YUUNVARSIITII HARAMAAYAA

KOOLLEEJJII SAAYINSIIWWAN HAWAASAA FI NAMUMMAAWWANII

MUUMMEE AFAAN OROMOO, OGUMAA FI QUNNAMTII

MAQAA KENNAMICHAA
Afaan Karoorsuufi Waaltessuu

Taaddalaa Dheeressaatiin (Gargaaraa Piroofesaraa)

Bara barnootaa, 2022/23

 Abbaltii Garee Koorsii Afaan Karoorsuufi Waaltessuu
Jechoota yookaan yaadrimeewwan armaan gadii gaggabaabsii fakkeenya waliin ibsi.
1. Afaan biyyaalessaa/national language
2. Afaan hojii/working language
3. Afaan waajjiraa/official language
4. Afaan barnootaa/medium of instruction
5. Barnoota afaan dhalootaa/mother tongue education
6. Barnoota af-tokkee/monolingual education
7. Barnoota af-lamee/bilingual education
8. Barnoota af-danee/multilingual education
9. Afaan diqaalaa/pidgin
10. Afaan diq-foyyee/Creole
11. Afaan walee/lingua franca
12. Afaan makuu/language mixing
13. Afaan geeddaruu/code switching
14. Sab-danuu/multiethnic
15. Afaan Sabbicuu/minority language
16. Afaan sabbal`aa/majority language
17. Gosagaloomii/assimilation
18. Danummaa/pluralism
19. Tokkummaa garaagarummaa keessatti/unity in diversity
20. Gosummaa/racism
21. Koocaalummaa/ethnocentrism
22. Walqixxummaa aadaa/cultural relativism
23. Afaan tursuu/ language maintenance
24. Afaan hirranfachuu/language shift
25. Imaammata afaanii/language policy
26. Afaan karoorsuu/language planning
27. Afaan waaltessuu/language standardization
28. Heddumina afaanii/linguistic pluralism
29. Liqimfamuu afaanii/linguistic assimilation
30. Quucara afaanii/language decline
31. Du`a afaanii/language death
32. Bayyaannachuu afaanii/language revival
33. Babal`achuu afaanii/language spread

GUYYAA ITTI GALU:

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 ffaa ffaa
Abbaltii 2 garee nama shaniin hojjetamu 2
1. Hariiroo afaaniifi eenyummaa hayyoota waabeffachuun balballoomsi?
2. Garaagarummaa yaadrimeewwan afaan biyyaalessaafi afaan hojii jedhan gidduu jiru
gadfageenyaan mul`isi?
3. Ati akka hayyuu tokkootti, biyya afdaneessaa keessatti afaan hojii filachuuf ulaagaalee
maalfaarratti hundooftee filatta? Yaada kee ragaa hayyootaan deeggarii ibsi?
4. Afaan Oromoofi imaammattoota afaanii biyya Itiyoophiyaa bara 1855- 2023 xiinxali?
5. Biyya af-daneessaa keessatti imaammata aftokkee hordofuun rakkoowwan akkamii fida
jettee yaadda? Yaada kee ragaa hayyootaan deggarii ibsi?
6. Adeemsa Afaan Oromoo waaltessuu keessatti gufuuwwan mudachaa jiran
tarreessuudhaan ibsi?
7. Haala hojiirra oolmaa barnoota Afaan Oromoo naannolee Itoophiyaa kan akka Oromiyaa,
Harari, Amaaraafi bulchiinsota Magaalaa Finfinneefi Dirree Dhawaarratti sakatta`a
gabaabaa taasisi?
8. Sakatta`a gabaabaa gochuun shoora Afaan Oromoon sabaahimaalee keessatti qabaachaa
tureefi qabaachaa jiru addeessi?

GUYYAA ITTIGALU: ________________

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 1. Imaammata Afaanii /Language Policy
1.1. Imaammata afaanii jechuun maali?
Mee yaada hayyuu armaan gadii dubbisii xiinxali.
``If my mother tongue is shaking the foundations of your state, it probably means that you built your
state on my land. `` Musa Anter, a Kurdish writer (1992)

Akkuma imaammanni maallaqaa, aadaa, barnootaafi kkf jira afaaniifis imaammata barbaachisa.
Keessumaati biyyoota afaan hedduun kessatti dubbatamaniif immoo barbaachisummaan isaa daran
olaanaadha. Akka Fishman, jedhutti fayyadama afaaniitiif leecalloo ramaduu jechuudha. “Language
policy denotes the authoritative allocation of resources to language in general and to the
written/printed language in particular” (2007:311). Imaammanni afaanii murtoo siyaasaa fayyadama
afaaniirratti kennamu, afaan karoorsuuf bu’uura yayyabamudha. Kana ilaalchisee, Alderson (2009)
imaammanni afaanii afaan kamtu afaan hojii/biyyaalessa, kamtu afaan barnootaa akka ta’uu maluu
murteessuu kan ilaallatudha jedha. Kana malees, Fasold (1984) imaammanni afaanii meeshaa
qaamni biyya bulchu ittiin biyya tokkoomsu ykn to’annoo isaa cimsachuuf irree isaa ittiin
diriirfatudha jechuun ibsa. Imaammanni afaanii egaa murtoo siyaasaati. Murtoon kun immoo
qaphxiilee gurguddoo armaan gadiirratti hundaa’a. Isaanis murtichi gumaacha inni misooma,
dimokiraasii, tokkummaa fi hariiroo biyya alaa irratti qaburratti hundaa’uun taasifama.

Imaammata afaanii jechuun gabaabumatti murtoo, qajeelfama, dambii ykn ejjennoo dhimma
gulantaa, fayyadama, daangaa , tajaajilaafi kabaja afaan/afaanonni qaban irratti ibsa hubannoofi
ejjennoo qaama imaamaticha hoganuun kan kennamu, akkasumas, kallattii itti mirgi dubbattootaa
afaanota imaamatichi isaan ilaallatu itti mirkanaa’udha.

Akka waliigalaatti imaammata afaanii jechuun siyaasa afaanii jechuudha. Xiyyeeffannoon

imaammata afaanii inni guddaan sadarkaa afaanotaa gulantaa biyyaalessaatti agarsiisuu, mirga
gartuu afaanii xixiqqaa mirkaneessuu, gulantaalee afaanotaa hojiitti jijjiiruufa’i. Haaluma kanaan,
imaammatni afaanii kaayyoo isaa galmaan ga’uuf ayidooloojii afaanii hordofu bu’uureeffatee
hojii afaanotaa jajjabeessuu yookiin dhabamsiisuu deeggaruu yookiin ukkaamsuu sadarkaa ol’aanaa
yookiin gadaanaa afaanotaaf kennuun aangoo dubbattoota afaanota sanaa hawaasa jidduutti
hundeessuu yookiin molquu ta’uu nidanda’a.

Karoorri afaanii immoo adeemsa walqunnamtii keessatti rakkoolee hawaasa tokko qunnaman
furuuf dhamaati yeroo dheeraafi itti fufiinsa qabu itti yaadamee kan hojjettamuufi deeggersa
mootummaatiin faayidaa afaanii jijjiiruuf taasifamudha (Weinstern : 1980). Karoorri afaanii afaan

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adda addaa tajaajila adda addaaf ramaduu yoo ta’u, murtoo guddaafi qabeenyaa guddaa fudhachuu
kan danda’udha.

Imaammata afaanii jechuun karaa biraatiin, waan mootummaan seeraan akka biyyaatti murteessee
tarkaanfiiwwan kanneen itti aanaan fudhatuudha;
a. Tajaajila afaanotaa hawaasa keessatti murteessuu,
b. Dandeettiiwwan afaanii olaantummaa biyyaaf barbaachisan cimsuu,
c. Mirgoota namoonni dhuunfaa fi gareen afaan barachuu, fayyadamuu fi tursuuf qaban
murteessuu fi
d. Murteewwan waliigaltee hawaasa waliin qabu cimsuuf, leenjiiwwan addaaf, tajaajila
hawaasummaa addaddaa cimsuuf akkasumas hirmaannaa siyaasaa bal’isuuf mootummaan
afaanirratti taasisuudha.

1.2. Bu’uura Fuuleffata Siyaasaa Imaammata Afaanii

Imammanni afaanii, shakkii tokko malee, fuuleffannoo kallattii siyaasaa biyyi tokko hordofturratti
kan hundaa’udha. Fuuleffannoon siyaasaa kun immoo heddumina afaanii biyya tokko akka
rakkootti/hanqina tokkummaafi nageenyatti kan ilaalu kanaafuu kan afaanota kanneen biraa
balleessee tokko qofa guddisu ta’uu danda’a. Yookiin immoo hedduumina afaanii akka
qabeenyaa/midhaginaatti fudhatee kununsaafi deggersa barbaachisaa hunda taasisuufi dandaa’a.
Kun immoo falaasama siyaasaa mootummaan aangoorra jiru hordofuu waliin walqabata. Fkn, yoo
dimokiraasii babal’isuu, mirga sabaafi sablammootaa kabachiisuu, ykn immoo sirna abbaa irree kan
olaantummaa garee aangoo siyaasaa of harkaa qabu qofa dagaagsuu barbaadu ta’uu dandaa’a.
Kanarratti hundaa’uun moodela lama fayyadamuun nidandaa’ama: Heddumina afaaniifi Liqimfamuu
afaaniiti.

Hedduumina Afaanii (Linguistic Pluralism) ejjennoo siyaasaa kan tokkummaa garaagarummaa

‘unity in diversity’ jajjabeessudha. Akka Baker (2001) jedhutti dhimmoonni akka walta’uu
(integration), sabdanuu (ethnic diversity), ykn aaddanummaa fuuleffannoo siyaasaa kana waliin kan
walqabatanidha. Hedduuminni afaanii waliin jiraachuu afaanota adda addaa kan eeyyaamuufi mirga
afaan ofiitiin fayyadamuufi afaan ofii guddisuu kan kennudha. Fkn, sagantaaleen akka barnoota
aflamee, afaan tursuufi afaan gabbisuu (language maintenance and language enrichment) kanaan kan
walqabatanidha.

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Liqimfamuu/gosagaloomii Afaanii (Linguistic assimilation) fuuleffannoo siyaasaa kan ‘biyya tokko
afaan tokko, amantaa tokko’ jedhu kan gaggeessudha. Afaan tokko sunis afaan gareen aangoo
siyaasaa of harkaa qabu dubbatu qofa ta’a. Ejjennoo sabaafi sablammiin biyya tokko keessa jiran,
aadaa, afaan, amantaa, seenaafi kkf dhiisanii kan garee aangoo of harkaa qabuutiin akka liqimfaman
kan godhudha. Haalli kunimmoo, afaan garee aangaawan dubbatamu akka kabaja argatu ykn
olaantummaa gonfatu oggaa taasisu, kanneen biroon akka dhabaman ykn akka afaan isaanii
hirraanfatanii liqimfaman kan taasisudha. Kanaafuu sagantaa ykn imaammanni afaanii kanneen
akka: afaan hirranfachuu, afaan quucarsuu achumanis ajjeessu fi kkf liqimfamuu afaanii jalatti kan
hammatamanidha. Kana malees, afaanota addunyaarratti fudhatama qaban kan akka afaan Ingiliziifi
Faransaay, akka afaan biyyaalessatti fayyadamuun kanuma waliin kan walqabatudha. Afaan kunneen
akkuma babal’ataa deemaniin afaan kanneen biroon quucaraa deemu. Dhumarrattis akka du’an
taasisuu danda’u.

1.3. Gosoota/Taaypoloojii Imaammata afaanii /Typology of Language Policy

Biyyoonni adda addaa dhimmoota adda addaa bu’uura taasifachuun imaammata afaanii
sadarkaa biyyooleessaatti qabaachuu danda’an gama adda addaan ilaaluun qoqqooduun
nidanda’ama.
Biyyoonni garaa garaa keessumaa biyyoonni bittaa kolonii warra dhihaa jala turan gos imaamata
afaanii kan afaan biyya isaanii hojiirra oolchuu ykn kan warra bittoota isaanii duraanii
qabaachuu nidanda’u. Haala kanaan imaammata gosa sadeen gadii qabachuu ni danda’a.
 Imaammata afaan afaan dhalootaa/keessaa bu’uureffate (Imaammata Indogiloosikii
(Endoglosic Policy)
 Imaammata Afaan Diidaa/Alaa bu’uureffatee fi (Imaammata Eksogiloosikii (Exoglosic
Policy))
 Imaammata afaan diidaa fi dhalootaa walduukaa bu’uura godhachuun diriiraniidha (Mixed
language policy)
Biyyoonni adda addaa imaammata afaanii biyya isaanii ifaa ifaatti mul’isuuf dhiisuu nidanda’u.
Sababa kanaafis, imaammata afaanii ifa ta’eefi kallattii ilaalchaa biyyi sun afaanirratti qabdu ibsuu
caalaa callisanii dhimmoota afaanii wajjin walqabatan geggeessuu filatu. Kanaafis, imaammatni
afaanii imaammata afaanii dhokataa (covert language policy) fi imaammata afaanii mul’ataa (Overt
Language Policy) jedhamuun lamatti qoodamu.
Imaamata Afaanii Dhokataa (Covert Language policy)
kun barreeffama seeraan osoo hintaane amaleeffannaadhumaan imaammata afaanii mootummoonni
tokko tokko itti fayyadamaniidha. Kunis maqaalee ‘de facto’ fi ‘common law’ jedhamuunillee ni

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beekama.
Imaammata afaanii dhokataa jechuun yommuu biyyi tokko afaaniifi dhimma afaanii ilaalchisee
dokimantii seeraafi koodii bulchiinsaa kamiyyu keessatti osoo hinmul’isiin bira darbudha.
Imaammata akkasii keessatti wabiin mirga afaanota biyyittii keessatti argamanii kan mirkanaa’u
imaammattoota garaagaraa biroorraa, dambiilee heera biyyittiifi miira seeraa akka waliigalaatti
fudhachuun akka ta’e himama. Akka waliigalaatti, imaammanni kun kan ittin beekamu imaammata
hinmul’anne (implicit), ifaan lafa hinteessifne (unstated) kan miira waliigalaa (Common-law),
akkaata jireenyaan ka mul’atu (defacto), kan barameefi (tradition), kan amaleeffame (customary)
ta’uu isaaniiti.
Imaammanni afaanii dhokataa gargaaramuun biyya tokkoo kan ta’un yoo qaamni imaammata sana
hordofu imaamaticha yoo ifa taasise wantoonni badan hedduun jiraachuu waan danda’aniif ykn
immoo qaamni aangoorra jiru yeroo dheeraa booda ayidoolojii afaanii hordofama jiru jijjiiruuf
karoora yoo qabaatedha.
Imaammata Afaanii ifaa/mul’ataa (Overt Language Policy)
kun imaammata afaanii barreeffama seera qabeessaan deeggarameedha. Fakkeenyaaf, Labsiin,
heeraa fi seera ittiin bulmaata biyyaan utubamuu danda’a. Imaammatni mul’ataan mirga gartuun
afaanii kamiyyu biyya keessa jiraataa jiran keessatti afaan isaanii bakka fedhanitti gargaaramuuf
qaban ifaa ifatti lafa kaa’udha. Inni kun waliin jiraachuu gartuuwwanii biyya tokkoof wabii
amanamaadha. Sababni isaas, afaan tokko biyya tokko keessatti haasa’amuufi hanga kamitti tajaajila
kennuu akka danda’u ifatti haguuggi malee (explicitily), tokko tokkoon (specifically) fi barreeffama
seeraa qabaachuun isaa waan mirkanaa’uufidha. Haata’u malee, biyyi tokko dirqamatti imaamattoota
olii lamaan keessa tokko qabaachuu qabdi kan jedhu hinjiru. Garuu bu’aa isaaniirratti hundaa’uun
lachuu walmakuun qabaachuu nidandeessi.
Imaammata afaanii jajjabeessaa (promotive language policy): afaanota tokko tokko deeggaruun
akka isaan dagaaganii fi guddatan jajjabeessuurratti imaammata xiyyeeffatuudha. Akka imaammata
kanaatti afaan/otaaf gaheen ni kennamaaf; garuu hundi isaanii hinjajjabeeffaman.
Imaammata afaanii waldandeessisaa (tolerance language policy): Kun afaan tokko ykn tokkoo ol
fayyadamuuf ni heeyyama; guddisuu irratti garuu horiinis ta’ee hamileen deeggarsi gama
mootummaan addatti wanni taasifamu hinjiru.
Imaammata afaanii walqixxeessaa (equalitarian language policy): imaammanni kun immoo
afaan warra baay’ee irra xiqqeeyyiis/minority afaan kamiinuu qixxee ta’uutti kan amanuudha.
Imaammata afaanii daangeffame (restricted language policy): walqixxummaa afaan hundaatti
kan amanu miti.

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 1.4. Seenaa imaammata afaanii Itoophiyaa /History of Language policies in Ethiopia
Biyyi Itoophiyaa biyya afaanonni hedduun naannoo 80 ol ta’an keessatti dubbataman biyya
afdaneessaa (multilingual country) dha. Biyya kun biyya afdanee qofa osoo hintaane, biyya qub-
lamees (bi-script) jedhamuunis ni beekamti. Kana jechuun, qubeewwan laatiniifi saabaa/gi`iizii
afaanota biyyatti barreessuuf hojiirra oolaa jiraachuu ilaallata.
Afaanonni kunneenis gartuu maatii afaanii gurguddoo afuritti qoodamu. Isaanis, Kuushitik,
seematik, oomotikiifi nayilotik jedhamuun beekamu. Maatiiwwan gurguddoo afaanota Afrikaa
keessaa lama; Afroo-eeshiyaafi Niiloo Sahaaraa biyya kanatti dubbatamu. Isaan kannen keessaa
baay’een isaanii hawaasa akka afaan dhalootaatti waliigalteef itti gargaramuurra darbee tajaajila
kamiifuu oolaa hin turre, hin jiranis. Afaanonni kunneen akka dagatamaniifi baay’een isaanii
immoo akka ukkamsamaniif kan taasisa turan keessaa gahee guddaa taphachaa kan ture
imaammata afaanii bulchitoonni biyyatti baroota adda addaa hordofaa turanidha. Kanaafuu,
imaammanni afaanii biyyitti kan yeroo darbeefi ammaa maal akka fakkaatu haala gadiitiin ni ilaalla.
Haala imaammata afaanii Itoophiyaa maal akka fakkatu beekuuf baroota bulchitoonni biyyittii
geggessaa turan keessa turaniin adda adda baasnee qoqqoduun haa ilaallu.
Imaammata afaanii Itoophiyaa bakka gurguddaa afuritti qooduun ni danda’ama. Isaanis imaammata
afaanii bara mootummaa HalaSillaasee duraa (Tewodiroos, Yohannis fi Minilik), imaammata afaanii
bara mootummaa H/Sillaasee, Imaammata afaanii bara mootummaa dargii fi Imaammata afaanii
yeroo ADWUI jechuun qooduun ni danda’ama.
1.4.1. Imaammata Afaanii Sirna Bulchiinsa Mootummaa H/Sillaasee Duratti
(1855-1930)
Imaammata afaanii biyya kanaa keessatti barri 1855 akka ka`umsaatti kan fudhatamuuf bara kana
dura sabaafi sablammoonni afaan ofii isaaniin ofbulchaafi fayyadamaa turan. Imaammanni afaanii
akka biyyatti ifaanis ta`e dhoksaan hinjiru ture. Biyyattinis gara biyya tokko ta`uutti kan dhufuu
eegalte 1855 booda.
Itoophiyaan bara bulchiinsa mootii H/sillaaseen dura heeraa fi seera ittiin bultu hinqabdu turte. Kan
akka heeraatti ittiin bulaa turte kitaaba ‘Fetha Negest’ yookaan ‘Kitaaba Mootota’ jedhamu akka
tureedha. Kana jechuun waa’ee imaammata afaanii homaa dubbachuu hindandeenyu jechuu miti.
Imaammatni afaanii yeroo sana ture imaammata afaanii dhokataa (covert) ta’eedha jechuun ni
danda’ama. Impeerer Tewodiroos II n Itoophiyaa impaayera tokko jalatti bulchuuf yommuu tattaaffii
gochaa turetti afaan Amaaraa fayyadamaa turee jira. Tajaajilli Gii’iizii dura ture gadi bu’ee afaan
Amaaraa afaan barreeffamaa akka ta’uuf jajjabeessee ture. Hojiin guddaan Tewodiroos hojjete afaan
Amaaraa afaan barreeffamaa fi afaan hojii gochuun isaa isa guddaa ture. Fayyadama afaan Gi’iizii

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gara afaan Amaaraatti akka jijjiiramu taasise. Imaammatni afaanii Impeerer Tewodiroos fayyadame,
barreeffama seeraan deggarame waan hin qabneef imaammata afaanii dhokataa ture.
Impeerer Yohaannis IVn dubbataa afaan Tigree ta’ullee adeemsa duraan ture jijjiiree afaan sabaa fi
sablammoota Itoophiyaaf wanni inni gumaache hinjiru; akkuma Tewodiroos afaan Amaaraa
jajjabeessuu itti fufe. Afaan Tigireellee afaan hojii akka ta’uuf waan hojjete hin qabu. Kanaaf
hirmaannaa inni imaammata afaaniirratti godhe kanuma Tewodiroosiin walfakkaata jechuun ni
danda’ama. Biyyattii empaayira tokko jalatti bulchuu yaaluun bara kanas tureera.
Sirna bulchiinsa Minilik keessa heerri bifa ammayyummaa qabu akka babal’atetti wanti kaafamu ni
jira. Kaayyoofi mul’atni Tewodiroos qabatee ka’e bara Minilik II kana sirriitti galma ga’eera.
Kanaaf, bara Minilik IIffa afaan Amaaraa bal’inaan akka dagaagu ta’e. Afaan kun iddoowwan sanaan
dura dubbatamee hinbeeknettillee akka afaan hojii ta’u taasifame. Kana malees, amantiidhaanillee
walqabatee afaanichi akka aadaa ta’u taasifame. Loltootnii fi namootni kanneen biroos kaayyoon
akka walkeessa fuudhaman (fkn fuudhaafi heerumaan akka walmakan) taasifame; kun ta’ee immoo
afaan dubbatamuu qabu afaan Amaaraa akka ta’u godhame. Akkaataa dhaloota Lij Iyyaasuu
fudhattee ilaaluu dandeessa. Warreen dur bulchaa turan keessaa dhimmoota afaani irratti
gaarummaadhaan kan bulchiinsa Lij Iyyaasuun qixxaatu hinturre. Sababni isaas, turtii yeroo
gabaabaa ture keessatti mirga afaaniifi amantii sabaafi sablammootaa eegsisuuf yaalee ture.
1.4.2. Imaammata Afaanii Yeroo Sirna Bulchiinsa Mootummaa H/Sillaasee
(1930-1974)
H/sillaasee Iffaan jalqaba 1930ota heeraafi seera ittiin bulmaataa Itoophiyaa (constitution) jalqabaa
qopheessullee waa’ee imaammata afaanii wanti tuqame hinturre. Garuu fuulchi mul’atu ni jira. Kunis
seerichi afaan Amaaraatiin barreeffamuu isaati. Akkamiin afaanichaan barreeffame? Maaliif?
Afaanonni kuun hoo? Gaaffilee kanneeniif deebiin argannu adeemsa mootichi imaammata afaanii
irratti qabu argachuu ni dandeenya. Bara bulchiinsa Xaaliyaanii 1936-1941 garuu jijjiiramni
imaammata afaanii irratti mul’ateera; afaanonni akka afaan Affaar, afaan Oromoo fi afaan Sumaalee
afaan miidiyaa, barnootaa fi bulchiinsaa ta’uun afaan Amaaraa maddiitti dabalamanii ture. 1941
booda afaan Amaaraa qofasaa afaan hojii ta’uun ifatti beekamaa dhufe. Fkn miishinaroonni afaan
Amaaraatiin malee afaan kamiinuu Itoophiyaa keessatti waa dalaguu akka hin dandeenye labsiin
1944 labsamee ture. Kana malees, labsicha keessatti afaan barnoota Itoophiyaa keessatti bakka
hundatti afaan Amaaraa qofa akka ta’uu qabu (labsii Lak. 3/1944) ni ibsa. Mannii murtiis ta’ee
kanneen akka mana barumsaa fi bulchiinsi afaan Amaaraa qofa akka fayyadaman taasifame.
Heerri mootummaa bara 1955 fooyya’e keeyyata 125ffaa irratti “the official language of the Empire is
Amharic” jechuun tumame. Kanarraa ka’uun, Afaan Amaaraa afaan bulchiinsaa, afaan sab-
qunnamtii adda addaa, afaan barnootaa, afaan mana murtii, afaan mana yaalaa ta’ee Itoophiyaa

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bakka hundaatti akka tajaajiluuf murtaa’e. Bara 1972 ‘National Academy of the Amharic Language’
dhaabbanni jedhamu hundeeffamuun afaanichi lafa gadi dhaabbate. Ogumni afaanichaas babal’achaa
dhufe. Maxxansaaleen afaan Tigree torbeetti si’a takka ba’uu fi kan afaan diidaa (Ingiliizii) irraa kan
hafe afaanuma Amaaraan qophaa’u.
1.4.3. Imaammata Afaanii Yeroo Mootummaa Dargii (1974-1991)
Imaammata afaanii yeroo bulchiinsa Dargii yoo ilaalle akka warraaqsi adeemsifameen kan jedhame
afaanonni sabaa fi sablammootaa mirga akka argatan ture. McNabb (1990:65) yaada kana akkana
jechuun ibsa:
Given Ethiopia’s existing situation, the problem of nationalities can be resolved if each
nationality is accorded full right to self-government. This means that each nationality
will have reginal autonomy to decide on matters concerning its internal affairs. Within
its environs, it has the right to determine the contents of its political, economic and
social life, use its own language and elect its own leaders and administrators to head its
internal organs (Ethiopian Government, 1976:14).

Kufaatii mootummaa H/Sillaaseen booda, 1974-91, jijjiiramni imaammata afaanii kan fooyyee ture
yoo ta’es; sochii mirgaa barattoota bara sanaa qabbaneessuurra kan hiixate hinturre. Afaanota kudha
shan barnoota ga’eessotaatiif filataman keessaa Afaan Oromoo isa tokko haa ta’u malee; Afaan
Amaaraa akka afaan hojii biyyoolessaa; akkasumas akka afaan barnootaa sadarkaa tokkoffaa akka
ta’u murtaa’e. Afaan Ingilizii immoo akka afaan hojiifi mana barnootaa sadarkaa lammaaffaafi
dhaabbilee barnootaa olaanoo keessatti akka afaan barnootaatti akka tajaajilu murteeffame. Yeroo
Mootummaa Dargii kana fooyya’insi xiqqoon haa jiraatu malee, rakkoo walfakkaataan akka ture
himama. Kanaarratti Cohen, (2006). Afaan Oromoo afaanota kudha shanan barnoota bu’uuraa
babal’isuuf filataman keessaa tokko haa ta’u malee, guddina afaanichaa karaa hiika qabeessaan
garafuulduratti tarkaanfachiisuun akka hindandaa’amne akeeka.

1.4.4. Imaammata Afaanii Itoophiyaa (1991-2018)

Bara 1994, mootummaa yeroo sana ADWUI aangoorra tureen heerri mootummaa bahee labsame
seenaa biyyitti gama imaammata afaaniitiin baroota dheeraaf ture kan jijjiiredha. Heerichis keeyyata
isaa ‘5’ keessatti akka jedhutti:
1. All Ethiopian languages shall enjoy equal state of recognition (Afaanonni biyyitti
hundi seera biratti beekamtii walqixa ni argatu)
2. Amharic shall be the working language of the Federal Government (Afaan Amaaraa
Afaan hojii mootummaa federaalaa ni ta’a)

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 3. Members of the Federation shall determine their respective working languages
(Miseensonni Federeeshinii afaan hojii isaanii murteessuun ni filatu)
Haala kanaan, jijjiiramni cimaan yeroo har`aa mul’atu afaanota sabaafi sablammii dhimmoota hojii
waajjiraalee mootummaaf, caasaalee bulchiinsaaf mana murtiifi barnootaaf oolchuu isaatiniidha.
Haaluma kanaan, mootummoonni naannoolee biyyitti afaanota hojii naannoo isaanii filachuun
dhimmoota adda addaaf qoqqooduun hojiirra oolchaniiru. Fkn. Afaan Oromoo naannoo Oromiyaa,
Naannoo Harariifi Godina Addaa Sabaa Oromoo-Kamisee, Afaan amaaraa naannoo Amaaraafi
Finfinnee, Afaan Tigiree kan Tigiraayi, Afaan Harari kan naannoo hararii, Affaar naannoo Affaar,
Afaan Sumaaleefi afaanonni hedduun mootummaa naannoo kibbaa sadarkaa aanaafi godinaatti
afaan hojiifi barnootaa ta’uuf filatamuun hojiirra oolaniiru.
Mootummaan ce’umsa Itoopiyaa (TGE) Chaartarii keeyyata 2ffaa, “Nations, Nationalities and peoples
have the right to self determination. Accordingly each nation, nationality and people has the right to
preserve and guard its identity, develop its culture and history and use its own language.” jechuun
xiyyeeffannoo imaammata afaaniif qabu argisiisee ture. Keessattuu afaanonni akka Afaan Oromoo,
Afaan Sumaalee fi Afaan Sidaamaa battalumatti qubee Laatinii fayyadamuun hojiitti bobba’an.
Imaammanni barnootaafi leenjii Itoophiyaas barnoonni afaan daa’imman ittiin afaan hiikkataniin
akka sadarkaa addaddaatti kennamu murteesee jira.
1.4.5. Imaammata Afaanii Itoophiyaa (2018 – ammaa) ….

2. A f a a n K a r o o r s u u / Language Planning

2.1. Yaaxxina Karoora afaanii /Frameworks of language planning

Afaan karoorsuun, afaan yaaluu “language treatment”, afaan qajeelchuu/dhidhiibuu “language
correction” ykn afaan ijaaruu “language engineering” jedhamuunis ni beekama. Gabaabumatti afaan
karoorsuun, afaan kam, dhimma maaliitiif, akkamitti akka tajaajila kennuu qabu murteessuudha.
Kana ilaachisee Wiley (1996) akka ittaanutti bal’isee ibsa. “Language planning is generally seen as
entailing the formation and implementation of a policy designed to prescribe, or influence the
language (s) and varieties of language that will be used and the purposes for which they will be used”
(P.107-108).
Thus, standard languages are not merely uniform linguistic systems; they are also
used in different modes (spoken and written), styles (public and private, formal and
informal) and communicative domains (education/schooling, politics and
administration, science and technology, religion, literature, law, mass media,
conversation).Moreover, deliberate codification (i.e. the selection and formalization of

11
 prescriptive norms) has been identified as a necessary property of standard languages
(Deumert, 2004: 3).

Akka Wiley (1996) jedhutti akaakuu afaan karoorsuu garagaraa garuu walitti hidhatoo sadi akka
jiran dubbata. Isaanis: Gahee murteessuu (status planning), afaan misoomsuu/gabbisuu (corpus
planning), fi afaan hiikkachuu karoorsuu (language acquisition planning). Kanneen jalqaba lamaan
bal’inaan kan beekaman oggaa ta’u; tajaajila karoorsuu (functional planning)fi uunkaa
karoorsuu(formal planning) jedhamees nibeekama. Gama biraatiinis, afaan murteessuu (language
determinism) fi afaan misoomsuu (language development) jedhama (Fasold, 1984). Gahee
murteessuu/ tajaajila karoorsuu/afaan murteessuu jechuun gahee afaan tokko hawaasa keessatti qabu
ykn tajaajila afaan hawaasa keessatti kennu murteessuu jechuudha. Gosti karoorsuu afaanii kun
murtii fayyadama afaaniirratti kennamu ta’e; afaan jiran keessaa isa kamtu tajaajila akkamii kennuu
akka qabu murteessuudha.

Unlike corpus language planning, whose domain is language itself (see above), status
planning – that is, intervention targeted at the societal functions of language – usually
involves simultaneous activity across several social domains: the workplace, local
government, the family/home, the law, the media, education and soon (Ferguson,
2006: 32-33).

Gama biraatiin afaan gabbisuu ykn misoomsuun tarkaanfii afaan sun tajaajila hawaasa keessatti
kennuu qabu akka gahuumsaan bahutti tarkaanfii afaanicha fooyyessuuf ykn gahaa taasisuuf
godhamu kan ilaallatudha. Fakkeenyaaf, sochiiwwan kan akka galmee jechootaa, seerluga, qubee
qopheessuufi kkf hammata. Kan gahee murteessuu jalatti ramadamuu danda’u; kan hayyoonni akka
akaakuu afaan kaaroorsuu addaatti dhiyeessan:

Language acquisition planning is another third major type of language planning that
intends toward language spread especially through education. The prime intent of
acquisition planning is all about working to increase the number of its speakers. Still
another type of language planning called prestige planning is also in relative use. This
type of language planning is supposed to be a special form of language planning to
further reinvigorate the status of a particular language to guarantee acceptance in
stereotypic circumstances or related odds.

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Yaadrimeewwan Afaan Karoorsuu Lamaan (The Two Concepts of Language Planinning)
Karoora afaanii keessatti yaadrimeewwan gurguddoo lamatu jiru: Isaanis:-
 Dhiyeenya meeshummaa ( instrumental approach) fi
 Dhiyeenya Xinqooqa Hawaasummaa (Socio-liguistic approach) ta’u.
Karoorri Afaanii Akkamitti Hojjetama?
Gaaffiin karoorri afaanii akkamitti hojjetama? Jedhu sadarkaalee karooraafi raawwii adeemsa
karooraa isa guddaadha. Rubin (1971) sadarkaalee adeemsa karooraa afaanii afur addaan baaseera.
1. Ragaalee qabatamoo argachuu (Fact-findings): murtoo karoora afaanii kamiyyu dabarsuun
dura odeeffannoo seenduubee (back-ground) gahaa qabaachuun barbaachisaadha.
2. Karoorsuu (Planning): asitti murtoon ni kennama; karoorsitoonni galmaafi tarsimoo
bu’ureessuu akkasumas bu’aan isaa maal akka ta’uu danda’u tilmaamuu.
3. Raawwii (Implimentation): murtoowwan karoorichaa hojiirra ooluu.
4. Yaad-deebii kennuu (Feed-back): sadarkaa kanatti karoorsitoonni karoorichi hammam akka
hojiirra oole ilaaluu.

2.2. Kaayyoolee afaan Karoorsuu

Afaan karoorsuun kaayyoo adda addaatiif akka gaggeeffamu hayyoonni irratti waliif galu.
Fakkeenyaaf, kaayyoo siyaasaaf, dinagdeefi hawaasummaaf akka afaan karoorfamuu danda’u Wiley
(1996) ni eera. Kana malees, Cooper (1989) yaada armaan gadii kenna.

It is unattainable, at least at our present level of competence, not only because

language planning is such a complex activity, influenced by numerous factors -
economic, ideological, political, etc. - and not only because it is directed toward so
many different status, corpus, and acquisition goals, but more fundamentally because
it is a tool in the service of so many different latent goals such as economic
modernization, national integration, national liberation, imperial hegemony, racial,
sexual, and economic equality, the maintenance of elites, and their replacement by
new elites. (1989: 182)
Imaammanniifi karoorri afaanii kan dhufu fedhii hawaasummaafi siyaasaa deebisuuf. Fakkeenyaaf,
bakka gartuun waldorgomaa jiran keessatti karoorri afaanii barbaachisaadha. Haaluma kanaan,
karoorri afaanii kaayyoolee armaan gadii akka qabu qo’attoonni afaanii ni eeru.
1. Qulqullina afaanii eeguuf (Language Purification):- Afaan qulqulleessuuf dhiibbaa
afaanota ormaa irraa ittisuufi afaanuma tokko keessatti garaagarummaan akka hinbabal’anne
taasisuuf.

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 2. Afaan Bayyaannachiisuuf (Language revival):- Afaan yeroo tokko hawaasa isaa tajaajilaa
turee booda sababa adda addaan hawaasicha tajaajiluu hindandeenye tokko deebisanii afaan
waliigaltee yookiin walqunnamtii taasisuuf.
3. Haaromsa Afaaniif (Lnguage Reform):- Itti yaadamaee dhimmoota afaanii murtaa’oo
fakkeenyaaf, sirna barreeffamaa (orthograghy), qubeessuu (spelling) yookiin caasaarratti
(grammar) faayidaa afaanichaa fooyyeessuuf jijjiirama taasisuuf.
4. Waaltina Afaaniif (Language Standardization):- Afaan yookiin looga afaanichaa uummata
afaanicha dubbatan hundumaa biratti fudhatama qabu uumuuf.
5. Babal`ina Afaaniif (Language Spread):- Yaalii afaan tokko babal`isuuf lakkoofsa
dubbattootaa ida`uurratti godhamu.
6. Jechoota ammayyeessuuf (Lexical modernization):- Jechoota uumuu yookiin afaan
biroorraa ofitti madaqsuuf.
7. Jechoota walfakkeessuuf (Terminology Unification):- Afaan tokko keessatti
garaagarummaa fayyadama terminoloojii hambisuuf keessumattuu jechoota teekinikaa warra
ta’an tokko taasisuuf.
8. Akkaata fayyadama afaanii salphisuuf (Stylistic simplification):- Itti fayyadama
jechootaa, caasaafi akkaataa dubbii salphaa taasisuuf.
9. Walqunnamtii afaanota gidduuf (Interlanguage communincation):- Miseensota
uummattoota afaan adda addaa dubbatan gidduutti waliigaltee afaanii salphisuuf.
10. Afaan tursuuf (Language maintenance):- Dhiibbaa adda addaa bakka (position) afaanichaa
gad qabuuf sababa ta’aa jiran keessatti afaanicha afaan dhalootaa lammiilee ta’ee akka itti
fufu eeguufi.
11. Koodii deeggartoota afaanii waaltessuu (Auxiliary-code standardization):- deeggartota
afaaniin kanneen akka mallattoolee namoota dhageettii dhabanii, maqaa bakkaafi kkf
waaltessu.

2.3. Afaan Karoorsuun Maaliif?

Afaan karoorsuun kan jalqabame bara 1970oota keessa yeroo Norweey bittaa garbummaa jalaa
bilisoomte akka ta’e himama. Egaa, sababoota afaan karoorsuu barbaachisaa taasisan keessaa:

 Caccabuu koministii Raashaafi Irra deebi’anii ijaaramuu biyyootaa

 Dhaabbachuu bittaa gaarbummaafi bilisoomuu biyyootaa
 Babal’chuu sirna dimokiraasiifi Mirgi foxxoquu sabootaa kabajamuu,
 Addunyaalessuu,: godaansa, du’atii/dhabamuu afaanotaa, babal’achuu afaan walee

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  Garoomuu biyyootaa: Gamtaa Awuroppaa, Gamtaa Afrikaa, Mootummoota Gamtoomanii,
kkf

Goolabuudhaaf, biyya tokko keessa afaanota adda addaa waliin jiraachuu danda’u. Yeroo afaanonni
adda addaa waliin jiraatan immoo rakkooleen afaaniin hidhata qaban waan hinoolledha. Rakkoolee
akkana kana maqsuuf immoo, sirriitti ittiyaaduun imaammata afaanii baasuufi afaan karoorsuun
baay’ee barbaachisaadha. Afaan karoorsuun sochiileefi gochaalee imaammata afaanii galamaan
gahuu godhaman kan ilaallatudha. Gabaabumatti afaan karoorsuu jechuun imaammata afaanii gara
hojiitti jijiiruu jechuudha. Kanaafuu, imaammata afaanii baasuun immoo murtoo siyaasaa
mootummaan fayyadama afaanii ilaalchisee dabarsudha. Kana jechuun, afaan kam, dhimma
maaliitiif, eessatti, yeroo hangamiitiif, akkamitti akka tajaajiluu qabu murteessuu jechuudha.
Murtoon kun immoo kan kallattii ykn falaasama siyaasa biyya tokkoorratti bu’uureffatu waan ta’eefi
afaanonni nageenyaan waliin akka jiraataniifi guddatan ykn akka waldhaban, hacuucaman, ykn
badan kan gochuu danda’udha.

Kanaafuu, haala qabatamaa Afrikaatti, Fyle (2003: 113) afaan karoorsuu keessatti gareen afaanota
armaan gadii akka barbaachisoo ta’an jala mure ibsa. Isaanis:

1. Afaan abbaa ykn dhalootaa;

2. Afaanota bal’inaan dubbataman (fkn Afaan Oromoo, Amharic)
3. Afaan/afaanoota biyyaalessaa,
4. Afaan Afrikaanota walitti fidu ( fkn.Kiswahili)
5. Afaanota biyyoolessa, kan akka (Afaan Ingliziifi afaan Fareench)

2.4. Gosoota Karoora afaanii /Types of language planning

Karoorri afaanii bakka gurguddoo sadiitti qoodama.
2.4.1. Gahee murteessuu /Status planning
Karoorri sadarkaa yeroo tokko tokko karoora hawaasummaa yookaan karoora alaa jedhamee
beekama. Kaayyoon gosa karoora kanaa inni bu’uuraa afaanota biyya tokko keessatti argaman
tajaajila adda addaa bakka adda addaatti akka qabaatan ta’anii kan qophaa’an akka ta’aniifidha.
Karoorri kun tajaajila afaan tokkoo yookiin bifa afaanichaa akkasumas mirga kanneen afaanicha
dubbatanii nijijjiira. Fakkeenyaaf, yoo uummanni tokko tasa afaan isaaniin daa’imman isaanii afaan
isaanii akka hinbarsiifne dhorkaman afaanichi sun sadarkaan isaa yookiin bakki isaa gadi bu’a. Gama
biraatiin immoo yeroo mootummaan afaan duraan hojiif hinoolle tokko akka afaan hojii ta’u taasise,
afaanichi beekamtii argate sun sadarkaan isaa nifooyya’a. Kanaaf, sadarkaan afaan tokkoo olka’uu

15
yookiin gadi bu’uu nidanda’a. Yeroo baay`ee jijjiiramni sadarkaa afaanii suuta raawwatama; yeroo
tokko tokko immoo mormiin isa qunnama; miira cimaas uummata keessatti uuma. Jijjiiramni afaanii
xiqqoonillee miira adda addaa saboota hedduu irratti, tajaajila kennuuf filatamuu, caalee
mul’achuu sadarkaa afaanichaaf sababa isa duraati.
Afaan karoorsuu keessatti sadarkaa afaanotaa murteessuuf dhimmoonni yookiin ulaagaaleen dursa
guutamuu qaban nijiru. Ulaagaalee barbaachisan keessa bakki guddaan kan kennamuuf sadarkaa
waaltina afaan sanaati. Waaltina afaan tokkoo wajjin haala walqabateenis dhimmoota xiyyeeffannaa
argachuu qaban keessaas qabxiiwwan armaan gadii baay`ee murteessoodha.
 Afaanichi sadarkaa barreeffamaaf ooluu danda’uu
 Seera barreessuu waalta’e qabaachuu
 Seerluga wabeeffamuu danda’u qabaachuu
 Galmee jechootaa afaanichaan qophaa’e qabaachuu
 Afaanichaan barreeffamee kan dubbifamuuf oole ga’a ta’uu
 Qajeelfamoonni leenjii barsiisotaaf gargaaran ga’aa ta’uu fa’i
Keessumaa afaan waalta’eefi waalteffamaa jiru keessatti jechoonni ga’aa ta’an jiraachuuniifi
yeroodha gara yerootti jechoonni haaraan sababa guddina qaroominaan uumaman gara
afaanichaatti dabalamaa deemuun murteessaadha. Haata’u malee, jechoonni haaraan gara afaan
kanaatti dabalamaa deeman kun haala to’annaa qabuun ta’uu akka malu beektonni nigorsu. Sababiin
isaas, yaadrimeen meeshaa / wanta uumame tokko bakka bu’u dubbbattoota afaanichaa hunda biratti
haala walfakkaatuun beekamee waaltinni afaanichaa eegamuu waan qabuufi.
2.4.2. Afaan misoomsuu/gabbisuu /Corpus planning
Gosti karoora afaanii kun isa 2ffaafi yeroo tokko tokko karoora xiinqooqaa yookaan karoora keessaa
jedhame beekama. Sababni inni karoora keessa jedhameefis, karoorichi sadarkaa afaanichi gama
tajaajilarra ooluu qabuun osoo hinxiinxaliin dandeettii afaanicha gabbisuuf qofa ijaarsa keessa
afaanichaarratti kan bu’ureeffatu waan ta’eefidha. Gochaalee karoora korpasii keessatti
raawwatamuu qaban keessa kanneen gadii isaan angafoota;
 Seera qubeessuu kan waliigalaa afaanichaaf qopheessanii hojiirra oolchuu
 Seera caasaa afaanichaa erga qo’atanii adda baasanii booda murteessuu yookiin
jijjiiruu
 Jechoota afaanichaa gabbisuufi hammayyeessuu
 Galmee jechoota afaanicha qofaan (monolingual dictionary) barreessuun qopheessuu
 Qubee (Script) afaanichi osoo ittin barreeffamee filatamaa ta’u qopheessanii
dhiheessudha
 Akkaata barreeffama afaan tokkoo jijjiiruu yookaan fooyyessuu

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  Walsimsiisuu uunkaalee ( forms ) qubeewwan yookaan jechootafi loogota afaan
tokkoo
 Sagaleessuu jechoota murteessuu
 Jechootaafi tarminooloojii afaanii bal’isuu
 Hojiiwwan garaagaraa gara afaanichaatti jijjiiranii barreessuu
2.4.3. Afaan hiikkachuu karoorsuu /Acquisition planning
Karoora olii lamaan dabalatee karoorri afaanii beektota biratti beekamaa ta’e karoora afaan akka
baratamu gochuu ( acquisition planning )ti. Xiyyeeffannaan karoora akkuzishinii inni guddaan
hawaasni gartuun afaanii tokko afaan dhaloota isaa hintaane tokko akka baratuuf faayidaalee
garaagaraa beekumsa afaanichaatti qabsiisuun akka inni baratu taasisuudha. Gartuun hawaasaa
afaanii sunis faayidaa afaanicha beekuu wajjin walqabatee sana argachuuf jecha afaanicha barata
jechaadha.

2.5. Dhimmoota Karoora Afaanii Daangessan (Factors Affecting Language

Planning)
2.5.1. Qaaccessa Baasiifi Bu’aa (Cost-benefit Analysis)
Dhimmoota karoora afaanii daangessan keessaa inni tokko baasiifi bu’aa ilaalcha keessa galchuu (a
cost bendfit analysis) waliin walqabata. Akka qajeelfama baasiifi bu’aatti, karoorri gaariin bu’aa
hawaasni argatuufi baasii inni baasu wal-simsiisuudha. Thorburn (1971) qaacceessa baasiifi bu’aa
karoora afaanii keessatti yoo ibsu, “Yaalii karoora afaanii keessatti garaagarummaa dhiibbaalee
sirritti beekaman lama baasii qo’annoo dinagdee (economics ) irraa kan fudhatame yoo ta’ellee,
karoora afaanii keessatti maallaqa waliin walitti dhufeenya hinqabu. Sababni isaas,
Xiyyeeffannoon qaaccessa bu’aafi baasii dhimmoota hawaasummmaa karoora afaanii waliin wal
kan qabatanidha.’’jedha.
2.5.2. Rakkoolee Ragaalee Qabatamoo Dhabuu
Karoora afaanii keessatti rakkooleen odeeffannoo yookiin ragaalee sirrii ta’an argachuun waliin kan
walqabatan jiru. Murtoo karoora afaanii dabarsuufi immoo ragaalee qabatamaa ta’an argachuun
barbaachisaadha. Waldhabdeen/qaawwi yaada murtoo karooraa dabarsuuf raga gaariin
barbaachisaadha jedhuufi bifoonni odeeffannoo argaman hanga kanatti amansiisaa ta’uu dhiisuun
haalleen ragaaleeen kun itti sassaabaman waliin wal qabata. Fakkeenyaaf, namoota odeeffannoo
lakkoofsa uummataa (census) walitti qaban eenyutuu? afaan isa kam? Yoom? Eessatti? kaayyoo
maaliiif itti fayyadama? Jedhu addaan baasanii baruun isaan rakkisa. Dhimmichi diibistoonni
gaaffilee gaafatamaniif deebii sirrii dhabuu irraan kan ka’e walxaxaa ta’ee mul’ata. Akka gaaffileen
kun itti gaafatamanis deebii kennamuu danda’u irratti dhiibbaa fidu. Afaan dhalootaakee maali ?

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Afaan ati jalqaba irratti baratte maali? Afaanota isaan kam dubbatta ? Afaan ‘X’ yookiin‘Y’
dubbachuu dandeessaa? Gaaffileen kuniifi deebileen isaanii fedhii siyaasaa ofkeessatti qabaachuu
danda’u. Haala yeroo ragaan sun sassaabamuu irratti hundaa’uun namoonni gaaffilee gaafatamaniif
deebii sirrii kennuu dhiisuu nidanda’u. Fakkeenyaaf, haala irratti hundaa’uun afaan dubbachuu
hindandeenye akka danda’aniitti kan danda’an immoo akka hindandeenyeetti ragaa kennuu
nidanda’u. Kanaaf, ragaalee lakkoofsa uummataa irraa argaman of eeggannootiin qaaccessuun
barbaachisaadha.
3. Afaan Waaltessuu /Language Standardization
3.1. Loogaafi waaltina /Dialect and standardization
3.1.1. Yaadrimee Xiinloogaa
Saayinsiin Afaan hawaasa qo’atu xiinqooqa hawaasummaa jedhama. Qorannoo isaafis bu’uura
(ka’umsa) kan ta’an garaagarummaa dubbii afaanii jiraattoota hawaasa ykn naannoolee addaa
addaa afaan tokko dubbatan garuu garaagarummaan sun hawaasichaaf hiika laachuu danda’anidha.
Dubbataan afaan tokkoo yoo gadi fageenyaan ilaalamee tokkoon tokkoon isaaniyyu haala adda
addaatiin afaan isaanitti gargaaramu. Kana dhugoomsuun kan danda’amus jechoota barreessitoonni
adda addaa afaan tokkoo gargaaraman ilaaluun nidanda’ama. Tokko tokkoon lakkaa’uun osoo
ilaalame baay’inaan jechoota garaagaraatti yommuu gargaaraman mul’atu. Haaluma kanaan, haalli
itti gargaarama afaanii dhuunfaa (Idiolect) jedhama. Hayyuuleen xinqooqaa garaagarummaa afaanii
ykn looga afaan tokkoo mul’isuuf jecha ‘lect’ jedhuun ibsuun dhimma itti ba’u. Fakkeenyaaf,
dialects, family lect, village lect etc.)
Haala olitti ibsamerraa ka’uun xiinlooga jechuun damee saayinsii xinqooqaa ta’ee haalota (akkaataa)
garaagarummaa afaan tokko keessatti mul’atanii kan qo’atudha. Jechi kun yeroo jalqabaaf kan
argame jecha Laatinii ‘dialectus’ jedhamu hiikni isaa karaa dubbii jedhamurraa bara 1577
jedhamee yaadama.
Xiinloogni galmaafi tooftaa qo’annoo kan isaa kan qabuufi beekamaadha. Kanarra ka’uudhaanis
dameewwan qo’annoo afaanii kan biroon walitti dhufeenya niqabaata. Isaanis fakkeenyaaf saayinsii
xiinqooqa afaanii keessumaayyu xiinsaga (phonetics), xiinqooqa seenaa (historical linguistics) fi
xiinqooqa hawaasummaa (sociolinguistics)waliin ta’u. Qo’annoonsaas kan irratti caalaa xiyyeeffatu
teessuma lafaa ykn loogaa naannoo (dialect geography) irrattidha.
Qorannoon afaanii bakka gurguddoo lamatti qoodamu. Isaanis xiinqooqaafi seerluga afaaniiti.
Xiinqooqni saayinsii afaan qo’atu yoo ta’u seerlugni immoo seeraafi sirna afaanii kan qo’atudha.
Dameewwan xiinqooqaa keessaa xiinqooqni hawaasummaa haala afaan hawaasa tokkoo kan
qoratudha.
Xiinlooga Maaliif?

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Xiinloogni maaliif akka baratamuu ykn qoratamuu qabu Rickford, (1996:151) yeroo ibsu barattoota
garaagrummaa loogaa jirurrattu akka hubannoo qabatan gargaaruu akka ta’e lafa kaa’a.
Garaagarummaa jiru hubachuun baruu barsiisuu haala gaariin gaggeessuu ta’ee, waliigaltee gahaa
gaggeessuuf gahee olaanaa kan qabu waan ta’eef.
One reason is to better prepare our students for the vernacular varieties of a foreign language which
they can expect to find its native speakers using if and when they have the opportunity to travel
abroad. Understanding the variability in our own language and that of our students is also very
important for LI and L2 teachers, because the regional and social dialects that teachers and children
speak can have a big impact on students' success at school. (ibid: 152)
Gama biraatiin hubannoo looga naannoo ykn looga hawaasaa qabaachuun waligaltee gahaa
hawaasicha waliin gaggeessuu, namoota looga adda addaa dubbatan waliin hariiroo gaariifi
walta’insa uumuu, akkasumas garaagarummaa afaan tokko keessa jiru akka dinqisiifatan gargaara.
Kana malees garaagarummaa afaan tokko keessa jiru yoo sirriitti hubatan barreeffamarrattis ta’e
dubbiirratti filannoo jechootaafi haalaarratti hedduu akka nama gargaaru himama. Hunda caalaa
ilaalcha garaagarummaan afaan tokko gidduu jiru akka hanqinatti osoo hintaane akka midhaginaatti
fudhachuu akka dagaagfatan gargaara.
On the positive side, an increased awareness of regional and social variation can significantly
enhance teachers' and students' mutual understanding and appreciation, and can offer teachers
additional tools with which to enhance their students' appreciation of literature, their ability to write
and use a variety of styles, and their sensitivity to the diversity and richness of the speech
communities in which their languages are used
3.2. Afaan, Loogaafi Loqoda
Hayyootni afaanii looga hiikuun akkuma afaan hiikuu rakkisaa akka ta’e dubbatu. Haa ta’u malee,
qaphxiin isaan irratti waliigalan, gartuu looga adda adda dubbatan gidduu waliigaluu danda’uun
(mutual intelligibility) yoo jiraate looga dubbaatu jechuu dandaa’ama jedhu. Yoo waliigaluu
dadhabaan garuu afaan adda addaatti foxxoqe jechuudha. Kana ilaalchisee hayyootni adda addaa
akkana jedhu. “A dialect is a variation of a language characterized by distinct pronunciation,
grammar, and vocabulary.” (Stritikus& Varghese, 2010: 289) Fromkin fi kanneen biroon immoo,
“Dialects are mutually intelligible forms of a language that differ in systematic ways.” (2011: 430)
Some sociolinguists know a lot about what features typify the accents or dialects of speakers from
different regions, and these sociolinguists are pretty good at identifying speakers’ origins from the
way they speak. When linguists talk about accents, they are referring only to how speakers
pronounce words, whereas they use dialect to refer to distinctive features at the level of
pronunciation and vocabulary and sentence structure (Meyerhoff 2006:28)

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Looga hiikuun egaa akka salphaa hintaane dubbatama. Hiikni armaan oliis gaaffii hedduu kaasuu
mala. Fakkeenyaaf, ulaagaa waliigaltee qofa fudhannee kan hiiknu yoo ta’e; haala afaan adda adda
lama waliigaluu dandaa’an garuu looga jedhamuun hafee afaan jedhamanii waamaman nijira.
Fakkeenyaaf, dubbattoonni afaan Norwegian, Danish fi Swedish rakkoo tokko malee waliigaluu
danda’u. Garuu afaanota adda addaati. Kana malees Edwards, akkas jedha. “There are other
examples, too, of the dominance of political concerns over purely linguistic ones, concerns that
dictate that Serbian and Croatian, Hindi and Urdu, Flemish and Dutch, and so on, are to be seen as
separate languages.” (2009: 64).
Biyya keenya keessattis afaan WAGAGODA (Walaayittaa, Gaamoo, Gofaa fi Daawuroo) sirriitti
waliigaluu akka dandaa’an dubbatama. Haa ta’u malee rakkoo ilaalchaa isaan gidduu jiruun afaan
keenya afaan adda addaati malee looga adda addaa afaan tokkoo miti ejjennoo jedhu qabu.Gama
biraatiin immoo loogota adda addaa afaan tokkooti jedhamanii kan adda baafaman yeroo isaan akka
afaan tokkootti fudhataman argina. Fakkeenyaaf looga afaan Chaayinaa kan jedhaman Cantonese fi
Mandarine gidduu dubbattonni tasumaa waliigaltee gaggeessuu hindandaa’ani. Garuu, waan biyya
tokko, eenyummaa biyyaalessaa tokko qabaniif afaan tokko jedhame fudhatama. Faallaa kanaan
afaan Oromoo biyyoota adda addaa keessatti dubbatama. Fakkeenyaaf, Oromoon Keeniyaa jiraatuufi
Oromoon Itiyoophiyaa, keessumaa Oromoon Booranaa, afaan tokko dubbatu, gadaa tokko qabu,
aadaa tokko qabu. Kanaafuu afaan tokko looga tokko dubbatu; garuu lammummaa adda addaa qabu.
Kanaafuu, looga sirriitti hiikuuf, ulaagaa xiinqooqaan alatti ulaagaa kanneen biroo kan akka
siyaasaa, hawaasummaafi aadaa yoo hinfayyadamne hiika sirrii kennuun hindandaa’amu yaada
jedhutu kennama. Fakkeenyaaf yoo siyaasa fudhanne; akka hayyuun Max Weinreich [1945] jedhutti,
Afaan jechuun looga loltuu lafoofi loltuu galaanarraa qabudha ’is a dialect that has an army and
navy’.
3.2.1. Loqoda
Hayyoonni xiinqooqaa baay’een loogaafi loqodni, akka adda adda ta’etti hubatu. Looga jechuun
garaagarummaa jechaa, seerlugaafi xiindhamsagaa (sagaleefi sagaleessuu) afaan tokko gidduutti
mul’atudha. “Strictly speaking, a dialect is a variety of a language that differs from others along three
dimensions: vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation (accent). Because they are forms of the same
language, however, dialects are mutually intelligible (Edwards 2009: 63).
Loqodni garuu garaagarummaa akkaataa sagaleessuu ykn yeroo afaan fayydaman sagalee itti baasaan
qofa kan ilaallatudha. Loqoda jechuun loqoduu jecha jedhurra kan dhufe oggaa ta’u; hiikni isaas
haala adda ta’een sagalee baasuu ykn haala baratamaa hintaaneen dubbachuu jechuudha. Chambers
& Turgill, garaagarummaa isaanii yoo ibsan:

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‘Accent’ refers to the way in which a speaker pronounces, and therefore refers to a variety which is
phonetically and/or phonologically different from other varieties. ‘Dialect’, on the other hand, refers
to varieties which are grammatically (and perhaps lexically) as well as phonologically different from
other varieties (2004: 5).
Gabaabumatti, afaan looga kan of jalatti hammatu oggaa ta’u; loqodni immoo looga jalatti kan
hammatamudha. Kanaafuu, afaan looga qaba; loogni immoo loqoda qaba. Kana jechuun hundi
keenya, yeroo afaan fayyadamnu looga dubbanna, looga keessatti immoo akkataa loqoda keenyaa
eessa akka dhufne addatti kan baasee himudha.
3.2.2. Akaakuuwwan Loogaa
Looga gama dubbataatiin yoo ilaalle bakka sadiitti qoodnee ilaaluu dandeenya. Isaanis:
I. Looga dhuunfaa (idiolect)
II. Looga naannoo (regional dialect)
III. Looga hawaasaa (social dialect/sociolect)
3.2.2.1. Looga dhuunfaa (Idiolect)
Looga dhuufaa jechuun, haala dubbataan tokko addatti dhuunfaa itti dubatu jechuudha. The language
of an individual speaker with its unique characteristics is referred to as the speaker’s idiolect.
(Fromkin et al.2010: 430) Kana jechuun namni tokko nama biraarraa haala ittiin dubbatu kan mataa
isaa danda’e qaba. Kanaafuu, nuti hundinuu Afaan Oromoo yeroo dubbannu looga mataa keenyaatiin
jechuudha. Akka hayyootnii afaanii jedhanitti, namni kamuu akka nama biraatti haala walfakkaatuun
dubbachuu hindanda’u. Akka nama biraatti dubbachuun haa hafuutii, sagalee ykn jecha yeroo tokko
baasan haala walfakkaatuun irra deebii’uun akka hindandaa’amne dubbatama.
The personal dialect of each individual speaker of a language is called idiolect. Besides the elements
of social and regional dialect, voice quality and physical state of the individual also contribute to the
identifying features of an individual’s speech – in many respect, you are what you say.
3.2.2.2. Looga Naannoo
Dialects are defined in terms of groups of speakers, and speakers are most readily grouped by
geography. Thus, regional dialects are the most apparent and generally are what people mean when
they use the word dialect (Fromkin et al. 2011:448).
Looga naannoo yeroo jennu garaagarummaa afaanii teessuma lafaarraa kan ka’e ykn bal’ina
lafaarraan kan ka’e kan uumamu jechuudha. Yeroo baay’ee loogni naannoo kan uumamu jijjiiramni
bakka/wiirtuu tokkotti uumamu yoo salphaatti gara bakka/wiirtuu birootti rakkoo adda addaarraan
kan ka’e (tulluu, galaana fi kkf) tamsa’uu yoo dhabu dha. Akkasumas gufuuwwan hawaasaa irraa
kan ka’e (fkn siyaasa, amantaa, gosummaa fi kkf) garaagarummaa afaan tokko gidduutti dhufu

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jechuu dha. Afaan Oromoo keessatti loogni meeqa akka uumamee jiru ilaaluu dandeessa loogni
kunneen akkamiin kan uumame sitti fakkata?
Regional dialect differences arise for various reasons. One factor is the influence of geography itself.
A river, a mountain range, or an expanse of barren land can serve to keep two populations apart, and
since languages are constantly undergoing change (although we seldom notice it happening), the
dialects of the two separated populations will, over time, drift apart. Conversely, a river can help to
spread an innovative feature, if populations up and down its banks are in contact with each other.
(Rickford, 1996: 162)
Sababa kan biraan teessuma lafaan alatti akka loogni naannoo uumamu taasisu, daangaa siyaasaa,
haala qubatnaa, daandii godaansaa, walitti dhufeenya afaaniifi bittaa garbummaa ta’uu dandaa’a.
“Other factors besides geography that help to create regional dialects include political boundaries,
settlement patterns, migration and immigration routes, territorial conquest, and language
contact.”(ibid: 163). Fakkeenyaaf, looga Booranaa haa fudhannu. Oromoon gosa Booranaa hangi
tokko Kaaba Keeniyaa keessatti dubbatama; kan hafe Kibba Itiyoophiyaa keessatti. Biyyoota adda
addaa keessatti dubbatamuurra dabree, afaan ollaa Booranaatti dubbataman adda addaa kan Booranni
waliin hariiroo gaarii qabutu jira. Fkn., Koonsoo, Sumaalee, Kukkuyyuufi kan kan fakkaatan kan
akka afaan sun jijjiiramu karaa saaqantu jira. Kanaafuu, bal’ina lafaa Afaan Oromoo keessatti
dubbatamurraan kan ka’e, Oromiyaan Mootummoota Naannoo baay’ee waliin kan wal daangessitu
ta’uu, Sabaafi sablammiin hedduun kan Oromiyaa keessa jiraatan ta’uun, akkasumas Oromoon
Mootummoota naannoo biyyaatti keessa jiran hunda keessa kan jiraatu ta’uun akka afaan kun
garaagarummaa hedduu qabaatu gahee mataa isaa gumaacheera.
3.2.2.3. Looga Hawaasaa (Social Dialects/sociolect)
The social boundaries that give rise to dialect variation are numerous. They may be based on
socioeconomic status, religious, ethnic or racial differences, country of origin, and even gender.
(Fromkin et al., 2011: 439)
Kutaa dabre jalatti loogni naannoo maal akka fakkaatu, garaagarummaa afaanii akkamii akka fiduu
danda’u laallee jira. Kutaa kana jalatti immoo gartuun naannoo tokkoo gofaa keessa jiraatan garaa
garummaa haala dubbii isaanii keessatti mul’atu maal akka fakkaatu ilaalla. Looga hawaasaa jechuun
sadarkaa hawaasii dingdee/tarree (class), barnoota, umurrii, saalaa, haalaa fi gosa hojii dubbattoonni
afaan tokkoo qabanirratti hundaa’ee garaagarummaa afaan irratti mul’atu jechuudha. Qaphxiilee
garaagarummaa kunneen akka armaan gadiitti mee tokko tokkoon haa ilaallu.
Tarree/sadarkaa (class)
Tarree (class) yeroo jedhamu sadarkaa hawaas-dinagdee akkasumas irraa jala namaa kan hojiirratti
hundaa’ee jechuudha. Haaluma kanaan:

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 Tarree irra-keessaa (upper class)
Tarree giddu-galeessaa (middle class)
Tarree gadaanaa (lower class)
Garaagarummaa tarree ykn sadarkaa jireenyaa kana hordofuudhaan garaagarummaan fayyadama
jechootaafi sagaleessuu dhamsagootaarratti akka mul’atu qorannoon mirkanaa’eera. Fakkeenyaaf,
magaalaa “New Yok” keessatti namootiin sadarkaa olaanaa qaban sagalee [r] yeroo fayyadaman
sadarkaa gadaanaan garuu hinfayyadama jedha, qorannoon.
Barnoota
Barnoota qabaachuufi dhabuun afaan fayyadamuurratti garaargrummaa guddaa akka qabu waaunma
naannoo keenyatti ta’u irraa hibachuun midandaa’ama. Gabaabumatti afaan waaltinaa yeroo hedduu
kan fayyadamu nama barate oggaa ta’u kan hinbaratin garuu baay’naan loogatti dhimma baha.
Umurii (age)
Umuriin akkaataa afaanitti dhimma baanurratti garaagarummaa uumuu danadaa’a. Innis sagalee nuti
baasnurraa kaasee hanga mataduree nuti haasaawuu filannuutti kan garaagarummaa argisiisudha.
Fkn. Daa’imni umuriin isaanii sadii gadi ta’e sagalee [r] uumuu hindandaa’ani. Gama biraatiin
immoo, akkuma barri jijjiiramu aadaanis kan jijjiiramuu ta’uun isaa waan wal nama gaafachisu muti.
Aadaan jijjiiramuun immoo jijjiirama afaanii fida. Haaluma kanaan akka nuti itti dubbannufi akka
akaakayyuun keenya itti dubbatan garaagarummaa qabaachuu mala. Akka hayyootni jedhanitti
garaagarummaa umurii looga hawaasaa kan uumuu danda’u umurii ilmaaf akakaayyuu gidduutti.
Fkn. Jechoota jaarroleen fayyadaman keessatti kan akka tarsiimoo, sagantaalee, gabaasaafi k.k.f
baay’inaan hinmul’atan.
Kornaaya (Genderlects)
Garaagurummaa afaan tokkoorratti kornaayi qooda gumaachu akka gabu beekamaadha. Kana
jechuun fayyadama jechootaafi haala dubbiirratti dhiiraafi dubartii gidduutti garaagarummaan
nimul’ata. Yeroo baay’ee dubartoonni waan faashinii hordofaniif dubbii keessattis jechoota
waalata’oo, haaraa (ammayyaa) yeroo hordofan mu’atu.
Among the more specific reasons that have been suggested are that women use more standard
language to gain access to seniorlevel jobs that are often less available to them, that society tends to
expect “better” behavior in general from women than men, that people who find themselves in
subordinate roles (as women do in many societies) must be more polite, and that men prefer to use
more vernacular forms because it helps to identify them as tough and strong. (Fromkin et al 2011:
449)
Kana malees, mata duree dubbii baay’inaan fuyyadamanirrattis garaagarumaan nimul’ata jedhu,
hayyootni. Fknf, dubartoonni dhimma dhuunfaarratti mariiyachuu, muuxannoo isaanii kan dubartii

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biroo waliin walbira qabanii ilaaluu. Dhiirti garuu, dhimma dhuunfaa osoo hintaanee, waa’ee
ispoortii, biyyaa/siyaasaa, oduu haaraa, rakkoof furmaata kennuufi kkf mariiyata.
Gama biraatiin dubartoonni oggaa sagalee baasan olkaa’aa (high pich) kan qabu ta’uun isaa sagalee
dhiirri uumurra adda isaan akka taasisu himama Kana ilaalchisee, Fromkin et al (2011) yaada armaan
gadii kennu. “One obvious phonetic characteristic of female speech is its relatively higher pitch,
caused mainly by shorter vocal tracts.” (449)
Kornaayarratti hundaa’ee garaagarummaan afaan fayyadamuurratti mul’atu, Afaan Oromoo
keessattis bal’inaan argama. Aadaa Oromoo keessatti laguun ykn safuun iddoo olaanaa qaba. Aadaa
laguu kanarraan kan ka’e, akkaataa dhalaafi dhiirri Afaan Oromoo itti fayyadamaniifi akkaataa isaan
jechoota itti filatan tokko miti. Bal’inaan aadaa Oromoo keessatti dubartiin heerumte takko maqaa
abbaafi haadha dhiirsa ishee, maqaa gosa dhirsaa, maqaa jaalaafi jaaltittii, akkasumas bakka tokko
tokkotti maqaa abba sabbataafi haadha sabbataa waamuun dhorkaadha. Kanaafuu jechoota laguu
kana yaamuuf tooftaan isheen itti dhimma baatu; garaagarummaa akkaataa dubbii dhiiraafi dubartii
gidduutti fida.
Gabaabumatti as keessatti waan irratti xiyyeeffatamuu qabu, afaan kamuu keessatti kornaayarratti
hundaa’ee garaagarummaan fayyyadamaa afaaniirraatti kan mul’atu ta’uu isaati. Jechoota dhalaan itti
dhimma baahan, haalli dubbii isaanii, matadureen dubbii fi kkf kan dhiiraarra adda ta’uusaafi
garaagarummaan fayyaadama afaaniirratti jiraachuu isaati.
Seenduubee Sabummaa (Ethnic background)
Within any society, differences in speech may come about because of different ethnic background.
When a group within a society undergoes some form of social isolation, such as the discrimination or
segregation experienced historically by African-Americans, then social dialect differences become
more marked. From social point of view, the resulting variety of speech may be stigmatized as “bad
speech”.
Haala (style)
Situation of use determines formal or informal style ofspeech – speaking to the chancellor (Formal
style) speaking to the colleague (Informal style).
Haalli fayyadamaa afaaniirratti garaagarummaa fiduu dandaa’a. Kana jechuun ergaa tokko haala
adda addaa keessatti jechoota garagraa fayyadamuudhaan ibsuu danda’uudha.Fkn Waajjiratti yoo
hiriyaa kee barbaaduu deemte “Dhiifama obbo ebeluun argadhaa laata?” jettee barreessituu
gaafachuu dandeesssa. Garuu, mana isaa deemtee, obboleessa isaatiin “Gurbatti kashalabbee
badduun sun mana jirtii laata?”jettee gaafachuu dandeessa. Kanaafuu, yeroo afaan fayyadamnu haala
idilee (formal) fi haala al-idilee (informal) ta’een erga tokko afaan ykn jecha adda addaatti dhimma

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baane dabarsuu dandeenya. Kun immoo, haala adda addaarratti hundoofnee jechoota garaagaraatti
akka fayyadamnu nu afeera.
Gartuffaa (Register)
Register: Variation in use of speech according specific situations (religious, legal, technical) –
expressions vary from situation to situation. Jargon: (also “argot” or “cant”) can be defined as
specialized technical vocabulary associated with different registers, such as “religious register”,
“legal register”, “linguistics register”.
Gartuffaa jechuun koodii (afaan) gartuun hawaasa tokkoo ykn garee murtaawoon tokko miseensa
isaanii gidduutti waliigaluuf itti fayyadaman jechuucha. Fkn “Maal jette?” jechuu yoo barbaade
“Masaalisii jesetese?” Kuunnoo deeme jechuuf, “Kusuunnosoo deseemese.” jedhee waliigaluu
dandaa’a.
Egaa walumaagalatti, loqoda jechuun garaagarummaa afaan tokko gidduutti mul’atu
jechuudha.Garaagarummaan afaanii kun immoo yoo babal’ataa deeme, afaan tokko adda addaa
dhisaa deema. Dhisuurra darbee, gara afaanofa adda addaatti akka foxxoqan taasisuu dandaa’a.
Afaan adda addaatti yoo foxxooqe immoo rakkoo hawaasummaa, siyaasaafi dinagdee fiduu
dandaa’a. Kanaafuu, akka hinfoxxoqne gochuuf garaagarummaa dhiphisuun dirqama ta’a. Karaan
garaagarummaa afaan tokko gidduu jiru ittiin dhiphisan immoo waaltina gaggeessuudha. Afaan
waaltinaafi afaan waaltessuun maal akka ta’emmoo kutaa ittaanu keessatti ilaalla.
3.3. Daangaa Loogaafi Looga Daangessuu
Armaan olitti kaayyoon hangafaa Xiinlooga bardurii garaagarummaa looga naannoo kana
kaartaarratti argisiisuudha jenneera. Kaartaarratti argisiisuuf immoo jalqaba qabxiilee
garagarummaatu adda baafama. Fakkeenyaaf akka jechoota armaan gaditti argisiifamaniitti daangaa
sararama. Kanaafuu, daangaa jechoonni akka: milaacii, chiggiree, shiggiree, beezaa, qarabaa
keessatti dubbataman argisiisuu jechuudha. Daangaa kana kaa’uun akka asii achi ilaalamu salphaa
akka hintaane dubbatama.
In similar maps, areas were differentiated based on the variation in pronunciation of the same word,
such as [krik] and [krɪk] for creek. The concentrations defined by different word usages and varying
pronunciations, among other linguistic differences, form dialect areas.
Yeroo daangaa loogaa kana kaa’anis sarara looga walfakkaataa qabu ittiin kaartaarratti argisiisan
fayyadamu. Innis Ayisoogilos (Isogloss) jedhama. Akkuma kaarataarratti bakka ho’a walfakkaataa
qaban argisiisuuf Ayisooterm (isotherm) fayyadamanu sana jechuudha. Jecha Ayisoogilos jedhu
kana kan yeroo jalqabaatii uumame bara 1892 nama Bielenstein jedhamuun oggaa ta’u; jecha Giriik
iso walfakkaataa ykn tokko jedhuufi gloss afaan ykn luga jedhu walitti jamakuunidha. Chambers fi
Trudgill, yaada kana akka armaan gadiitti ibsaniiru.

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The term ‘isogloss’ was first used by J. G. A. Bielenstein, a Latvian dialectologist, in 1892. He
apparently modelled his new word on the meteorological term isotherm, a line drawn between two
locations with the same average temperature. Isogloss literally means ‘equal language’ (Greek
onvey the fact that a line drawn across a region will
show two areas on either side which share some aspect of linguistic usage but which disagree with
each other. (2004: 89)
Sararri loogaa kunis tarii kan daangaa loogaa argisiisudha. Kannaafuu akkuma sarara loogaa kana
qaxxamurreen looga biraatti ceena jechuudha. Yeroo tokko tokko garuu daangaa kana akka
garaagrummaa qajeellootti argisiisuu dandaa’utti sararuun baay’ee rakkisaa akka ta’e himama.
Kanaafuu yeroo tokko tokko walirraa qaxxaamura yeroo tokko tokkommoo addaan ciccita. Yeroo
biraammoo tokko tokkotti seena. “ Sometimes several isoglosses coincide, often at a political
boundary or at a natural barrier such as a river or mountain range. Linguists call these groupings a
bundle of isoglosses. Such a bundle can define a regional dialect.”
3.3.1. Walitti Seenuu Daangaa Loogaa (The dialect continuum)
Sararri loogaa ykn ayisoogilos oggaa sararamu daangaa loogaa sirritti kaa’uun baay’ee rakkisaadha.
Daangaa looga tokkoo as gahee dhaabbata; kana dabruu hinqabu wanti jedhanii lafa kaa’an hinjiru.
Yeroo baay’ee loogonni walitti ce’u. Namoonni Daangaarra jiraatanis yeroo isaan looga adda addaa
lamatti dhimma bahan mul’atu. Namoota akkasii kanas hayyoonni xiinloogaa loog-lamee bidialectal
(speaking two dialects) jedhanii ibsu. “Isoglosses and dialect boundaries do not represent sharp
breaks between two different dialect regions, although they are quite useful in establishing broad
view of regional dialects. In fact, at most dialect boundary area one variety merges into another
forming a dialect continuum.” Fakkeenyaaf Booranaafi Gujiin looga adda addaati. Garuu aanaalee
Booranaan waldaangessan keessatti jechi isaanii haalli dubbi isaanii walfakkaata. Haaluma kanaan;
qarshii 0.05’f jechoota adda addaa: saantima, beesee, bakkannee, niiraa, chiinkoo, meezoo, jedhama.
Isuma kana yoo looga Maccaa keessatti fudhannee ilaalle, saantima, meezoo, sharfee, firaankaa,
diimtuu, jedhama. Kanaafuu looga keessatti loogatu argama jechuudha.

3.4. Loogawwan Afaan Oromoo

Afaan Oromoo maatii afaanii guddaa Afroo-eeshiyaafi maatii giddugaleessaa Kuush jalaa afaanota
lafa bal’aafi namoota hedduun dubbataman keessaa isa hangafa. Afaan Oromoo Itoophiyaa
keessattiis ta’e Itoophiyaan alattis nidubbatama. Namoonni Afaan Oromoo dubbatan lakkoofsaan
baay’ee dha. Mootummoolee Naannoo Itiyoophiyaa keessatti bakka Afaan Oromoo itti
hindubbatamne hinjiru. Namoonni Afaan Oromoo dubbatan Naannoo laga Abbaayaa, Gojjam

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dhihaa, Wallaggaa dhihaaf bahaa, Walloo kaabaaf kibbaa, Kamisee, Shawaa kaabaa, bahaa, lixaaf
kibba lixaa, Harargee bahaaf lixaa, Baalee, Gujii, Jimmaa, Iluu Abbaa-boora, Arsii, fi Boorana
keessa jiraatu. Afaan kun Keeniyaa kaabaa fi Taanzaaniyaa bakka tokko tokko’ttis ni dubbatama.
Bal’ina lafaa Afaan Oromoo keessatti dubbatamurraa kan ka’e akka yaada hayyoota tokko tokkootti,
loogota addaaddaa of jalatti qaba.

They [Oromo] are divided into numerous clans. But they are united by a single
language, whose many dialects are mutally intelligible.(Cooper, 1989: 22)

Afaan Oromoo looga hanga kana qaba jedhamee yaadi kennamu hanqina akka qabu dubbatama.
Sababiin isaa ulaagaan sirriitti adda baafameefi qorannoon gadifageenyaan irratti gaggeeffamee
waan hinjirreef. Kanaafuu, tokko tokkoon qoodanii kaa’uurra hayyoonni akka Appleyard (2006)
akka armaan gadiitti gareessanii kaa’uu filatu. Akka Appleyard (2006: 809) Afaan Oromoo gareelee
loogaa sadiitti qoodanii ilaaluun nidandaa’ama. Isaanis:

1. Garee giddugalaa – dhihaa, kun yoo xiqqaate dubbataa miliyona 15 qabu, Macca,
Tuulamaa, Karrayyuu, Walloofi, Rayyaa, cufti kan Itoophiyaa keessatti dubbataman;
2. Garee Bahaa, Oromoo Harar, baha Itoophiyaatti kan dubbatamu;
3. Garee kibbaa, Booranaa, Gujii, Arsii-Baalee, fi Gabra, kan Itoophiyaafi daangaa
Keeniyaatti dubbatamuudha.
Dhiyeenya kana qorannoon hayyuu Oromootiin gaggeeffame immoo, Afaan Oromoo loogota gara
kudhanii akka qabu addeessa. Isaanis: Walloo, Raayaa, Tuulama, Macca, Arsii, Harargee, Gujii,
Boorana, Ormaafi Waata jedhamu. Guutummaan yaada isaa akka armaan gadiitti jirudha.

Today the Afaan Oromoo dialects spoken in Ethiopia and Kenya are known usually
by the following local names though the spellings in which they are written are not
always consistent in the literature. In this study we use the following spelling system:
Wolo, Raya, Tulema, Mecha, Arsii, Hararge (replaced in this study by Barentu after
Asmarom 2006), Guji, Borana of southern Ethiopia and northern Kenyan, Orma and
Waata (Kebede Hordofa, 2009).
Loogni Walloo naannoo Amaaraa, Godina Oromiyaa ykn Kamisee keessatti kan dubbatamu oggaa
ta’u loogni Raayyaa immoo naannoo Amaaraa Qobboo fi naannoo Tigiraay Azeeboo keessatti
dubbatama. Loogni Tuulamaa giddu galeessa Oromiyaa naannoo Shawaa Finfinnee, Salaalee hanga
laga Abbaayitti kan dubbatamudha. Loogni Maccaa Tuulamaa waliin kan wal daangessu ta’e lixa
Oromiyaa keessatti; fakkeenyaaf: Jimmaa, Iluu Abbaaboor, Wallaggaa, Mootummaa Naannoo

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Benishaangul fi Naannoo Amaaraa Wambara keessatti dubbatama. Loogni Arsii-Baalee Kibba-Baha
Oromiyaa Godinaalee Baalee, Arsiifi Arsii Lixaa keessatti kan dubbatamudha. Loogni Booranaa
Kaaba Keeniyaafi Kibba Oromiyaatti kan dubbatamudha. Loogni Gujii immoo Kibba Oromiyaa,
Godina Gujii, Naannoo Ummattoota Kibbaa, Wando Ganat, Arba Mincifi Nacisaaritti kan
dubbatamudha. Loogni Waataafi Ormaa Keeniyaa keessatti kan dubbatamanidha.

Ulaagaalee Loogawwan Afaan Oromoo

Looga Afaan Oromoo qaphxiilee akka xiinsagaa/xiindhamsagaa, Ulaagaa xiinlatii (jechaa) ykn
immoo ulaagaa hiika jechootaarratti hundaa’uun adda baasuun nidandaa’ama. Ulaagaaleen
kunneenis maal akka fakkaatan fakkeenya waliin akka armaan gadiitti dhiyaataniiru. Yeroo
dubbistus haala qabatamaa naannoo keettiitti garaagarummaan kunneen Afaan Oromoo keessatti
akkamitti akka calaqqisan hubachuuf yaali.

Ulaagaa xiindhamsagaa/xiinsagaa

Garagarummaan looga afaan Oromoo sadarkaalee adda addaatti akka mul’atu beekamaadha. Isaan
keessaa tokko sadarkaa xiinsagaatti kan mul’atudha. Xiinsagni immoo akkaataa tolfama sagalee kan
qoratudha. Kanaafuu, namni yeroo dubbatu akki inii itti sagalee baasu ykn loqodni isaa bakka kamii
akka dhufe tarii looga isa kam akka dubbatu kan fuulchu dha. Regional phonological or phonetic
distinctions are often referred to as different accents. (Fromkin et al 2011: 433). Nama afaan
Oromoo dubbatu tokko, akkaataa inni dubbaturratti hundoofnee kun looga Booranaa, Gujii,
Tuulamaa, Maccaa, Arsi/Baale jedhanii tilmaamuun ni dandaa’ama. Fakkeenyaaf, Booranni sagalee
keessaa haqee ariitiin oggaa dubbatu [Nambir jirti], Gujiin immoo yeroo baay’ee dubbii isaanii
keessatti gutumaa guutuutti firoomsuu fayyadamu [Mucaa durra san dhaggitee?]. Looga Maccaa
keessatti yeroo irra harkisani, ka Ituu keessatti laagessuufi qoonqoo keessatti dubbachuutu [Deeyma
san kenkhaa.] mul’ata. Sadarkaa xiindhamsagaatti immoo garaagarummaa mul’atan fakkeenyota
armaan gadii haa ilaallu.
1. Dubbifamaa Bakka buusuu
 Boossee/bootte/booche
 Kaleessa/kaleeysa/kaleecha
 Sa’a/za’a, jedhe, je’e; keenya/teenya
 Galche/gashe
 Simbirroo/shimbirroo/simphirree/shimbirree
 Seenaa/sheenaa, bishaan/bisaan

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 2. DubbachiiftuuBakka buusuu
 Ibidaa/abidda
 Miti/moti
 Ajjeese/ijjeese
 Ishii/ishee
3. Haquu
 Ilaale/laale
 Dubara/dubra
 Kofale/kofle/kolfe
4. Koobuu
Kaleessa/kalee
Arrabsoo/arraba
Gabaayaa/gabayaa
Haarayaa/haaraa
5. Waljafuu
1. Gurguddaa/gugurdaa
2. Dhokse/dhoske
3. Kolfe/kofle
6. Firoomsuu
Dubra/durra
Dhugte/dhugde/dhudde
Jikse/jisse

Ulaagaa xiinlatii

Akkaataa jechoonni afaan tokkoo itti laatiilee seerlugaa maxxanfatan kan akeekudha. Kana malees
garaagarummaa jechootaa kan ilaallatudha.

1. Jabbiilee/jabboota
2. Gaarreen/gaarota
3. Bishaan dhume/ Bishaan dhuman.
4. Daabboo aannaniin nyaate/ Daabboo aannanitti nyaate.

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Borana Gujii Sikkoo - Ituu - Walloo Raayyaa Tuulama Macca
Mandoo Humbannaa
cufa duuchi Mara Hunda/mara Hunda duuda hunda hunda
hedduu bacaa Hedduu Dila Baay’ee guddaa Baay’ee Baay’ee/ danuu
dansa hosee Mishaa Qooqaa barreeda gaarii Gaarii/ baroo
beesee beesee bakkannee Niiraa Niiraa chiinkoo
saphaliisa saphaliisa Andarii Saphaliisa mokodii Bullaallaa/guugee
A) Xalaata/diina/adawwii/nyaapha
B) (h)anqaaquu/killee/buuphaa/inqulaalii/okokkaa(na)
C) gugee/aduuddee/bullaallaa/makodii/andarii/saphaliisa
Xiinhiika/xiinhima

Xiinhiik jechuun tarii akka garaagarummaa hiikaa jechoota tokkorratti mul’atuutti fudhachuun
nidandaa’ama ta’a. Garaagarummaan hiika jechootaa kun looga keessatti kan mufannaa, ykn rakkoo
waliigaltee uumuu dandaa’a: keessumattu jechoota safuu! Mee fakkeenya armaan gadii haa ilaallu.

1. Bukkee, geeba, kaachuu, fi kkf.

2. Qaata, kalee
3. Dabri/darbi,
4. Jala deemi/waliin deemi/duukaa bu’i
5. Arraba/arrabsoo/abaarsa
Walumaagalattii loogni waaltinaa Afaan Oromoo looga tokko filachuun akka looga waalta’aatti hojii
irra akka oolu kan godhame osoo hintaane loogawwan hunda irraa walitti fiduudhaan kan filatame
ta’uu isaa fakkeenyota armaan olitti kennaman irraa hubachuun nidanda’ama.
3.5. Adeemsota Afaan Waaltessuu /Process of language standardization
Waaltinni afaanii adeemsa yeroo dheeraafi xiyyeeffannaan guyyaa guyyaadhaan isa
barbaachisuudha. Inumaa akka hayyoonni baay’een irratti waliigalaniitti hanga afaan jirutti waaltinni
isaas waan biraa hafu miti. Kunis kan ta’uu danda’eef, afaan ilma namaa jijjiiramaa ta’uu isaatiin
walqabatee caasaaleen afaanichaa keessatti argaman keessattuu jechoonni kan jijjiiraman ta’uu
isaaniitiin walqabateeti. Kanaaf, waaltinni afaaniitiis jiijjiiramoota kana faana bu’uudhaan afaan sana
keessatti adda addummaa uumaman xiqqeessuudhaan afaan sun akka waalta’u taasisa. Kana yoo
jennu garuu waaltinni adda addummaafi jijjiirama afaan tokkoo guutumaan guutuutti kan hanbisu
osoo hintaane; kan xiqqeessu akka ta’e hubatamuu qaba. Egaa waaltinni afaanii adeemsa yeroo
dheeraa fudhatu. Adeemsi waaltina afaanii gochoota walduraa duubaan raawwataman ofjalatti

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hammata. Hayyoonni adda addaa adeemsota kanniin moggaassa adda addaa kennuun itti
haafayyadaman malee hedduun isaanii afur ta’uu isaanii irratti walii galu.
Haaluma kanaan, adeemsonni waaltina afaanii isaan armaan gadiiti.
1) Murtii/Filannoo/Looga waaltinaa filachuu (determination/code selection)
2) Moggaasa qubee- Sirna barreeffamaa qopheessuu ykn seera barreeffamaa daangessuu
(codification)
3) Babal’isuu (elaboration)
4) Hojiirra oolchuu (Implimantation)
5) Walsimsiisuu
6) Kunuunsuu
3.5.1. Murtii/Filannoo/Looga Waaltinaa Filachuu
Afaan waaltessuun egaa garaagarummaa afaanii hir’isuufi guddina afaan tokkoof gahee guddaa kan
qabudha. Afaan tokko waaltessuu keessatti adeemsi inni jalqabaa looga waalitinaaf ta’u
filachuudha.
Unlike the norms of language standards, the norms of standard languages do not emerge
spontaneously in social interaction; they are created by design and enforced formally through the
education system, publishing houses, official spelling rules, grammar books and dictionaries.
Afaan waaltessuun sochii imaammataafi karoora afaanii gara hojiitti jijjiiruuti. Afaan waaltessuun
gochaalee afaan tokko faayidaatiif ooolchuuti. Afaan waaltessuu keessatti sadarkaa inni jalqabaa
murtiidha. Murtii jechuuun waltinaaf looga tajaajilu murteessuu jechuudha. Kunis haalota adda
addaa lamaan gaggeeffamuu dandaa’a. Tokkoffaan, loogota jiran keessaa tokko fudhachuun
waaltessuu jechuu dha.Kun kan bu’a qabeessa ta’uu danda’u; loogni filatamu sun tajaajila wal
fakkaatu kan duraan kenne osoo ta’ee baay’ee deggerama. Kana ta’uu baannaan; dubbattoota looga
adda addaa giduutti waldhabdee fiduu waan danda’uuf ofeeggannoo cimaa taasisuu barbaada.
Lammaffaan ammooo, loogota hundumaa kan bu’uureffate, looga haaraa waaltessuudha. Inni kun
karaa afaan waaltessuu hayyoota baay’een deggeramuufi waldhabdee kan hanbisuu danda’udha.
Bal`inni yaadota kanaa armaan gadiitti balballoomeera.
Adeemsa looga waaltinaa filachuu kana keessatti gaaffiiwwan barbaachisoo ta’an jiru. Qabxiin inni
tokkoffaan loogni waaltinaa akkamitti filatama? Gaaffi jedhu yoo tahu gaaffiin lammaffaan immoo
ulaagaaleen looga waaltinaa ittiin filachuuf nu tajaajilan kam fa’a? kan jedhu ta’a. Gaaffiiwwaan
lamaan kun adeemsa looga filachuu keessatti baay’ee barbaachisoo waan ta’aniif xiyyeeffannoo
gahaan keennameef xiinxallmuu qabu.
Akka armaan olitti ibsametti afaan itti yaadamee yookan osoo itti hinyaadamin waalta’uu danda’a.
affan itti yaadamee yoo waalta’u; loogni yookan loogoonni waaltinaaf filataman waaltina afaanii

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keessatti bakka guddaa qabu. Akka hayyoonni irratti walii galanitti loogni waaltinaa karaa lamaan
filatamuu danda’a.
a. Loogoota jiran keessaa tokko filachuu
b. Loogoota hunda keessaa walitti baasuun loogaa haaraa uumuu
3.5.1.1. Loogoota Jiran Keessaa Tokko Filachuun Looga Waaltinaa qopheessuu
Mala ykn karaa kanaan looga waaltinaa yoo filannu loogota afaan waalta’uuf karoorfame keessatti
argaman keessaa tokko filachuudhaan loogni sun looga waaltinaa akka ta’u murteessuudha.
Fakeenyaaf, afaan tokko keessatti loogonni argaman shan (Looga A, Looga B, Looga C, Looga D,
fi Looga E) osoo ta’anii mala kanatti fayyadamnee afaan kanaaf looga waaltinaa filanna yoo ta’e;
loogota shanan kana keessaa looga tokko jechuuniis looga A, ykn loogota hafan keessaa tokko
filachuudhaan looga waaltinaa murteessuu dandeenya. Karaan yookaan malli looga waaltinaa ittiin
filannu kun yeroofi humna kan qusatu ta’uun isaa cimina isaa yoo ta’u; loogni mala kanaan filatamu
dubbattoota loogota biroo biratti salphaatti fudhatama argachuu dhabuu kan danda’u ta’uun isaa
immoo hanqina mala kanaa ta’a.
3.5.1.2. Loogota Jiran Keessaa Walitti Baasuun Looga Waaltinaa murteessuu
Malli ykn karaan kun faallaaa isa tokkoffaati. Mala kanaan loogni waaltinaa filamu loogota hunda
keessaa walitti baasuudhaan looga haaraa uumuu ta’a. Kana jechuun, loogni waaltinaa kun loogota
afaanicha keessatti argaman irraa walitti bahuun akka looga haaraatti kan ijaaramu ta’a. Akkuma
mala isa tokkoffaa malli kunis hanqinaafi cimina mataa isaa kan qabu ta’a. Ciminni mala kanaa akka
salphaatti hojii irra ooluu kan danda’u ta’uu isaati. Kunis ta’uu kan danda’eef; dubbatoonni
afaanichaa hunda biratti akka salphaatti fudhatama kan argatu ta’uu isaatiini. Hanqinni mala kanaa
yeroofi humna namaa bal’aa kan barbaadu ta’uu isaatiini.
WANTOOTA FILANNOO LOOGA WAALTINAA KEESSATTI XIYYEEFFANNOO
KEESSA GALUU QABAN
Akka hayyuun Ansre (1977:377-8), jedhutti loogni tokko ykn tokkoo olfilachuuf qabxiiwwan irratti
xiyyeeffatamuu qaban jiru. Akka hayyuu kanaatti qabxiiwwan kunis isaan armaan gadiiti.
Ragaalee barreeffamaa
Sabaahimaalee
Ilaalcha dubbattootaa
Laakkofsa dubbattootaa
Haala waaltinaa yeroo ammaa
3.5.2. Moggaasa Qubee
Sirna barreeffamaa qopheessuu ykn seera barreeffamaa daangessuu (codification)

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? Mee sirriitti Itti yaadaa!!! Qubeen Laatiinii maaliif Afaan Oromoo barreessuuf filatame
isinitti fakkaata?
Afaan waaltessuu irra guddaa kan ilaallatu barreeffama waan ta’eef, barreessuuf ammoo qubeen
barbachisaadha. Kanaafuu, moggaasni qubee iddoo guddaa qaba. Moggaasni ykn filannoon qubee
kan gaggeeffamu haala lama keessatti: Afaan tokko kanaan dura qubee kan hinarganne/hinqabne yoo
ta’e, ykn qubee qabaatee qubeen jiru sun hanqina kan qabu yoo ta’edha. Haala lamaan kana keessatti
karaalee lamaan rakkoo kana furuun nidandaa’ama: Qubee haaraa uumuu; ykn ka duraan ture
fooyyessanii fudhachuuni. Dhimma kana ilaalchisee Splosky akkana jedha:
The invention of writing systems is rare: adoption or adaptation is common. Most writing systems or
scripts fall into the category of ‘‘something borrowed” rather than ‘‘something new.”Writing as a
system seems to have been invented independently only a few times, in or around Mesopotamia, in
Egypt, in China and in Mesoamerica (Coulmas2003). All other current systems are adopted or
adapted from these original inventions.(2006: 28)
Tarkaanfiin Afaan Oromootiif fudhatame qubee fooyyessuu ture.
3.5.2.1. Gosoota Sirna Barreeffamaa
Qubee filuu keesstti Sirna barreeffamaa beekuun maaliif qubeen laatiinii akka Afaan Oromootiif
filatame nama hubachiisa. Kanaafuu mee akka ittaanutti gosoota barreeffamaa haa ilaallu.
Akka hayyoonni Grenoble fi Whaley jedhaniitti har’aan tana Sirnaalee barreeffamaa afurtu tajaajila
kennaa jira. “Four main types of writing systems can be identified throughout the world:
logographic, alphabetic, semi-syllabic, and consonantal (2006:139). Isaanis: logoogiraafiika,
Qubaawaa, dubbifamaawaa, gamis-birsagaawaa.
1. Sirna Barreeffamaa Qubaawaa Alphabetic Systems use single symbols to represent individual
phonological segments….Generally, alphabetic systems are preferred for the introduction of literacy
in a local language because they tend to use fewer symbols than semisyllabic or logographic systems,
they are more likely to be compatible with typewriter and computer keyboards, and they tend to be
used in the languages of wider communication that surround the local language.
2. Sirna Barreeffamaa Dubbifamaawaa Consonantal Systems, really a sub-type of alphabetic
writing, use symbols to represent only the consonants of a given word, with vowels marked
optionally, usually being indicated by diacritics. Because Arabic employs a consonantal script, local
literacy programs in Islamic regions of the world may find a consonantal system derived from Arabic
script to be an effective orthography.
3. Sirna Barreeffamaa Gamis-Birsagaawaa Semi-Syllabic Writing Systems use single symbols
to represent syllables. Syllabaries are well suited to languages where there is a relatively small
number of possible syllables, and there is a high correspondence between a syllable and a morpheme

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– that is, where syllable and morpheme boundaries tend to coincide. Syllabaries typically require
more symbols than alphabets. Therefore, they should be selected onlywith the understanding that
they tend to take longer to learn.
4. Sirna Barreeffamaa Logoogiraafiika Logographic Systems, rather than representing a sound
or a syllable, make use of graphic signs or logograms to represent words or morphemes. That said,
logographic systems are particularly difficult to adapt to new languages because the writing does not
correspond to the sound system in any way.Moreover, the underlying principle upon which these
systems are based (one symbol for one morpheme) is unwieldy for languages with extensive
morphology. Finally, the morpheme inventory in any language is much greater than the phonemic
inventory, so that the total number of symbols which a learner needs to read in a logographic system
can take many years to master.
Afaan Oromoos hanga 1991tti qubeewwan adda addaatiin akka barreeffame beekamaadha. Yoo
xiqqaate qubee afur eeruun ni dandaa’ama: Qubee Saabaa, Qubee Oromoo ykn Qubee Bakrii
Saphaaloo, Qubee Arabaafi Qubee Laatiin. Akka qubee afaanichaaf toluutti qubeen fudhatames
qubee Laatiiniiti. Afaan Oromootiif Qubeen kun yeroo filatamus ulaagaalee adda addaarratti
hundaa’eeti.
3.5.2.2. Ulaagaalee Moggaasa Qubee
Ulaagaa filannoon qubee irratti bu’uureffachuu qabu hayyoonni akka armaan gadiitti dhiyeessu.
Qusannoo (economy): kana jechuun afaan tokko keessatti dhamsagoota murteessoo ta’an
qofatu bakka buufamuu qaba.(fkn Afaan Amaaraa keessatti
Sirrummaa (accuracy): dhamsagni murteessoo ta’an osoo bakka hinbuufamne hafuu
hinqabani.
Walfakkaachuu (consistency): kana jechuun immoo qubeen tokko dhamsaga tokko qofa
bakka bu’uu qaba.
Qubeen afaan tokkoof filamu namoota baratan, dhaabbata adda addaa (mootummaafi miti
mootummaa), dubbattoota afaanichaa biraatti kan fudhatama argate ta’uu qaba. Kana ilaalchisee;
(Grenoble and Whaley 2006: 137) “An orthography must also be acceptable to authorities (including
religious leaders, familial or clan heads, and civil leaders) who have influence over the educational
practices of a community” jedhu. Kanaafuu ofeegannoo cimaa taasisuun akka barbaachisaa ta’e
dubbatama. Hayyoonni armaan olii kana ilaalchisee qaphxiilee garagaraa xiyyeeffannoo keessa akka
galchuun barbaachisaa ta’e dubbatu. “In addition to such sociopolitical considerations, linguistic,
cognitive, economic, and technological factors can play important roles in the choice of the written
form given to a language.”(ibid)

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 Dhimmoota xiinbarnootaa: Ija xiinbarnootaatiin (pedagogically) qubeen filamu tokko
muraasa kan ta’eefi kan salphatti baratamu ta’uu qaba.
Dhimmoota xiinqooqaa: Gama xiinqooqaatiin (linguistically) qubeen tokko sagalee tokko
sirriitti bakka bu’uu qaba.
Dhimmoota qabatamoo: dhimmoota qabatamoo kanneen akka meeshaalee tekinoolojii adda
addaa waliin wal simachuu qubee filatamuu, fakkeenyaaf, kompiyuutara, intarneetii, mana
maxxansaa, sooftweerii adda addaa kkf
Ilaalcha: qubee tokko filachuu keessatti ilaalchi dubbataa afaanichaa guddoo murteessaadha.
Fkn. Afaan Oromoo qubee Laatiinii fayyadamuun waldaa amantaa tokko tokko keessatti ija gaariin
hinilaalamne ture. Kanaafuu qubeen afaan Oromootiif filatamuun isaa akka hojii seexanaatti kan
ilaalame ture (Siyum Hamesso, 1997). Kana malees gama biraatiin ilaalchs jechuun qubee filuu
keessatti maal akka ta’e Grenoble and Whaley yoo ibsan “Besides scripts carrying certain religious
and political associations, other choices in orthography are also often considered as markers of
identity in different ways; choices in orthography reflect the desire of a group to distinguish itself
from surrounding groups or, sometimes, to align itself with certain groups. (2006: 143)
3.5.2.3. Haala Moggaasa Qubee Afaan Oromoo
Moggaasa qubee Afaan Oromoo ilaalchisee barruun wiirtuu, jildii 4 kan armaan gadii jedha. Afaan
qubee qabu turaalessa. Afaanichi akka waalta’u kan deggeran keessaa qubeen isa tokko. Qubeenis
karaa lama filatama. Innis tolfachuu yookiinis liqeeffachuudha. Karaa kanas afaan Oromoo hanqina
isa mudate jalaa baheera. Liqaan jechuudha. Fudhatamni isaas kan gaafachiisu miti. Kanumaanis
waaltinni, looga jiran dhiphisuuf tattaaffiin godhe bu’aa fideera. Deggersa kan godhanis karaa
maxxansa adda addaa raabsamaniiru.(1991:4)
Egaa murtoo seena qabeessa kanarrati hundaa’ee; qubeen kun qubee afaan Oromoon ittiin
barreeffamu ta’ee labsii Mootummaa Naannoo Oromiyaa keessattis labsamee jira.
Afaan Oromoo afaan hojii Mootummaa Naannoo Oromiyaati; kan barreeffamus qubee Afaan
Oromootiin ta’a.
Egaa qubeen afaan Oromoo barreessuuf gadaa Afurii oliif tajaajila kennaa jira. Afaanichas sirriitti
bakka bu’uu danda’ee jira. Kan booda qubee Afaan Oromoo malee qubee laatiinii miti kan jedhamu.
Abbaltii: Barattoota! Akkaataa barjaan (taapheellaa), beeksisni, ykn maqaaleen waajjiraafi
dhaabbataa magaalaa Oromiyaa itti qubeeffamaa jiran hubannoon xiinxaltanii beektuu? Mee
magaalaa sitti dhihoo jiru tokko keessaa barjaan akkamitti akka barreeffamaa jiran, xalayaa ykn
beeksisni waajjira tokkoo, ykn maqaaleen dhaabbataa akkamitti akka qubeeffama jiran
habuuriitii gabaasa dhiyeessi.
3.5.3. Moggaasa Jechootaa

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Lakkoofsi jechootaa afaan tokko keessa jiran yeroodhaa yerootti kan dabaluu danda’anidha.Afaan
waaltessuu keessatti yaadrimee tokko bakka buusuuf hanqinni jechootaa numudachuu
dandaa’a.Kanaafuu, adeemsota jechoota haaraa uumuu kanneen akka: moggaasuu, koobuu,
ergifachuu, kutanii-hidhuufi kan kana fakkaatanitti dhimma bahuun furmaata kennuun dirqama ta’a.
Kanaan wal qabatee kutaa kana jalatti ulaagaalee jechoota waaltinaafi teekiniikota jechoota ittiin
waaltessan ilaaluuf yaalii goona.
3.5.3.1. Ulaagaalee Jechoota Waaltinaa
Akkaataa hayyootni tokko tokko yaada dhiyeessanitti jechoonni waaltinaaf filataman ulaagaalee
armaan gadii guutanii argamuu qabu.
Baay’ina dubbattootaa: jecha tokko loqodoota jiran keessaa akka filannoo jecha waaltinaatti
dhiyeessuuf, baay’inni dubbataa murteessaadha. Kana jechuun jecha loqoda tokko keessatti nama
muraasaan beekamurra jecha loqoda adda addaa keessa jiruufi kan namoota hedduun dubbatamutu
filatama jechuudha.
Deddeebinsaan Mul’achuu:- kana jechuun immoo; jechoota waaltinaaf akka filannootti
dhiyaatan keessaa kan irra guddeessa deddeebi’ee afaan tokko keessatti tajaajilaaf oolu kan filatamuu
danda’u ta’uu isaa kan ibsudha.
Xabbummaa/Asilummaa (originality):- xabbummaan aslii ta’uu ykn jalqabumaa jecha afaan
sana keessatti argamu kan jecha liqaa ykn jecha ergisaa hintaane ilaallata.
Qusannoo (economy):- jechi waaltinaaf dhiyaatu tokko qusannoo leeccalloo kan yaada keessa
galche ta’uu qaba. Kana oggaa jedhamu gaaleerra jecha; jecha dheeraarra immoo jechi gabaabaan
kan filatamu ta’uusaa ibsuufi.
Iftooma hiikaa (semantic transparency):- jechi waaltinaaf filatamu kan iftooma hiikaa qabu,
kan hiikni isaa namatti hinbitaachofne ta’uu qaba. Fakkeenyaaf ittii godaansaafi irraa godaansa yoo
fudhannee ilaalle, irraa godaansa kan jedhu iftooma hiikaa qaba. Sababiin isaas ittii godaansa kan
jedhu itti godaansa kan jedhu waliin waan wal fakkaatuuf iftooma hiikaa qabaachuu dhiisuu
dandaa’a.
Fudhatama qabaachuu (acceptance): jechi waaltinaaf filatamu tokko tokko dubbattoota
afaan sanaa biratti kan fudhatama qabu ta’uu qaba. Keessumattuu jechoota loqoda kan biraa keessatti
hiika adda ta’e qaban waaltinaaf filachuun mufannaa fiduu dandaa’a. Jechootni safuu akka
fakkeenyaatti kaafamuu danda’u.
Jiraachuu harshamee barreeffamaa (availability of written documents): Afaan tokko
keessatti loqodni dursee afaan dubbiirra gara afaan barreeffamaatti jijjiirame yoo jiraate, loqoda gara
barreeffamaatti hinjijjiiramnerra hedduu akka filatamaa ta’e hayyootni irratti waliif galu.

36
 Walhoruu (productivity): Jechootni waaltinaaf filataman kan latiilee hortee/latorsaafi
uumamtee/yaasaa adda addaa fudhachuun uunkaa jechootaa haaraa uumuu dandaa’an ta’uu qabu.
3.5.3.2. Haxoota Jechoota Waaltessuu
Afaan tokko keessatti haxoota adda addaa fayyadamuun jechoota waaltessuun nidandaa’ama.
Fakkeenyaaf, jechoota duraan afaan sana keessa turan lamaafi isaa ol walitti fiduun jecha
makoo/diigalaa uumuun nidandaa’ama. Kana malees, jechoota ergifachuu, moggaasuu, latii
yasaa/uumamtee fayyadamuufi koobuun (clipping) jechoota waaltessuun nidandaa’ama. Akkasumas
jeemakuu/suphuu (blending) fi hiika dhisuu (semantic extension) fayyadamuunis tooftaa isa biraati.
Abbaltii – 2: Kabajamoo barattootaa, kutaa keessatti akkaataa itti barsiisonni jechoota
adda addaa moggaasanirratti, yookiin akkaataa yaadrimeen tokko tokko kitaabilee ykn
sabaayimaaleerratti moggaafamanirratti akkasumas akkaataa barattoonni afaan Oromootiin
waliigalanirratti calaqqee muuxannoo keetii barreessi!
3.5.4. Hojiirraa Oolchuu
Eega loogni filamee, qubeefi jechi moggaafamee sadarkaan itti aanee dhufuu qabu; hojiirra oolchuu
dha. Hojiirra oolchuu jechuun looga filamee, qubeefi jechootni moggaafamaniif kana fudhachuun
dhimmoota adda addaatiif itti fayyadamuu jechuudha. Fakkeenyaaf, hojii bulchiinsaa, barnoota,
dhimma mana murtii, sabaayimaaleefi maxxansaalee adda addaatiif dhimma itti bahuudha.
Qaamoleen hojiirra oolchu kanneen armaan gadii ta’uu danda’u.
Dhaabbilee siyaasaa
Dhimma bulchiinsaafi mana murtii
Dhimma barnootaa
Akkadaamii afaanii
Hojii dhaabbilee adda addaarra kan hojjetan
Dhimma amantaafi mishinarootaa
Hayyootaafi namoota dhuunfaa dhimmi ilaallatu
Dubbattoota afaanichaa
Kana malees, imaammatni afaanii (language policy) biyya tokkoo hojiirra oolmaa looga waalta’eef
murteessaadha.
3.5.5. Walsimsiisuu
3.5.5.1. Walsimsiisuu Biyyaalessaa (National Harmonization)
Kaayyoon gosa walsimsiisuu kanaa jiraattoonni uummata biyya tokkoo afaan dubbii garaa garaa
osooma qabaatanii yoo xiqqaate afaan ittin barreessuufi dubbisuu danda’an tokko akka biyyaatti
qabaachuu qabu kan jedhudha. Kana booda afaan (looga) waaltawe sanaan barreessuufi dubbisuun
itti fufa jechuudha.

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 3.5.5.2. Walsimsiisuu Addunyaalessaa (International Harmonization)
Walsimsiisuun kun walsimsiisuu afaanota daangaa biyyaa ce’anii dubbatamanii ilaallata. Keessuma
Afrikaa keessatti afaanonni saba tokkoon dubbataman daangaa biyyoota tokkoo ol keessa kan
jiraatan ta’uun beekamaadha. Fkn. Afaan Oromoo Biyya Itoophiyaafi Keeniyaa keessatti, Afaan
Hawusaa Naayijiiriyaafi Niijer keessatti, Kiswaahilii biyya Tanzaaniyaa, Keeniyaa, Ugandaa
keessatti dubbatamu. Kanaaf, biyyoonni kunneen qubee ittin afaanisaanii bakka buusanii seera
barreessuu walfakkaatu qabaachuu ni danda’u.
3.5.6. Kunuunsuu
Afaan waaltessuu keessatti sadarkaa inni dhumaa looga waaltinaaf filatame sana kununsuudha.
Kununsuu yeroo jedhamu, akkadamii afaanii dhabuu, hojii qorannoofi qa’annoo adda addaa
afaanichaan ykn afaanicharratti gaggeessuu, hojii ogbarruufi galmee jechootaa qopheessuu, akka
dagaagina saayinsiifi tekinooloojii waliin walsimu taasisuun afaanicha guddisuu kan ilaallatudha.
Afaan waalta’e tokko akka hojiirra ooluuf erga labsameen booda deeggarsiifi to’annaan gamabakka
bu’ootaafi koree akkaadamii afaaniin taasifamuu qaba. Afaan waalta’e haala gaariin hojiirra
oolmaan isaa eegale tokko hinkunuunfamu taanaan waaltawummaan isaa hafee waliin morkiin
loogota afaanicha jidduutti kan itti fufu ta’uun beekamaadha. Kanaafuu, qaamoleen kunuunsaaf itti
gaafatummaa qaban:-
 Qajeelfamoota akkaataa afaan waalta’e sun itti barreeffamu cimsuun
 Wantoonni barreeffaman hundi, kitaabota garaagaraa dabalatee, afaan waalta’e sanaan
barreeffamaa jiraachuu isaanii hordofuu
 Jechoonni yeroo gara yerootti uumamanii afaanichatti dabalaman kan dura yaad-rimee tokko
bakka bu’ee jiru wajjin hiika walfakkaatu qabaatanii akka hindhiyaanne hordofuu. Sababiin
isaas, yaad-rimeen tokko jechoota tokkoo oliin yoo bakka bu’e waaltina afaanichaarratti
dhiibbaa niqabaata.
 Sagantaa Raadiyoo, galaalchaan adda addaafi waldorgommiin barreessuufi dubbachuu afaan
waalta’e sanaan qophaa’ee badhaasa argamsiisuu yeroodha yerootti dhiyeessuun sammuu
hawaasichaarratti dhiibbaa fiduun tooftaa filatamaadha.
 Afaanota hacuuccaa jala turanii waalta’anii afaan biyyaalessaafi sanarrayyu darbanii afaan
daangaa biyyaarra darbee namoota afaan dhalootaa isaanii hintaane jidduutti
dubbatamuun afaan bal’inaan dubbatamu ta’uutti dhufan keessaa akka fakkeenyaatti kan
eeramu afaan ‘ Afrikaanaati’. Afaan Afrikaanaa kan dubbatamu biyya Afrikaa kibbaatti
yoo ta’u erga afaan waalta’e ta’ee booda kunuunsi godhamuufiin akka inni sadarkaa kana
qabaatuuf sababa ta’eef. Kunis kan ta’uu danda’e fedhiifi jaalala dubbattoonni waaltina

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 afaanichaaf qaban yoo ta’u afaanichi har’a afaan tekinooloojii hammayyaafi afaan waliigaltee
hawaasa qaroomee jedhamuuf ga’eera.
3.6. Danqaawwan (Gufuuwwan) Afaan Waaltessuu /The Challenges Of Language
Standardizations
Waaltinni afaanii guddina afaan tokkootiif baay’ee murteessaadha. Tokkummaafi jaalala hawaasa
afaanicha dubbatuu cimsuu keessatti gaheen inni qabu olaanaadha. Sirna baruufi barsiisuu keessatti
gahee inni qabu salphaa miti. Kanaafuu dhimmi waaltina afaanii, afaan tokko afaan saayinsiifi
teeknoloojii taasisuufis ta’ee waaltina afaanichaa saffisiisuu keessatti gahee olaanaa ni qaba. Gama
kanaan koree waaltinaa Afaan Oromootiin waggootii soddomaan darban keessa hojiin hojjetamaa
ture baay’ee kan nama jajjabeessufi onnachiisudha. Koreen kun dhaabbilee mootummaafi miti
mootummaa adda addaa irraa walitti bahuun kan gurmaa’e yoo ta’u, jechoota ummata keenya keessa
jiran, keessattuu jechoota dagatamanii turan ifa baasuun, akkasumas jechoota saayinsiifi
teeknoloojiidhaaf tajaajilan moggaasuun faayidaa hawaasaatiif akka oolan taasisaa tureera. Haaluma
kanaan jechoota moggaafaman barruulee Wiirtuu Jildii 1-15 irratti maxxansiisuun ummata bira akka
gahan taasifamaniiru. Haala kanaan, yeroo ammaa milkaa’inni gama waaltina Afaan Oromootiin jiru
gaariidha jechuun ni danda’ama. Waaltinni Afaan Oromoos sadarkaa gaariirra kan jirudha.

Haata’uutii, hojiin hojjetamaa ture gaarii ta’us ammallee rakkoon hin jiru jechuun hin danda’amu.
Rakkoon inni guddaan waaltina Afaan Oromoo irratti mul’atu, hojiin waaltina afaanii wiirtuu tokko
irraa tamsa’uu dhabuudha. Akka saayinsiin afaanii jedhutti, waaltinni afaanii wiirtuu tokkotti
gaggeeffamuu qaba. Kana ta’uu baannaan seera waaltina afaanii kan faallessuufi dogoggora kan
uumu ta’a. Haala qabatamaa amma jiruun garuu waaltinni afaanii akkaatuma barbaadameen iddoo
adda addaatti raawwatamaa jira. Kun immoo waaltina afaanii irrattis ta’ee guddina afaan tokkoorratti
dhiibbaa guddaa ni geessisa. Fkn.Yuunivarsitootaafi Kolleejjoota adda addaa keessatti, akkasumas
hayyoota dhuunfaa biratti jechoota moggaasuufi waaltina afaanii gaggeessuun rakkoo guddaa
uumeera.

3.7. Amaloota Afaan Waaltinaa /Characteristics Of Standard Language

Afaan bal’ate walitti qabanii dhungatu jedha Oromoon yeroo mammaaku. Afaan bal’ina lafaa
keessatti dubbatamuurraatti hundaa’ee akkasumas baay’inaafi garaagarummaa dubattootaarratti
hundaa’uun looga akka qabaatu himama. Bu’uuruma kanaan, Afaan Oromoos garaagarummaa
loogaa akka qabu haqa mul’atudha. Garaagarummaa afaanii kana immoo hambisuun waan
dandaa’amu miti; garuu hir’iisuun nidandaa’ama. Malli ittiin afaan bal’ate kana walitti qabanis, hojii
waaltinaa hojjechuunidha.

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Language standardization, understood as a process of variant reduction, does not only include
deliberate intervention by regulating authorities (such as language societies and academies,
individual dictionary and grammar writers and also government institutions; i.e. the imposition of
uniformity through authoritative acts), but also processes of cumulative micro-accommodation,
levelling and dialect convergence, which are the outcome of the everyday linguistic activities of
individuals. (Deumert, 2004: 3)

Gaheen hojii waaltinaa kunis garaagarummaa afaanii dhiphisuu qofa osoo hintaane afaan tokko
dhidhiibuun ‘sirreessuu’ ykn qajeelchuun afaan tokko tajaajila akeekameef akka gahumsaan bahu
gochuudha. Kanarratti Spolsky (2004:27) yaada armaan gadii kenna.
Underlying this urge to standardize is a belief in correctness, that there is a correct and desirable
form of the language, distinct from normal practice. Languages are imperfect instruments,
individuals learn and use them imperfectly, and therefore the variety that is most successful in
communication is the one that is to be preferred….Standard languages have the highest
communicative pay-off.
Yaada arman oliirraa kan hubatamu, fakkeenyaaf, mana barumsaa keessatti oggaa akkaataa itti
qubeessan barsiifamu, akki itti qubeeffame sirriidha ykn sirrii miti jechuudhaaf akkaataa sirrii jechi
tokko itti qubeeffamuu giddu-galeessaan murteeffamuu qaba. Kanumarraa ka’uunidha egaa kan
hayyoonni afaan waaltinaa jechuun “looga sirrii” kan namoota baratan biratti fudhatama qabu
jechuun hiikani. Afaan waaltinaa hiikuun salphaa akka hintaane himama. Tajaajilaan garuu, afaan
dhimma barnootaafi sabaayimaalee wajjiin walqabatedha. Kana jechuun, afaan maxxansaalee adda
addaatiif oolu, kan mana barnootaatti kennamu kan sabaayimaleerratti fayyadamnu jechuudha
(UNESCO, 1953). Haaluma walfakkaatuun, Hoffmann (1991:206) “Standardization refers to the
selection of one variety which is considered to be the best and is to serve as the norm for the speech
community” jechuun yaada kenna. Afaan waaltinaa kunis amaloota adda addaa akka qabu
dubbatama: kan qubee, seerluga, galmee jechoota, dhaabbata afaan sana waaltessu fi kkf qabaachuu
mala. Akka Spolsky (2004) jedhutti afaan waaltina:
We ask what is needed to make a selected variety (however it has been selected) into a standard
language, with the necessary defining characteristics of an agreed writing system and orthography,
an institutionalized method of recording and disseminating the correct form of grammar, an
acceptable and usable set of lexical items to handle all modern needs, a set of stylistic models
suitable for all formal functions, and the tools and institutions to give speakers of the language access
to all those characteristics. (ff.27)

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Akka odeeffannoo madda intarneetirraa argameetti, afaan waaltinaa sadarkaa gaamaraa/matured
ga`e looga namoota baay’een dubbatamu, kan namoota afaanicha akka afaan lammataatti baratan
barsiisuuf oolu oggaa ta’u; amaloota armaan gadiitiin beekama.
 Galmee jechaa ykn galmeewwan jechootaa kan haala qubeessuu waalta’eefi jechoota
waaltinaa qabaate qabaachuu
 Seerluga waalta’aa afaanichaa kan uunkaalee, seerotaafi caasaa afaanichaa sirritti
hubachiisuu danda’u qabaachuu
 Haala sagaleessuu (pronounciation) waalta’aa kan namoota barataniifi dubbataa afaanichaa
hedduu biratti fudhatama qabu, kan dhiibbaa loqoda naannoo kamiiyyuu hinqabne kan qabu
 Dhaabbata fayyadama afaan sanaa babal’isuu, kan aangoon akkaataa fayyadama isaarratti
seera baasu keennameef ykn akkadaamii afaanii qabaachuu
 Heeraafi seera biyyattii keessatti keeyyata mirga afaan sana dhimma adda addaatiif
fayyadamuu mirkaneessu kan qabu ta’uu
 Afaanichi dhimmoota hawaasummaa kan akka tajaajila dhimma mana murtiitiif kan oole
ta’uusaa
 Hojii ogbarruu adda addaatiif kan oole ta’uu
 Kitaabileen amantii (fkn, Kitaaba qulqulluu fi Quraanni) fi kitaabileen addaa afaanichatti
jijjiiramanii jiraachuu
 Barnootni afaanichaa kan seerlugafi qubeessa (spelling) waaltaa’aarratti hundaa’e manneen
barnootaa keessatti kan kennamu ta’uudha.
 SaayinsiifiTeeknooloojiin walsimachuufi Moosajii kompiyutaraa qophaawuu

3.8. Qaphxiilee Xiyyeeffannoo Afaan Waaltessuu

Akka waliigalatti, afaan waaltessuun bu’aa bayii hedduu kan qabu oggaa ta’u; qaphxiileen armaan
gadii kallattiinis ta’e al-kallattiin kan adeemsa waaltessuurratti dhiibbaa fiduu dandaa’anidha.

 Filannoo loogaa
 Jiraachuu harshammee barreeffamaa
 Sabaayimaalee
 Ilaalcha dubbattoota afaanichaa
 Imaammata mootummaan hordofu
 Jiraachuu dhaabbilee qorannoo gaggeessanii
 Tattaaffiifi carraaqqii hayyootaa

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Walumaagalatti, kutaa darbe keessatti waa’ee afaan waaltinaa ilaaluuf yaaliin godhamera.Afaan
waaltina jechuun egaa looga namoota baratan biratti fudhatama qabu jechuu akka ta’ee hubatteetta
jedheen abdadha.

Akka barataa/ttuu Afaan Oromoo tokkootti akkaataa itti Afaan Oromoo waalta’aa jiru akkamitti
madaalta? Ciminaafi dadhabina jiran ragaa qabatamaa dhiyeessuun qeeqi.

3.9. Barbaachisummaa fi Akkaataa Waaltina Afaanii

3.9.1. Barbaachisummaa Waaltina Afaanii
Afaan waaltessuun faayidaa hedduu qaba. Tokkummaa ummata afaanichaan waliigaluu cimsuuf,
eenyummaa isaanii calaqqisiisuuf, amantiifi aadaa isaanii ibsuuf, guddisuufi wkf. afaan waaltessuun
dhimma ijoodha.
Kun kan agarsiisu waaltinni afaanii tokkummaafi jaalala hawaasa afaanicha dubbattu cimsuu
keessattis gahee olaanaa qabaachuu isaati. Waaltinni afaanii sadarkaa guddina afaan tokkoo
saffisiisuufis ta’ee afaanicha afaan saayinsiifi teeknooloojii taasisuu keessatti gumaacha olaanaa
qaba. Kana malees, waaltinni afaanii sirna baruufi barsiisuu keessattis gahee inni qabu salphaa miti.
3.9.2. Akkaataa Waaltina Afaanii
Afaan karaa gurguddaa lamaan waalta’uu danda’a: Karaa alidilee (informal) fi idilee (formal)
ta’eenidha jedhu hayyoonni. Karaa alidileetiin afaan waaltessuu jechuun osoo itti hin yaadamiin
hawaasni afaanichaan waliigalu jiruu isaa guyyaa guyyaa keessatti itti fayyadamuun afaanicha kan
waalteessudha. Haa ta’u malee, seenaa afaanotaa keessatti afaan adeemsa kana qofaan waalta’e hin
jiru. Adeemsa keessa ofii isaatiin waalta’uun yeroo barbaadametti afaanicha afaan saayinsiifi
teeknooloojii taasisuu hin danda’u. Akkaataa kanaan waaltina afaanii eeguunis rakkisaadha.
Waaltinni idilee garuu qorannoo saayinsaawaa irratti hundaa’uun itti yaadamee karoorfamuun kan
raawwatudha.
Waaltinni afaanii karaa idilee ta’een ykn itti yaadamee gaggeeffamu maleenyaa (approaches) lamaan
raawwatamuu danda’a.
Isaanis:
A. Maleenyaa Ibsaa (Descriptive approach).
B. Maleenyaa Ajajaa (Prescriptive approach).
3.9.2.1. Maleenyaa Ibsaa (Descriptive approach)
Maleenya Ibsaan waalteessuu jechuun, haala itti fayyadama afaanichaa warra dhimma itti bahan
barsiisuudha. Maleenyaa ibsaan haala waaltina afaan tokkoo keessatti ga’ee taphachuu danda’uun
jechootaafi caasaa afaanichaa qorachuun ibsuu ta’a.

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Maleenyi kun filannoo hawaasichaaf dhiyeessuun filachuun mirga isaa ta’uu mirkaneessuun wal
qabata. Haala qabatamaa jiru irraa ka’uun maleenyaa kanatti kan gargaaraman koree waaltinaati.
Haata’u malee, namni amala isaatiin naannoo ofiif waan looguuf, haala kana keessatti waaltinni
afaan tokkoo harkifachuu danda’a. Yeroo ammaa hojiin waaltina Afaan Oromoo sadarkaa kanarra
hin dabarre. Koreen waaltinaas filannoo dhiyeessuun ala fudhatama filannoo sanaatiif to’annaan inni
taasisaa jiru laafaadha. Kun ammoo karaa biraatiin korichumtuu filannoo dhiyeessuun dhaaba
dhabuu jechootaafi caasaa afaanichaatiif qabata ta’a.
3.9.2.2. Maleenyaa Ajajaa (Prescriptive approach)
Adeemsi inni lammaffaan ammoo, maleenyaa ajajaati. Akka hayyoota yaada maleenyaa kanaa
deeggeraniitti, loogawwaniifi caasaa afaan tokkoo ogeessaan qorachuun hojii isa dursaati. Sana
booda, afaanichi yeroo barbaadame keessatti afaan saayinsiifi teeknooloojii akka ta’utti gama
jechaatiinis ta’ee caasaatiin haala waalta’e tokko uumuun akka ittiin hojjetamuuf haala
mijeessuudha. Kana jechuun, manneen barnootaa, waajjiraalee mootummaa, manneen daldalaa
keessatti barsiistonni, barreessitoonni wkf afaan waaltinaaf qophaa’e sanaan akka fayyadaman
dhiibbaa geessisuudha. Isa kanas to’annaa walirraa hin cinne taasisuun mirkaneeffachuudha.
Maleenya ajajaatiin afaan waaltessuun “Seerri isaa kana” jechuun kaa’uudha. Seerri kunis kan irratti
raawwatamu warra afaanicha fayyadamanirratti.
Hayyoonni itti dabalanii akka ibsanitti, afaan waaltessuuf karaa filatamaa kan ta’u, fayyadamtoota
afaanichaaf gorsaafi odeeffannoo gahaa kennuudha.
Afaan tookkorratti yoo xiyyeeffannu waaltinaafi karoorri afaanii hiika waliif ta’uu nidanda’u.
Haala afaanota adda addaa keesstti garuu waaltinni qaamolee karoora afaanii keessaa isa
tokkodha. Waan kana ta’eef, karoorri afaanii waaltina afaanii caalaa bal’aadha.
4. Q u u c a r a a f i B a y y a a n n a c h u u A f a a n i i / Language Endangerment and Language
Revitalization
4.1. Yaadrimee Afaan Sab-bal`aafi Afaan Sab-bicuu (Concepts of Majority language
and Minority Language)

Afaan sabbal’aa kan jedhu “Majority, ‘Dominant’ kan jedhu bakka buusuufidha. Afaan sabbal’aa
jecha jedhamu kanas karaa adda addaa ilaaluun nidandaa’ama: karaa baay’ina dubbattootaafi karaa
sadarkaa fudhatama ykn gahee afaan hawaasa keessatti qabu. Afaan dubbattoota hedduu qabaatee
gahee afaanichi hawaasa keessatti qabatamaan qabu gadaanaa taanaan; afaan sabbal’aadha jechuun
akka nama rakkisu dubbatama. Fudhatama hawaasummaa oggaa jedhamu, qabatamaan afaan tokko
sochii hawaasumma kan akka waliigaltee hojii mootummaa: sabaayimaalee, barnoota, tajaajila
hawaasaa, maxansaaleefi daldala keessatti gahee afaan tokko qabutu murteessaadha. Jecha biraatiin

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fudhatamummaan afaan tokkoo deggersa mootummaan gudinaafi babalina afaan tokkootiif
godhurratti kan murtaa’u malee baay’ina dubbattoota afaan tokkootiin miti.

Dhugaan jirtu, sadarkaa afaannonni hawaasa keessatti qaban kan waltaru ta’uusaati. Kan jechuun
namoonni yeroo baay’ee afaan Aangoo Siyaasaa, Qabeenyaafi Fudhatamummaa (prestige)
hinqabnerra afaan waa irraa argachuu dandaa’an filatu. Kunimmoo, baay’achuun dubbattoota afaan
tokkoo fadhatamummaa afaan tokko hawaasa keessatti qabu murteessuurratti humna akka hinqabne
kan mul’isudha. Sirnoota darban keessa ilmaan Oromoo kan isaan afaan Amaaraa barachuu, maqaafi
amantaa jijjiirrachuuf dirqamaa turanis seenaa kanarra addaa ta’e qabaatee miti.

Haalota Afaan sabbal’aa Afaan Sabbicuu

1. Manaafi maatii ✔
2. Mana barnootaa ✔
3. Sabaahimaalee ✔
4. Daldalaafi gabaa ✔
5. Dhimma hawaasummaafi aadaa uummataa ✔
6. Walqunnamtii ollaafi firootaa ✔
7. Walqunnamtii dhimma hojii mootummaa ✔
8. Rawwii/gaggeessa amantaa ✔

(Baker, 2001: 44 kan fudhatame)

4.2. Afaan Hirraanfachuufi Afaan Tursuu (Language Shift & Language Maintenance)

Akkuma siyaasniifi dammaqinsi uummataa jijjiiramu, tajaajila afaan hawaasa keessatti kennuufi
haalli afaanii nijijjiirama. Jijjiiramni afaanii kunis ol ykn gadi ta’uu dandaa’a. Ol jijjiiramuun afaan
tursuuf haala mijataa oggaa uumu; gadi jijjiiramuun garuu afaan hirraanfachuu fida. Afaan
hirraanfachuu jechuun hir’isuu lakkoofsa dubbattoota afaan tokkoofi gaddeebi’uu tajaajila afaan
tokko hawaasa keessatti kennuu kan ilaallatudha. Sadarkaan olaanaa afaan hirraanfachuu du’a
afaaniiti. Afaan tursuun (language maintenance), haala rakkisaa keessatti afaan ofiitiif kabaja
kennanii dhalootatti akka darbu taasisuu kan ilaallatudha.

Generally, language shift is used in the language planning literature to refer to a downwards
language movement. That is, there is a reduction in the number of speakers of a language, a

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 decreasing saturation of language speakers in the population, a loss in language proficiency,
or a decreasing use of that language in different domains. The last stages of language shift are
called language death. Language maintenance usually refers to relative language stability
in number and distribution of its speakers, its proficient usage by children and adults,
and its retention in specific domains (e.g. home, school, religion).

Akka (Baker, 2001) jedhutti haalota adda addaatu akka afaan hirraanfatamuuf gumaacha godha.
There are various levels of establishing causes of language shift, levels such as the political, the
economic, the psychological (e.g. at the individual or home level) and at the sociolinguistic level.
Isaanis:

 Fakkeenyaaf biyya gadidhiisanii hojii barbaachaaf, ykn jireenya fooy’aafi guddina godaanuu
ta’uu dandaa’a. Godaansi dirqmaanii (garbummaa) ykn fedhinnaan (DV Lottery, biyyoota
arabaa deemuu) ta’uu dandaa’a.
 Kan biraan haala fuudhaa-heerumaa keessatti afaan hirranfatamuu dandaa’a. Fkn, namni
afaan lama dandaa’u yoo gosa biraa kan afaan isaanii kabaja qabu waliin gaa’ela raawwate;
afaan ijoolleen isaanii dubbatan kan afaan bal’inaan ykn afaan isa fudhatama qabu qofaa ta’a.
 Kana malees, guddinni magaalaafi Industrii babal’achuun; namoonni akka baadiyaarraa gara
magalaatti godaanan taasisuun afaan hirraanfachuuf sababa isa biraatti. Fkn. namoota
Oromoo ta’anii magaalaa Finfinnee keessatti dhalatanii guddatan meeqansaaniitu Afaan
Oromoo dandaa’a ykn ilaalcha gaarii qaba?
 Dabalataanis guddinni walqunnamtii, tekinooloojiin odeeffannoo, tuuriizimii, karaa, daandiin
qilleensaafi gaalanaa babal’achuu hirraanfatamuu afaanota subbicuutiif sababa guddatti
fudhatamuu dandaa’a.
 Kana malees imaammanni barnoota afaanii ykn afaan barnoota biyyoonni hordofan
hirraanfatamuu ykn tursuuf afaaniitiif qooda mataasaa qaba.

Domains, Fishman argued, are sociolinguistic contexts definable for any given society by three
significant dimensions: the location, the participants and the topic.

4.3. Haalota Afaan Tursuu ykn Afaan Dagachuu Jajjabeessan

Akka hayyuun Baker (2001) jedhutti hawaasni tokko akka afaan isaa qabatee turu ykn akka afaan
isaa dagatu kan godhani haloota adda addaatu jira. Haalota kanneenis bakka gurguddoo sadiitti
qoodee dhiyeessa. Isaanis; Siyaasawaa, hawaasawaafi baayyina, aadaawa, xiinqooqawaa jedhamu.

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A. Siyaasawaa, hawaasawaafi baay’ina

 Lakkoofsi dubbatootaa baay’ee ykn xiqqaa ta’uufi walitti dhiyaatanii ykn walirraa
fagaatanii jiraachuu.
 Yeroo dhiyoo kan godaanan yoo ta’eefi kan deeddeebi’anii biyyaa daawwatan yoo ta’e;
ykn yeroo dheeraa dura kan godaananiifi achittii jireenyaan kan tasgabbaa’an yoo ta’e.
 Walqunnamtii cimaa biyya waliin kan qaban yoo ta’e ykn biyyaarraa guutuman kan citan
yoo ta’e.
 Biyyatti deebi’uuf fedhii kan qaban yoo ta’eefi kan deebi’aa jiran ta’uu ykn biyyatti
deebi’uudhaaf kan fedhii hinqabne yoo ta’eefi deebi’uun kan hindandaa’amne yoo ta’e.
 Hawaasni afaanicha sirriitti kan qabatanii jiran yoo ta’e; ykn hawaasni afaanicha sirriitti
fayyadamuu dhisuu; akkasumas gadqabamuu afaanichaa.
 Hojii/dalagaa tasgabbaa’e qabaachuu ykn hojii jijjiiruu,(baadiyyaa gara magaalaa
godaanuu)
 Bakka afaan ofii itti dubbatamuu hojii qabachuu; ykn haalli hojii kan afaan biyyoolessaa
ykn afaan sabbal’aa dubbachuu kan gaafatu ta’uu isaa
 Yoo dubbataan afaanichaa eenyummaa isaa afaanichaan kan ibsatu ta’e; ykn eenyummaa
isaa afaan biyyoolessaatiin kan ibsatu yoo ta’e ykn yoo dhorkame.

B. Haalaa aadaa

 Dhhaabbileen afaan abbaa jajjabeessan jiraachuu (fkn, mana baumsaa, dhaabbilee hawaasaa,
sabaayimaalee, waajjiraalee) ykn dhabamuu dhaabbilee afaan abbaa
 Jilootni aadaafi sirni amantaa afaanichaan kan gaggeeffamu yoo ta’e Ykn jilootni aadaafi
sirni amantaa afaan biyyoolessaa ykn sabbal’aatiin kan gaggeeffamu yoo ta’e
 Eenyummaan sabichaa afaanicha waliin hidhata cimaa kan qabu yoo ta’e; ykn sabichi
eenyummaasaa afaan malee waan biraatiin kan ibsatu yoo ta’e.
 Sabboonummaan kan itti dhagaahamu yoo ta’e, ykn sabboonummaan gadaanaa yoo ta’e.
 Afaanichi afaan biyyoolessaa ta’uu; ykn afaan biyyoolessaa ta’uu dhabuu.
 Fedhii afaanicha fayyadamuu ykn ittiin of ibsuu yoo cimaa ta’e; dhabamuu wantoota kan
 Hidhata firoomaafi tokkummaa garee dubbattoota afaanichaa cimaan jiraachuu ykn
dhimmoota dhuunfaarrtti xiyyeeffachuu (individual achievement).
 Barnoota afaan abbaa ofiirratti xiyyeeffachuu; ykn, barnoota afaan biyyoolessaa ykn kan
sabbal’aarratti xiyyeeffachuu

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C. Dhimmoota Xiinqooqaa

 Afaanichi kan walteeffameefi kan barreeffame yoo ta’e; ykn afaanichi kan
hinwalteeffamneefi kan hinbarreeffamne yoo hintaane.
 Qubeefi haala fayyadama qubee fooyyaa’aa kan qabu yoo ta’e; ykn qubeefi haala fayyadama
qubee fooyyaa’aa kan qabu yoo hintaane.
 Afaanichi dhimma biyyoolessaafi dhimma biyyaalessaatiif barbachisaa yoo ta’e; ykn
afaanichi dhimma biyyoolessaafi dhimma biyyaalessaatiif barbachisaa yoo hintaane.
 Afaanich akka gosa barnootaatti kennamuufi kennamuu dhabuu.
 Bal’inaan of danda’ee guddachuu afaanichaa; (e.g. limited use of new terms from the
majority language) ykn afaan kanneen biroorratti hirkatee guddachuu afaanichaa fkn.
Liqeeffachuu, caasaa jijjiirrachuu fi kkf. (Adapted from Conklin & Lourie, 1983).
4.4. Quucaruufi Du’a Afaanii (Language Decline and Death)

Afaanonni kanaan dura turan kan harraa’aan tana hijirre jiru. Akka tilmaamni jedhutti gara afaanotni
100,000 lafarra akka jiraataa turanitti dhiyeessa. Ammas afaanonni quucaraa jiran hedduu akka ta’an
yaada armaan gadiirra hubachuun nidandaa’ama. Fakkeenyaaf, habuurri US-based Summer Institute
of Linguistics, bara 1999 maxxanfame, afaanonni 51 dubbataa 1 qofa akka qaban, afaanonni 500
dubbattoota 100 gadi ta’an qofa akka qaban, afaanonni 1,500 immoo dubbattoota 1,000 gadi kan
qabaniifi, afaanonni 3,000 ol taa’ani immoo dubbattoota 10,000 gadi akka qaban saxileera. Kana
malees afaanota addunyaa gara 6,800 keessaa 5,000 dubbattoota 100,000 gad akka qaban ibseera.
Kan daran naasisa ta’e, afaanota addunyaarra jiran keessaa kan %96 ta’an dubbattoota %4 qofaan
kan dubbatamanidha (Crystal, 1999).

Waan nama ajaayibaa, akka UNESCO dhiiyenya kana ifa taasisetti, har’aantana uummanni addunyaa
walakkaa oli aadaan ykn dinagdeedhaan kan hacuucamanidha. Afaanota gara 6000 ta’an keessaa
dhibbeentaa 4 qofatu uummata addunyaa harka 96’n dubbatama. Kana malees, afaanotni gara
dhibbeentaa 50 ta’an kan balaan baduu/du’uu mudate yoo ta’an; kan dhibbeentaa 90 ta’an immoo
internet irratti tajajilaaf kan hinoolledha. Biyyoota muraasa 5 ta’antu aadaa fi daldala addunyaa
kanaa to’ataa jira. Fakkeenyaaf yoo cinema fudhannee ilaalle, biyyoota 185 keessaa 88 hanga
ammaatti filimii mataa isaanii kan hinqabnedha (Isar and Anheier, 2007:122). Kunimmoo
gabaabumatti afaanonni baay’een addunyaarra jiran kan du’aa jiran ta’uu kan ibsudha. Haaluma
walfakkaatuun, Wright (2004: 230) duuti afaanii dhimmoota adda addaa waliin kan walqabate ta’uu
isaa jala muree akka armaan gadiitti ibsa.

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 Language death was a side effect of exploitation, war and genocide or catastrophe; as the
safety of a people was threatened, so was its language. Such language death must have
occurred frequently in history as small weak groups were conquered and displaced by larger
and stronger peoples or as natural disasters struck. Whether groups were physically wiped out
or became too small to exist as a separate society, their languages disappeared.

Haalota du’a afaanii ariifachiisan

Dhabnee hinargine waan ta’eef tarii faayidaan afaan keenyaa nutti hinmul’atu ta’a. Tarii, “Osoo
afaan keenya du’ee maaltu ta’a?” jennee yaannee hinbeeknu ta’a. Afaan duunaan hawaasnis
jiraachuu hindandaa’u. Afaan kan namarratti hirkatuufi maxxantuu lubbuu hinqabnedha. Afaan du’e
kan jedhamu dubbataan afaan tokkoo yoo lafarraa dhabamedha. Waraana, balaa uumama (beela,
sochii lafaa, sunaamii, dhukkuba), Siyaasa addunyaa, addunyaalessuu (globalization), (haala
teknooloojiifi sayiinsii, karaalee), babal’achuu magaalaa, godaansa, dhiqamuu biyyeefi dhiphina
lafaa, balaa uumamaa addaddaarraan kan ka’e namoonni godaanuu.

There is no doubt that the most obvious cause of language decline and death is an
inadequate concentration of speakers faced with economically powerful and technically
sophisticated neighbours. And the most common way in which death occurs is lack of
transmission of an original language from parents to children (Edwards 2010: 40).

Akka Dorian jedhutti, afaan yeroo hacuuccaan itti heddummaatu, baqatee gara qe’eetti gala. Qe’een
bakka buufata afaan gadiqabamanii dorgommiin ala ta’aniiti. ‘The home is the last bastion of a
subordinate language in competition with a dominant official language of wider currency’ (Dorian,
1981, p. 105). Afaan haala kanaan tajaajila hawaasaa keessaa bahe, qe’ee keessatti waliigaltee
maatiifi ollaa tajaajilu qofatti hafa. Dubbattonnis jamaa keessatti fayyadamuu saalfachuu ykn
qaanfachuu eegalu. Haaluma kanaan yeroo booda akkuma maatiin ijoolleef dabrsu dadhabuun
dhaloonni dubbatu dhibaa deemee xumurarrattis nidu’a. Afaan takkaa yoo du’e, deebisanii
jiraachisuun hindandaa’amu; keessumaattuu, yoo afaan sun gara barreeffamaatti hinjijiiramne ta’e.

Seenaa keessatti afaan du’ee, jiraachifame Afaan Hibriwu qofa akka ta’e seenaan dhugaa baha. Duuti
afaanii akka hayyoonni jedhanitti; Irraa - gad (top-down) ykn jalaa – ol (bottom-up) ta’uu akka
danda’u yaada dhiyeessu. Afaanonni baay’een kan du’an ykn du’aa jiran haala irraa-gadiitiini. Kana
jechuun yeroo hacuuccaan itti baay’atu afaan tokko tajaajila hawaasummaa adda addaa kennuu
dhaabee gara qe’eetti akka deebi’ee maatiif ollaa keessatti tajajilu armaan dura dhiyaateera. Eega

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manatti deebi’ees, maatiin suutuma suuta dubbachuu yeroo dhabu, dhaloonni afaan sana dubbatu
yeroo dhibu du’e jedhama. Jalaa ol du’uu jechuun immoo afaan tokko tajaajila guyya guyyaa
kennuurraa dhaabbatee yoo yoo bakka muraasa murtaassa ta’e (fkn. Mana amantaa, bakka sirnni
aadaa raawwatu) keessatti tajaajila kennuu, akka afaan dhalootaatti namni itti dhimma bahu gaafa
dhibu jechuudha. Afaan Gi’iiz, Afaan Laatiinii, Afaan Sanskiriit akka fakkeenyaatti kaasuun
nidandaa’ama.

Gama biraatiin duuti afaanii haala Ofiin of ajjeesuu (sucide) ykn Ajjeefamuu (murdered)tiin ta’uu
dandaa’a. Ofiin of ajjeesuu jechuun yeroo dubbatan fedha isaatiin afaan isaa dhiisee afaan kan biraa
filatu, ijoolleesaa dhaalchisuu dhiisu, kan isaanii dhiisanii sababa adda addaatiif afaan ka biraa
filachuu kan argisiisudha. Dhimmi kun akka hayyoonni akka Edwards faa jedhanitti guddoo
falmisiisaadha. Sababiin isaas sabni kamiyyuu osoo haalli mijaawaan jiraate; afaan isaa dhiisee afaan
ambaa sababa filatuuf akka hinqabne jala sararanii kaa’u. Kana jechuun, Sabni tokko kan afaan isaa
ajjeesu dirqameeti, (fkn, jiruu argachuuf, dhiibbaafi hacuuccaan yeroo itti baay’atu,
qoollifannaa/jibbafi kkf) irraa kan ka’e yoo ta’e malee kan afaan isaa jibbu hinjiru jedhu. Kanaafuu,
kunimmoo gara ejjennoo afaan kanneen humna, aangoo, qabeenya qabaniin ajjeefama malee ofiin of
hin ajjeesu jedhutti nama geessa.

However, where there are oppressed language minorities who are forced to live in
segregated societies, there is often little choice of where to live and work. In the quote,
the Navajo may have had the choice. In actuality, many language minorities have little or
no real choice. Thus, electing for language suicide is misleading. Attribution of suicide is
a way of ‘blaming the victim’ and diverting a focus on the determination of real causes
of language shift (Baker, 2001).

4.5. Bayyaannachuufi Babal’achuu Afaanii

Bayyannachuu afaanii jechuun sababa adda addaatiin afaan hacuucaa jala turee gara baduu jala
gahee ture; bakki itti dubbatamu ogga misaa deemu jechuudha. Afaan duraan hamma ta’e tajaajila
kennaa ture yoo balinaan akka tajaajilu taasifame immoo afaan babal’achuu jedhama.
Bayyannachuufi babal’achuun afaanii lakkoofsaafi tajaajilaan dabaluu afaan tokkoo kan ibsudha
“…numerically, geographically or functionally – in language users, networks and use”
Afaanoonni fiixee du’aarra gahan deebi’anii akka jiratoo ta’aniifi yeroo kamirrayyuu har’aantana
irratti hojjetamaa jira. Dhaabbanni UNESCO jedhamu sochii inni godhaa jirus afaanonni akka
hinduune, afaan du’e jechuun; seenaa, aadaa, falaasama beekumsa natoo kan sabni sun addunyaaf

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gumaachutu waliin du’a waan ta’eef. Babal’achuun afaanii garuu, faayidaan afaanii sababa daldalaa,
loltummaa, bittaa garbummaatiifi kkf daangaa qaxxaamuree deemuu waliin kan walqabatudha.

First, the terms are ambiguous and may refer to the numerical size of the language
minority, their saturation in a region, their proficiency in the language or the use of the
language in different domains. Second, these are predominantly sociolinguistic concepts.
Linguists have their own use of these terms. Language spread was always closely allied to
trade, to imperialist military ventures and to hopes for religious conversion and
proselytism (Edwards, 1994: 104).

Afaan maaliif kununfamuu qaba? Afaan kununfamuu qaba. Sababiin isaa afaan:

1. Addaaddummaan afaanii bareedina addunyaati.

2. Eenyummaafi aadaa saba sanaa waan calaqqisiisuuf
3. Baataa ykn ibsituu seenaa saba tokkoo waan ta’eef
4. Baataa/kuusaa beekumsa hawaasaa kan qabeenya addunyaa waan ta’eef
5. Tokkoon tokkoon afaanii miidhagina ofii isaanii waan qabaniif

Bayyaannachuufi babal’achuun afaanii haalota adda addaa sadiirratti akka hundaa’u himama.
Sadarkaa/fudhatamummaa afaanichaa, baay’ina dubbattootaafi deggersa daabbilee adda addaati.

1. Sadarkaa/ fudhatamummaa yoo fudhannee ilaalle:

 Sadarkaa dinagdee (economic status) – afaan namoota iyyeessaan ykn qote bulaan akkasumas
namoota hojii gadaanaa hojetanii dubbatamu kabaja kan qabu miti. Kun afaanichi dhalootaan
gadaanaa ykn hanqina qabaatee osoo hintaane fudhatama dubbattoonni afaanicha hawaasa
keessatti qaban kan calaqqisiisudha.
 Fudhatamummaa hawaasaa (social status) – afaan namoonni hoj-dhabeeyyii, sadarkaa
hawaasaa gadaanaa, namoota dagatamoon ykn hojii gadaanaa hojjetaniin dubbatamu
fudhatamummaan hawaasa biratti qabu gadaanaadha.”where a minority language is seen to
co-exist with unemployment, poverty, social deprivation and few anemities, the social status
of the language may be negatively affected”(Baker, 2001: 69).
 Jabina ittiin of ibsuu (symbolic status) kan of keessaa qabudha. Afaan tokko yoo sabni
dubbatu sun mallattoo eenyummaasaa ittiin calaqqisiisa ta’e yoo xiqqaate isaan biratti kabaja
argachuu dandaa’a. Kanaafuu bayyannachuu dandaa’a.

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 2. Haala Lakkoofsa dubbattootaa (demographic factor) haala afaan akka bayyaannatu ykn
babal’atu godhu keessaa isa tokko ta’ee; qaphxiilee armaan gadii kan qabudha.
 Baayina dubbattootaa
 Tamsa’ina qubannaafi bakka teessuma isaanii
 Ijaarama maatiifi hariiroo fuudhaafi heeruma saba kanneen biroo waliin qaban
 Godaansaafi bakka jireenyaa jijjiiruu
3. Deggersa Dhaabbilee adda addaa - deggersi dhaabbilee adda addaa jiraachuufi dhibuun
afaan tokko babal’achuufi bayyaannachiisuurratti qooda guddaa qaba.
 Sabaayimaalee
 Dhaabbata amantii
 Bulchiinsaafi tajajila hawaasaa
 Manneen barnootaa

5. Afaaniifi Imaammata Barnootaa/Language & Education Policy

Manni barnootaa bakka aadaan, afaan, beekumsi, dandeettiiniifi ilaalchi aaddanummaafi

afdaneessummaa dhiyaachuu qabuufi lammiileen hubannoo tokkummaa garaagarummaa
keessatti argachuu malanidha. Afdaneessummaafi addanummaan barnoota keessatti hedduu
murteessaa kan ta’eef barsiisaas ta’e barataan seenduubee adda addaarraa walitti dhufu waan
ta’eef; walsimuu dhabuun seenduubee ykn duudhaa aadaa haala baruufi barsiisuu miidhuu
dandaa’a waan ta’eefi.

5.1. Imaammata Barnoota Afaanii Itoophiyaa Keessatti

Imaammata barnoota afaanii Itiyoophiyaa keessatti bakka lamatti qoodanii ilaaluun nidandaa’ama.
Isaanis: Imaammata barnoota afaanii kan Bara 1991 duraafi Imaammata barnoota Afaanii Kan bara
1991 Boodaa.

5.1.1. Imaammata Barnoota Afaanii Itoophiyaa Bara 1991 Duratti

Barumsi amayyaa Itiyoophiyaa keessatti yeroo jalqabaatiif kan inni baname ALA bara 1908 ta’uusaa
seenaan dhugaa baha. Kaayyoon mana barumsaa yeroo kanaas dabballee dhimma biyya alaa
mijeessuu dandaa’an afaan adda addaatiin leenjisu ture. Kanaafuu, Afaan Faransaay dirqama oggaa
ta’u; Afaan Inglizii, Xaaliyaaniifi Arabaa filannoon kan baratamu ture. Afaan Faransaay dirqama
kan ta’eef, waan yeroo sanatti Daandiin baaburaa diriiruufi hariiroon biyyoota lamaan sadarkaa

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olaanaatti barbaachisaa waan tureef jedhama. Akka raga seenaa tokko tokkootti Afaan Amaaraa
yeroo jalqabaatiif kan carraa akka gosa barnootaatti argateyyuu bara 1919 akka ta’e himama.
Haaluma kanaan, Afaan Amaaraa akka gosa barnootaatti oggaa barsiifamu, Afaan Ingilizii immoo
akka afaan barnootaatti bara 1947-1958 kennamaa ture.

Garuu bara 1958 irraa eegalee Afaan Amaaraa afaan barnootaa sadarkaa 1 ffaa akka ta’uu yeroo
murteeffamu Afaan Ingilizii immoo sadarkaa 1ffaatti akka gosa barnootaatti sadarkaa 2ffaatti immoo
akka afaan barnootaatti tajaajiluu eegale. Afaan Oromoo afaan barnootaa ta’ee tajaajiluuf kan carraa
argate waggoota hedduu dura naannoo muraasa keessatti ture. Mana barumsaa Afaan Oromoo
Onesimoosiin bara 1904 naannoo wallaggaatti banameefi bara bittaa Xaaliyaanii (1936 – 1941)
keessatti naannoo muraasa keessatti baname, akka fakkenyaatti eeruun nidandaa’ama (Asafaa, 2009).
Haa ta’u malee, umurii dheerachuuf hinmilkoofne.

Kana waan ta’eef, Afaan Oromoo mootummoota darban keessa gadi qabaa hamaa jala waan tureef,
sabni Oromoo mirga afaan isaatiin barachuu, mirga afaan isaatiin hojjechuufi murtii argachuu, aadaa
isaa guddifachuufi seenaa isaa kununsachuu sarbamaa tureera. Yaada kana ilaalchisee, Mekuriyaa
Bulchaa (1997:335) bara mootummaa Hayile Sillaasee Afaan Oromootiin barachuun haa hafuutii
sadarkaa dubbiittiyyuu akka dhorkamee ture yeroo ibsu: “Haile Selassie’s post- war language policy
not only banned Oromo literacy and any sort of literature in all non-Amhara ethnic languages of the
empire, but also restricted their use even for verbal communications in public and state institutions;
the schools, churches, law courts and public offices” jedha.

Kufaatii mootummaa H/Sillaaseen boodas, 1974-91, jijjiiramni imaammata afaanii kan fooyyee ture
yoo ta’es; sochii mirgaa barattoota bara sanaa qabbaneessuurra kan hiixate hinturre. Afaanota kudha
shan barnoota ga’eessotaatiif filataman keessaa Afaan Oromoo isa tokko haa ta’u malee; Afaan
Amaaraa akka afaan hojii biyyoolessaa; akkasumas akka afaan barnootaa sadarkaa tokkoffaa akka
ta’u murtaa’e. Afaan Ingilizii immoo akka afaan hojiifi mana barnootaa sadarkaa lammaaffaafi
dhaabbilee barnootaa olaanoo keessatti akka afaan barnootaatti akka tajaajilu murteeffame. Yeroo
Mootummaa Dargii kana fooyya’insi xiqqoon haa jiraatu malee, rakkoo walfakkaataan akka ture
himama. Kanaarratti Cohen, (2006). Afaan Oromoo afaanota kudha shanan barnoota bu’uuraa
babal’isuuf filatman keessaa tokko haa ta’u malee, guddina afaanichaa karaa hiika qabeessaan
garafuulduratti tarkaanfachiisuun akka hindandaa’amne akeeka.

5.1.2. Imaammata Barnoota Afaanii Itoophiyaa Bara 1991 Asitti

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Haa ta’u malee, haalli kun kuufaatii Mootummaa Dargii bara 1991 booda, waan jijjiirame fakkaata.
Mootummaa Daargii booda heerri mootummaa seenaa biyyaattii keessatti yeroo jalqabaaf boqonnaa
haaraa bane hundeeffame. Heera mootummaa, keeyyata 39:1 jalatti sabaafi sablammoonni mirga
isaan afaan isaanii dubbachuu, aadaasaanii guddifachuu, akkasumas seenaa isaanii kununfachuu kan
mirkaneesse ture.

Every nation, nationality and people in Ethiopia has the right to speak, to write and to
develop its own language; to express, to develop and promote its culture; and to preserve its
history.

Jijjiiramni mootummaa kun mirga afaan dhalootaatiin barachuu kan waggootaa hedduun dura bara
1951’tti UNESCO’n hojiirra oole, biyyattii keessatti gara hojiitti hiikuun boqonnaa haaraa bane.
Kanuma hordofuun, imaammanni barnootaa haaraanis ashakame. Imaammata barnootaa haaraa
keessattis akka keeyyata 35.1-jalatti tumametti; faayidaa qorbarumsaa (pedagogic) afaan dhalootaan
barachuun qabuufi mirga sabaafi sablammoonni afaan isaanii guddifachuuf qaban mirkaneessuuf
barnoonni sadarkaa tokkoffaa akka afaan sabaafi sablammiitiin kennamu kan mirkaneesse ture.

Cognizant of the pedagogical advantage of the child in learning in mother tongue and the
rights of nationalities to promote the use of their languages, primary education will be
given in nationality languages.

1.Barnoonni sadarkaa 1ffaa afaan sabaafi sablammiitiin kennama.

2.Afaan Amaaraa akka afaan waliiniitti (bal’inaan dubbatamuutti) barsiifama.
3.Afaan Ingiliffaa akka afaan barnootaa sadarkaa 2ffaafi dhaabbilee barnootaa olaanaa ta’ee
tajaajila.

Addatti, imaammatni barnootaa kun fayyadama afaan dhaloota dhaabbata leenjii barsiisotaa sadarkaa
tokkoffaafi bakka oolmaa daa’imanii kan mirkaneesse ture. Mirga heera mootummaafi imaammata
barnootaa kanarraa argame bu’uureffachuun, afaanonni muraasni afaan barnootaa akka ta’an yeroo
murtaa’u; naannoleen meeshaalee barumsaa qopheessuuf gara hojiitti seenuun yeroo itti hinfudhanne
ture. Afaan Oromoos afaan barnootaa sadarkaa tokkoffaa akkasumas akka afaan hojii waajjiraalee
Mootummaa Naannoo Oromiyaa ta’u murteeffame. Heera mootummaa Naannoo Oromiyaa
keessattis, keeyyata 5 waa’ee Afaan Oromoo akka ittaanutti ibsa.

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 Afaan Oromoo afaan hojii Mootummaa Naannoo Oromiyaati; kan barreeffamus qubee Afaan
Oromootiin ta’a.

Har’aan tana Afaan Oromoo afaan barnootaa sadarkaa tokkoffaa, akkasumas afaan barnootaa
Dhaabbata Leenjii Barsiisota sadarkaa tokkoffaafi bakka oolmaa daa’immanii ta’ee tajaajiluu eega
jalqabee gadaa Afur ol ta`uuf jira. Afaan hojii Waajjiraalee Mootummaa Naannoo Oromiyaa ta’ees
tajaajilaa jira. Kana malees, dhaabbilee barnoota olaanoo keessatti sadarkaa digrii jalqabaa, digrii
lammataafi sadaffaatti kennamuu eega eegalee bubbuleera. Yuunivarsitota mootummaafi kolleejjii
dhuunfaa adda addaa keessattis kennamaa jira. Har’aan tana sadarkaa digrii garaagaraatti
yuunivarsiitonni 18 ta`an Afaan Oromoo barsiisaa jiru. Afaan Oromoo barsiisuu maddiitti dhaabbilee
qo`annoofi qorannoo addaaddaa dhaabuudhaan Afaan Oromoodhaan qorannoo gaggeessaa jiru.
Bu`aa qorannoo isaaniis joornaalii hundeessuudhaan maxxansiisaa jiru. Dabalataanis, Afaan Oromoo
tamsaasa buufata Talavishiniifi raadiyoo adda addaatiif eega oolee bubbuleera. Maxxansaaleeniifi
kitaabileen adda addaa Afaan Oromoorratti/Afaan Oromootiin maxxanfamaniiru. Gama sagantaa
mosajjii Afaan Oromoo qopheessuutiinis haalli jajjabeessaan kan mul’atedha.

5.1.2.1. Barnoota Aftokkee (Monolingual Education)

Akka biyya keenyaatti, barnoonni aftokkeen waggoota hedduuf yaalamee ture. Kaayyoon isaas
uummata Itiyoophiyaa gara Amaaraatti gosa galoomsuu ture. Milkaa’inni isaa garuu muraasaafi
hacuuccaafi gadiqabaa afaanota sabaafi sab lammii kan qabsoo sirna nama nyaata ariifachiise ture.
Akka Skutnubb 2000 jettutti, barnoonni aftokkeen dhalootni afaan, aadaa, eenyummaa isaanii akka
dagatan waan taasisuuf yakka sanyii balleessuu waliin kan walgitudha jetti. Leellistoonni barnoota
aftokkee immoo yaada armaan gadii kennu.

1. Barnoonni af-tokkeen eenyummaa aadaa biyya tokkoo dagaagsa.

2. Barnoonni af-tokkeen tokkummaa siyaasaa biyya tokkoo dagaagsa.
3. Barnoonni af-tokkeen tokkummaa ykn walta’uu hawaasaa biyya tokkoo gidduutti dagaagsa.
4. Baasiifi leecalloo muraasa waan gaafatuuf dinagdee biyyaa kan miidhu miti.

5.1.2.2. Barnoota Afaan Dhalootaa

Mirgoota dhala namaa keessaa tokko mirga afaan ofii fayyadamuuti. Mirgi afaan dhalootaa
fayyadamuu kan murame waggoota 60 dura UNESCO’n bara 1951 oggaa ta’u; faayidaalee hedduu
akka qabu dubbatama. Isaanis:

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  Faayidaa xiinsammuu – sodaa tokko malee, ofitti amanamummaan, afaan isaa jaalalaan
barachuu kan ilaallatudha),
 Faayidaa qorbarnootaa – karaa salphaa ta’een yaadirmee barnootaa hubachuuf afaan
dhalootaarra karaan salphatu hinjiru.
 Hawaasummaa – hariiroo fayyaalessa, waliigaltee gahaa namootaa waliin akka qabaatu
hedduu gargaara.
 Faayidaa Aadaa – aadaa, dudhaafi safuu hawaasa keessatti dhalatee guddatee akka
gabbifatuuf gumaachisaa daran olaanaadha.

Afaan dhalootaatiin barachuun (mother tongue education) faayidaa hedduu haa qabaatu malee,
biyyoota afaan hedduun keessatti dubbataman keessatti gara hojiitti jijjiiruun hedduu rakkisaa akka
ta’e himama. Kanaafuu jedha Fasold (1984), ulaagaalee kan akka: Bal’inaan dubbatamuu afaanichaa,
lakkoofsa dubbattootaa, waalta’uu afaanichaa, fedhinnaa dubbattootaafi kanneen biroo ilaalcha
keessa galchuun afaan kamtu afaan barnootaa ta’uu akka malu murteessuu barbaachisa.

Barnoota Afaan Dhalootaa Akka Itiyoophiyaatti

Mirgi afaan dhalootaatiin barachuu kan labsame bara 1951 yoo ta’eyyuu, akka biyya keenyaatti
eegaa hojiitti jijjiiramee reefuu gadaa sadiyyuu hinguunne. Biyya Itoophiyaa keessa afaanotni gara
80 ta’an akka jiran beekamaadha. Afaanota kana hundaan barnootni sadarkaa 1ffaa haa kennamu
jechuun rakkisaa ta’uu danda’a. Kanaafuu, ulaagaan adda addaa, (fkn. baay’ina dubbattootaa, fedhii
uummataa, leecalloofi kkf) hundeessuun dirqama ta’a. Har’aan tana gara afaanota 53 ol akka afaan
barnootaa jechuun kaan isaan akka gosa barnootaa (as a subject) kaan ammoo akka afaan barnootaa
(as a medium of instruction) ta’anii tajaajilaa jiru.

AFAAN OROMOO SHOULD BE ADDITIONAL WORKING LANGUAGE OF ETHIOPIA

By Dr. Birhanemeskel Abebe Sanyi (2015 GC)

Nowhere in the world has the government of the country refused to speak the language of the
majority of its people. It is weird, unthinkable, unjust, undemocratic, immoral, and absolutely
unacceptable. Ethiopia is all of these. The Ethiopian federal government and two of its largest cities
do not speak the language of the majority of the people, Afaan Oromo. This is a preliminary outline
to say the obvious. Make Afaan Oromo legally and unconditionally the working language of the
federal government of Ethiopia and the two largest cities of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa.

Here are the top ten reasons why:

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1. Demographic Reasons: Afaan Oromo, the language of the Oromo people, is the single most
widely spoken language in Ethiopia and the fourth largest African language in terms of the number
and size of speakers. It is spoken in at least three countries outside Ethiopia. Although statistical
data’s may vary, about 50% of the Ethiopian population is estimated to speak Afaan Oromo. In
comparison, only about 29.1% of the entire population of Ethiopia speaks Amharic, the legally
imposed official language of the Federal government and the two largest cities of Dire Dawa and
Addis Ababa. Given this demographic weight; it is unjust, undemocratic, and discriminatory to say
the least not to use the language of the majority of the people as working language of this
multinational and multilingual country.

2. Geographic Reasons: All of the segregationist entities including the federal government, the
Addis Ababa City Administration, and the Dire Dawa city administrations are based in and hosted in
the Afaan Oromo speaking Oromia National Regional State. Yet, due to the discriminatory and
exclusionary Amharic only language policy, the federal government institutions and these two large
cities do not speak the language of the host people and the host state. These entities which feels like
an occupying force rather than a governing force cannot continue as Amharic speaking island in the
middle of the sea of Afaan Oromo speaking population while fully relying on the resources of the
Oromo people for their existence including food, water, electricity, ports, waste disposals and roads
at a very high human, financial and environmental cost to the Oromo people and the Oromia state.

3. Unity of the country as a Reason: The exclusionary Amharic only language policy is antithesis
of the multilingual and multicultural nature of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian federal government and the
two segregationist cities under its administration have an urgent national duty, if they care, to abolish
this divisive and dangerous policy that undermines the equality, mutual respect and peaceful
coexistence of the Ethiopian people. Ethiopia cannot continue as united whole with its current
segregationist policy which benefits one segment of the population while fully excluding the other
segment of the population.

4. Economic and job opportunities: This segregationist and exclusionary Amharic only language
policy of the federal government and the two largest cities of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa have fully
and completely excluded Afaan Oromo speakers from all federal, municipal, corporate, and private
jobs as well as all economic and business opportunities including the right to do business and live in
these jurisdictions unless one speaks Amharic. All employees of the federal government and these
two largest cities are 100% Amharic speakers. Less than 10% of ethnic Oromos who were
assimilated into Amharic speaking are presently employed both in the federal government
institutions and by these two segregationist cities. Even worse, none of the federal government
offices and offices of these two cities including hospitals, businesses and all other service providers
provides translation services for Afaan Oromo speaking customers and users. Yet, Afaan Oromo
speakers and their state, Oromia, is the economic backbone and major sources of export and tax
revenue for the federal government and these two segregationist cities.

5. Representational Reasons: The Ethiopian federal government institutions and its bureaucracies;
and the two major cities of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa legally excluded Afaan Oromo speakers by
adopting Amharic as their only working language. Under this condition, it is very hard to either say
Afaan Oromo speakers are represented in the Federal Government and these two cities or the federal
government and these two cities represent the Afaan Oromo speakers. The rootless Amharic
speaking ethnic Oromo political appointees the government and these two cities flag as
representatives of the Afaan Oromo spearkers are outlaws who don’t even represent themselves.
Even the percentages of assimilated, culturally and linguistically disconnected ethnic Oromos
employees in Ethiopian federal institutions and the institutions in these two major cities as a whole

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are less than 10%. This is in a country where the Oromo people constitute more than 40% of the total
population.

6. Legitimacy Reasons: The government that does not speak the language of the people it claim to
govern neither do speak for that people nor do legitimately represent the interests of that people. For
the Ethiopian government to be considered legitimate representative of the Afaan Oromo speaking
population, it must speak Afaan Oromo and be the representatives of the interests of the Afaan
Oromo speakers at all levels of its institutions not just in nominal political appointee positions and
portfolios.

7. Justice, Equality, Equity and Fairness Reasons: Justice, equality, equity and fairness demands
equal opportunity and equal treatment of Afaan Oromo speakers on equal basis as the Amharic
speaking segment of the population. The Amharic only language policy of the federal government
and the two segregationist cities have completely left the Afaan Oromo speaking population outside
all economic, social, religious and educational institutional framework creating a country where
close to half of its population lives in subhuman situation without any single institution of their own.
The Ethiopian federal government and these two largest cities must not only immediately abolition
this unjust, discriminatory and apartheid language policy but also invest financial and human
resources to create Afaan Oromo economic, religious, cultural and educational institutions; and adopt
economic empowerment policies that will remedy and address the historical injustice Afaan Oromo
speakers passed through and are passing through right now.

8. Multilingualism to Create Bond among various nations and nationalities: The Amharic only
policy that was intended to assimilate over 80% of the Ethiopian population into the Amharic
speaking few or exclude them from the political, economic, religious, and social structure and
institutional fabrics of the Ethiopian state has created a very racist and hate groups who don’t accept
and respect the equality of various nations, nationalities, languages and various ethnic identities. This
dangerous policy has now lent legitimacy to the development of racist and hate groups who claim to
struggle for the ‘unity of Ethiopia in the name of this Amharic only langue policy’ to openly
discriminate, propagate hatred towards non-Amharic speakers, and even issue racist political
manifestos in a way that will destroy the social bond among various nations and nationalities of
Ethiopia. The main targets of these hate and racist groups incubated and developed through this
Amharic only racist policy and bigotry are the Afaan Oromo speaking population of Ethiopia.

9. One language and one ethnic hegemony policies will kill Ethiopia: Diverse and pluralistic
Ethiopia can only stand on the acceptance of the policy of unity through diversity. The two most
important challenges that works against this most important policy presumption to keep diverse and
united Ethiopia are the effort to create one ethnic hegemonic state and the Amharic only language
policies. These are two equally cancerous and terminal policies that will kill Ethiopia. Ethiopia will
only continue to exist on multinational and multilingual federal structure where mutual respect and
peaceful coexistence of its multiple nations and nationalities are protected and respected by
institutionalizing constitutional system of governance where fair economic power and political
power sharing mechanism are legally established. Making Afaan Oromo the working language of the
federal government and the two largest cities will open the door to save this sick and disabled
country that now operates with less one third of its potentials.

10. Language as Core factor in Human Development: The only means and avenue through which
any human society could produce, develop exchange and disseminate knowledge and information for
self-actualization, economic and social development is language. The Ethiopian federal government
and the two segregationist cities of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa denied the Afaan Oromo speaking

57
population of Ethiopia this fundamental, inalienable and basic rights through its Amharic only
policies. No wonder Ethiopia is the tail of the world and at the very bottom in human development
index.

As a conscientious member of the Afaan Oromo speaking society and because of the above listed
reasons and so many others, I call upon the Ethiopian government to immediately and
unconditionally abolish the Amharic only language policy and make Afaan Oromo the working
language of the federal government and the two largest cities of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa.

Wabiilee
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Finfinnee: BATO
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