Section 1.1 Section 1.2 Section 2.

1
1. (a) Biotic 1. Habitat, ecosystem, 1. Producers
(b) Abiotic biome, biosphere 2. Energy flow describes the
(c) Abiotic 2. Ecology is the study of flow of energy from the
(d) Abiotic the relation of organisms ecosystem to an organism and
(e) Abiotic to their environment and from one organism to another.
(f) Biotic to each other. 3. Decomposers are organisms
2. 31°C 3. Ecological hierarchy such as bacteria and fungi that
3. 0°C to 22°C 4. Population change wastes and dead
4. 150 cm 5. Community organisms into usable nutrients
5.20 cm to 205 cm 6. Commensalism for other organisms in soil and
6. 20 cm and 32°C 7. The hookworm water.
7. Permanent ice, tundra, boreal benefits but the dog is 4. (a) Decomposer
forest, and harmed. (b) Producer
grassland 8. Niche (c) Decomposer
8. Latitude 9. Competition (d) Producer
9. Latitude 10. Approximately 11-13, (e) Consumer, decomposer
10.Time in months 21−23, 32-34, 43−45 5. Grass (producer) - rabbit
11. Temperature 11. D (herbivore) -cougar (carnivore) -
12. Average temperature in degrees 12. A bear (omnivore) -
Celsius 13. D earthworm (detrivore)
13. 10°C 14. C 6. Omnivore
14. 22°C 15. D 7. Worm
15.January 16. B 8. Grizzly bear, grouse
16. Average precipitation in 17. B 9. Grizzly bear, red-tailed hawk
millimetres 18. A 10. Pyramid of energy
17. 100 mm 19. D 11. 99 percent is lost.
18. 10 mm 20. B 12. A
19. They are the same. 13. D
20. An adaptation is a 14. B
characteristic that enables an 15. D
organism to better survive and 16. C
reproduce. Adaptations can be 17. D
structural, physiological, or 18. A
behavioural. 19. A
21. (a) Structural 20. D
(b) Physiological 21. B
(c) Behavioural
(d) Structural
(e) Behavioural
22. D, 23. B, 24. B, 25. C, 26. B
27. A, 28. C, 29. D, 30. A, 31. C
Section 2.2 Section 2.3 Section 3.1
1. A nutrient is a chemical that is 1. Bioaccumulation is the 1. Natural selection is the
required for plant and animal accumulation of a process, proposed by Darwin,
growth and other life processes. substance, such as a toxic where the environment acts to
2. Deforestation (clearing of land) (poisonous) chemical, in select fit individuals.
3. Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, various tissues of a living 2. Salmon that have slightly
phosphorus organism. larger or more efficient tails
4. (a) 750 2. (a) When a bear eats may be able to catch prey or
(b) 700 many salmon, the escape from predators better
(c) 1600 chemical builds up to high than other salmon. This gives
5. (a) Faster into the oceans levels in the bear. them a better chance to
(b) Into the air (b) Biomagnification reproduce.
(c) Burning fossil fuels produces 3. Keystone species are 3. Adaptive radiation is the
carbon dioxide, which remains in the species that can greatly process by which members of a
air. affect population species adapt to a variety of
6. Volcanoes put carbon into the numbers and the health habitats.
atmosphere. of an ecosystem. The 4. Each species of finch has a
7. Denitrification returns nitrogen health of the forest differently sized beak that
to the atmosphere, while nitrogen depends on it receiving allows it to eat only certain kinds
fixation and nitrification take nutrients. By moving of food. Finches with differently
nitrogen from the atmosphere and salmon from the water to shaped beaks eat different
make it available to plants for use. the forest, they transfer food. Each species has its own
8. Burning fossil fuels, treating essential nutrients to the niche within the same habitat.
sewage, and fertilizing for forest. This makes the Ecological succession is the
agriculture bears process of gradual change that
9. Kill aquatic organisms by using up extremely important for occurs when organisms colonize a
CO2 and oxygen and blocking the forest—which is why habitat, modify it, and are
sunlight; produce neurotoxins they are a keystone forced out by a new species
10. In rocks and sediments on the species. better adapted to the now
ocean floor in compounds that 4. About 3 to 4 times altered environment.
contain phosphate (PO4 3-) more concentrated 5. Pioneer species
11. Geologic uplift brings (3.8×) 6. In primary succession, no soil
phosphorus-containing rocks to the 5. Biomagnification exists, such as after a glacier
surface and exposes them to causes the concentration retreats or when lava cools.
weathering processes such as of DDT to increase at Secondary succession occurs
chemical (lichens each trophic level. after a major disturbance, such
feeding on the rocks) and physical Plankton is a producer as a forest fire or a flood.
(erosion, freezing and cracking). and takes on the same 7. Climax community (or mature
12. Plants grow in phosphate- concentration as is community)
containing rocks and soils. Animals present in the 8. Changes in climate, flooding,
obtain phosphate by eating the environment. Cormorants drought, and insect infestations
plants. are secondary or tertiary (also correct: changes in ocean
13. Mining for fertilizer components consumers and contain patterns, extreme weather)
14. D, 15. A, 16. D, 17. B, 18. C DDT that was in many 9. B, 10. C, 11. C, 12. A, 13. B
19. D, 20. B, 21. C, 22. A, 23. D times their body weight 14. B, 15. D, 16. A, 17. C, 18. B
worth of plankton.
6. Lead, mercury,
cadmium
7. Bioremediation
8. D, 9. B, 10. C, 11. A
 12. C, 13. D, 14 C, 15. B
16. D, 17. C
Section 3.2 Section 3.3
1. A sustainable ecosystem provides 1. Native species are plants and animals that naturally inhabit
economic opportunities today while an area. Foreign species are organisms that people
maintaining biodiversity and intentionally or accidentally have introduced into regions
ecosystem health for the future. where they did not exist previously.
2. Deforestation reduces the 2. Invasive species are organisms that can take over the
number of plants and animals in an habitat of native species or invade their bodies, weakening
ecosystem and results in soil their immune systems.
degradation. 3. Proliferation means to grow or multiply by rapidly
3. Soil degradation occurs when producing new tissues, cells, or offspring.
water and wind erosion removes 4. Competition, predation, disease and parasitism, habitat
topsoil from bare land. alteration
4. Soil erosion and soil compaction 5. Foreign species (introduced species)
5. Harvesting fish and timber, 6. The gypsy moth larvae strip oak trees of their leaves,
mining coal and minerals, and making the trees vulnerable to infections and unable to
extracting oil and gas perform photosynthesis.
6. Jobs, materials, food, shelter, 7. C
and energy 8. D
7. Habitat loss, soil degradation, 9. B
and contamination of water supplies 10. B
8. Overexploitation is the use or 11. C
extraction of a resource until it is 12. B
depleted. 13. C
9. Extinction is the dying out of a 14. A
species. 15. D
10. Stories, songs, cultural beliefs,
rituals, community laws, and
traditional practices
11. Burning improves the growth of
berry plants, which attracts more
animals. Burning recycles
nutrients, creates more diversity,
reduces forest litter, and opens the
canopy to allow more sunlight to
reach the plants.
12. B, 13. C, 14. B, 15. A, 16. D
17. C, 18. A, 19. B, 20. D, 21. B