EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS

Lecture 33: SGM and Wave Propagation

B.K. MAHESHWARI
Professor, Dept. of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee
E-mail: [email protected]

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ERD of Foundations - Modules
1. Introduction
2. Shallow Foundations
3. Pile Foundations
4. Well Foundations
5. SSI for Deep Foundations
6. Miscellaneous

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 Module - 5

SSI for Deep Foundations

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Module - 5: Chapters
1. Introduction to Soil-Structure Interaction
2. Effects of Soil-Structure Interaction
3. SGM and Wave Propagation
4. Dispersion & Attenuation of Waves, Damping
5. Ground Response Analysis
6. Soil-Pile Interaction

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Chapter-3: SGM and Wave Propagation
1. Strong Ground Motion (SGM)
2. Wave Propagation

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Strong Ground Motion (SGM)
• Vibrations of Earth
– Period: Milliseconds to Days
– Amplitude: Nanometers to Meters
• Micro-Seismic Activity (weak vibrations)
– Greater Importance to Seismologists
• Strong Ground Motion
– Very important for Earthquake Engineers
– Quantitative ways of describing SGM?
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 Strong Ground Motion (SGM)
• The ground motions due to an EQ
– May be quite complicated
– Represented by 3 components of translation and 3
components of rotation which are usually neglected
– Most commonly 3 translational component (Such as
N-S, E-W & Vertical) are measured
– Typical record contains a lot of information
– 3 Components of Bhuj EQ (next slides)
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Components of Bhuj EQ – Recorded at Passport
Office Ahmedabad

Longitudinal Component (N780 E)

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Components of Bhuj EQ – Recorded at Passport
Office Ahmedabad

Transverse Component (N120 W)

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Components of Bhuj EQ – Recorded at Passport
Office Ahmedabad

Vertical Component

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Strong Ground Motion (SGM)
it is not necessary to reproduce each time
history exactly to describe the ground motion
adequately for engineering purposes. However,
the characteristics of the ground motion that
are of engineering significance needed to be
described and a number of ground motion
parameters that reflect those characteristics
needed to be identified.

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SGM – Characteristics of EQ Motion
• Amplitude
– Usually described by PGA
• Frequency Content
– Described by the Fourier Spectra
• Duration of the motion
– Usually in Seconds

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Chapter-3: SGM and Wave Propagation
1. Strong Ground Motion (SGM)
2. Wave Propagation

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Wave Propagation
– Generation of waves in a continuous medium Due to disturbance
in the Medium are analogous to the waves created when a
pebble is dropped in a pond.
– An EQ produces a motion of the ground by the passage of stress
waves that originate from the rupture of the stressed earth mass.
– Waves may also be generated both at the surface and within the
earth by man-made vibrations.
– Wave velocities depend upon the elastic properties of the
medium through which they travel

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Wave Propagation Theories
1. One-Dimensional Wave Propagation in an Elastic Rod

2. Three-Dimensional Wave Propagation in an Elastic

Infinite Medium

3. Wave Propagation in a Semi-Infinite Elastic Half-

Space

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1-D Wave Propagation in an Elastic Rod
Considering the longitudinal vibration of an elastic rod with
cross sectional area A, Young’s Modulus E and mass density r,
force equilibrium under free vibration lead to:
 2u 1  x E  2u 2  u
2
E
   vr 2 (1) where v r2 
r
t 2
r x r x 2
x

where vr is the Longitudinal

Wave propagation velocity
in a rod. Eq. (1) is defined
as 1-D wave equation.

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3-D Wave Prop. in an Elastic Infinite Medium
It is assumed that the infinite medium through which waves
propagate is homogenous and isotropic. The 3-D equations of
motion of an elastic solid are expressed in terms of
displacements. For this stress-strain and strain-
displacements relationship are used. Manipulation of
Equations and subsequent solution lead to:
 2 v
 v c2 2 v
t 2

Where vc is the velocity of compression waves

  2 E(1   ) K
v c2   
r r (1   )(1  2 ) r

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3-D Wave Prop. in an Elastic Infinite Medium
For  = 0, vc2 = E/r i.e. vc is equal to the velocity of
compression wave propagation in rod vr.
For  > 0, vc > vr.
The other solutions of the equations lead to shear wave
velocity of propagation given by
 E 1
v s2   .
r r 2(1   )
Ratio of vc/vs is given by
vc 2(1   )

vs (1  2 )

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3-D Wave Prop. in an Elastic Infinite Medium
An infinite elastic medium can sustain two kinds of waves:
1. Compression wave (with velocity vc), also called Primary
Wave, P Wave, Irrotational Wave.
2. Shear wave (with velocity vs), also called Secondary
Wave, S Wave, Distortional Wave, Voluminal Wave.
The two waves, which represent different types of body
motions, travel at different velocities. It may be noted
that the particle motion associated with the compression
wave in the rod and that in the infinite medium is the
same, but the wave propagation velocities are different.
(Continue)
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3-D Wave Prop. in an Elastic Infinite Medium
Since vc > vr, the compression wave travels faster in the
infinite medium than in a rod. The second type of wave
motion (S wave) propagates at the same velocity in the both
medium. Following table shows the velocity of wave
propagation in compression and shear for different
materials.

Soil r(kg/m3) vc (m/s) vs (m/s)

Moist Clay 1.8*103 1500 150
Loess at natural moisture 1.67*103 800 260
Dense sand and gravel 1.70*103 480 250
Fine-grained sand 1.65*103 300 110
Medium-grained sand 1.65*103 550 160
Medium-sized gravel 1.8*103 750 180

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Wave Propagation in a Semi-Infinite Elastic Half-Space

Motion induced by a typical plane wave that propagates in

the x-direction. Wave motion does not vary in the y direction.

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Wave Propagation in a Semi-Infinite Elastic Half-Space
In practice, the solutions for wave propagation in an infinite
elastic body have little significance. Since foundations are
supported on the soil, the boundary conditions
approximating this situation are those of a semi-infinite half
space. It is assumed that the medium is homogeneous,
isotropic, and elastic. In an elastic infinite medium, it was
found that there are two types of body waves, the
compression wave and the shear wave. In an elastic half
space, it will be seen that another wave, the Rayleigh wave,
shows up. The motion of a Rayleigh wave is confined to a
zone near the boundary of the half space.

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Variation in Wave Velocities with Poisson's ratio ()

vc 2(1   )

vs (1  2 )

Relation between Poisson’s ratio  and velocities of propagation

of compression (P), Shear (S) and Rayleigh (R) waves in a semi-
infinite elastic Half-Space
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Directions of Wave Propagation & Particle Motion

Body Waves Surface Waves

a. Compression (P) waves a. Rayleigh (R): by P and SV waves
b. Shear (S) waves b. Love (L): by SH waves

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References:
1. Prakash S. (1981), Soil Dynamics, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York
2. Kramer S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ,
USA

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Thank You

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