Maithili

Biomedical
Prof. Leena Yelmule

Group Members
• J21 Janvi Shende

• J22 Juned Sheikh
• J23 Kartik Kale
• J24 Khimakshi Gurve
• J25 Kunal Meshram
• J26 Labhpreet Juneja
• J27 Maheshwari Chanode
• J28 Maithili Hasoriya
• J29 Manish Patle
• J30 Mayur Sontakke
CONTENTS
• What is bioelectric signal?
• Principles
• Types of bioelectric signal.
• Applications of bioelectric signal.
What Is Bioelectric Signal?
• Bioelectrical signals refer to electrical impulses generated by living organisms,
particularly within biological tissues and cells. These signals play crucial roles in
various physiological processes, including communication between cells, muscle
contractions, and nerve impulses. The study of bioelectrical signals is essential in fields
such as neuroscience, cardiology, and bioengineering
Principles
• • Ion Movement: Bioelectric signals result from the movement of ions across cell
membranes, primarily sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-).
• • Action Potential: Nerve cells (neurons) generate action potentials, brief electrical
impulses that travel along the cell membrane. This occurs due to changes in ion
permeability and voltage-gated ion channels.
• • Resting Potential: Neurons maintain a resting membrane potential, typically around
-70 millivolts, due to the unequal distribution of ions across the membrane. This potential
is crucial for signaling
• .• Excitation and Inhibition: Bioelectric signals can either excite or inhibit the activity of
neighboring cells. Excitation typically involves depolarization (increase in membrane
potential), while inhibition involves hyperpolarization (decrease in membrane potential)
• .• Propagation: Action potentials propagate along nerve fibers, transmitting information
over long distances. This propagation is achieved through the opening and closing of ion
channels in a sequential manner.
• Synaptic Transmission: Communication between neurons occurs at synapses, where
neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron, diffuse across the synaptic
cleft, and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, leading to changes in its
membrane potential.
• Muscle Contraction: In muscle cells, bioelectric signals trigger contraction. These
signals are initiated by action potentials in motor neurons, which stimulate the release of
calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, leading to muscle fiber contraction.
Understanding these principles is essential for studying various physiological processes,

diagnosing medical conditions, and developing treatments in fields such as neuroscience,
cardiology, and bioengineering.
Types Of Bioelectrical Signal
• Bioelectric signals can be categorized into several types based on their origin and
characteristics. Here are some common types:
• • Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): Measures the electrical activity of the heart over time. It is
used to diagnose various heart conditions.
• • Electroencephalogram (EEG): Records the electrical activity of the brain. EEG is used in the
diagnosis and management of epilepsy and other brain disorders, as well as in sleep research.
• • Electromyogram (EMG): Measures the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. It is
used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders and to assess muscle function.
• Electroretinogram (ERG): Records the electrical
responses of various cell types in the retina of the eye. ERG
is used to diagnose retinal disorders and assess retinal
function
.• Electrogastrogram (EGG): Measures the electrical
activity of the stomach. EGG is used to study gastric
motility and to diagnose disorders such as gastroparesis.
• Electrooculogram (EOG): Records the electrical
potentials generated by the movement of the eyes. EOG is
used in the diagnosis of various eye movement disorders
and in sleep research.
• Electrodermal Activity (EDA): Measures the electrical
activity of the skin, including sweat gland activity. It is
often used in the study of emotional responses and
stress.These are just a few examples of bioelectric signals,
and there are others depending on specific research or
clinical needs
Applications Of Bioelectric Signals
• 1. *Medical Diagnostics:*
- *Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG):* Used to assess heart function by recording electrical

activity, aiding in the diagnosis of heart conditions.
• - *Electroencephalography (EEG):* Measures brain activity, helping diagnose neurological
disorders such as epilepsy and sleep disorders.
• - *Electromyography (EMG):* Evaluates muscle function and detects neuromuscular disorders.
• 2. *Neuroscience Research:*
•
• - *Action Potential Studies:* Bioelectric signals are crucial for studying the communication
between neurons and understanding neural networks.
• - *Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI):* Combines with bioelectric signals to
provide a comprehensive view of brain activity during different tasks.
3. *Prosthetics and Brain-Computer Interfaces:*
- Bioelectric signals can be used to control prosthetic devices or interfaces, allowing
individuals with limb loss or paralysis to regain control over external devices.
4. *Biofeedback Therapy:*
- Bioelectric signals are employed in biofeedback sessions to help individuals gain control over
physiological processes, such as muscle tension or heart rate, for therapeutic purposes.
5. *Sleep Medicine:*
- EEG signals are crucial in sleep studies, aiding in the diagnosis and understanding of sleep
disorders.
6. *Human-Computer Interaction:*
- Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) use bioelectric signals to enable direct communication
between the brain and computers, allowing for hands-free control of devices
.
7. *Sports Science:*
- EMG signals are used to analyze muscle activity and performance in athletes, helping
optimize training regimens and prevent injuries.
8. *Cardiovascular Monitoring:*
- Continuous monitoring of ECG signals helps in early detection of cardiac abnormalities and
arrhythmias.
9. *Biomedical Engineering:*
- Bioelectric signals play a role in the design and development of medical devices, such as
pacemakers and neurostimulators.
10. *Cognitive Science:*

- EEG signals are used to study cognitive processes, memory, and attention, contributing to
the understanding of human cognition.
.
Thank You !

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Biomedical

Prof. Leena Yelmule

• J21 Janvi Shende

Understanding these principles is essential for studying various physiological processes,

- Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG): Used to assess heart function by recording electrical

10. Cognitive Science:

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