HAL Prachand

The HAL Prachand (IPA: prəcəɳɖ, lit. "Giant" or

Prachand
"Intense") is an Indian multi-role light attack helicopter
designed and manufactured by the Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited (HAL) under Project LCH.[4] It
has been ordered by the Indian Air Force and the Indian
Army. Its flight ceiling is the highest among all attack
helicopters.[5]

The true impetus for the development of the LCH

Prachand came in the form of the Kargil War, a conflict
fought between India and neighbouring Pakistan in
1999, which revealed the Indian armed forces lacked a
suitable armed rotorcraft capable of operating A HAL Prachand of No. 143 Helicopter Unit,
unrestricted in the high-altitude theatre.[6] Accordingly, IAF.
both HAL and the Indian armed forces commenced
Role Attack helicopter
exploratory efforts towards the conceptualisation of a
combat helicopter to perform in this role. During 2006, National origin India
the company announced that it had launched a Manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics
development programme to produce such a rotorcraft, Limited
referred to simply as the LCH or Light Combat Design group Rotary Wing Research and
Helicopter. Originally, the LCH was anticipated to Design Centre[1]
attain initial operating capability (IOC) by December
First flight 29 March 2010
2010, however development of the type was protracted
Introduction 3 October 2022[2]
and subject to several delays, some of which having
been attributed to suppliers. Status Limited series production
In deployment
The LCH Prachand drew extensively on an earlier Primary users Indian Army
indigenous helicopter developed and manufactured by Indian Air Force
HAL, the HAL Dhruv; using this rotorcraft as a starting
Produced 2017 – present
point has been attributed as significantly reducing the
cost of the programme.[7] On 29 March 2010, the first Number built 19 (4 TD, 15 LSP)[3]
LCH prototype performed its maiden flight. An Developed from HAL Dhruv
extensive test programme, involving a total of four
prototypes, was conducted. During the course of these tests, the LCH gained the distinction of being the
first attack helicopter to land in Siachen, having repeatedly landed at several high altitude helipads, some of
which being as high as 13,600 to 15,800 feet (4,100 to 4,800 meters). During mid-2016, the LCH was
recognised as having completed its performance trials, paving way for the certification of its basic
configuration.

On 26 August 2017, limited series production of the Prachand was formally inaugurated. On 19 November
2021, Prime Minister Narendra Modi formally handed over the LCH to IAF Air Chief Marshal Vivek Ram
Chaudhari, clearing way for full scale induction.[8] On 3 October 2022, the LCH was formally inducted
into the IAF and was officially named "Prachand".[9] By November, Indian army had begun to move its
LCH helicopters on LAC near the Chinese border.[10]

Development

Origins
During the late 1990s, India and neighbouring nation Pakistan
engaged in a brief but intensely-fought conflict commonly known
as the Kargil War. This war, in which various elements of the Indian
military were deployed, revealed operational shortcomings and
areas for improvement, particularly the requirement for an attack
helicopter that would be suitable for use within the high altitude
climates in which some combat operations were fought along the HAL Prachand of the Indian Air Force
north-western border region.[11][12] Accordingly, there was
considerable interest in not only the acquisition of a suitable
contemporary rotorcraft for the task (as well as to replace several
aging types in Indian military service, such as the Cheetah and
Chetak), but for such an aircraft to be domestically developed and
manufactured in India as well.

During early 2004, Indian aerospace manufacturer Hindustan

Aeronautics Limited (HAL) declared that the company was in the
midst of discussions with the Indian armed forces on the prospects
for a potential light combat helicopter derivative of the company's LCH model on display at ILA Berlin
existing Dhruv utility helicopter platform for the requirement. [13] Air Show 2008
During late 2004, the Indian armed forces decided to curtail plans to
order foreign-built attack helicopters in anticipation of a decision to
formally select the tentative LCH.[14] During 2006, HAL publicly announced that it had embarked upon
the development of such an attack helicopter, which it referred to as the Light Combat Helicopter
(LCH).[11] During late 2006, the Indian government decided to aid the fledgling programme via the issuing
of external finance to support the design phase of the LCH's development, this was done as to aid the attack
helicopter in conforming with the established requirements of the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.

The LCH is a derivative of the HAL Dhruv, which had been developed during the 1990s and inducted into
the Indian Armed Forces during the 2000s. Basing the LCH on an existing helicopter is expected to greatly
reduce the associated costs of the programme, which was estimated to be roughly ₹376 crore
(US$47.1 million) in 2010.[15] By 2010, the Indian Air Force was reportedly set to acquire 65 LCHs while
the Indian Army was to also procure 114 LCHs for its own purposes.[16]

Development of the LCH did not progress to schedule. On 21 June 2007, HAL chairman Ashok Baweja
announced that and stated that the first prototype LCH was to conduct its maiden flight during October
2008, and stated that the company was currently "halfway through the design stage".[17] During November
2008, the company declared that, while the first flight had been postponed until March 2009, it was still
working to secure initial operating capability (IOC) for the LCH by December 2010, while it was still
anticipated that the type would receive its Final Operational Clearance (FOC) during 2011.[18][19] During
February 2009, Baweja announced another six-month delay to the development timetable, he also attributed
some of the setbacks in the programme as having been a result of HAL's suppliers failing to deliver
necessary tooling on time.[20]

Prototype and testing

During late January 2010, Nayak stated that the LCH had
successfully completed initial ground tests and was now ready to
fly; the first flight was anticipated to occur during February.[21] On
4 February 2010, the first LCH prototype completed its first
powered ground run.[22][23] On 29 March 2010, the maiden flight
LCH prototype undergoing engine
of the LCH was conducted by the type's first LCH Technology start at HAL on 5 April 2010
Demonstrator (TD-1). It flew a 20-minute flight from HAL's
Helicopter Complex at Bengaluru, during which the rotorcraft
carried out low speed, low altitude checks on the systems on board. Following the completion of the flight,
the crew reported that the performance of the helicopter and systems were satisfactory.[24][25]

On 23 May 2010, following the successful completion of the third test flight of the LCH prototype; it was
deemed to have fulfilled the desired parameters and thus enabled further armed tests to proceed. The second
LCH prototype (TD-2) differed considerably from its predecessor, being fitted with armaments and
featuring a substantial reduction in weight; it was publicly unveiled at Aero India 2011 during February
2011. Speaking at the event, Nayak stated that the programme had exceeded human and payload
requirements mandated by IAF for the development.[26][27] On 28 June 2011, TD-2 performed its first
flight, allowing it to join the test programme.[28]

On 1 July 2012, the LCH began a series of trials near Chennai; among other elements, the onboard air
speed measurement system was evaluated and various component stresses were measured.[29] Between late
June and early July 2012, the second prototype, TD-2, was involved in a series of sea level trials. These
trials covered flight performance, the measurement of loads, and the rotorcraft's handling qualities.[30]

During mid-2012, the third LCH prototype, which was claimed to

be significantly lighter than either of its predecessors as well as
incorporating various other improvements, was reportedly set to be
delivered.[29] The third prototype, TD-3, ultimately performed its
maiden flight on 12 November 2014 for a duration of 20
minutes.[31] Both TD3 and TD4 were extensively used during the
test programme for the purpose of testing the rotorcraft's mission
sensors and weapon systems, which involved a series of live-firing
LCH armed with FZ275 LGR rockets
trials. Reportedly, a total of ₹ 126 crore (US$20.2 million) had been and Mistral missile.
sanctioned for the development and structural build of the fourth
prototype.[32]

During early 2015, a number of cold weather trials involving the third prototype (TD-3) were carried out at
Air Force Station Leh. During these tests, engine start-up tests (performed using internal batteries after
lengthy overnight exposure to the cold climate without special protective measures being applied) proved
satisfactory at the temperatures as low as −18 °C at an altitude of 4.1 km. Several flights were also carried
out to assess the rotorcraft's high altitude performance and low speed handling.[33] During the course of
these tests, the LCH gained the distinction of being the first attack helicopter to land in Siachen, having
repeatedly landed at several high altitude helipads, some of which being as high as 13,600 feet to 15,800
feet.[34][35]

During June 2015, the LCH successfully completed hot weather flight trials at Jodhpur, during which the
type was exposed to temperatures ranging from 39 to 42 °C. The flight testing reportedly covered
'temperature survey of engine bay and hydraulic system', 'assessment of performance', 'handling qualities
and loads' at different 'all up weights', 'low speed handling' and 'height-velocity diagram establishment'.[36]

On 1 December 2015, LCH TD4 completed its first flight. By

March 2016, the LCH had reportedly completed basic performance
flight testing and outstation trials, including a number of live-fire
tests involving prototype TD-3 firing 70 mm rockets in its
weaponized configuration.[37] By mid-2016, certification firing
trials had commenced, these included tests of the integration of its
mission sensors, such as the electro-optical system, helmet pointing
system, and of the various armaments – air-to-air missiles, turret gun
IAF flying LCH at Leh during 2020–
2022 China–India skirmishes.
and rockets – that the type can deploy.[38]

During mid-2016, the LCH was recognised as having completed its

performance trials, paving way for the certification of its basic configuration; a letter confirming this status
was hand-delivered to HAL by CEMILAC in the presence of the Indian Defence Minister on 16 October
2015.[39] On 26 August 2017, Defence Minister Arun Jaitley formally inaugurated full-scale production of
the LCH.[11][40]

On 31 January 2018, LCH TD2 was flown with an Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) designed by
HAL. The new system is expected to replace the previously imported Automatic Flight Control System.[41]
It was reported that a radar is under development for LCH.[42]

On 17 January 2019, LCH completed weapons trials with the successful firing of Mistral-2 air-to-air missile
at a flying target.[43][44] In the same day, HAL announced that the LCH is ready for operational service
after completing the required weapon integration tests.[45]

On 21 February 2019, Thales announced that it was awarded a contract to supply 135 70 mm rockets for
15 LCHs alongside 18 Dhruvs.[46]

Production
The LCH was declared ready for production in February 2020.
HAL's Helicopter Division, based in Bengaluru, has established a
dedicated hangar to accommodate the LCH assembly line.[47]
During September 2020, the first LCH of the limited series
production (LSP) batch had reportedly commenced ground-based
testing.[48]
LCH for Indian Army at HAL facility.
A total of 162 LCHs are planned to be ordered as of 2020.[5] 15
Limited Series Production variants for Army and Air Force are
being built at HAL and the first two were scheduled to be delivered by March 2022. An additional hangar
was set up in which reportedly is capable of achieving a peak production of 30 helicopters per year.[49] On
22 July 2021, it was announced that HAL will deliver the first three LCHs to the Indian Air Force.[50] On
30 March 2022, the Cabinet Committee on Security approved the limited series production of 15 LCHs,
including ten for the IAF and five for the Indian Army.[51] The contract is worth Rs. 3,887 Cr along with
infrastructure sanctions at Rs. 377 Cr.[52]

On September 29, 2023, the Indian Air Force and Indian Army announced their intention to purchase 156
more helicopters.[53] Subsequently, on 30 November 2023, Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) accorded
Acceptance of Necessity (AoNs) for procurement of 156 LCH Prachand for both IAF and IA.[54][55]

Design

Overview
The HAL Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) is a multirole combat
helicopter, designed to perform various attack profiles, including
relatively high altitude flight.[56] The design and development of
the LCH was done in-house, by the Rotary Wing Research and
Design Centre (RWR&DC), an internal design office of HAL
dedicated to the design of helicopters.[57]

Equipped with a two-person tandem cockpit to accommodate a

LCH sortie undertaken by Air Chief
pilot and co-pilot/gunner, it has been developed to perform both the Marshal R. K. S. Bhadauria
anti-infantry and anti-armour missions.[58] In addition to these roles,
the LCH is intended to be used for a variety of operational
purposes, such as to perform air defence against slow-moving aerial targets, including both manned aircraft
and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), participation in counter-insurgency operations (COIN) and Counter
Surface Force Operations (CSFO),[59] the destruction of enemy air defence operations and wider offensive
use during urban warfare conditions, escort to special heliborne operations (SHBO), support of combat
search and rescue (CSAR) operations, and armed aerial scouting duties.[60] In terms of its basic
configuration, the LCH possesses a relatively narrow fuselage and is equipped with stealth profiling,
armour protection, and is equipped to conduct day-and-night combat operations. According to reports, the
protective measures included in the rotorcraft includes a digital camouflage system, an infrared (IR)
suppressor fitted to the engine exhaust, and an exterior covered by canted flat panels to minimise its radar
cross-section (RCS).[58][61] It is furnished with an integrated dynamic system, including a hingeless main
rotor and bearing-less tail rotor, which works in conjunction with an anti-resonance isolation system to
dampen vibrations.[58] During Aero India 2011, HAL's Rotary Wing Research & Design Centre informed
the press that the LCH is "probably the most agile design in the world because of its rotor".[62]

The LCH had inherited many of its technical features from one of HAL's earlier Dhruv. Shared elements
between the two helicopters include the power-plant used, both being powered by a pair of co-developed
HAL/Turbomeca Shakti-1H1 derived from Safran Ardiden turboshaft engines, albeit fitted with infrared
suppressors. The features that are unique to the rotorcraft includes its narrow fuselage, a crashworthy
tricycle landing gear arrangement, crashworthy self-sealing fuel tanks, armour protection, and a low
visibility profile; these design elements have been attributed as having resulted in a relatively lethal, agile
and survivable rotorcraft.[33] Atypically for a combat helicopter, it shall also be capable of high-altitude
warfare (HAW), possessing an in-service operational ceiling of 6,000–6,500 metres (19,700–21,300 ft).[62]

Avionics and armaments

The LCH is furnished with a glass cockpit which accommodates an
Integrated Avionics and Display System (IADS) which used an
array of multifunction displays in conjunction with the onboard
target acquisition and designation (TADS) system.[58] A prominent
element of the TADS system is the helmet mounted sight (HMS),
which serves as the principal instrument for targeting and triggering
the rotorcraft's armaments. The LCH is protected via an extensive
LCH with underwing rocket pods electronic warfare suite which is provided by the South African
mounted on its stub wings division of Saab Group; this suite comprises various defensive
elements to guard against several different threats, these include a
radar warning receiver (RWR), laser warning receiver (LWR) and a
missile approach warning (MAW) system.[11]

The LCH is equipped with an integrated data link, which enables the type to participate in network-centric
operations by facilitating the transfer of mission data to other platforms, comprising both airborne and
ground-based elements. This networking capable is said to facilitate operational cooperation and force
multiplication practices.[11][59] The onboard sensor suite is Elbit CoMPASS, produced locally by Bharat
Electronics Limited. It consists of a CCD camera, a forward looking infrared (FLIR) imaging sensor, a laser
rangefinder and a laser designator to facilitate target acquisition under all-weather conditions, including
under nighttime conditions.[63] The series production variant will come with Integrated Architecture
Display System (IADS) and Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) which are locally developed by
HAL with private sector industries.[64]

During 2006, it was announced that HAL had selected the M621 cannon to serve as the gun armament of
the helicopter. The M621 cannon is incorporated in a Nexter-built THL 20 turret and integrated into a
helmet-mounted sight.[65] Various missiles can also be equipped upon the LCH; these include a maximum
of four quadpacked anti-tank guided missiles on two hardpoints underneath each wing - options are to
include both foreign and Indian-built missiles, the latter in the form of the Helina anti-tank missile. In terms
of air-to-air missiles, the LCH shall be capable of being armed with the MBDA ATAM missile.[11]
Payloads of 70 mm FZ275 LGR rockets are also available as offensive options for attacking targets
with.[58]

Operational history
During November 2016, the Indian Ministry of Defense (MoD) authorised the purchase of an initial batch
of 15 LCHs with 10 for the Indian Air Force (IAF) and 5 for the Indian Army Aviation Corps (AAC),
referred to as being a limited series production order.[66][67] By mid-2017, the AAC had placed combined
orders for 114 LCHs, while the IAF had a total of 65 LCHs on order. During early 2017, it was reported
that the LCH's initial operating capability (IOC) with the Indian armed forces was expected to occur by
2018.[68] The AAC intended to deploy the indigenous LCH alongside the American-built Boeing AH-64
Apache attack helicopter.[69]
On 7 August 2020, IAF's Vice Chief Air Marshal Harjit Singh
Arora flew an LCH from Thoise to Leh accompanied by a HAL
test pilot in full mission configuration.[70] On 12 August 2020,
HAL announced that the Indian Air Force has deployed two LCH
prototypes to Ladakh for conducting armed patrols from forward air
bases.[71] It can perform offensive operations at Siachen Glacier-
Saltoro Mountains region.[72] In January 2021, government gave
initial approval for the production of an initial batch of 15 LCHs, HAL Prachand taxiing at Jodhpur Air
ten for the IAF and five for the AAC.[49] Force Station.

On 1 June 2022, an attack

squadron was raised by the Army Aviation Corps in Bangalore. A
total of seven squadrons are planned, each with ten
helicopters.[73][74] IAF formally inducted HAL Prachand into 143
Helicopter Unit at Jodhpur Air Force Station on 3 October
2022.[75][76] By November 2022, army had moved two LCH to
HAL Prachand performing during
Missmari in Assam, 250 km (160 mi) away from Line of Actual
Aero India 2023. Control, planning to take number to 5 by January. Army variants of
helicopter are to be armed with 20 mm nose gun, 70 mm rockets,
helicopter-launched anti-tank guided missile and a new air-to-air
missile different from the Mistral 2 missile used on air force variant.[77][10]

Foreign sales

Interests
Achieving export sales for the LCH has been a stated priority of both HAL and the Indian government.
During mid-2016, a spokesperson for the Indian Defence Ministry stated the ministry was in the process of
holding discussions with several unidentified African nations on the topic of the LCH.[78][79] On 1
December 2021, HAL was reported to be competing for a contract for a potential Nigerian order against
Italy, Turkey and the US.[80] On 21 October 2022, Argentine officials visited HAL facilities to examine the
Prachand as Argentina expressed interest in the helicopter.[81] A HAL official reported in June 2023 that
Argentinian interest was shown during Aero India 2023.[82]

In July 2023, HAL announced that a letter of intent would be signed with Argentinian officials.[83]

Operators
India

15 delivered, 156 more planned[84]

Indian Air Force: 10 delivered, 66 more planned[85]

Jodhpur Air Force Station
No. 143 Helicopter Unit (Dhanush) (2022)[86]
Indian Army: 5 delivered, 90 more planned[87][85]
 Missamari Army Aviation Base[88]

351 Army Aviation Squadron (2022)[89]

Specifications
Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft,[90] Jane's Defence
Weekly,[63][91] and HAL India[58][92]
General characteristics
Crew: 2
Length: 15.8 m (51 ft 10 in)
Wingspan: 4.60 m (15 ft 1 in)
Height: 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) Light Combat Helicopter firing
Empty weight: 2,250 kg (4,960 lb) rockets
Max takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb)
Payload: 1,750 kg (3,860 lb) weapons
Powerplant: 2 × HAL/Turbomeca Shakti-1H1[93] turboshaft, 1,032 kW (1,384 hp) each [92]
Main rotor diameter: 13.2 m (43 ft 4 in)
Performance
Maximum speed: 280 km/h (170 mph, 150 kn)
Never exceed speed: 330 km/h (205 mph, 178 kn)
Range: 700 km (435 mi, 378 nmi) with weapons
Endurance: 3 hours 10 minutes
Service ceiling: 6,500 m (21,300 ft)
Rate of climb: 12 m/s (2,400 ft/min)
Armament
Guns: 1 x 20 mm M621 cannon on Nexter THL-20 turret with 800 rounds per minute
Hardpoints: 4 , with provisions to carry combinations of:
Rockets:

4 × 12 FZ275 LGR[96][97]
Missiles:
Air-to-air missiles:

4 × 2 Mistral[98]
Anti-tank guided missile

4 × 4 Dhruvastra (planned)[99][100]
Bombs:
Precision-guided munition
2 × HSLD-250 (planned)
Cluster munition
 Unguided bomb

2 × Prefragmented Bomb 250 (planned)[101][102]

Grenade launcher
Avionics
Elbit CoMPASS optoelectronic suite
Missile approach warning system
Saab radar and laser warning system
Chaff and flare dispensers

See also
Aviation portal

Related development

HAL Dhruv
HAL Rudra
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Agusta A129 Mangusta

Bell AH-1Z Viper
CAIC Z-10
Denel Rooivalk
Eurocopter Tiger
Harbin Z-19
Kawasaki OH-1
TAI/AgustaWestland T129
Related lists

List of rotorcraft

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External links
HAL LCH web page (https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=6
3)
HAL Light Combat Helicopter brochure (https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/ContentTem
plate/302_Download_Light%20Combat%20Helicopter%20(LCH).pdf)

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