.63 4.6 10,000 2.1 7.3 1.9 0.63
E3 17.4 8300 6.7 15.1 13 0.43 4.5 6500 2.0 5.2 13 0.43
V1 10.0 11,000 5.8 14.0 1.9 0.63 4.6 10,000 2.1 7.3 1.9 0.63
V2 11.8 9500 5.5 11.5 15 0.50 7.0 9000 3.2 9.0 1.5 0.50
For SI: 1 MPa = 145 psi.
oosee Section 4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017 for symbols.
1b1fabulated values are LSD design values and not permitted to be Increased for the lumber size adjustment factor In
accordance with CSA 086. The design values shall be used In conjunction with the section properties provided by
the CLT manufacturer based on the actual layup used in manufacturing the CLT panel (see Table 2.5).
CcJCustom CLT layups that are not listed in this table shall be permitted in accordance with Section 7.2.1 of ANSI/APA
PRG 320-2017.
"°The tabulated Evalues are publlshed Efor Iumber. For c.alculatlng the CLT design properties shown In Table 2.5, the
transverse E of the lamination Is assumed to be E/30, the longitudinal G of the lamInation Is assumed to be E/16, and
the transverse G of the lamination is assumed to be longitudinal G/10.
TABLE 2.3 LSD Specified Strength and Modulus of ElasticitY.-cJ for Laminations Used in PRG 320 CLT (for use
in Canada)
factor of 2.1. The allowable bending stiffness and shear rigidity are based on the mean
values, and no adjustments are required.
It should be noted that based on the recent full-scale CLT tests for thicker CLT
(depths of seven layers or more), the standard includes a strength reduction factor of
0.85 for the calculated bending strengths in the major strength direction. It remains
unclear at this point if such a factor can be attributed to the volume effect. In general, a
shorter span-to-depth ratio is often associated with interlaminar shear failure during
flexure. This may be addressed in the future version of the standard when additional
data become available.
Custom CLT layups are permitted in ANSI/APA PRG 320 when accepted by an
approved agency in accordance with the qualification and mechanical test requirements
specified in the standard, as shown below:
The custom layups may include double outer layers or unbalanced layups when
clearly identified for installation, as required by the manufacturer and the approved
agency. However, the standard requires that a unique CLT grade designation be assigned
by the approved agency if the custom product represents a significant product volume
of the manufacturer to avoid duplication with an existing CLT grade designation that has
been assigned to other manufacturers.
Major strength direction Minor strength direction
L11mlnation thickness (In.) In CLT layup {FbS)olf.f,o {El)olf.f.O {GA)o11,1,o v..,, {FbS)1111.t90 {El)««9o {GA).tr.f.9o v..90
CLT CLTt, {lbf-ft/ft {106 lbf-ln.2 / {1 06 lbf/ft {lbf/ft of {lbf-ft/ftof {106 lbf-ln.2/ {106 lbf/ft {lbflft of
Layup {In.) = l. = .l = .l ofwldth) ftofwldth)
= ofwldth) width) width) ft of width) of width) width)
41/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 4525 115 0.46 1430 160 3.1 0.61 495
E1 67/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 1Q,400 440 0.92 1970 1370 81 1.2 1430
95/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 18,375 1089 1.4 2490 3125 309 1.8 1960
41/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 3825 102 0.53 1910 165 3.6 0.56 660
E2 67/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 8825 389 1.1 2625 1430 95 1.1 1910
95/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 13/8 13/8 15,600 963 1.6 3325 3275 360 1.7 2625
41/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 2800 81 0.35 1110 110 2.3 0.44 385
E3 67/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 6400 311 0.69 1530 955 61 0.87 1110
95/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 11,325 769 1.0 1940 2180 232 1.3 1520
41/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 4525 115 0.50 1750 140 3.4 0.62 605
E4 67/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 1Q,400 440 1.0 2410 1230 88 1.2 1750
95/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 13/8 13/8 18,400 1089 1.5 3050 2800 335 1.9 2400
41/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 2090 108 0.53 1910 165 3.6 0.59 660
V1 67/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 4800 415 1.1 2625 1430 95 1.2 1910
95/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 8500 1027 1.6 3325 3275 360 1.8 2625
41/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 2030 95 0.46 1430 160 3.1 0.52 495
V2 67/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 4675 363 0.91 1970 1370 81 1.0 1430
95/8 13/8 13/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 13/8 1 3/8 8275 898 1.4 2490 3125 309 1.6 1960
41/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1740 95 0.49 1750 140 3.4 0.52 605
V3 67/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 4000 363 0.98 2420 1230 88 1.0 1750
95/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 7100 899 1.5 3050 2800 335 1.6 2400
For 51: 1 in.= 25.4 mm; 1 ft= 304.8 mm; 1 lbf = 4.448 N.
oosee Section 4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017 for symbols.
lbl'fhis table represents one of many possibilities that the CLT could be manufactured by varying lamination grades, thicknesses, orientations, and layer arrangements in the layup.
(<)Custom CLT layups thatare not llsted In this table shall be permitted In accordance with Section 7.2.1 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017.
TABLE 2.4 ASD Reference Design Values<rc:l for CLT Listed in Annex A (for use in the United States)
-
N
I Lamination thickness (mm)
Major strength direction Minor strength direction I
lnCLTlayup (Fl>S)effl.O(El).rr.to (GA).ru.o
Vo.O (Fl>S).,,,1"° (El)"""° (GA).ru.to v""°
CLT CLTt" (10' N-mm/m (109 N-mm1 /m (1 O' N/m (kN/m (10'N-mm/m (109 N-mm1/m (10' N/m (kN/m
layup (mm) = J_ = J_ = J_ = of width) of width) of width) of width) of width) of width) of width) of width)
105 35 35 35 42 1088 7.3 34 1.4 32 9.1 12
El 175 35 35 35 35 35 98 4166 15 47 12 836 18 34
245 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 172 10,306 22 59 28 3183 27 46
105 35 35 35 36 958 8.0 43 0.94 36 8.2 15
E2 175 35 35 35 35 35 83 3674 16 59 8.1 929 16 42
245 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 146 9097 24 74 19 3537 25 58
105 35 35 35 26 772 5.3 29 0.92 23 6.4 10
E3 175 35 35 35 35 35 60 2956 11 40 8.0 604 13 29
245 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 106 7313 16 50 18 2299 19 40
105 35 35 35 15 1023 8.0 43 0.94 36 8.7 15
Vl 175 35 35 35 35 35 35 3922 16 59 8.1 929 17 42
245 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 61 9708 24 74 19 3537 26 58
105 35 35 35 18 884 7.2 34 1.4 32 7.5 12
V2 175 35 35 35 35 35 41 3388 14 47 12 836 15 34
245 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 72 8388 22 59 28 3183 23 46
For SI: 1 mm= 0.03937 In.; 1 m = 3.28 ft; 1 N = 0.2248 lbf.
(IJSee Section 4 of ANSVAPA PRG 320-2017 for symbols.
OOJhis table represents one of many possibilities that the CLT could be manufactured by varying lamination grades, thicknesses, orientations, and layer arrangements in the layup.
~ustom CLT layups that are not listed in this table shall be permitted in accordance with Section 7.2.1 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017.
TABLE 2.S LSD Stiffness and Unfactored ResistanceValues<•-cJfor CLT Listed in Annex A (for use in Canada)
Product Standard 23
Plant Prequalification
The plant prequalifi.cation is intended to ensW'e that the CLT plant is qualified for the
manufacturing factors, such as the assembly time, lumber MC, adhesive spread rate,
clamping pressure, pressing time, and wood surface temperature, prior to the normal
production. The plant prequalification can be conducted with full~thickness CLT panels
of24 in. (610 mm) or more in the major strength direction and 18 in. (457 mm) or more
in the minor strength direction. Two replicated CLT panels are required to be manufac-
tured for prequalifi.cation for each combination of factors considered. The two repli-
cated CLT panels must not be extracted from a single full-size CLT panel.
The plant prequalification includes the evaluation of gluebond (block shear) and
durability. Figure 2.4 shows the locations where the block shear and delamination speci-
mens should be taken for the prequalifi.cation to ensure the dispersion of the specimens
within a sampled CLT qualification panel. Results obtained from the prequalification are
required to be documented and serve as the basis for manufacturing factors specified in
the in-plant manufacturing standard.
The prequalification and qualification requirements are specified in Section 8 of
ANSI/APA PRG 320, as shown below:
8.1 Qu4Ujk4tlonR~
Required qualification tests for CLT compo1umts, such as lumbel; atlheslvu, and end, face,
and edge joints are provided in Sect:Wn. 6 and summarized in Table 2. This section provides
requirements for plant qualification and CLT qualification tests t.o meet the structural per-
formance levels specified in Tables A2 and A4.
a
76 to 102 mm
typical
] ~i ~
~81 I
L, ·oro -----+-+-~
~ C2
a
i.-+-ta -1--i.. I
a= 102 :!: 25 mm; L, = 610 lo 915 mm; and L, = 457 to 915 mm
FIGURE 2.4 Block shear (•B") and delamlnatlon (•o") Specimen Locations.
24 Chapter Two
tests include bending strength, bending stiffness, and interlaminar shear in both major
and minor strength directions. The sample size for bending stiffness must be sufficient
for estimating the population mean within 5 percent precision with 75 percent confi-
dence, or 10 specimens, whichever is greater. The sample size for bending strength and
interlaminar shear must be sufficient for estimating the characteristic value with
75 percent confidence in accordance with ASTM 02915 [30].
The bending tests are required to be conducted flatwise (loads are applied perpen-
dicular to the face layer of CLT) in accordance with the third-point load method of ASTM
0198 [31] or ASTM 04761 [32] using the specimen width of not less than 12 in. (305 mm)
and the on-center span of approximately 30 times the specimen depth. The Committee
considered that a minimum specimen width of 12 in. (305 mm) is necessary to distinguish
CLT from typical beam elements. However, it has been reported that for some CLT layups,
the use of the span-to-depth ratio of 30 for bending tests in the minor strength direction
may result in excessive deflection before the specimen reaches the peak load. Therefore, it
is expected that this provision will be revisited in the near future. The weight of the CLT
panel is permitted to be included in the determination of the CLT bending strength.
The interlaminar shear tests are required to be conducted flatwise in accordance
with the center-point load method of ASTM 0198 or ASTM 04761 using the specimen
width of not less than 12 in. (305 mm) and the on-center span of 5 to 6 times the
specimen depth. The bearing length must be sufficient to avoid bearing failure but not
greater than the specimen depth. All specimens must be cut to length without
overhangs, which are known to increase the interlaminar shear strength in shear tests.
7.2 Stnlctuml Peeformance Requirement&
Structural performance shall be evaluated for each CLT layup unless otherwise noted in this
section. CLT shall meet the minimum structural peiformance based on the properties shown
in Table 1 multiplied by the section properties provided by the manufacturer and accepted by
an approved agency when evaluated and confirmed by test results in accordance with 8 ,5,
CLTpanels manufactured with SCL layers, which do not meet Table 1 requirements, shall be
qualified in accordance with 7.2.1.
8.4 Qualificationfor Structural Peeformance
Following plant prequalification, a representative sample of CLT panels shall be manufac-
turedfor qualification tests in accordance with 8.4.1 and 8.4.2. Depending on the number of
layups intendedfor qualification, a qualification plan shall be developed and accepted by an
approved agency in accordance with the principles prescribed in this section.
8.4.1 Requlred mechanlctll property quallflcatton
The jlatwise bending and jlatwise shear properties of CLT layups in both major and minor
strength directions shall be test.ed in accordance with 8.5.3 and 8.5.4 to confirm the design
values shown in Table A2 for use in the US or Table A4 for use in Canada, or the design
values approved by an approved agency.
8.4.2 Optlonal mechanic.al property qualljicatton
When edgewise bending and edgewise shear properties are to be approved by an approved
agency, qualification tests shall be conducted in accordance with 8.5.5 and 8.5.6, respectively.
8.5 Mechanic.al Property Qutllljicatlon
The design values from required mechanical property qualification (8.4.1) and optional
mechanical property qualification (8.4.2) shall be approved by an approved agency in accor-
dance with this section.
8.5.1 Sampling
Thst samples shall be representative oftypical production and shall be sampled at the manu-
facturingfacility by an approved agency using the layup int.endedfor qualification. The sample
26 Chapter Two
size required for stiffness capacities shall be sufficient for estimating the population mean
within 596 precision with 7596 confidence, or 10 specimens, whichever is greater. In general, a
sample size larger than 10 is needed when the coefficient of variation is greater than 1396.
The sample size requiredfor strength capacities shall be sufficientfor estimating the charac-
teristic value with 7596 confidence in accordance with ASTM D291S.
8.5.2 Sample conditioning
CLTpanel samples shall be st.ored in an indoor environmen.tfor a minimum of24 hours or until
the adhesive has cured sufficiently to permit evaluation, whichever is longer. The CLT samples
at the time ofmechanical tests shall have an average moisture content ofnot less than 896.
8.5.3 Flatwise bending properties
Flatwise bending stiffness and bending moment capacity (resistance) shall be evaluated in
accordance with 8.5.3.1 and 8.5.3.2
8.5.3.1 Flatwlse bending tut meth.ods
Flatwise bending tests shall be conducted in both major and minor strength directions in
accordance with the third-point load method of Sections 4 through 12 ofASTM D198 or
Section 8 ofASTM D4761 using the specimen width of not less than 12 inches (305 mm)
and the on-center span equal to approximately 30 times the specimen depth for the tests in
the major strength direction and approximately 18 times the specimen depth for the tests
in the minor strength direction. The weight ofthe CLT panel is permitted t.o be included in
the determination of the flatwise bending moment capacity (resistance}.
8.S.3.2 Flatwile bending qu.aliflcatlon requirements
In the U.S. and Canada, the averageflatwise bending stiffness determinedfrom qualification
tests shall equal or exceed the publishedflatwise bending stiffness {(EI)<JUo or (EI)..u.G~·
In the U.S., the characteristic Jlatwise bending moment capacity determined.frOm qualifi-
cation tests shall equal or exceed the published ASD reference flatwise bending moment
capacity [(FbS)<ffJ.0 or (FbS).µ~ times 2.1. In Canada, the characteristic jlatwise bending
moment resistance determined from qualification tests shall equal or exceed the published
LSDflatwise bending resistance {(/,,S)efil0 or (/,,S)tJU~ divided by 0.96.
8.S.4 Flatwise slrear properties
Flatwise shear stiffness and capacity (resistance) shall be evaluated in accordance with 8.5.4.1
and 8.5.4.2.
8.5.4.1 Flatwise shear test methods
Flatwise shear stiffness tests shall be conducted in both major and minor strength directions
in accordance with Sections 45 through 52 ofASTM D198.
Flatwise shear tests shall be conducted in both major and minor strength directions in accor-
dance with the cen.t.er-point load method ofSections 4through12 ofASTM D198 or Section 7
ofASTM D4761 using the specimen width of not less than 12 inches (305 mm) and the on-
center span equal to 5 to 6 times the specimen depth. The bearing length shall be sufficient to
avoid bearingfailure, but not great:er than the specimen depth. All specimens are t.o be cut t.o
length with no overhangs allowed.
8.5.4.2 Flatwise shear qualijicatlan requirements
In the U.S. and Canada, the averageflatwise shear stiffness determinedfrom qualification tests
shall equal or exceed the published shear stiffness in flatwise bending [(GA)t#Jo or (GA)<ffJ~·
In the U.S., the characteristic flatwise shear capacity determined from qualification tests
shall equal or exceed the publishedASD referenceJlatwiseshear capacity ~ 0 or V w) times 2.1.
In Canada, the characteristic fta,twise shear resistance determined from quallflcation tests
shall equal or exceed the published LSD flatwise shear resistance (v,_ 0 or v,_w) divided by 0.96.
8.5.5 Edgewise bendlngproperties
Edgewise bending stiffness and bending moment capacity (resistance) shall be permitted to be
evaluated in accordance with 8.S.S.1 and 8.S.S.2. The volume, creep and load duration effects
Pro du ct Sta nd ar d 27
ofedgewise bending capacity (resistance) shall be evaluated in accordance with the principles
ofSections 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 ofASTM D5456.
8.5.5.1 Edgewise bending test meth.ods
Bending tests shall be conducted edgewise in both major and minor strength directions in
accordance with the third-point load method of Sections 4 through 12 of ASTM D198 or
Section 6 ofASTM D4761 using the specimen depth ofnot less than 12 inches (305 mm) and
the on-center span equal to approximately 18 times the specimen depth. The weight of the
CLT panel is permitted to be included in the determination ofthe edgewise bending moment
capacity (resistance).
8.5.5.2 Edgewise bending qualification requirement&
In the U.S. and Canada, the average edgewise bending stiffness determined from qualifica-
tion tests divided by the calculated moment of inertia (I.,0 or I.,~ shall equal or exceed the
published edgewise bending modulus ofelasticity (E., 0 or E..~·
In the US., the characteristic edgewise bending moment capacity determinedfrom qualifi-
cation tests shall equal or exceed the published ASD reference edgewise bendingstress (Fb.t. 0 or
F,. .. ~ multiplied by the calculated edgewise section modulus (S,.0 or S..~and an adjustment
factor of2.1. In Canada, the characteristic edgewise bending moment resistance determined
from qualification tests shall equal or exceed the published LSD specified edgewise bending
strength (f,.., 0 orf,. .. ~ multiplied by the calculat.ed edgewise section modulus (S.,0 or S..~and
divided by an adjustmentfactor of0.96.
8.5.6 Edgewise shar properties
F.dgewise shear stiffiulss and capacity (resistance) shall be permitted t:o be evaluated in accordance
with 8,5,6,l and 8.5.6.2.
8.5.6.1 Edgewise shear test method&
Edgewise shear stiffness tests shall be conduct:ed in both major and minor strength directions
in accordance with Sections 45 through 52 ofASTM D198.
Edgewise shear capacity (resistance) tests shall be conducted in both major and minor
strength directions in accordance with thefull-scale test method specified in AnnexA3 ofASTM
D5456. The web thickness ofthe I-shaped cross section shall be the CLT thickness. The specimen
shall contain at least one edge joint, as applicable, in the middle % ofthe specimen depth.
8.5.6.2 Edgewise shear qualification requirement&
For use in the US. or Canada, the average edgewise shear stiffness determinedfrom qualifica-
tion tests divided by the gross thickness of CLT ( t ) shall equal or exceed the published modu-
lus ofrigidity (shear modulus) in edgewise bendfug (G,.0 or G,.90 ).
In the U.S., the characteristic edgewise shear capacity determined from qualification tests
shall equal or exceed the published ASD reference edgewise shear capacity (F~.,o tP or F~., 90 t)
multiplied by an adjustmentfactor of2.1. In Canada, the characteristic edgewise shear resis-
tance determined from qualification tests shall equal or exceed the published LSD edgewise
shear resistance if....0 tP orf " 90 t) divided by an adjustmentfactor of0.96.
It is important to note that the CLT mechanical properties that are published in
Table 2.4 {i.e., Table A2 in ANSI/APA PRG 320) and Table 2.5 {i.e., Table A2 in ANSI/
APA PRG 320) are mandatorily required to be qualified. This includes most flatwise
mechanical properties. As previously mentioned, the CLT flatwise bending properties
can be reliably predicted through the principle of engineering mechanics. On the other
hand, there are no engineering models that can be used to reliably predict most CLT
edgewise mechanical properties. Therefore, the qualification of CLT edgewise mechan-
ical properties are optional in ANSI/APA PRG 320; that is, they are required only when
the CLT manufacturer elects to publish their proprietary edgewise bending properties
through the approval of the approved agency. In this case, ANSI/APA PRG 320 provides
28 Ch a p t er Two
standard test methods and data analysis requirements so that the proprietary CLT edge-
wise bending design values from different CLT manufacturers can be tested, analyzed,
and published in a consistent manner. This should help avoid confusion to the designers
when comparing proprietary CLT edgewise bending design values.
Note from Section 8.8.3 of ANSI/APA PRG 320 that the non-custom and other
required marks must be placed on standard products at intervals of 8 ft (2.4 m) or less in
order that each piece cut from a longer piece will have at least one of each ofthe required
marks. For products manufactured to meet specific job specifications (custom prod-
ucts), the marking may contain information less than that specified for standard CLT
products. However, custom products must bear at least one mark containing a required
identification, as indicated in Section 8.8.4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320. Also noted from
Section 8.8.4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320 is that when long CLT products shipped to a job
site are to be cut later into several members for use in the structure, the frequency of
marking must be applied at intervals of 8 ft (2.4 m) or less.
Additional markings on the panels may show the main direction loading of the panels
in the structure and, possibly; the zones designed to receive connectors. Section 8.8.5 of
ANSI/APA PRG 320 addresses the voiding of marks for non-confirming products. Because
CLT panels are intended for use under dry service conditions, the panels should be
protected from weather during transportation, storage, and construction on the job site.
9. QUALITYASSURANCE
9.1 Objectives
This section is int.endedfor use with CLTproducts that have qualifiedfor trademarking under
this standard. The purpose of this section is to assure product quality by detecting changes in
properties that may adversely affect the CLTperformance. In all cases, the crit.eria t:o which the
CLTproducts are test.ed shall be provided in the Mill Specification or equivalent document.
9.2 Process Control
Ongoing evaluation ofthe process properties listed in this section shall be performed to con-
.firm that the CLT quality remains in satisfactory compliance to the product specification
requirements. Sampling methods and quality assurance testing shall be documented in an
in-plant manufacturing standard and accept.ed by the approved agency. All processes and
test records relevant to the production shall be retained based on the manufacturer's record
ret.ention policy and are subject to audit by the approved agency. Production shall be held
pending results ofthe quality assurance testing on representative samples.
9.3 End, Ftlce, and F.dge /olnts in Lamlnt1tions
The lamination end joints, face joints, and edge joints (when applicable) shall be sampled
and tested for on.going quality assurance in. accordance with Table 3 ofANSI A190.1 and
meet the strength (required for end joints only}, wood failure, and durability requirements
specified therein in the US., or shall be sampled and test.ed in accordance with Section 7 of
CSA 0122 and meet the strength (required for end joints only), woodfailure, and durability
requirements specified therein in Canada. Special considerationsfor face bonding ofthe CLT
panel as a whole are provided in 9.3.1 through 9.3.3 ofthis standard.
9.3.1 Effective banding t1ret1
On-grade lumber shall be laid up to maintain an effective bonding area ofnot less than 80%
on surfaces t:o be bonded for each bondline.
Not.e 17. To maintain an effective bond area, laminations in cross-plies may need to be
oriented such that the bark and pith faces ofadjacent pieces are generally alt.ernated.
9.3.2 Lamlntltion grade limits
Grade limits intended to limit the amount oflamination warp that will not be corrected upon
application ofpressure shall be qualified in accordance with 8.3.
9.3.3 Glue &lcip in th.e faa bandline
The average glue skip in a face bondline shall not exceed the level established to maintain the
effective bonding area specified in 9.3.1. Glue skips are not assessed as delamination unless
the inclusion ofsuch skips does not invalidate the delamination requirements.
9.4 Finished Pradu.dian Inspection
All production shall be inspect.ed visually, and/or by measurements or testingjor conformance
to this standard with the foll-Owing attributes:
a. Dimensions (width, depth, and length);
b. Shape, including straightness and squareness;
c. 1Jpe, quality and location ofstructural bondlines;
d. Appearance classification;
e. Layup, including lumber species and grades, placement, and orientation;
f. Moisture content; and
g. Application ofthe appropriate marks.
9.5 Minar Variations
A product is considered conforming to this standard when minor variations of a limited
extent in noncritical locations exist, or when structural damage or defects have been repaired
and, in the judgment ofa qualified person, the product is structurally adequate for the use
intended. The identity ofthe product and the nature ofthe minor variation shall be documented
Another random document with
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Ja mä punaisen myllyn lakassa mun vanhan viuluni viritän
sen kuoleman pillin sointiin ja soittelen rytkypolkkaa:
puukoista, helapääpuukoista, kolmesta sällistä soitan.
RAUHATON RITARI
***
Ei piikkineito saanut
sua syliinsä kamalaan.
— Mutta kaunis Vivika Trotte:
hänet syöstiin kuolemaan.
Ja sydän ripustettiin
yli portin rautaisen —
Oi neiti Margareta,
minä tiedän kyllä sen,
LAPSENMURHA
Ehtoon katvetessa
neiti jalosyntyinen,
kuollut neiti ajaa
keskeen varjojen,
sulkalakki päässä, jahtitorvi huulillaan, piiskansiimoin
lyöden villiä ratsuaan,
PYÖVELINTALO
LEIJONANKESYTTÄJÄ
Oi saavu, jos voit, ja vielä yli kaupungin vapisevan yks kerta
katso: sä löydät mun huoneeni ikkunan,
Minä ristikkoikkunaani,
veli, nojasin kolkon pään
— ja kasvot, opetetut
joka hetki hymyilemään,
***
YÖLLINEN TELOITUSPAIKKA
minun kaksoisolentoni,
joka hamppusilmukoin
on hirteen kohotettu.
Sinut, armas, tänne toin,
SALOMEN TANSSI
PYHÄ YRJÄNÄ
1
Kalmanvärinen lohikäärme
vieri hänen jalkoihinsa
hampaat kärsimättömästi loksuen.
KUOLEMA
Olet ääneti. Huomaan kasvojes kalvenneen.
Merensiniset silmäs on tulvilla mustaa uhkaa.
Olet tarttunut kuumilla sormillas ranteeseen
sitä miestä, min ruumis on kylmää, kylmää tuhkaa.
KOIRALAULU
Nyt hän kuoli ja haudataan: koira, sä yksin jäät. Kun hän kuoli
ja haudataan nälkäpäiviä näät,
VANHASSA HUVIMAJASSA
Oi kaunis Isabella,
sun nimeäs mainittiin.
Oi donna ihanaisin, klovni
rakasti sinua niin.
Oi kaunis Isabella,
kai muistat ehtoon sen
kun hältä monta vuotta sitten
raastit sydämen.
KANSANSATU
Se unisena saapui ja kissan selkää silitti ja koukkuleuka-
akalle se hiukan hymyili. Ja kuusivalkeata ja pirtin suurta
hämärää se onnellisna katsoi. Ja sirkat, sirkat soitti.
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