Foods and Nutrition
Foods and Nutrition
Foods and Nutrition
INTRODUCTION
Chapter1
Chapter2
Literature Review………………………………………………………4
Chapter3
Methodology…………………………………………………………….5
Chapter4
Presentation of data…………………………………………………….6
Chapter5
Analysis of Data…………………………………………………………7
Chapter6
Discussion of finding……………………………………………………8
Chapter7
Recommendation………………………………………………………9
Chapter8
Conclusion……………………………………………………………..10
Chapter9
Reference page……………………………………………………….. 11
Appendix………………………………………………………………12
INTRODUCTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I’m thankfully for my teacher who helped me by
providing the equipment that was necessary and vital,
without which i would not have been able to work
effectively on this assignment. I would also like to
express my sincere gratitude to my friends and parents,
who stood by me and encourage me to work on this
assignment.
CHAPTER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
stomach cancer has been of interest to the scientific community for a long time.
Scientists agree that stomach cancer is a multifactorial and multistage process stretched in
time. Therefore, clarifying diagnostics in this context is crucial for effective treatment. On
the other hand, there is an opinion that the existing methods of diagnosis are not sufficiently
effective. Stomach cancer or gastric cancer affects around 7,000 people each year in the UK.
Stomach cancer is difficult to detect in the early stages because the initial symptoms are also seen
in less serious conditions such as persistent indigestion, heart burn, trapped wind, burping and
stomach ache ( news-medical.net). Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer,
is a significant health concern globally, ranking as the fifth most common cancer and the third
leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This literature review aims to provide an
overview of current knowledge regarding stomach cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors,
pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and treatment options.
Epidemiology:
Stomach cancer exhibits significant geographic variation in its incidence, with higher rates reported
in Eastern Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America compared to North America and Western
Europe. Men are generally more affected than women, and the incidence increases with age.
Risk Factors:
Several risk factors have been identified for stomach cancer, including Helicobacter pylori
infection, which is considered the most important risk factor. Other factors include a diet high in
salty or smoked foods, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, family history of stomach
cancer, and certain genetic syndromes such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome.
Pathogenesis:
The development of stomach cancer typically progresses through a series of histopathological
changes, beginning with chronic gastritis, followed by the development of gastric atrophy,
intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and finally, invasive carcinoma. Various genetic and molecular
alterations contribute to this multistep process, including mutations in tumor suppressor genes (e.g.,
TP53) and oncogenes (e.g., HER2/neu).
Diagnostic Methods:
Diagnosing stomach cancer often involves a combination of imaging studies (e.g., endoscopy, CT
scan, PET scan) and histopathological examination of biopsy specimens obtained during
endoscopy. Other diagnostic modalities include serum biomarker testing (e.g., CEA, CA 19-9) and
molecular testing for specific genetic mutations (e.g., HER2/neu amplification).
Treatment Options:
Treatment strategies for stomach cancer depend on various factors, including the stage of the
disease, the patient's overall health, and tumor characteristics. Surgical resection remains the
primary curative treatment for early-stage disease, often combined with chemotherapy and/or
radiation therapy. For advanced or metastatic disease, systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapy
(e.g., trastuzumab for HER2-positive tumors), and immunotherapy may be employed to improve
outcomes and quality of life.
METHODOLOGY