LABORATORY WORKBOOK

For
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
I Year II Semester
Department of
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING - AIML
[2023-2024]

…Striving Towards Perfection

Geethanjali College of Engineering &Technology

(AUTONOMOUS)
(Accredited by NBA and NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade, Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH)

Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Medchal Dist. Telangana – 501 301, INDIA
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: http://www.geethanjaliinstitutions.com
 Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Accredited by NBA and NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade, Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH)

…Striving Towards Perfection

LABORATORY WORKBOOK
________________________
______________________________________

Name: ____________________________________________

Roll No: _____________________________________________

Branch: ____________________ Section: _______________

Academic Year: ______________________________________

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Accredited by NBA and NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade, Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH)

…Striving Towards Perfection

Certificate
This is to certified that Mr / Ms _______________________________________

bearing a Roll of _________________________ has satisfactorily completed Experiments

in the _____________________________________________ laboratory as prescribed by

the College Board of Studies and completed______ experiments out of_________ experiments during

the academic year______________

Course Coordinator. Lecturer In-charge

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Vision of the Institute
Geethanjali visualizes dissemination of knowledge and skills to students, who would
eventually contribute to the wellbeing of the people of the nation and global community.

Mission of the Institute

i. To impart adequate fundamental knowledge in all basic sciences and engineering,
technical and Inter-personal skills to students.
ii. To bring out creativity in students that would promote innovation, research and
entrepreneurship.
iii. To Preserve and promote cultural heritage, humanistic and spiritual values promoting
peace and harmony in society.

Vision of the Department

To produce globally competent and socially responsible computer science engineers
contributing to the advancement of engineering and technology which involves creativity and
innovation by providing excellent learning environment with world class facilities.

Mission of the Department

1. To be a centre of excellence in instruction, innovation in research and scholarship, and

service to the stake holders, the profession, and the public.
2. To prepare graduates to enter a rapidly changing field as a competent computer
science engineer.
3. To prepare graduate capable in all phases of software development, possess a firm
understanding of hardware technologies, have the strong mathematical background
necessary for scientific computing, and be sufficiently well versed in general theory to
allow growth within the discipline as it advances.
4. To prepare graduates to assume leadership roles by possessing good communication
skills, the ability to work effectively as team members, and an appreciation for their
social and ethical responsibility in a global setting
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):

1. To provide graduates with a good foundation in mathematics, sciences and

engineering fundamentals required to solve engineering problems that will facilitate
them to find employment in industry and / or to pursue postgraduate studies with an
appreciation for lifelong learning.
2. To provide graduates with analytical and problem solving skills to design algorithms,
other hardware / software systems, and inculcate professional ethics, inter-personal
skills to work in a multi-cultural team.
3. To facilitate graduates get familiarized with state of the art software / hardware tools,
imbibing creativity and Innovation that would enable them to develop cutting-edge
technologies of multi-disciplinary nature for societal development.

Program Outcomes (POs):

The Program outcomes of B.Tech (CSE) department are being modified with
reference to Graduate Attributes given by NBA in June 2015 are as below

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
 6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
12. Life-long learning : Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

B.Tech-CSE (AIML) - Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

PSO1: Demonstrate competency in Programming and problem solving skills and apply those
skills in solving computing problems
PSO2: Select appropriate programming languages, Data structures and algorithms in
combination with modern technologies and apply them in developing innovative solutions
PSO3: Demonstrate adequate knowledge in the concepts and techniques of artificial
intelligence and machine learning, apply them in developing intelligent systems to solve real
world problems
Course overview:
The Basic Electrical Engineering lab course has been designed and developed to ensure that
the fundamentals of this course are well understood by students of all Engineering branches.
Simultaneously, fundamentals of important topics have been discussed to provide a
foundation for the study of advanced topics, by students of various engineering disciplines in
their subsequent programmes of study.
Students will get practical exposure of theoretical concepts viz., KCL,KVL,
Thevinin’s, Nortons and Super Position theorems and also will understand the
function of transformer and Basic DC Machines and their working in detail during
laboratory sessions.
This course ideally meets the requirement of the first level course in ‘Basic Electrical
Engineering Laboratory’. It is firmly believed that this course will help students to overcome
their initial apprehensions and initiate a life-long affair with electrical and electronics
engineering.
It also presents a clear and concise exposition of the principles and applications of electrical
and electronics engineering

Course Objectives:
Develop ability to
1. Analyze a given network by applying various electrical laws and network theorems
2. Know the response of electrical circuits for different excitations.
3. Apply physical laws to solve for unknowns like currents, voltages, impedances, etc.
4. Inspect the speed torque characteristics of DC motor
5. Inspect the speed torque characteristics Three Phase Induction Motor

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, student would be able to

CO1. Apply various fundamental laws and theorems to electrical circuits with AC and DC
excitations
CO2. Calculate electrical parameters in single phase and three phase circuits
CO3. Determine the performance characteristics of various AC and DC machines
 Mapping of COs with POs:

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO)

S. NO COURSE OUTCOMES(CO)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Apply various fundamental laws and
1 theorems to electrical circuits with 3 3 2 - - - 2 - 3 3 2 3
AC and DC excitations
Calculate electrical parameters in
- - - 2 - 2
2 single phase and three phase circuits 3 3 2 3 3 3
Determine the performance
3 characteristics of various AC and DC 3 3 3 - - - 2 - 3 3 2 3
machines

Indication of Levels: 3-High, 2-Medium, 1-Low

Mapping of COs with PSOs

Indication of Levels: 3-High, 2-Medium, 1-Low

S. NO COURSE OUTCOMES (Cos) PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

Apply various fundamental laws and theorems to electrical circuits
1 2 - -
with AC and DC excitations
Calculate electrical parameters in single phase and three phase
2 2 - -
circuits
Determine the performance characteristics of various AC and DC
3 2 - -
machines
Instructions to Laboratory Teachers:
1. Lab records submitted for the lab work are to be checked and signed before the next lab
session.
2. Students should be instructed to switch ON the power supply after the connections are
checked by the lab assistant /teacher.
3. The promptness of submission should be strictly insisted by awarding the marks
accordingly.
4. Ask discussion questions at the end of the experiment.
5. Do not allow students who come late to the lab class.
6. Encourage the students to do the experiments innovatively.
7. Fill continuous Evaluation sheet, on continuous basis.
8. Ensure that the students are dressed in a formal way.

Instructions to the Students:

1. Students should report to the concerned labs as per the time table schedule.
2. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the
experiment scheduled for the day.
3. After completion of the experiment, certification of the concerned staff in-charge in
the work book is necessary.
4. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the
experiment performed in the immediate last session should be submitted and
certified by the staff member in-charge.
5. Not more than three students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on a
setup.
6. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up
of student among different groups will be permitted later.
7. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from stores
in-charge after duly filling in the requisition form.
8. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by
them, and should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose.
9. Any damage of the equipment or burn-out of components will be viewed seriously
either by putting penalty or by dismissing the total group of students from the lab for
 the semester/year.
10. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.
11. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before coming
to Laboratory.
12. Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the students’ groups should be maintained
neatly and to be returned after the experiment.

Guidelines to Write Work Book

 Components related data to be entered.
 Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations table to
be completed
 Theoretical and model calculations to be written in the provided place.
 Discussion questions to be answered.

EVALUATION PATTERN

20EE12L01-BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

The Basic Electrical Engineering laboratory evaluation can be broadly classified as per the
contents
Internal Assessment: 40 Marks
 Day-to-day work in the laboratory shall be evaluated for 10marks.
 10Marks two internal practical tests (Each of 10Marks) shall be conducted, the
average of these two tests is taken into account.
 10M from viva voce.
 10M for Project/Presentation

External Examination Assessment: 60 Marks

 The external examination conducted for 60 marks with duration of 3hours.

 The external examination shall be conducted with external examiner and laboratory
faculty as internal examiner.
 The external examiner shall be appointed by the chief superintendent of examinations
of the college as per the recommendation of the Chairperson, Board of Studies of the
department concerned
 20EE12L01-BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

List of Experiments:

1. Verification of KVL and KCL

2. Verification of Superposition Theorem
3. Transient Response of Series RL and RC circuits using DC excitation
4. Calculations and Verification of Impedance and Current of RL and RC series circuits
5. Resonance in series RLC Circuit
6. Measurement of Voltage, Current and Real Power in primary and Secondary Circuits
of a Single-Phase Transformer
7. Load Test on Single Phase Transformer (Efficiency Calculations)
8. Measurement of Active and Reactive Power in a balanced Three-phase circuit
9. Torque-Speed Characteristics of a DC Shunt Motor

10. Torque-Speed Characteristics of a Three-phase Induction Motor

Additional Experiments:

1. Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.

2. Three Phase Transformer: Verification of Relationship between Voltages and
Currents (Star-Delta, Delta-Delta, Delta-star, Star- Star)
 INDEX

Date of Date of Marks Sign of

Pg. No.
S. No Name of the Experiment Faculty
Experiment Submission Awarded and
Remarks

7
 Sign of
Date of Date of Marks Faculty
S. No Name of the Experiment Pg. No.
Experiment Submission Awarded and
Remarks

10

11

12

13

14

15
CYCLE- I
Experiment No: __ Date: ___________

VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL

Objective: To verify Kirchhoff’s Laws theoretically and practically.
Apparatus:

S. NO Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

Dual Channel
1 Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V/2A Digital 1
Carbon
2 Resistors 1kΩ, 1.5kΩ, 2.2kΩ composition or 1 each
film
3 Voltmeters (0-30)V Digital 3
4 Ammeters (0-200)mA Digital 3
5 Bread Board - - 1
As per
6 Connecting Wires - -
requirement

Theory:
Circuit: A DC circuit is a closed loop conducting lane in which an electrical current flow.

Path: A single lane is used to connect the sources or elements.

Node: A node is a connection in a circuit where multiple elements are connected together,
and it is denoted with a dot.
Branch: a branch is a single or collection of elements which are connected between two
nodes like resistors or a source
Loop: A loop in a circuit is a closed path, where no circuit element or node is met more than
once.
Mesh: A mesh doesn’t contain any closed path, but it is a single open loop, and it does not
contain any components inside a mesh.
Statement:
KCL: The algebraic sum of currents at a node or junction is Zero.
KVL: The algebraic sum of voltages or emfs and the voltage drops in a closed loop is zero.

1
Circuit Diagram: For KVL

Fig 1.1 Circuit diagram for KVL

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram 1.1.

2. Set current limit knob to maximum position and Voltage knobs to minimum position.

3. Switch on the supply and switch on DC RPS supply toggle switch.

4. Set a particular voltage value in RPS.

5. Note down the corresponding voltmeter readings.

6. Repeat the step 4 and 5 for different voltages.

7. After completion of experiment set voltage knobs to minimum position and switch off
DC RPS toggle switch and supply switch.

Observation table for Practical values: KVL

Voltage Drops (in volts) Total Voltage (in volts)
Supply Voltage
S. No V (in volts) Vs = V1+V2+V3
s V1 V2 V3

2
Observation table for Theoretical values: KVL
Voltage Drops (in volts)
S. No Supply Voltage Total Voltage (in volts)
Vs (in volts)
V1 V2 V3 Vs = V1+V2+V3

Theoretical Calculations for KVL:

3
Circuit Diagram: For KCL

Fig 1.2 Circuit diagram for KCL

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram 1.2.

2. Set current limit knob at maximum position and Voltage knobs at minimum position.

3. Switch on the supply and switch on DC RPS supply toggle switch.

4. Set a particular voltage value in RPS.

5. Note down the corresponding Ammeter readings.

6. Repeat the step 4 and 5 for different voltages.

7. After completion of experiment set voltage knobs to minimum position and switch off
DC RPS toggle switch and supply switch.

Observation table for Practical values: KCL

Branch Currents (in mA)

S. No Supply Voltage Total Current I1=I2+I3
(in mA)
Vs (in volts)
I1 I2 I3

4
Observation table for Theoretical values: KCL
Branch Currents (in mA)
S. No Supply Voltage Total Current I1=I2+I3
Vs (in volts) (in mA)
I1 I2 I3

Theoretical Calculations for KCL:

5
Result:

Discussion Questions:

1. The internal resistance of an ideal voltage source is .

2. The internal resistance of an ideal current source is .

3. What is a Linear Network?

4. What are the types of sources?

1. What are the types of active and passive elements?

2. What is source transformation?

3. State ohm’s law?

Outcome:

By completing this experiment student would be able to know the concept of Kirchhoff’s Laws
and able to solve the problems using these laws.

6
Experiment No: Date:__________

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

Objective: To verify Superposition Theorem theoretically and practically.

Apparatus:

S. NO Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

Dual Channel
1 Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V/2A Digital 1
Carbon
2 Resistors 1kΩ, 1.5kΩ, 2.2kΩ composition or 1 each
film
3 Ammeters (0-200)mA Digital 1
4 Bread Board - - 1
As per
5 Connecting Wires - -
requirement

Theory:
Superposition Theorem Statement:

“In any linear bilateral network containing two or more energy sources the response at

any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual sources.”

While considering the effect of individual sources, the other ideal voltage sources and

ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuits respectively,

across the terminals. (It means replacing them with their internal resistances or impedances).

This theorem is valid only for linear systems. It is also very useful in the analysis of circuits. The

superposition theorem can be very useful when the circuit has large number of sources (current

or voltage sources), to find the value of current or voltage in any branch of the circuit.

7
Case 1: Both Sources VS1 , VS2 are active.

Circuit 2.1: When both the sources are active.

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as the circuit diagram 2.1.

2. Set current limit knob at maximum position and Voltage knobs at minimum position.

3. Switch on the supply and switch on DC RPS supply toggle switch.

4. Set a particular voltage value VS1 by using channel-1 and VS2 by using channel -2
respectively in RPS.
5. Note down Ammeter reading.
6. Repeat step 4 and 5 for different voltages and note down the ammeter reading.

7. After completion of experiment set voltage knobs to minimum position and switch off
DC RPS toggle switch and supply switch.
Observation Table:

Source voltage VS1 Source voltage VS2 Practically Theoretically

S. No (in volts) (in volts) Load current IL (in mA)

8
Theoretical Calculations:

9
Case 2: Only VS1 source is active and VS2 is inactive (replaced by short circuit)

Circuit-2.2 : When VS1 source is acting alone and VS2 is replaced by short circuit

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as the circuit diagram 2.1.

2. Set current limit knob at maximum position and Voltage knobs at minimum position.

3. Switch on the supply and switch on DC RPS supply toggle switch.

4. Set a particular voltage value VS1 by using RPS channel -1 and short circuitingVS2.

5. Note down the ammeter reading.

6. Repeat step 4 and 5 for different voltages and note down the ammeter reading.

7. After completion of experiment set voltage knobs to minimum position and switch off
DC RPS toggle switch and supply switch.

Observation Table:

Source voltage VS1 Source voltage VS2 Practically Theoretically

S. No (in volts) (in volts) Load current IL (in mA)

0V

0V

0V

10
Theoretical Calculations:

11
Case 3: Only VS2 source is active and VS1 is inactive (replaced by short circuit)

Circuit-2.3 : When VS2 source is acting alone and VS1 is replaced by short circuit

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as the circuit diagram 2.1.

2. Set current limit knob at maximum position and Voltage knobs at minimum position.

3. Switch on the supply and switch on DC RPS supply toggle switch.

4. Set a particular voltage value VS2 by using RPS channel -2 and short circuiting VS1 .
5. Note down the ammeter reading.
6. Repeat step 4 and 5 for different voltages and note down the ammeter reading.

7. After completion of experiment set voltage knobs to minimum position and switch off
DC RPS toggle switch and supply switch.

Observation Table:

Source voltage VS1 Source voltage VS2 Practically Theoretically

S. No (in volts) (in volts) Load current IL (in mA)

0V

0V

0V

12
Theoretical Calculations:

13
Result:

Discussion Questions

1. What is a short circuit and open circuit?

2. When superposition theorem is used?

3. What is meant by a linear bilateral circuit?

4. Superposition theorem is not applicable in------------------------

(A) Voltage responses (B) Power responses
(C) Current responses (D) All of the above

5. Superposition theorem is valid only for---------------------------

(A)Linear circuits (B) Non-linear circuits
(C) Both linear and non-linear circuits (D) none

6. What is DC RPS?

Outcome:
By completing this experiment student would be able to know the apply superposition theorem
and find out the response (voltage or current).

14
Experiment No: Date: _____________

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF SERIES RL AND RC CIRCUITS USING

DC EXCITATION
Objective:
To study the transient responses of series RL and RC circuits by applying a DC excitation (Step
input voltage).

Apparatus:

S. No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

Function Generator (0 – 1MHz) Digital 1

1
Carbon
2 Resistors 1kΩ, 10kΩ composition or 1 each
film

3 Decade Inductance box (DLB) 1H - 1

Film
4 Capacitor 0.1µf 1
capacitors
Cathode ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
5 ( 0 – 30MHz) Analog 1
& CRO Probes
6 Bread Board - - 1
As per
7 Connecting Wires - -
requirement

Theory:
Transients in electric circuits occur due to the presence of energy storage elements (i.e.,
inductors and capacitors).

Series RL Circuit:
If the switch in this circuit is initially open, and then closed at time t=0+, the current in this
circuit will be described as:
−𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑜 (1 − 𝑒 𝜏 )
−𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑜 ( 𝑒 𝜏 )

+
Where: Io, Vo = initial current and voltage after switch is closed (t=0 ) respectively

𝐿
τ= is the time constant for the series RL circuit
𝑅
15
 Fig 3.1 Transient response across inductor

Series RC Circuit:
If the switch in this circuit was initially open, and then closed at time t=0+, the current in this
circuit

−𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑜 ( 𝑒 𝜏 )
−𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑜 (1 − 𝑒 𝜏 )
Where:
+
Io, Vo = initial current and voltage after switch is closed (t=0 ) respectively

τ = RC is the time constant (sec) for the RC series circuit

Fig 3.2 Transient response across capacitor

Generally, when the elapsed time exceeds five time constants (5t) after switching has occurred,
the currents and voltages have reached their final value, which is also called steady-state
response.

16
Procedure:
Series RL Circuit:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit –1.

2. Turn on Function generator and CRO.
3. Adjust CRO tracer on X-axis using ground (GD) button. Keep the switch in DC mode
4. Set the function generator to deliver a square wave:
i. Select function button as square wave, select frequency range as 100Hz and keep
frequency knob at maximum position.
ii. Keep the Amplitude knob in maximum position.
iii. Turn ON and keep DC offset knob in maximum position and adjust the input
waveform to X-axis.

5. Set the VOLTS/DIV to 5V and TIME/DIV to 2ms and draw the input waveform in graph.

6. Connections are made as per the circuit –2, Connect CRO probes across Inductor, adjust
the output waveform to X-axis and draw in graph.

7. Find the voltage across inductor (VL) at different time constants (τ) and verify it with
theoretical calculations.
Observation from CRO:
When input and voltage waveform across Inductor is observed on CRO. To calculate the
voltage and time across Y –axis and X-axis following calculations are done.

To measure time on X-axis:-

𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
Time ( T ) : - ____ number of Horizontal divisions X ____ =
𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

To measure Voltage on Y-axis:-

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
Input Voltage (VS ) : - ____ number of Vertical divisions X ____ =
𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

17
Series RL Circuit:

Theoretical Calculations: VS =___ V

−𝑡
Voltage across Inductor:- 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑆 ( 𝑒 𝜏 )
𝑳
Time constant :- τ = =
𝑹

Calculate VL
(i) t = 1 τ; 𝑉𝐿 =
(ii) t = 2 τ; 𝑉𝐿 =
(iii) t = 3 τ; 𝑉𝐿 =
(iv) t = 4 τ; 𝑉𝐿 =
(v) t = 5 τ; 𝑉𝐿 =

18
Circuit Diagram 3.1: Series RL Circuit

19
Observation Table:

Voltage(VL) Voltage(VL)
S. No Time (m sec)
Theoretical Calculation from Graph

20
Graph: RL Circuit

21
Procedure:
Series RC Circuit:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit –1.

2. Turn on Function generator and CRO.
3. Adjust CRO tracer on X-axis using ground (GD) button. Keep the switch in DC mode
4. Set the function generator to deliver a square wave:
i. Select function button as square wave, select frequency range as 1000Hz and
keep frequency knob at maximum position.
ii. Keep the Amplitude knob in maximum position.
iii. Turn ON and keep DC offset knob in maximum position and adjust the input
waveform to X-axis.

5. Set the VOLTS/DIV to 5V and TIME/DIV to 2ms and draw the input waveform in graph.

6. Connections are made as per the circuit –2, Connect CRO probes across Inductor, adjust
the output waveform to X-axis and draw in graph.

7. Find the voltage across capacitor (VC) at different time constants (τ) and verify it with
theoretical calculations.

Series RC Circuit:
Theoretical Calculations: VS = ___ V
−𝑡
Expression of Voltage across Capacitor:- 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑆 (1 − 𝑒 𝜏 )

Time constant:- τ = RC =

Calculate VC
(i) t = 1 τ; 𝑉𝐶 =
(ii) t = 2 τ; 𝑉𝐶 =
(iii) t = 3 τ; 𝑉𝐶 =
(iv) t = 4 τ; 𝑉𝐶 =
(v) t = 5 τ; 𝑉𝐶 =

22
Circuit diagram 3.2: Series RC Circuit:

23
Observation Table:

Voltage(VC) Voltage(VC)
S. No Time (m sec)
Theoretical Calculation from Graph

24
Graph: RC Circuit

25
Result:

Discussion Questions:

1. Define time constant of RL circuit.

2. Why transient occurs in electric circuits?

3. Define time constant of RC circuit.

4. How Inductor and capacitor will behave under initial conditions?

5. How Inductor and capacitor will behave under final conditions?

6. What is function Generator?

7. What is CRO?

Outcome:
By completing this experiment student would be able to know the concept of Transients and able
to calculate the transient response of R, L and, C circuits.

26
Experiment No:_____ Date: ____________

CALCULATIONS AND VERIFICATION OF IMPEDANCE AND

CURRENT OF RL AND RC SERIES CIRCUITS

Objective:
To calculate impedance and current of series RL and RC circuits with R, L and C varying
respectively.
Apparatus:

S.No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Single phase Variac (230V/0-270V),10A 1
2 Ammeter (0-2.5)A MI 1
3 Voltmeter (0-150)V MI 1
4 Wattmeter 75V/150/230V,5/10A LPF 1
5 Rheostat 100Ω/2A Wire wound 1
6 Inductive Load (25/50/100)mH / 5A Core 1
7 Capacitive Load 76 µF, 230V/5A 1
8 Connecting wires As per
requirement
Theory:
Impedance is the combination of resistance and reactance. When a circuit is excited by
ac source impedance is the total resistance. It is a complex number where the real part is
resistance and imaginary part is reactance. It is represented by ‘Z’ and measured in ohms (Ω).
Impedance has both magnitude and phase.
Z = V/ I
Resistance is the property of material which opposes the flow of current and energy is wasted in
the form of heat.
𝑅 = 𝑉/𝐼
Reactance that occurs in an inductor is known as inductive reactance. When inductive reactance
is present, energy is stored in the form of a changing magnetic field, and the current waveform
lags the voltage waveform by 90 degrees. Inductive reactance is caused by devices in which wire
is wound circularly such as coils (including line reactors), chokes, and transformers.

27
Reactance that occurs in a capacitor is known as capacitive reactance. Capacitive reactance
stores energy in the form of a changing electrical field and causes current to lead voltage by 90
degrees. Capacitance is created when two conducting plates are placed parallel to one another
with a small distance between them, filled with a dielectric material (insulator).

Fig 4.1 . Phasor diagram of V and I in Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance elements.

Fig 4.2 . Phasor diagram of V and I in RL and RC series circuits

Impedance triangle of RL and RC series Circuit:

2 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶 2
𝑍= √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿

𝑋𝐶
𝑋𝐿 ∅ = tan−1
∅ = tan−1 𝑅
𝑅

28
Circuit Diagram 4.1: RL circuit with L varying

Observation Table:

Input Voltage (V) Line Current (I) Power (W) Impedance Power Factor
S. NO.
in volts in amps in watts Z=V/I Ω Cos ϕ =W/VI

Procedure: RL circuit with L varying:

1. All connections are made as per circuit diagram 4.1

2. Make sure Variac is at minimum position, rheostat is kept at maximum position.

3. Switch on DPST and slowly vary Variac and apply 100V by observing voltmeter.

4. Then inductance is varied step by step.

5. The corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted down.

6. set Variac to minimum position and switch off DPST.

27
Circuit Diagram 4.2 : RL circuit with R varying

Observation Table:

Input Voltage (V) Line Current (I) Power (W) Impedance Power Factor
S. NO. Cos ϕ =W/VI
in volts in amps in watts Z=V/I Ω

Procedure: RL circuit with R varying:

1. All connections are made as per circuit diagram 4.2

2. Make sure Variac is at minimum position, rheostat is kept at maximum position and
select the value of Inductance value.

3. Switch on DPST and slowly vary Variac and apply 100V by observing voltmeter.

4. Now rheostat is varied step by step.

5. The corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted down.

6. Set rheostat at maximum position, Variac to minimum position and switch off DPST.

28
Circuit Diagram 4.3 : RC circuit with C varying

Observation Table:

Input Voltage (V) Line Current (I) Power (W) Impedance Power Factor
S. NO. Cos ϕ =W/VI
in volts in amps in watts Z=V/I Ω

Procedure: RC circuit with C varying

1. All connections are made as per circuit diagram 4.3

2. Make sure Variac is at minimum position; rheostat is kept at maximum position.

3. Switch on DPST and slowly vary Variac and apply 100V by observing voltmeter.

4. Then capacitance is varied step by step.

5. The corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted down.

6. Switch off capacitive load, set Variac to minimum position and switch off DPST.

29
30
Circuit Diagram 4.4: RC circuit with R varying

Observation Table:

Input Voltage (V) Line Current (I) Power (W) Impedance Power Factor
S. NO.
in volts in amps in watts Z=V/I Ω Cos ϕ =W/VI

Procedure: RC circuit with C varying

1. All connections are made as per circuit diagram 4.4

2. Make sure Variac is at minimum position; rheostat is kept at maximum position and
select a value of capacitance.

3. Switch on DPST and slowly vary Variac and apply 100V by observing voltmeter.

4. Now rheostat is varied step by step.

5. The corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted down.

6. Set rheostat at maximum position, Variac to minimum position and switch off DPST

31
Result:

Discussion Questions:

1. Define impedance.

2. Define Admittance

3. Define Power Factor

4. Define Apparent Power and draw power triangle?

5. What is the purpose of Variac?

6. What are the terminals of Wattmeter? Full form of LPF and UPF wattmeter?

Outcome:
By completing this experiment student would be able to know the concept of Impedance and able
to calculate the impedance and currents in R, Land, C circuits.

32
Experiment No: ___ Date:___________

RESONANCE IN SERIES RLC CIRCUIT

Objective: To obtain series resonance condition in series RLC circuit by varying frequency.
Apparatus:

S. No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Function Generator 0 - 1 MHz Digital 1
2 Digital Multi Meter (0-200) mA Digital 1
3 Decade Inductance Box 1H - 1
Carbon
4 Resistor 1KΩ composition or 1
film
Film
5 Capacitor 0.1𝜇𝐹 1
capacitors
6 Bread Board - - 1
7 Connecting Wires - - as per need

Theory:
Resonance is one of the most important and general phenomenon in almost all branches of
science and technology. The resonance can be very useful in devices as oscillators in radio
transmitters or electronic watches. More often, however, they can be harmful by generating
unwanted wide deflections of mechanical systems (bridges, airplane wings, etc.) or oscillations of
voltage and current. Controlling or preventing unwanted resonance is an important aspect of
engineering design. Since every electrical component, or even a connecting wire, has some
capacitance and inductance there is a potential for resonance in every circuit. That is why design
of high frequency circuits is so much more difficult as even small inductance and capacitance of
connections plays a role. In this set of experiments you will explore resonance in a series RLC
circuit, which have the resonance in relatively low and easy to handle frequency range.
An AC circuit is said to be in Resonance when the applied voltage and current are in
phase. Resonance circuits are formed by the combination of reactive elements connected in
either series or parallel. In a series RLC circuit there becomes a frequency point were the
inductive reactance of the inductor becomes equal in value to the capacitive reactance of the
capacitor. Condition of Resonance is XL= XC. The point at which this occurs is called the Resonant
Frequency point( ƒr ) of the circuit

33
Circuit Diagram:

Theoretical Calculations:
1
Resonance Frequency (fr) = Hz =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

2𝜋𝑓𝑟 L
Quality Factor (Q) = =
R
𝑓𝑟
Bandwidth (B.W) = Hz =
𝑄

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Set DMM setting to act as Ammeter of range (0-200) mA.

3. Switch on supply and turn on Function generator and DMM.

4. Set the function generator to deliver a sine wave:

i. Push in the button to select sine wave and Range.

ii. Keep the magnitude knob to maximum position

iii. Keep the DC offset knob in off position

5. Frequency knob is slowly varied and for every 100Hz corresponding ammeter reading
is noted down up to 1 KHz frequency.

6. After taking reading turn off DMM, function generator and switch off supply.

7. A graph is drawn between frequency f and current. Resonant frequency (fr) and Half

34
 power frequencies (f1, f2) are marked on the graph by drawing a line parallel to x-axis

which represents Vrms.

8. Bandwidth and quality factor are found from the graph.
9. Compare resonance frequency theoretically and practically.

Observation Table:

S. No XL (Ω) = 2 𝜋 f L XC (Ω) = 1/(2 𝜋 f C)

Frequency (Hz) Current (mA)
(Inductive Reactance) (Capacitive Reactance)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Model Graph:

Fig 5.1 Graph drawn between frequency (f) and current (I)

35
Graph:

36
Result:

Discussion Questions:

1. Define resonance in electrical circuits and write formula for resonant frequency?

2. What is the condition for resonance for an RLC series circuit?

3. Define Q Factor.

4. Define Bandwidth.

5. What are affects in RLC series circuit at resonance condition?

Outcome:
By completing this experiment student would be able to know the concept of Resonance and able
to calculate the resonance of Series RLC circuit.

37
CYCLE - II

38
Experiment No:_____________ Date:________________

MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND REAL POWER IN

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CIRCUITS OF A
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Objective:
To measure the voltage, current and real power in primary and secondary circuits of a single-
phase transformer.

S. No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

(0-150)V MI 1
1 Voltmeters (0-300)V MI 1
2 Ammeters (0-1)A MI 1
75/150/300V,
3 Wattmeter LPF 1
2.5/5A
4 1-ϕ Transformer 2 KVA, 230/115V Shell Type 1
5 1-ϕ Auto Transformer (Variac) 230V/(0-270)V,10A - 1
6 Connecting Wires -- - As per need
Apparatus:

Name plate details:

S. No Specification Transformer
1 Rating
2 Primary Voltage
3 Primary Current
4 Secondary Voltage
5 Secondary Current

Theory:
Transformer is electromagnetic static electrical equipment (with no moving parts). It
consists of a magnetic iron core and copper winding. The transformer is high-efficiency
equipment, and its losses are very low because there isn’t any mechanical or friction losses.
Transformers are used to step up and step down voltage maintaining frequency constant

39
Circuit diagram:- HV as primary side:

40
It operates only with alternating current (AC), because the direct current (DC) does not create
any electromagnetic induction.

The main parts of a transformer are windings, core, and insulation. The windings should
have small resistance value and usually they are made of copper. They are wound around the core
and must be isolated from it. Also, the windings turns have to be isolated from each other. The
transformer core is made from very thin steel laminations which have high permeability. The
laminations have to be thin (between 0.25 mm and 0.5 mm) because of decreasing power losses
(known as eddy current losses). To reduce hysteresis losses high permeability material is used.

When an AC supply is given to the primary side of the transformer current will flow in
the winding creating a magnetic flux which on interaction with secondary induces an emf in
secondary but as per the circuit given secondary is not connected to any load hence the current
drawn in the primary is only used to magnetize core of the transformer. Let’s say IO is the noload
current and its is in the range of 2% - 5% of rated current.

𝑰𝒐 = √𝑰𝟐𝑾 + 𝑰𝟐𝒎

𝑰
Փ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝒘 )
𝑰 𝒎

Fig 6.1 no load phasor diagram

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram

2. Make sure that the Variac is in minimum position.
3. Supply is switched on using DPST and rated voltage is applied to the HV side by varying
the Autotransformer.
4. Note down the readings of currents, voltages and real power using Ammeter, Voltmeter &
Wattmeter respectively.
5. Adjust the Variac to minimum position and switch off DPST.

41
Circuit diagram: - LV as primary side:

41
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram
2. Make sure that the Variac is in minimum position.
3. Supply is switched on and rated voltage is applied to the LV side by varying the Auto
transformer.
4. Note down the readings of currents, voltages and real power using Ammeter, Voltmeter &
Wattmeter respectively.
5. Adjust the Variac to minimum position and switch off DPST.

Result:

Discussion Questions:
1. What is a Transformer and transformation ratio (k)?

2. Why rating of transformer is specified in kVA?

3. What happens when DC supply is given to the transformer?

4. What are the various losses that occur in Transformer?

Outcomes:
1. Students will be able to understand the function of STEP-UP and STEP-DOWN
transformer.
2. Student will be able to calculate the Real power in Transformer.

42
Experiment No___ Date:__________

LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

Objective:
To conduct Load test on the given 1-Φ Transformer and to calculate its efficiency and
Regulation.

Apparatus:

S. No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

(0-150)V 1
1 Voltmeters MI
(0-300)V 1

2 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
UPF
3 Wattmeter 75/150/300V, 5/10A 1

4 1-ϕ Transformer 2KVA, 230/115V Shell Type 1

5 1-ϕ Auto Transformer (Variac) 230V/(0-270)V, 10A ---- 1

6 Resistive load bank 5kW , 230V Variable 1

--- --- As per need
7 Connecting Wires

Name plate details:

S. No Specification Transformer
1 Rating
2 Primary Voltage
3 Primary Current
4 Secondary Voltage
5 Secondary Current

Theory:
Transformer is electromagnetic static electrical equipment (with no moving parts). It
consists of a magnetic iron core and copper winding. The transformer is high-efficiency
equipment, and its losses are very low because there isn’t any mechanical or friction losses.

43
Transformers are used to step up and step down voltage maintaining frequency constant It
operates only with alternating current (AC), because the direct current (DC) does not create any
electromagnetic induction.

Fig 7.1 Equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer

When load is connected to the secondary side of the transformer, current I2 drawn from in the
secondary to serve loaded condition. To compensate load variation, current I’2 in addition to the
IO has to be provided by input voltage source V1 .below figure shows the phasor diagram when
transformer is connected to a resistive load

𝑰𝒐 = 𝑰𝒐 + 𝑰′𝟐

𝑽𝟏 = 𝑬 𝟏 + 𝑰 𝟏 Z 1

𝑬 𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑰 𝟐 Z 2

Regulation indicates how much is the variation of transformer secondary voltage from no load to
full load. This change is basically because of the winding resistance and reactance.

𝑉2 𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑−𝑉2 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
% Regulation = x 100
𝑉2 𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

Efficiency of transformer is the ratio of the output power to the input power in a transformer.
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
% Efficiency = 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
x 100

44
Circuit diagram :

45
Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Make sure that the Variac is in minimum position and resistive load is off.
3. Switch on the DPST.
4. By varying the Variac, rated voltage is applied to the input side of the transformer and
should be maintained constant throughout the experiment.
5. Before applying any load note down readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter under
no load operation.
6. By varying the load in steps, readings of ammeter, voltmeters, and wattmeter are noted
down in each step.
7. After readings are noted down slowly vary Variac and set it to minimum position and
switch off DPST.
8. Efficiency and Regulations are calculated in each step and tabulated.
9. Graphs are drawn Output Vs Efficiency.

Model Graph:

Note:

• When a winding of transformer is connected to AC supply it is called Primary winding and if connected to
load it is secondary winding.

• HV and LV winding classification can be identified by number of turns of winding.

46
Observation table:
S. V1 Input V2 I2 Output Efficiency= Regulation=
No Volts power W Volts Amp Power
Watts = 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑽𝟐 𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅−𝑽𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
x100 x100
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑽𝟐 𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
V2 x I2

Calculations:

47
Graph :

48
Result :

Discussion questions:
1. What is the function of a Transformer?

2. Define voltage regulation of a Transformer?

3. What are the different parts of a Transformer?

4. What is the purpose of Auto transformer (or Dimmer stat)?

5. What is impedance ratio and draw equivalent circuit of transformer with respective to
secondary?

Outcomes:
1. Student will be able to understand how practically the transformer is loaded.

2. Student will be able to calculate the regulation and efficiencies at different loads.
Student also will be able to identify the winding on the transformers and from practical data
calculations they are able to design the small rating transformers.

49
Experiment No: ____ Date:________________

MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER IN A

BALANCED THREE PHASECIRCUIT
Objective:
To measure the active and reactive power for balanced load in three phase circuit.
Apparatus:
S.No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-2)A MI 1
3 150/300/600V, 10/20A UPF 1
Wattmeter
75/150/300V, 2.5/5A LPF 1
4 Rheostat 100 Ω / 2A wire 3
wound
5 Inductive Load 25/50mH, 2A ---- 3
6 3 Phase Variac 415V/(0-470)V, 4A - 1
7 Connecting Wires -- - As per
need
8 SPDT Switch - - -

Theory:
Whenever the electric current flows it does some work. This work generates power that
can be stored and used as energy. The rate at which electrical energy is consumed or dissipated
into other forms of energy is called electrical power. When an alternating supply is given to a
circuit, the expression of power i.e, real power is given as P = V I cosՓ. Where cosՓ is the
power factor.

Active power is the actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a circuit. It is denoted
by P, and it is measured in watts(W). Reactive power is the power that continuously bounce back
and forth between source and load. It is useless power denoted by Q and measures in volt
ampere reactive (var).Apparent power is the combination of reactive power and true power is
called apparent power, and it is the product of a circuit’s voltage and current, without reference to
phase angle. It is represented by S and unites are Volt Ampere (VA).

50
Power Triangle is represented as below:

Generation of three phase power is more economical than generation of single-phase power. In
three phase electric power system, three phase voltage are equal in magnitude and displaced by
120 degrees. Below are the expressions for three phase power:

Active power (P) = √3 V I cosՓ

Reactive power (Q) = √3 V I sinՓ

To measure active and reactive power there are different methods. One of the method is single
wattmeter method .This method is used only when the load is balanced. To measure active power
circuit is connected as per circuit diagram 8.1 and power is measured using Wattmeter (W )
which is connected between two different phase and by using SPDT reading are as below

W1 : Wattmeter reading when SPDT is at ‘Y’ (phase) Position [ W1 = √3 VL IL cos( 30 –Փ) ]

W2 : Wattmeter reading when SPDT is at ‘B’ (phase) Position [ W2 = √3 VL IL cos( 30 + Փ) ]

(𝑊 − 𝑊 )
Total power is given by P = W1+W2 and phase angle is Փ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {√3 [(𝑊1+ 𝑊2)]}
1 2

To measure reactive power circuit is connected as per circuit diagram 8.2 where the current coil
is connected to one phase and pressure coil is connected across other two phases.

Reading of wattmeter = VYB IR cos ( 90 + Փ) = √3 VI cos( 90 + Փ) = - √3 VI sin Փ

𝑄
And phase angle is Փ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑃 )

51
Circuit Diagram 8.1: For measurement of Active Power

52
 Procedure: (For measurement of active power)

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram 8.1.

2. Make sure three phase Variac is at minimum position and note down multiplication
factor of meters
3. Switch on the supply using TPST.

4. By adjusting 3phase Variac apply rated current (2A) in Ammeter.

5. Note voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeter (W1) reading when the SPDT is at position ‘Y’.

6. Now move SPDT to position ‘B’ and note down wattmeter (W2) reading.

7. Set Variac to minimum position and switch off TPST.

8. Calculate total active power

Observation Table: For measurement of active power

Line Line
Power factor
Voltage Current P = W1+W2 (𝑾 − 𝑾𝟐 )
S.No W1 W2 Փ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 {√𝟑 [(𝑾𝟏 ]} = cos ( Փ)
VL (V) IL (A) 𝟏 + 𝑾𝟐 )

Note:

W1 : Wattmeter reading when SPDT is at ‘Y’ (phase) Position

W2 : Wattmeter reading when SPDT is at ‘B’ (phase) Position

(𝑊 − 𝑊 )
Փ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {√3 [(𝑊1 + 𝑊2 )]}
1 2

53
Circuit Diagram 8.2: For measurement of Reactive Power

54
 Procedure: (For measurement of Reactive power)
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram 8.2.
2. Make sure three phase Variac is at minimum position and note down multiplication
factor of meters
3. Switch on the supply using TPST.

4. By adjusting 3-phase Variac apply rated current (2A) in Ammeter.

5. Note voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeter reading (W).

6. Adjust Variac to minimum position and switch off TPST.

7. Calculate total Reactive power

Observation Table: For measurement of reactive power

Total
Line Line Reactive Power
𝑸
S.No
Voltage Current
W(watts)
Power (var) Փ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝑾) factor
VL (V) IL (A) Q = √𝟑 W = cos ( Փ)

55
Result:

Discussion Questions:

1. Define power and what are the units of voltage, current and power.

2. What is complex power, active power and reactive power and write their units?

3. Write the active power equation for star network.

4. What are balanced and unbalanced loads?

5. Write the full form of SPDT, DPST, and TPST?

Outcome:

1. Students will be able to measure the practical values of active and reactive power for
balanced load in three phase circuit.
2. Students will be able to understand the relation between Active Power and Reactive
Power.

56
Experiment No:____ Date:____________

TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS OF A DC SHUNT MOTOR

Objective:
To conduct Brake test on a self-excited DC Shunt motor and to draw its performance
characteristics.
Apparatus:

S. No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-10)A MC 1
3 Rheostat 350Ω/1.7A wire wound 1
5 Tachometer (0-9999)RPM Digital 1
6 Connecting Wires - As per need

Name Plate Details:

S. No Specification Motor
1 Rated Voltage
2 Rated Current
3 Speed
4 Power
5 Type of Excitation

Theory:
This is a direct method of testing a dc machine. It is a simple method of measuring motor output,
speed and efficiency etc., at different load conditions. A rope is wound round the pulley and its
two ends are attached to two spring balances S1 and S2.The tensions provided by the spring
balances S1 and S2are T1 and T2. The tension of the rope can be adjusted with the help of
swivels. This is a direct method of testing the motor. In this method, the motor is put on the direct
load by means of a belt and pulley arrangement. Bu adjusting the tension of belt, the load is
adjusted to give the various values of currents. The load is finally adjusted to get full load
current. The power developed gets wasted against the friction between belt and shaft. Due to the
braking action of belt the test is called brake test.

57
Circuit diagram:

58
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

2. Keep the field rheostat of the Motor at minimum Resistance position.

3. Check that the belt on the brake drum is free moving before supply is switched on.
4. Turn ON DPST switch and motor is started by slowly moving handle of three point
starter.

5. Using tachometer measure speed of motor. If the measured speed is not equal to rated
speed of motor slowly adjust the field rheostat so that motor runs at its rated speed.

6. Take Ammeter, Voltmeter, Tachometer and spring balance load readings at rated speed
of motor. (at no load condition)

7. Pour water in the brake drum before applying load.

8. By increasing load in steps, Note down the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter, speed and
two spring balance readings (S1 and S2) till 75 % of full load current of motor.

9. After completing experiment slowly remove load till the belt is freely moving, rheostat
position is adjusted to minimum and turn off DPST.

Model Graph:

59
Observation Table:

Speed(N) in Torque(T)
S. No VL (V) IL (A) S1 (Kg) S2 (Kg)
rpm in N-m

Calculations:
Radius of the Brake drum (r) = ____ m
Torque (T) = 9.81 x (S1~S2) x r

60
Graph:

61
Result:

Discussion Questions:

1. What is Torque ?

2. Name the various types of DC Motors.

3. What is the purpose of using three point starter?

4. Write applications of DC shunt and series motor?

5. What is the significance of back emf ?

6. Give the disadvantages of brake test?

Outcomes:
1. Students will be able to find the Torque of self excited DC shunt motor
2. Students will be able to draw the TORQUE-SPEED characteristics of self excited DC
shunt motor.

62
Experiment No:_____ Date:____________

TORQUE – SPEED CHARACTERISTICS OF A THREE PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR
Objective: To draw the torque-speed characteristics of a three-phase induction motor.

Apparatus:

S. No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-5)A 1
MI

2 Voltmeter (0-600)V 1
MI

3 Tachometer (0-9999) rpm Digital 1

4 Connecting Wires - - As per need

Name Plate Details:

S. No Specification Motor
1 Rated Voltage
2 Rated Current
3 Speed
4 Power
5 Frequency

Theory:
Slip ring induction motor is a type of induction motor in which the rotor is provided with
3 phase double layer distributed winding consisting of coils as used in alternators. The rotor is
wound for as many poles as the number of stator poles and is always wound 3 phase even when
the stator is wound two phase. The three phases are starred internally. The other three winding
terminals are brought out and connected to three insulated slip rings mounted on then shaft with
brushes resting on them. These brushes are further externally connected to a three phase star
connected rheostat. This makes possible the introduction of additional resistance in the rotor
circuit during the starting period for increasing the starting torque of the motor and for changing
its speed torque /current characteristics.

63
Circuit Diagram:

64
Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

2. Check that belt on the brake drum is free moving before supply is switched on.

3. Switch ON the TPST switch, then start the motor by using DOL starter by pressing start
button

4. Take no load readings of ammeter, voltmeter and speed of the motor.

5. Pour water in the brake drum before applying load.

6. By increasing load in steps, Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter, speed and
spring balance readings (S1, S2).until it reaches 75% of Full current of motor.

7. Release the load on motor, switch off the DOL starter by pressing Stop button and turn
off TPST switch

Expected Graph: Torque Vs Speed

65
Observation Table:

S. No VL (V) IL (A) S1 (Kg) S2 (Kg) Speed(N) in RPM Torque(T) in N-m

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Calculations:

Radius of the Brake drum (r) = ____ m

Torque (T) = 9.81 x (S1−S2) x r

66
Graph:

67
Result:

Discussion Questions:

1. Give classification of Three Phase induction motors.

2. What is Rotating Magnetic field (RMF)?

3. What is synchronous speed?

4. What is Slip? Write formulae of slip and rotor frequency?

5. Why do we conduct brake test on Motors?

6. Write some application of 3 phase induction motors

Outcome:
1. Students will be able to find the Torque of Three phase induction motor
2. Students will be able to draw the TORQUE-SPEED characteristics of Three phase
induction motor.

68
 ADDITIONAL
EXPERIMENTS

69
Experiment No: Date:

VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM

Objective: To verify Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem theoretically and practically.
Apparatus:

Name of the
S. No Range Type Quantity
equipment

1 Ammeter (0-200)mA Digital 2

2 Voltmeter (0-30) V Digital 1

3 Resistors 1kΩ,1.5kΩ,2.2kΩ,10kΩ wire wound

1 each

4 DC Power Supply 0-30V/2A Digital 1

5 Digital Multimeter - Digital 1

6 Bread board - -
as per
7 Connecting wires - - need

Theory:
Statement of Thevenin’s Theorem:
Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances
can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of voltage source Vthin series with an
impedance, Zth., where Vthis the open circuit voltage between the load terminals and Zthis the
equivalent impedance measured between the two terminals with all the energy sources replaced
by their internal impedances.

70
To find IL:

To find Vth:

To find Rth:

71
Procedure for Finding IL:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit shown in theFig1.
2. Switch on the supply, Set Vs = 5V and note down the current through load IL(Table 1)
from the ammeter connected in the circuit.

Table 1: Tabular column for IL values:

IL(mA)
S. No. Vs(V)
Theoretical Practical
1
2
3
4

Procedure For Finding VTh :

1. Make the connections as per the circuit shown in the Fig 2.
2. Switch on the supply, Set Vs = 5V and note down the voltage VTh(Table 2) across the
open circuited terminals from the voltmeter connected in the circuit.

Table 2: Tabular column for noting VTh:

VTh(V)
S. No. Vs(V)
Theoretical Practical
1
2
3
4

Procedure for Finding RTh:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit shown in the Fig 3.
2. With the help of Digital Multimeter, measure the equivalent resistance across the load
terminal as shown in the circuit. RTh=

72
To find IL:

Theoretical Calculations:

73
Procedure for Finding IL: for Thevenin’s Verification
1. Make the connections as per the circuit shown in the Fig 4..

2. Apply the Thevenin’s voltage to the circuit as shown and note the load current IL (Table
.3) from the ammeter connected to the load terminals.

Table 3: Tabular column for Finding IL: for Thevenin’s verification

IL(mA)
S. No. Vs(V)
Theoretical Practical
1
2
3
4

74
Result:

Viva Questions:
1. Define Lumped and distributed elements.

2. State Thevenin’s Theorem.

3. Write some applications of Thevenin’s Theorem.

4. What are the steps to solve Thevenin’s Theorem?

Outcome:
Student would be able to distinguish the basic circuit components and use them in real electrical
circuits apply different theorems to different practical circuits.

75
Experiment No: Date:

THREE PHASE TRANSORMER: VERIFICATION OF

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
(STAR-DELTA, DELTA- DELTA, DELTA-STAR, STAR-STAR)

Objective: Three Phase Transformer: Verification of Relationship between Voltages and

currents (Star-Delta, Delta-Delta, Delta-star, Star-Star)

Apparatus:

S. No Name of the Equipment Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeters (0-600)V MI 2
2 Ammeters (0-10)A MI 2
3 Watt - meters 75/150/300V, 5/10A LPF 1
4 3-ϕ Transformer 0.6 kVA Shell Type 1
5 3-ϕ Auto Transformer (Variac) 440V/(0-470)V, 4A ----- 1
6 Connecting Wires -- ----- As per need

Theory:
A three phase transformer or 3φ transformer can be constructed either by connecting
together three single-phase transformers, thereby forming a so-called three phase transformer
bank, or by using one pre-assembled and balanced three phase transformer which consists of
three pairs of single phase windings mounted onto one single laminated core.The advantages of
building a single three phase transformer is that for the same kVA rating it will be smaller,
cheaper and lighter than three individual single phase transformers connected together because
the copper and iron core are used more effectively. The methods of connecting the primary and
secondary windings are the same, whether using just one Three Phase Transformer or three
separate single phase transformers.
The primary and secondary windings of a transformer can be connected in different
configuration as shown to meet practically any requirement. In the case of three phase
transformer windings, two forms of connection are possible: “star” (wye), “delta” (mesh). The
combinations of the three windings may be with the primary delta-connected and the secondary
star-connected, or star-delta, star-star or delta-delta, depending on the transformers use.

76
Circuit Diagram:

77
Procedure:

1. All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram for star-star connected
transformer.
2. Before closing TPST switch, check the 3 phase Variac in minimum position.

3. By using 3 phase Variac apply rated voltage to the circuit.

4. Vary the R-Load to an appropriate value (10A) in steps, and note down the primary and
secondary current and voltage for each step.
5. Reduce the voltage of the 3 phase Variac power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.

6. Again connect the circuit for Delta-Delta connected transformer and follow the 2,3,4 and
5stapes.

Observation table:
Delta-Delta

S. No Primary Voltage Primary Current Secondary Voltage Secondary Current

V (in Volts) I (in amps) V (in Volts) I (in amps)
1

3
4

Star – Star

S. No Primary Voltage Primary Current Secondary Voltage Secondary Current

V (in Volts) I (in amps) V (in Volts) I (in amps)
1

3
4

78
79
Procedure:

1. All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram for Delta-star connected
transformer.
2. Before closing TPST switch, check the 3 phase variac in minimum position.
3. By using 3 phase variac apply rated voltage to the circuit.
4. Vary the R-Load to an appropriate value (10A) in steps, and note down the primary and
secondary current and voltage for each step.
5. Reduce the voltage of the 3 phase variac power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
6. Again connect the circuit for star -Delta connected transformer and follow the 2,3,4

and 5 steps.

Observation table: Delta- Star

S. No Primary Voltage Primary Current Secondary Voltage Secondary Current

V (in Volts) I (in amps) V (in Volts) I (in amps)
1

3
4

Star -Delta
S. No Primary Voltage Primary Current Secondary Voltage Secondary Current
V (in Volts) I (in amps) V (in Volts) I (in amps)
1

3
4

80
Result:

Discussion Questions:

1. What is working principle of a transformer?

2. What are the different losses in a transformer?

3. What are the different types of transformers

Outcome:
1. Students will be able to know about star-Delta, Delta-Star, Star-Star, Delta-Delta
Connections in a Transformer.
2. Students will be able verify the relation between voltages and currents in star-Delta,
Delta- Star, Star-Star, Delta-Delta Connections in a Transformer.

81