Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARRCHITECTURE
S.Y. 2022-2023

ARCH 135
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 6

CASE STUDY NO.1:

A DOMESTIC AIRPORT

SUBMITTED BY:

CHARLES D. CRESINO
202011612

SUBMITTED TO:

ARCH. CHRISTIAN OLIVER AGRIPA UAP, RMP

INSTRUCTOR

15 MARCH 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................... 2

Transportation in Architecture...................................................................................... 2

Air Transportation ......................................................................................................... 3

History of Air Transport ................................................................................................... 4

Its Development in the 20th Century........................................................................... 4

History of Philippine Air Transportation ........................................................................ 5

Airport in Architecture .................................................................................................. 6

Domestic Airport and Types ........................................................................................ 7

SPACE REQUIREMENTS OF DOMESTIC AIRPORT ............................................................. 8

GOVERNING LAWS AND CODES IN DESIGNING ......................................................... 10

Local Building Laws ..................................................................................................... 10

International Building Laws ........................................................................................ 12

STANDARDS OF DESIGN ................................................................................................ 13

EXAMPLES OF DOMESTIC AIRPORT IN THE PHILIPPINES ............................................... 25

CONCEPTUAL SHEET ...................................................................................................... 45

Design Style .................................................................................................................. 45

Design Considerations ............................................................................................... 46

Design Strategies ........................................................................................................ 48

Building Materials ....................................................................................................... 49

Design Philosophy ...................................................................................................... 50

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 52

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 INTRODUCTION

Transportation is one of the most vital factors that influence development of

a nation. It refers to the movement of people, goods, or materials from one place
to another using various modes of transportation such as vehicles, trains, airplanes,
ships, and other means. It also plays a vital role in modern society, allowing people
and goods to move efficiently and quickly across different regions and countries. At
each development stage of the global economy, a particular transport technology
has been developed or adapted with an array of impacts.

Transportation enables people to move from one place to another with ease,
making goods and services more accessible to people in different parts of the
country. This accessibility helps to reduce economic and social disparities among
regions and can increase productivity.

In addition, an efficient transportation system enables the movement of

goods and services, which promotes economic growth by facilitating trade and
commerce. An effective transportation network can also attract foreign investment,
create job opportunities, and improve the standard of living.

A good transportation system can improve social development by providing

access to education, healthcare, and other essential services. It can also improve
communication and connectivity, leading to a more cohesive society.

Moreover, transportation also plays a crucial role in the tourism industry by

providing access to tourist destinations. A well-connected transportation system can
increase the number of tourists, leading to economic growth and employment
opportunities in the tourism sector.

Lastly, efficient transportation is a crucial factor in urbanization. A well-

connected transport network makes it possible for people to live in suburban and
rural areas and work in urban centers. This, in turn, can help to reduce overcrowding
in cities, leading to better quality of life.

Overall, transportation is considered as a complex and multifaceted topic

that is essential to modern society. While it brings many benefits, it also poses
significant challenges that must be addressed to ensure sustainable and equitable
transportation systems.
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 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Transportation in Architecture

The human race has constantly been blooming and coming up with new
inventions and technologies. We had once started with fulfilling our basic needs for
life and utilizing the concept of civilization and settlement. Once we learned to
settle, humans found an urge to visit these various settlements, which created the
idea of traveling. With urbanization and industrialization, we came up with multiple
ways to travel. Walking on foot was replaced with transportation systems like cycles,
cars, buses which later developed into trains, flights, cruise lines, and metros. This
wide range of transportation is still growing at a breakneck pace.

Not only this created a new sector of urban designing for urban planners to
work on, but even architects also had to now think of designing the structures where
their modes of transportation would halt or provide facilities to the travelers. This field
of architecture is where we create infrastructure for transportation systems, and
today we are shining some light on it. Transportation is an important aspect of
architecture, as it affects the design of buildings and public spaces in and around
transportation hubs.

Here are some key elements of transportation in architecture:

1. Transportation Hubs

Transportation hubs are the focal point of transportation architecture, and

include airports, train stations, bus terminals, and ferry ports. They are designed
to efficiently move large numbers of people and vehicles, and often include
amenities such as retail shops, restaurants, and other services.

2. Multimodal Connections

Multimodal connections are an important design consideration in

transportation architecture, as they ensure smooth transfers between different
modes of transportation. For example, a train station may be designed to provide
easy connections to nearby bus stops or subway stations.

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3. Wayfinding

Wayfinding is an important aspect of transportation architecture, and

includes signage, maps, and other visual cues that help people navigate
through transportation hubs and surrounding areas.

4. Public Spaces

Public spaces are an important element of transportation architecture,

and can include outdoor plazas, parks, and other areas that provide a place for
people to gather, relax, and interact.

5. Sustainable Design

Sustainable design is an increasingly important consideration in

transportation architecture, and includes features such as energy-efficient
lighting, green roofs, and renewable energy sources.

6. Accessibility

Accessibility is an important consideration in transportation architecture,

as it ensures that all people, including those with disabilities, can easily access
and use transportation hubs and surrounding areas.

7. Safety and Security

Safety and security are critical considerations in transportation

architecture, and include features such as lighting, surveillance cameras, and
emergency response systems to ensure the safety of passengers and users of
transportation facilities.

Air Transportation

Air transport is the activity that allows the transfer of people, merchandise and
mail in aircraft. Therefore, we are talking about the type of transport that travels by
air and is present in airports. It is a mode of transportation that involves the use of
airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft to transport passengers, freight, and mail
from one location to another. Air transportation is widely used for long-distance
travel, as it is faster than other modes of transportation, such as road, rail, or sea. It is

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also used for emergency and military purposes, such as medical evacuation and
troop deployment.

Air transportation has had a significant impact on global trade and

commerce, enabling faster and more efficient movement of goods across the
world. It has also made travel more accessible and affordable, connecting people
from different parts of the world and promoting tourism and cultural exchange.

History of Air Transport

Its history dates to 1700, with the creation of the hot air balloon. This invention
was created by the Montgolfier brothers, and the first public demonstration was held
on June 4, 1783, in France.

After this first "prototype", others were developed to transport passengers

through the use of hydrogen as the main fuel. It was the only invention capable of
flying through the skies for two more centuries since its creation. This invention was
known as the “passenger balloon”.

Its Development in the 20th Century

Later, in the 20th century, the Wright brothers appeared. Orville and Wilbur
Wright were two aviation pioneers, aviators, and engineers. They built the world's first
airplane, though to make it fly, they had to create an external catapult to get their
invention off the ground.

Next, it was in 1906 when the Romanian inventor Traiana Vuia managed to
create the first self-propelled aircraft that could fly.

The next step in the history of the evolution of air transport occurred as a
consequence of the development of propeller planes and helicopters in World War
II. This meant that it was during the second half of the last century that the
development of aircraft really began to take off as a sector.

From there, the industry managed to create planes as fast as the speed of
sound. In fact, some of the most famous inventions in this field are the famous
Concorde and Boeing 747.

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History of Philippine Air Transportation

After starting operations at the Nielson Airport in March 1941, Philippine Airlines
(PAL) began competing with the Iloilo–Negros Air Express (INAEC), which had been
plying domestic routes since 1933.

However, the outbreak of the Second World War on December 8, 1941,

disrupted the operations of both airlines. INAEC planes were destroyed on the
ground in Iloilo, while PAL planes were used by the military for supply deployment
and personnel evacuation.

The owners of INAEC revived their company under the name Far Eastern Air
Transport Inc. (FEATI), which began operations on November 16, 1945, just two
months after the war. Meanwhile, PAL resumed commercial operations at Nielson
Airport on February 14, 1946, with First Lady Esperanza Osmeña gracing the
occasion. This signaled the resumption of the competition between PAL and
INAEC/FEATI.

As the competition heated up, there ensued a “fare war” between the two.
Not long after, however, the Philippine government intervened. In November 1946,
the government, after signing an air treaty with the United States of America,
appointed PAL the country’s official flag carrier. By December 3 of the same year,
PAL began flying to San Francisco.

The government’s move proved disastrous to FEATI. On May 13, 1947, FEATI
was bought by, and merged with, PAL. That same date marked PAL’s first flight to
Madrid, making it the first Southeast Asian airline to fly to Europe.

By September 1, 1948, PAL had become the only domestic scheduled airline
in the country. It was during this time that the Philippine government acquired a
major share of the airline, through the National Development Company (NDC). The
NDC was the investment arm of the government, whose mandate was to develop,
finance, and implement “projects that are vital to the sustainability of the
government’s structural reforms and economic policies.”

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Airport in Architecture

Airports are complex transportation hubs that require careful planning and
design to ensure the efficient movement of people, baggage, and aircraft. Airport
architecture is an important aspect of airport design, as it affects the functionality,
safety, and aesthetic appeal of the facility. Here are some of the key architectural
elements of airports:

1. Terminal Buildings

The terminal building is the main hub of airport activity and is where
passengers check-in, go through security, and board their flights. Terminal
buildings are typically large, open spaces with high ceilings and plenty of natural
light. The design of the terminal building should be easy to navigate for
passengers, with clear signage and wayfinding.

2. Concourses

Concourses are the long, narrow passageways that connect the terminal
building to the gates. They are designed to accommodate large crowds of
people and may include retail and dining spaces.

3. Control Towers

The control tower is the iconic structure that oversees the movement of
aircraft on the airport's runways and taxiways. It is typically a tall, slender structure
with a commanding view of the entire airport.

4. Parking Garages

Parking garages are an essential part of airport infrastructure, providing

parking spaces for passengers and airport staff. They are typically located
adjacent to the terminal building and designed for easy access and exit.

5. Landscaping

Landscaping is an important aspect of airport architecture, as it helps to

create a welcoming environment for passengers and visitors. Well-designed
landscaping can include gardens, water features, and other elements that
enhance the airport's visual appeal.

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 6. Sustainable Design

Sustainable design is increasingly becoming an important aspect of airport

architecture. Energy-efficient lighting, green roofs, and other sustainable features
can help reduce the airport's environmental impact and save on energy costs.

Domestic Airports and Types

A domestic airport is an airport that provides flights within the same country.
These airports are usually smaller in size than international airports and handle a
lower volume of passengers. Domestic airports are important for connecting
different regions within a country and providing accessibility to remote areas. There
are several types of domestic airports, including:

1. Regional Airports

These airports serve a specific region of a country and provide connectivity

to nearby cities and towns.

2. Hub Airports

These airports serve as a central point for connecting flights to multiple

destinations within the country.

3. Secondary Airports

These airports serve as an alternative to larger airports and provide

connectivity to smaller cities and towns.

4. Joint Civil-Military Airports

These airports serve both civilian and military aircraft and are usually
located near military bases.

5. Island Airports

These airports serve islands and remote areas that are difficult to reach by
other means of transportation.

6. State-owned Airports

These airports are owned and operated by the state government and
provide connectivity to different parts of the state.
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 SPACE REQUIREMENTS OF DOMESTIC AIRPORT

1. Terminal Building

It is a place where an airport administration facility takes place. In this

building, pre-journey and post journey checking’s of passengers takes place.

Lounges, cafes, etc. are provided for the passengers. Passengers can
directly enter the plane from terminal buildings through sky bridge, walkways etc.

2. Control Tower

The place where aircrafts under a particular zone is controlled whether

they are in land or in air. The observation is done by the controller through radars
and information is carried though radio.

The controller from the control tower observes all the aircrafts within that
zone and informs pilots about their airport traffic, landing routes, visibility, wind
speeds, runway details, etc. based on which the pilot decided and attempts safe
landing.

3. Apron

It is a place which is used as parking place for aircrafts. It is also used for
loading and unloading of aircrafts. Apron is generally paved and is located in
from of terminal building or adjacent to hangers. The size of area to be allotted
for apron and design of apron is generally governed by the number of aircraft
expected in the airport.

4. Drainage Facilities

It should be provided with suitable slope of pavement. Sufficient clearance

must be provided for aircrafts to bypass each other.

5. Parking

Provided for parking the vehicles of airport staff or passengers which is

outside the terminal building or sometimes under the ground of terminal building.

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6. Hanger

The place where repairing and servicing of aircrafts is done. It is

constructed in the form of large shed using steel trusses and frames. Large area
should be provided for Hanger for comfortable movement of aircrafts.

7. Runway

It is a paved land strip on which landing, and take-off operations of aircraft

takes place. It is levelled positions without any obstructions on it. The direction of
runways should be in the direction of wind.

Runway can be laid using bitumen or concrete. Bitumen is economic but

concrete runways have long span and requires less maintenance cost.

The width of runway is dependent of maximum size of aircrafts utilizing it.

The length of runway is decided from different considerations like elevation of
land, temperature, take off height, gradients etc.

Types of runway pattern:

• Single runway – most common form. Laid on the direction of the wind.
• Two runways – lay in different directions by considering cross winds or wind
conditions. The runways may be laid in the form of L shape or T shape or X
shape.
• Hexagonal runway – modern patter of system of laying. In which the take-off
and landing movements of aircrafts can be permitted at any given time
without any interference.
• 45-Degree runway – opted when the wind coverage for same airfield
capacity is greater.
• 60-Degree runway – when the wind in that area is prevailing in many
directions, so, it is difficult to decide the direction in which runway is to be laid,
60-degree runway is opted which looks like triangular arrangement of
runways.
• 60-Degree parallel runway – opted when the wind coverage is greater in
other two directions then it is obvious that the third runway is to be chosen.

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 GOVERNING LAWS AND CODES IN DESIGNING

Local Building Laws

A. Presidential Decree No. 1096, s. 1977

ADOPTING A NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NBCP) THEREBY

REVISING REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED SIXTY-FIVE HUNDRED FORTY-ONE (R.A. NO. 6541).

Section 104. General Building Requirements.

a. All buildings or structures as well as accessory facilities thereto shall conform

in all respects to the principles of the safe construction and must be suited to
the purpose for which they are designed.
b. Buildings or structures intended to be used for the manufacture and/or
production of any kind of article or product shall observe adequate
environmental safeguards.
c. Buildings or structures and all parts thereof as well as all facilities found therein
shall be maintained in safe, sanitary and good working condition.
B. Presidential Decree No. 963, s. 1976

AMENDING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 458 RELATIVE TO DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

OF AIRPORTS.

WHEREAS, there is a need to integrate the planning, construction,

maintenance and operation of all modes of transport to enable effective and
economical flow of cargo and passenger traffic throughout the country;

WHEREAS, it is doubly imperative that such integrated approach be adopted

to airport systems to ensure a high degree of efficiency and safety in air
transportation.

Section 1.

Presidential Decree No. 458, dated May 16, 1974, is hereby amended by
transferring the functions of the location and design of airport runways from the
Department of Public Highways to the Department of Public Works, Transportation
through the Civil Aeronautics Administration and Communications to be integrated
into a total airport system planning and operations.

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Section 2.

This decree shall take effect immediately.

C. Republic Act No. 9497, s. 2008

AN ACT CREATING THE CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, AUTHORIZING
THE APPROPRIATION OF FUNDS THEREFORE, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Section 1.
Short Title. — This Act shall be known as the Civil Aviation Authority Act of 2008.
Section 2.
Declaration of Policy. — It is hereby declared the policy of the State to provide
safe and efficient air transport and regulatory services in the Philippines by providing
for the creation of a civil aviation authority with jurisdiction over the restructuring of
the civil aviation system, the promotion, development, and regulation of the
technical, operational, safety, and aviation security functions under the civil
aviation authority.
D. Batas Pambansa Blg. 344
AN ACT TO ENHANCE THE MOBILITY OF DISABLED PERSONS BY REQUIRING CERTAIN
BUILDINGS, INSTITUTIONS, ESTABLISHMENTS AND PUBLIC UTILITIES TO INSTALL FACILITIES
AND OTHER DEVICES.
Section 1.
In order to promote the realization of the rights of disabled persons to participate
fully in the social life and the development of the societies in which they live and the
enjoyment of the opportunities available to other citizens, no license or permit for
the construction, repair or renovation of public and private buildings for public use.
Educational institutions, airports, sports and recreation centers and complexes,
shopping centers or establishments, public parking places, workplaces, public
utilities, shall be granted or issued unless the owner or operator thereof shall install
and incorporate in such building, establishment, institution or public utility, such
architectural facilities or structural features as shall reasonably enhance the mobility
of disabled persons such as sidewalks, ramps, railings and the like. If feasible, all such
existing buildings, institutions, establishments, or public utilities to be constructed or
established for which licenses or permits had already been issued may comply with
the requirements of this law: Provided, further, that in case of government buildings,
street and highways, the Ministry of Public Works and Highways shall see to it that
the same shall be provided with architectural facilities or structural features for
disabled persons. In the case of the parking place of any of the above institutions,
buildings, or establishment, or public utilities, the owner or operator shall reserve
sufficient and suitable space for the use of disabled persons.

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International Building Laws
A. Final Rule Adopting New Accessibility Standards, s. 2006
TRANSPORTATION FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES; ADOPTION OF NEW
ACCESSIBILITY STANDARDS
Section 37.9 Standards for Accessible Transportation Facilities.

a. For purposes of this part, a transportation facility shall be considered to be

readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities if it meets the
requirements of this part and the requirements set forth in Appendices B and
D to 36 CFR part 1191, which apply to buildings and facilities covered by the
Americans with Disabilities Act, as modified by Appendix A to this part.
b. Facility alterations begun before January 26, 1992, in a good faith effort to
make a facility accessible to individuals with disabilities may be used to meet
the key station requirements set forth in Sec. Sec. 37.47 and 37.51 of this part,
even if these alterations are not consistent with the requirements set forth in
Appendices B and D to 36 CFR part 1191 and Appendix A to this part, if the
modifications complied with the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards
(UFAS) or ANSI A117.1(1980) (American National Standards Specification for
Making Buildings and Facilities Accessible to and Usable by the Physically
Handicapped). This paragraph applies only to alterations of individual
elements and spaces and only to the extent that provisions covering those
elements or spaces are contained in UFAS or ANSI A117.1, as applicable.
c. (A) New construction or alterations of buildings or facilities on which
construction has begun, or all approvals for final design have been received,
before [insert effective date of this amendment] are not required to be
consistent with the requirements set forth in Appendices B and D to 36 CFR
part 1191 and Appendix A to this part, if the construction or alterations comply
with the former Appendix A to this part, as codified in the October 1, 2006,
edition of the Code of Federal Regulations.
(B) Existing buildings and facilities that are not altered after November 29,
2006, and which comply with the former Appendix A to this part, are not
required to be retrofitted to comply with the requirements set forth in
Appendices B and D to 36 CFR part 1191 and Appendix A to this part.
d. For purposes of implementing the equivalent facilitation provision in ADA
Chapter 1, Section 103, of Appendix B to 36 CFR part 1191, the following
parties may submit to the Administrator of the applicable operating
administration a request for a determination of equivalent facilitation:
e. (A) A public or private entity that provides transportation facilities subject to
the provisions of subpart C of this part, or other appropriate party with the
concurrence of the Administrator.
(B) With respect to airport facilities, an entity that is an airport operator subject
to the requirements of 49 CFR part 27 or regulations implementing the
Americans with Disabilities Act, an air carrier subject to the requirements of 14
CFR part 382, or other appropriate party with the concurrence of the
Administrator.
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 STANDARDS OF DESIGN

1. Aircraft Parking
The principal factors of parking air carrier aircraft at the terminal relate to
the number of positions, the method of parking, and the apron layout. Airline
technical representatives can provide advice and assistance.
a. Number of Airline Aircraft Parking Positions
As a minimum, two parking positions are necessary for air carrier aircraft--
one position for regularly scheduled flights and the other for the possibility of a
delayed or off-schedule flight. Airlines sometimes request preferential parking
positions. Additional parking positions may be required due to scheduling of
simultaneous flights or when more than one airline serves the airport. To
determine the required number of aircraft parking positions, it is necessary to use
the forecast of total peak hour passenger activity for the planning periods and
to account for the number of airlines serving the airport. In calculating peak hour
passenger traffic, passengers carried by the intrastate carriers using similar
equipment to that of certificated carriers should be included in the annual and
monthly data. Commuter airlines, air taxis, charters, and general aviation could
add to the requirements for aircraft parking positions. If commuter airline, air taxi,
or general aviation parking positions are provided at the terminal, they should be
carefully located to avoid interference with air carrier aircraft maneuvering and
the effects of jet blast.
b. Methods of Aircraft Parking

At nonhub airports, aircraft are generally taxied in and out of parking

positions with their own power. This is a cost-effective operating procedure
preferred by the airlines but requires adequate space between parked aircraft
for maneuvering and clearance. In special situations where space is limited,
aircraft parking positions can be spaced closer but must be pushed out by use
of a tug. At most nonhub airports, however, the volume of passenger traffic will
not justify the cost of the push-out operation or the equipment required. Before
adopting such a solution, this should be reviewed with the airlines serving the
airport.

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c. Apron Design

Apron frontage of two taxi-in, taxi-out aircraft parking positions for most Group II
size aircraft listed in AC 150/5335-1 may be based on a minimum spacing of 175
feet (53 m) center to center. In planning the aircraft parking apron, 25 feet (8 m)
is considered a safe minimum clearance to other aircraft, buildings, or
obstructions and for passenger circulation or service equipment. The depth of
apron is dependent on aircraft size, parking angle to the building, and whether
apron edge taxiing is planned. Guidance on aircraft parking aprons is contained
in "The Airport Terminal Building Planning Report" (Report No. FAA-RD-75-191).

d. Jet Blast

In designing an apron-terminal complex, the effect of jet blast at the

terminal, particularly on glass areas facing the apron, must be considered. AC
1505325-6, Airport Design Standards--Effects and Treatment of Jet Blast, current
edition, contains information on this subject. In addition, user airlines should be
consulted to reflect their operating experience. General aviation parking areas
on the terminal apron must be planned to give consideration to the effects of jet
blast or propeller wash from maneuvering aircraft.

e. General Aviation Aircraft Parking

Security requirements will affect the locations of parking space for general
aviation aircraft at the terminal. ADAP legislation requires that users of such
aircraft must be provided access to the passenger enplaning and deplaning
area of the airport and to and from the passenger terminal building. Since
persons using these aircraft have not normally been screened for security, their
movement in aircraft operational areas and their access to the terminal building
must be controlled. For this reason, it is often necessary to designate separate
areas apart from air carrier aircraft parking for general aviation aircraft. In
addition, provisions must be made to permit unscreened individuals deplaning
from general aviation aircraft to have access to terminal facilities without passing
through "sterile" secure areas.

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2. Auto Parking
Public parking facilities should be provided for in proximity to the passenger
terminal for airline passengers, visitors, and other terminal users. While parking
requirements and characteristics vary from airport to airport. Data analyzed at
many airports revealed that public automobile parking requirements are more
accurately relatable to annual enplaned passengers than to peak hour
passengers.
a. Total Public Parking Requirements
The quantities indicated by the curve are intended to be used as a
guide. It is advisable to survey public parking lot usage to determine its
adequacy or inadequacy during typical peak days. The data obtained on
existing public parking related to current annual enplaned passengers can
be plotted on the graph. If the data seems valid, it can be projected parallel
to curves or adjusted to reflect special conditions. From this procedure, future
need can be estimated.
b. Short and Long-term Parking
Normally 15% to 25% of the total public spaces should be allotted to
short-term parking (up to 3 hours' duration) -- the balance provided for long-
term parking. Short-term parking is usually provided nearer to the terminal for
two basic reasons. The turnover is usually three or more times that in the long-
term lots--thus it provides more spaces where needed. Parking fees for the
short-term lot usually command a substantially higher rate per hour than the
long-term lot.
c. Parking Lot Entrance and Exits
Points of entering and exiting the parking lots should be clearly
identified and sufficiently separated to preclude confusion. A single exit is
preferable where fees are charged. The exit should be situated to permit the
parking patron to recirculate to the terminal curb for passenger and baggage
pickup.
d. Employee Parking
Parking for terminal employees should be provided within a reasonable
distance to the terminal. The number of terminal area employee parking
spaces required can normally be determined by consulting with airport

15
 management, the terminal tenants, or by providing 10% to 20% of the
projected public parking space requirements.
e. Rental Car Parking
At airports with low passenger volumes, a minimum of 10 parking spaces
for each rental agency having a counter in the terminal should be provided
in proximity to the terminal building--usually near the baggage claim area of
the building. The number of spaces to provide is dependent on local agency
requirements. Rental car wash, service, and storage facilities are normally
situated away from the terminal building complex.
3. Terminal Curb

The passenger terminal curb provides for passenger and baggage drop
off and pickup. The length of curb at nonhub volume airports is usually a function
of the length of the building which is generally adequate for the normal vehicular
traffic. However, curb extensions beyond the ends of the building are advisable
to accommodate peak demands and to correspond with future building
extensions. The platform or sidewalk adjoining the curb should be of a width to
allow for the swinging open of a car door plus a minimum of 8 feet (2.5 m) for
circulation. A canopy extending over the curb, minimum height of 11 feet (3 m)
(check local codes) to clear service trucks and buses, is a desirable feature for
weather protection. The roadway at the terminal curb should be a minimum of
three Panes--one for parking while unloading and loading, one for maneuvering
into a parking position, and one for through traffic. In nonhub airports with special
peaking problems, such as those in resort areas, professional traffic analysis and
recommendation should be sought.

4. Public Areas

The type, shape, and juxtaposition of the elements of a terminal plan affect
the amount of public space in a terminal, as discussed in the following guidance
material:

a. Lobby/Waiting Area
A lobby directly accessible from the curb with space for waiting and
seating should be provided adjacent to the ticketing area. The lobby must be
large enough to accommodate passengers who arrive early, passengers with
16
 delayed flights, and people who accompany passengers to the airport. It
should be located with easy access to concessions, rest rooms, telephones,
security check point(s), and the baggage claim area. It is the hub of the
circulatory route through the terminal; and as such, the seating should not
conflict with passengers' queuing at the ticket counters or with passenger
traffic flow. Unusual peaks resulting from special events, resort areas, or
colleges may require additional lobby/waiting space than indicated on the
graph. The number of occurrences annually can influence judgment on
providing additional space for such conditions. Ten to 15 percent for
circulation space and allowance for visitors is accounted for in the curve. The
depth of queuing space should not be less than 20 feet (6 m). Queues should
not obstruct entrances or impinge on the circulation space parallel to the line
of ticket counters.
b. Circulation Space
Circulation is a key element in a successful terminal plan. The amount
of circulation space with respect to the gross terminal area varies from
approximately 20% to as much as 30%, depending upon the layout, degree
of centralization of facilities, and size. As an example, initial development may
include a concourse to a departure lounge. Future construction phases may
include an addition to the departure lounge and apron to accommodate an
additional aircraft parking position and enlarged ticket counter, ticket lobby,
and baggage claim areas. Thus, additional circulation space will not be
required for these additions; and its percentage of the total space would be
less than the initial percentage. Unless some factor portends unusual growth,
20% may be used for planning purposes. Adequate circulation space should
be allowed in the planning to take into account future forecast requirements.
c. Passenger Security Screening
Air carriers using aircraft operated under FAR Part 121 are required by
section 121.538 to screen all passengers prior to boarding the aircraft. Three
types of preboard passenger screening stations are currently used ib airport
passenger terminals. They are sterile concourse, holding area, or boarding
gate, in this order of preference from the standpoints of security and
passenger facilitation. Careful attention should be afforded the type,

17
 location, and number of screening stations to simplify passenger flow through
the terminal and to plan for a minimum security screening staff. This suggests
a single screening station. Nonhub terminals, when the volume of traffic
warrants, sometimes employ x-ray baggage inspection and/or electronic
walk-through metal detection devices. A security screening station requires in
the order of 100 to 150 square feet (10 to 15 m2). In an existing passenger
terminal when a single security station is not functionally feasible, provision
must be made for multiple security screening facilities at boarding gates,
departure lounges, or concourses as appropriate. Queuing space should be
provided at the security inspection station to accommodate queues which
can quickly develop when a person must be rescreened or physically
searched or when baggage must be physically inspected. The security
inspection stations should be planned to avoid queues extending into
circulation elements.
d. Departure Areas and Lounges
After passengers have been processed through security, they proceed
to a departure area to wait until the boarding of aircraft commences. These
areas must be designed to maintain security through monitored or controlled
entrances, exits, or fire doors to preclude random egress or ingress between
the aircraft apron or to nonsecure areas. Boarding passes are checked at the
departure area or lounge door which opens to the aircraft parking apron. At
nonhub volume airports, departure areas can range in size from 500 square
feet (50 m2) up to 1200 square feet (120 m2), depending on the number of
seats on the airplane(s) - and boarding load factors. Seating in the departure
areas can be approximated by providing one seat for each 20 square feet (2
m2). Where feasible, a single common departure area or "hold room" may be
space and cost effective for passengers processed through the security
check. The tenant airlines can be helpful in furnishing square foot
requirements for departure areas.
e. Rest Rooms
Public rest rooms should be at locations convenient to the ticket lobby,
restaurant facilities, and baggage claim area. In most nonhub terminal
buildings, rest room facilities can be grouped in one centralized location.

18
 Additional rest rooms might be provided in a secure area and/or in proximity
to departure lounges. Private toilet facilities are sometimes provided in
conjunction with operational and administrative facilities in nonpublic-use
areas. Local building codes often specify the number of fixtures based on
occupancy of a public building. Provision must be made for access and use
of facilities by handicapped persons.
5. Airline Space Requirements

The guidance material presented on sizing of facilities for airline use can
be utilized for preliminary planning. The user airline(s) should be consulted on
facility requirements early in the planning stages.

a. Ticket Counter
Counters for the sale of tickets and check-in of baggage should be
situated near the entrance, clearly visible and readily accessible from the
terminal curb and the lobby areas. Curbside baggage check-in facilities are
rarely provided at nonhub size terminals. Airline equipment at the counter
often includes computer terminals that provide reservation data, seat
assignment data, inventory control, and flight information. Tenant airlines will
furnish specifics on communications and electrical requirements. Figure 6-5
provides a guide to ticket counter lengths for planning purposes. Individual
airline counter requirements should be obtained from each tenant airline to
verify or modify the data taken from the graph. Counters are normally placed
in a continuous line with space provided for expansion. Approximately 8 feet
(2.5 m) should be provided between the counter and the wall behind the
counter for counter airline personnel and baggage conveyors.
b. Airline Office and Operational Spaces
The tenant airlines will furnish a tabulation of the spaces and space
requirements for their individual needs in the airport terminal.
• Outgoing Baggage, Cargo, and Mail
After baggage is tagged at the ticket counter, it is conveyed to a
baggage makeup area where it is sorted according to destination and
loaded onto carts for movement to the parked aircraft. The security of the
baggage makeup area is important not only for theft prevention reasons
but also as a security measure to prevent the introduction of explosive
19
 devices into checked baggage. Outgoing baggage or baggage
makeup areas at nonhub airport terminals should be located near, usually
behind, the ticket counters and have direct access to the aircraft apron.
Individual baggage makeup areas are generally provided for each airline
and sized to baggage carts and handling requirements. At some
locations, small package, cargo is often moved by truck directly to or from
the baggage room or to the aircraft. At locations where there is a
substantial volume of cargo activity, a separate cargo building may be
required. Mail transported by air is transferred at planeside to and from
Postal Service vehicles. If the latter, it is sometimes processed in a secure
section of the cargo area.
• Offices
Airline office space is usually provided behind the ticket counters.
This office area should have access to the ticket counter and baggage
makeup area. It is used primarily by the agents as a workspace, and space
is frequently needed for a lounge and training purposes. Sometimes a
multipurpose room is used for all these functions. The airline manager's
office may also be in this location.
• Operations and Maintenance
Each airline usually requires space in the terminal accessible to the
crews for flight planning purposes. A crew lounge may also be included.
Limited maintenance space and storage for aircraft supplies is usually
required and can be located near the aircraft parking apron or, if not, as
a part of the space behind the ticket counter.
c. Baggage Claim
The baggage claim facilities are normally shared by all airlines at
nonhub airports. Actual counts have indicated that, on the average, an
allowance of one checked bag per passenger is a reasonable planning
criteria. This number varies and would be lower for locations of predominantly
business travel and higher in resort or college areas.
• Facility and Location
The baggage claim facility consists of nonpublic circulation and
unloading space for baggage carts, a claim counter on which baggage

20
 is displayed for claiming, and space for passengers awaiting baggage. An
alternative to a fixed baggage claim counter is a moving display
baggage conveyor. The claiming facility should be situated convenient to
the deplaning passenger flow patterns and in proximity to the terminal
curb. Car rental counter space should be provided adjacent to the claim
area.
• Space Requirements
The total quantity of baggage claim space required--airline and
public--is determined by the seating capacity of the arriving airplane (or
airplanes for simultaneous arrivals) and the number of deplaning
passengers. The claiming facility is thus subject to surges of occupants as
deplaning passengers leave the aircraft in a 10- to 20-minute timespan,
frequently before bags are delivered to the claim facility. Also, the number
of bags per person is greater in resort areas than in other areas, and
additional counter lengths may be required. Areas taken from the curve
include the waiting space and space for the baggage claim counter or
device(s).
• Counter Length
For moving displays, sufficient length for the unloading of a minimum
of two baggage carts should be provided in the non-public airline
workspace.
• Baggage Cart Unloading
The baggage handling area in the non-public space for offloading
baggage carts should be a minimum of 12 feet (4m) wide plus an
additional 10 feet (3 m) of width for cart maneuvering or passing. The
length of the work area should be equal to the length of the claim room
as a minimum.
6. Concessions
The type and size of concessions that are economically feasible in nonhub
volume airports are primarily dependent on traffic volumes. Final space
requirements should be based on local conditions of possible patronage of the
concessions planned.

21
a. Food Service
A minimum facility would consist of space provided for vending
machines for the dispensing of hot and cold pre-prepared food and
beverages. An area of 80 square feet (8 m2) would be a minimum. If a vending
machine-type service is planned for the initial stage of terminal construction,
the terminal should be capable of accepting future additions that could
include a snack and beverage bar. The latter might be considered when a
determination is made that passenger volumes and other airport patron
sources would support a minimum staffed facility of 400 to 600 square feet (40
to 60 m²). In the higher volume nonhub airports, a coffee shop with Local
conditions some table seating and a separate kitchen may be warranted.
and potential patrons would be a determinate for this type of facility which
could, in addition to patronage related to passenger volumes, provide meals
to be served on airline aircraft, executive, or general aviation aircraft. The size
of such a facility could range from 1,000 to 3,000 square feet (100 to 300 m²).
b. Beverage Service
A beverage facility, bar or cocktail lounge, where alcoholic beverage
laws permit, could be situated in conjunction with the food facility or be a
separate, independent facility. The size of such facilities is dependent on local
conditions with 200 square feet (20 m2) considered as a minimum.
c. Miscellaneous
A newsstand and a gift shop can usually be supported at many small
to medium volume nonhub airports if they are combined with eating facilities.
Additional concessions, such as drug and sundries shops, a branch bank, and
flight insurance policy dispensers, may be included where sufficient traffic and
patronage is anticipated.
d. Telephones
Public telephones should be in proximity to the ticket lobby, baggage
claim area, and eating facilities. Additional telephones should be located in
the secure boarding areas. Specialized telephones and displays are often
provided in or near the baggage claim area for ground transportation and
hotel/motel room reservations.

22
 e. Car Rentals
One or two car rental companies will usually serve most small airport
terminals. Counters for car rental transactions should be located in or near the
baggage claim area public circulation space. This space within the terminal
often includes a small amount of office space behind or reasonably close to
the counter. They should also be Located so as to have direct access to the
car rental parking area. A minimum space of 8 feet (2.5 m) in depth and 6
feet (2 m) in width for each company should be provided. Allow a minimum
of 10 feet (3 m) for queues in front of the counters and circulation areas. In
some situations where car rental facilities are not on the airport and a staffed
counter is not provided, a direct line telephone is used to make arrangements
to have the car delivered to the airport terminal.
7. Airport and Building Services
The nonpublic elements discussed below should not inhibit future
expansion possibilities of the building. Those fixed elements such as utility
equipment rooms should be in basements, on roofs, or at "core" locations.
a. Airport Management
Offices for the airport manager and staff are generally based on the
size of staff in the terminal building. The amount of space is a local
determination. The airport offices should be accessible to the public but not
necessarily in the flow pattern of terminal users.
b. Building Mechanical Systems
Spaces for heating, ventilating, air conditioning, electrical, and
telephone equipment usually require approximately 15% of the total gross
terminal area. Additional space is required for a building maintenance facility,
for storage of building supplies, and for janitor closets. Utility systems should be
planned for possible future terminal additions or expansion. Air intake systems
should be located to avoid drawing jet or automobile engine exhaust fumes.
8. Federal Inspection Facilities
Nonhub airports that are designated to serve arriving international traffic
may require facilities for the Federal Inspection Services (FIS) (Immigration, public
Health, Customs, and Agriculture). Arriving international passengers, if not
precleared at the point of embarkation, must be segregated from other

23
 passengers beginning at the arrival aircraft and through the FIS facilities.
Information of FIS facility requirements is contained in the booklet entitled
"Guidelines for Federal Inspection Services Facilities,'' which is available from the
U.S. Customs Service. The booklet covers the functional, spatial, and sizing
aspects of PIS facilities. AC 150/536Q-4, Guidelines for Federal Inspection Service
Facilities at International Airports of Entry and Landing Rights Airports, current
edition, provides information on obtaining this publication and lists the addresses
of U.S. Customs Service Regions. These regional offices should be contacted for
guidance and coordination when designing areas to serve PIS.
9. Minimum-Size Terminal Requirements
Approximately 10 to 12 acres (4 to 5 hectares] are needed to
accommodate a minimum-size terminal, a roadway system, and aircraft and
auto parking. Terminal facilities can be housed in approximately 6,000 to 8,000
square feet (600 to 800 m2), exclusive of mechanical, utility, or building
maintenance areas.

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 EXAMPLES OF DOMESTIC AIRPORT IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Awang (Cotabato) Airport

Cotabato Airport is a domestic airport serving the province of Cotabato in

the Philippines. It is also known as Awang Airport and is located in Barangay Awang,
Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao. The airport is owned and operated by the Civil
Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) and classified as a Class 1 principal
(major domestic) airport. The airport is the 21st busiest airport in the Philippines in
2021.[2] The airport is generally used by the people of Cotabato City.

History:

Cotabato Airport, also known as Awang Airport, has a rich history that dates
back to the 1960s. Here's a brief overview of its history:

• 1960s: The airport was first established as a small airstrip by the Philippine
government to serve the growing demand for air travel in the province of
Cotabato.
• 1980s: The airport underwent a major expansion and modernization
program, which included the construction of a new terminal building,
runway extension, and the installation of modern navigation and
communication systems.

25
 • 1990s: The airport saw an increase in passenger traffic, prompting the
government to invest in further improvements. This included the
construction of a new control tower and the expansion of the parking
area.
• 2000s: The airport continued to serve the needs of the growing region, and
in 2008, a new terminal building was constructed to accommodate the
increasing number of passengers. The new terminal building was
inaugurated by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
• 2010s: In 2015, the airport underwent a major rehabilitation program that
included the installation of new navigational equipment, improvement of
the runway, and modernization of the passenger terminal.

Today, Cotabato Airport is a modern and well-equipped airport that serves

the needs of the region. It has helped facilitate economic growth in the province
and has played an important role in connecting Cotabato to other parts of the
country.

Design Features:

• Runway: Cotabato Airport has a single runway that measures 1,900 meters
(6,234 feet) in length and 45 meters in width. It is capable of handling small
to medium-sized aircraft such as Airbus A320 and Boeing 737.
• Terminal Building: The airport has a modern terminal building with a total
floor area of 5,100 square meters. It has two levels, with the ground floor
serving as the arrival area and the second floor serving as the departure
area.
• Passenger Capacity: The terminal building has a capacity of
accommodating up to 1.4 million passengers annually.
• Parking: The airport has a parking area that can accommodate up to 200
vehicles.
• Navigation Aids: The airport is equipped with modern navigation aids such
as an instrument landing system (ILS), a very high-frequency
omnidirectional range (VOR), and a distance measuring equipment
(DME). These navigation aids help pilots navigate and land safely at the
airport.

26
 • Security: The airport has a modern security system with X-ray machines and
metal detectors to ensure the safety of passengers and their belongings.

2. Bacolod-Silay Airport

Bacolod-Silay Airport is an international airport located in Silay City, Negros

Occidental, Philippines, serving the Bacolod metropolitan area. The airport was
opened in 2008, replacing the old Bacolod City Domestic Airport, and has since
become the primary gateway to Negros Occidental.

History:

The decision to build a new airport in Bacolod City was made in the early
2000s, in response to the growing demand for air travel in the region.

Construction of the new airport began in 2004, and it was officially opened in
2008, replacing the old Bacolod City Domestic Airport. The new airport was built on
a 181-hectare site in the nearby city of Silay, around 15 kilometers north of Bacolod
City

The construction of the Bacolod-Silay Airport was a joint project of the

Philippine government and the Japanese government, with funding and technical
assistance provided by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The

27
total cost of the project was around PHP 6.2 billion (approximately USD 129 million at
the time).

The new airport was designed to accommodate larger aircraft and more
passengers than the old Bacolod City Domestic Airport, which had become
overcrowded and outdated. The Bacolod-Silay Airport has a 2,500-meter runway
and a modern terminal building with a capacity of up to 1.6 million passengers per
year.

Since its opening, the Bacolod-Silay Airport has become a major gateway to
Negros Occidental, serving both domestic and international flights. In 2018, the
airport was awarded the Most Improved Airport in Asia award by Skytrax, a leading
aviation industry rating organization, in recognition of its modern facilities and high
level of service.

Design Features:

• Terminal Building: In terms of design features, Bacolod-Silay Airport is a modern

and spacious facility with a single terminal building that can accommodate
up to 1.6 million passengers annually. The terminal has two levels and covers
an area of 18,000 square meters.
• Exterior Facade: The airport's design incorporates elements of local culture,
with the terminal building featuring a distinctive roofline inspired by the
region's traditional "sawali" weaving pattern. The terminal's interior is also
decorated with locally sourced materials and artworks, showcasing the
region's rich cultural heritage.
• Runway and Taxiway: The airport has a 2,500-meter runway and a parallel
taxiway, capable of accommodating large commercial aircraft such as the
Boeing 747.
• Passenger Facilities: The terminal features modern amenities such as free Wi-
Fi, charging stations, ATMs, and a duty-free shopping area. There are also
several restaurants and cafes serving a range of local and international
cuisine.
• Parking: The airport has a large parking lot with over 600 spaces, including
dedicated areas for motorcycles and bicycles.

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 • Accessibility: Bacolod-Silay Airport is designed to be accessible to all
passengers, with facilities such as wheelchair ramps, elevators, and accessible
restrooms.

3. Catarman Airport

Catarman National Airport, otherwise known as Catarman Airport, is an

airport serving the general area of Catarman, located in the province of Northern
Samar in the Philippines. The airport is classified as a Class 2 principal (minor
domestic) airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, a body of the
Department of Transportation and Communications that is responsible for the
operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines except
the major international airports.

History:

Catarman Airport has a relatively short history compared to other airports in

the Philippines. The airport was opened in the early 2000s as part of the government's
plan to expand air transportation services in the country. The construction of the
airport was initiated by the Department of Transportation and Communications
(DOTC) and was funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

29
 The airport's initial construction cost was estimated to be around PHP 34
million. The project included the construction of the runway, the passenger terminal
building, and other airport facilities. The airport was officially opened in 2002, with its
first commercial flight operated by Cebu Pacific, which offered flights to and from
Manila.

Over the years, Catarman Airport has undergone several upgrades and
improvements to accommodate more passengers and flights. In 2009, the airport's
runway was extended by 300 meters to its current length of 1,400 meters. The
extension was funded by the DOTC and the National Economic Development
Authority (NEDA).

In 2017, the airport underwent further improvements, including the installation

of a new Instrument Landing System (ILS), which improves the airport's navigational
and landing capabilities. The project was funded by the CAAP, and the ILS is
expected to help reduce flight delays and cancellations due to inclement weather.

Today, Catarman Airport remains an important gateway to Northern Samar

and the surrounding areas, providing air connectivity and transportation services to
the region.

Design Features:

• Runway: The airport has a single runway with a length of 1,400 meters and a
width of 30 meters, made of asphalt concrete and can accommodate
smaller aircraft such as the ATR 72, the Bombardier Q300, and the Xian MA60.
The runway is equipped with runway lights and markings for safe landing and
takeoff.
• Terminal Building: The passenger terminal building has a total floor area of 240
square meters and includes check-in counters, waiting areas, and other
airport facilities.
• Parking: The airport has a parking area for vehicles, a cargo terminal building,
and a fuel storage facility.
• Navigation Aids: It also has a navigation and communication system,
including an Instrument Landing System (ILS), a Very High-Frequency (VHF)
radio, and a Distance Measuring Equipment (DME).

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4. Godofredo P. Ramos (Boracay) Airport

Godofredo P. Ramos Airport, also known as Caticlan Airport and recently,

Boracay Airport by its developer Transaire, is an airport serving the general area of
the municipality of Malay, located in the province of Aklan in the Philippines. The
airport serves as a gateway to the world-famous Boracay Island, one of the country's
top tourist destinations.

History:

The airport was first built in the 1950s as a small airstrip to serve the needs of
the local community. It was later expanded and renovated in the 1990s to
accommodate larger aircraft and the growing number of tourists visiting Boracay.

In 2012, the airport underwent a major renovation and modernization project,

which involved expanding the runway, constructing a new terminal building, and
upgrading its facilities to meet international standards. The new terminal building
features modern passenger facilities, such as check-in counters, baggage handling
systems, and waiting areas.

31
 The airport was renamed Godofredo P. Ramos Airport in honor of the former
mayor of Malay who played a significant role in the development of the airport and
the tourism industry in the region.

Today, Godofredo P. Ramos Airport is one of the busiest domestic airports in

the Philippines, serving domestic flights from major cities such as Manila, Cebu, and
Davao. It plays a vital role in boosting tourism to Boracay Island and driving
economic growth in the region.

Design Features:

The airport underwent a major renovation in 2012 to modernize its facilities

and accommodate the growing number of tourists visiting the island. The new
terminal building features modern and eco-friendly designs, including:

• Modern Terminal Building: The terminal building has been expanded and
equipped with modern passenger facilities such as check-in counters,
baggage handling systems, and waiting areas.
• Sustainable Design: The airport incorporates environmentally friendly features
such as rainwater harvesting, solar panels, and energy-efficient lighting to
reduce energy consumption.
• Improved Runway: The runway was extended to accommodate larger
aircraft and ensure safer takeoff and landing operations. The airport has a
single runway that measures 1,693 meters (5,554 feet) and made of asphalt
concrete.
• Improved Navigation Systems: The airport now has state-of-the-art navigation
systems to ensure safe and efficient operations, especially during adverse
weather conditions.
• Artistic Design: The airport features murals and artworks that showcase the
local culture and natural beauty of the area.
• Accessibility: The airport has ramps, elevators, and other facilities to ensure
accessibility for all passengers, including those with disabilities.

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5. Jolo Airport

Jolo Airport (Tausug: Landing sin Tiyanggi) (IATA: JOL, ICAO: RPMJ) is the
domestic airport serving the general area of Jolo, located in the province of Sulu in
the Philippines. It serves as the primary airport for the island of Jolo and its
neighboring municipalities. The airport is classified as a Class 2 principal (minor
domestic) airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines.

History:

Jolo Airport has a relatively short history, having been established only in the
late 1960s. The airport was initially built to serve as a military airfield for the Philippine
Air Force, as the island of Jolo was considered a strategic location for military
operations in the region.

In the early 1970s, the airport was opened to commercial flights, serving as a
link between Jolo and other parts of the Philippines. Over the years, the airport has
undergone several upgrades and renovations to improve its facilities and
accommodate growing passenger traffic.

In 2007, the airport underwent a major renovation project that included the
expansion of the terminal building, the installation of new navigational equipment,
and the construction of a new perimeter fence. The renovation project was aimed

33
at improving the airport's safety and security, as well as its capacity to handle more
passengers.

In recent years, Jolo Airport has played a crucial role in supporting the
government's efforts to promote tourism and economic development in the
province of Sulu. Despite its relatively small size and limited facilities, the airport has
been able to attract more visitors to the island of Jolo and support the growth of
local businesses.

Design Features:

• Terminal Building: Jolo Airport has a simple layout that maximizes its limited
space. The terminal building has a functional and straightforward design that
is typical of small domestic airports in the Philippines. The terminal building has
basic amenities such as a check-in counter, baggage claim area, waiting
lounge, and restrooms.
• Runway: The airport has a single runway designated as 08/26, which measures
1,625 meters (5,331 feet) in length and 30 meters in width made of asphalt.
The runway orientation takes into account the prevailing wind direction to
ensure safe takeoffs and landings.
• Passenger Capacity: It has a terminal building that can accommodate up to
150 passengers at a time.

6. Lio (El Nido) Airport

34
 El Nido Airport or Lio Airport (ENI) is a privately owned airport serving El Nido
town and the surrounding area. The airport is owned and operated by AirSwift and
it is located just about 4 kms (2.4 miles) from El Nido town center. The airport serves
as a gateway to the popular tourist destination of El Nido and its surrounding areas.

History:

El Nido Airport, also known as Lio Airport, was first opened in the 1990s as a
small airstrip with a limited capacity. At that time, the airport served mostly as a
transportation hub for cargo and supplies.

In 2013, Ayala Land, one of the largest real estate developers in the
Philippines, acquired the airport and started developing it as part of its eco-tourism
project in El Nido. The project aimed to promote sustainable tourism in the area while
preserving its natural beauty and biodiversity.

In 2018, the airport underwent a major renovation to improve its facilities and
accommodate the growing number of tourists visiting the area. The runway was
extended, and a new terminal building was constructed with modern passenger
facilities, such as check-in counters, baggage handling systems, and waiting areas.

The design of the airport also incorporates eco-friendly features such as

natural ventilation and lighting, rainwater harvesting, and the use of local materials
to reduce energy consumption.

Today, El Nido Airport serves as a key transportation hub for tourists visiting El
Nido and its surrounding areas. The airport plays a significant role in driving the local
economy and promoting sustainable tourism in the region.

Design Features:

In 2018, the airport underwent a major renovation to improve its facilities and
accommodate the growing number of tourists visiting the area. Some of the design
features of the airport include:

• Sustainable Design: The airport's design incorporates eco-friendly features

such as natural ventilation and lighting, rainwater harvesting, and the use of
local materials to reduce energy consumption.

35
 • Modern Terminal Building: The airport now has a modern terminal building
equipped with passenger facilities such as check-in counters, baggage
handling systems, and waiting areas.
• Improved Runway: The runway was extended to accommodate larger
aircraft and to ensure safer takeoff and landing operations. The airport has a
single runway that measures 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) and made of asphalt
concrete.
• Improved Navigation Systems: The airport now has improved navigation
systems that allow for safer and more efficient operations, especially during
bad weather conditions.
• Artistic Design: The airport features murals and other artworks that showcase
the local culture and natural beauty of the area.
• Parking Area: The airport has a new parking area that can accommodate up
to 70 vehicles.

7. Mambajao (Camiguin) Airport

Mambajao Airport is a small domestic airport located in the town of

Mambajao on the island of Camiguin in the Philippines. The airport serves as the

36
main gateway to the island, connecting it to other parts of the country through
flights to and from Manila and Cebu.

History:

Mambajao Airport is a relatively new airport in the Philippines, having only

been operational since 2008. Prior to the opening of the airport, the only way to
access the island of Camiguin was by ferry, which could be unreliable and subject
to weather conditions.

The decision to build Mambajao Airport was made in the early 2000s, in
response to the growing demand for air travel to and from Camiguin. The project
was funded by the Philippine government, with support from the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA).

Construction of the airport began in 2006 and was completed in 2008. The
airport was officially opened on September 15, 2008, by then-President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo.

The new airport provided a much-needed boost to the tourism industry on

Camiguin, making the island more accessible to both domestic and international
tourists. It also provided a more reliable and convenient means of transportation for
local residents, who previously had to rely on ferries to travel to and from the island.

Since its opening, Mambajao Airport has undergone several upgrades and
improvements to accommodate more passengers and improve its facilities. In 2019,
the airport underwent a PHP 15-million renovation project, which included the
installation of new lighting systems and the expansion of the terminal building. These
upgrades have helped to improve the overall travel experience for passengers and
further support the growth of tourism on the island of Camiguin.

Design Features:

In terms of design features, Mambajao Airport is a relatively simple facility with

a single runway and a small terminal building. The airport's design is intended to be
functional and efficient, with a focus on providing basic services to passengers.

Some notable design features of Mambajao Airport include:

37
 • Runway: The airport has a single 1,177 meters (3,862 feet) runway that can
accommodate smaller aircraft such as the ATR 72 and the Bombardier Q300.
• Passenger Capacity: This airport serves approximately 64,000 passengers a
year.
• Terminal Building: The terminal building at Mambajao Airport is a small, single-
story structure with a basic design. It has a capacity of up to 50 passengers
and features a small waiting area, check-in counters, and a baggage claim
area.
• Parking: The airport has a small parking lot located outside the terminal
building, with space for around 20 vehicles.
• Accessibility: Mambajao Airport is designed to be accessible to all
passengers, with facilities such as wheelchair ramps and accessible restrooms.

8. Sayak (Siargao) Airport

Sayak Airport, also known as Siargao Airport, is an airport serving the general
area of Siargao Island, located in the province of Surigao del Norte in the Philippines.
The airport is located in Barangay Sayak in the municipality of Del Carmen, where
the airport derives its name from.

38
History:

The history of Siargao Airport dates back to the early 1960s when it was
constructed as a small airstrip to serve the needs of the local community. At that
time, the airport was primarily used for transporting goods and supplies to and from
the island.

In the 1990s, the airport underwent major renovations to upgrade its facilities
and accommodate the growing number of tourists visiting the island. The runway
was lengthened and widened, and a new terminal building was constructed to
provide better passenger facilities.

In 2006, the airport was temporarily closed for repairs and upgrades. The
runway was extended to 1,200 meters to allow for larger aircraft to land and take
off, and a new control tower was built to improve air traffic control operations.

In 2018, the airport underwent another major renovation to modernize its

facilities and meet the increasing demand for air travel to Siargao. The airport's
runway was further expanded and a new terminal building was constructed,
equipped with modern facilities such as baggage handling systems, check-in
counters, and waiting areas for passengers.

Today, Siargao Airport is a key gateway to the island, serving domestic flights
from major cities in the Philippines such as Manila, Cebu, and Davao. The airport has
played a significant role in boosting tourism to the island and driving economic
growth in the region.

Design Features:

The airport underwent a major renovation in 2018 to improve its facilities and
accommodate the growing number of tourists visiting the island. Some of the design
features of the airport include:

• New Terminal Building: The airport now has a new terminal building that is
equipped with modern facilities such as check-in counters, baggage
handling systems, and waiting areas for passengers.
• Expanded Runway: The runway was expanded to accommodate larger
aircraft and to ensure safer takeoff and landing operations. The airport has a

39
 single runway that measures 1,347 meters (4,419 feet) and made of asphalt
concrete.
• Improved Lighting and Navigation Systems: The airport now has improved
lighting and navigation systems that allow for safer and more efficient night-
time operations.
• Eco-Friendly Design: The airport's design incorporates eco-friendly features
such as natural lighting and ventilation to reduce energy consumption.
• Local Materials: The airport was constructed using local materials such as
bamboo and wood, which not only supports the local economy but also adds
to the airport's unique design.
• Parking Area: The airport has a new parking area that can accommodate up
to 30 vehicles.

9. Tuguegarao (Cagayan) Airport

Tuguegarao Airport is an airport serving the general area of Tuguegarao, the

capital city of the province of Cagayan in the Philippines. Located along Maharlika
Highway, the airport is accessible from adjacent municipalities in Cagayan and
northern Isabela. It is classified as a major commercial domestic airport by the Air

40
Transportation Office. The airport is currently served by Cebu Pacific, Sky Pasada
and charter airline Royal Air Charter Service.

History:

Tuguegarao Airport has a long history of serving the people of Cagayan

Valley in the northern Philippines. Here is an overview of the airport's history:

• 1930s: The original Tuguegarao Airport was built in the 1930s by the Americans
during the colonial period. It was initially a dirt runway used by small aircraft.
• 1940s: During World War II, the airport was used as a military airfield by the
Japanese. After the war, the airport was repaired and reopened to
commercial traffic.
• 1960s: The airport underwent major renovations and improvements in the
1960s. The runway was paved, and a new terminal building was constructed
to accommodate increasing passenger traffic.
• 1990s: In the 1990s, the airport underwent another round of renovations and
modernization. The terminal building was expanded, and new facilities, such
as a baggage handling system and navigation aids, were added.
• 2000s: In 2009, the airport was temporarily closed for renovations, which
included the extension of the runway and the construction of a new terminal
building.
• 2010s: The renovated Tuguegarao Airport reopened in 2011, with a new
terminal building that featured modern amenities and eco-friendly design
features.
• Today, Tuguegarao Airport continues to serve the people of Cagayan Valley
as a vital transportation hub for the region.

Design Features:

• Runway: The airport has a single runway, which is 1,965 meters (6,447 feet)
long and 45 meters wide. It is capable of handling small to medium-sized
aircraft, such as the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737.
• Modern Terminal Building: The airport's terminal building features a modern
and contemporary design. It has large windows that provide ample natural
light and a spacious interior that enhances passenger comfort. The airport

41
 terminal building has a total floor area of 4,200 square meters and is designed
to handle up to 400 passengers per hour.
• Eco-Friendly Design: The airport's design incorporates eco-friendly features,
such as the use of natural ventilation and lighting, rainwater harvesting, and
a wastewater treatment system.
• Baggage Handling System: The airport has a state-of-the-art baggage
handling system that ensures efficient and speedy processing of passengers'
luggage.
• Navigation Aids: The airport is equipped with various navigation aids, such as
a VOR/DME (VHF omnidirectional range/distance measuring equipment) and
an NDB (non-directional beacon), that help pilots navigate and land safely.
• Passenger Amenities: The airport has several passenger amenities, such as a
prayer room, VIP lounge, and retail and food outlets.

10. Virac Airport

Virac Airport is a small domestic airport located in the municipality of Virac, in

the province of Catanduanes, Philippines. The airport serves as the main gateway
to the province and is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines
(CAAP).

42
History:

Virac Airport was first established in the 1960s as a small airstrip primarily used
for agricultural purposes, including the transportation of crops and livestock. The
airport's location in the province of Catanduanes, which is known for its agricultural
industry, made it an important transportation hub for farmers and agricultural
workers in the area.

In 1983, the airport underwent major renovations and upgrades to

accommodate commercial passenger flights. The runway was extended and
widened, and a new terminal building was constructed to accommodate the
increasing number of passengers. The airport was officially reopened for
commercial flights on April 4, 1984.

Since then, the airport has served as the main gateway to the province of
Catanduanes, providing essential air transportation services for both passengers
and cargo. In recent years, the airport has undergone further upgrades and
improvements, including the installation of new navigation and communication
facilities and the expansion of the parking apron.

Despite its small size and limited capacity, Virac Airport remains an important
transportation hub for the province of Catanduanes and continues to play a vital
role in connecting the province to other parts of the Philippines.

Design Features:

• Runway: The airport has a single runway that measures 1,886 meters (6,188
feet) in length and 30 meters in width. The runway is made of asphalt concrete
and is capable of accommodating small aircraft such as the Cessna 152 and
the Airbus A320.
• Terminal Building: The airport has a small terminal building that can
accommodate up to 150 passengers. The building is equipped with basic
facilities such as restrooms, a waiting area, and a check-in counter.
• Navigation and Communication Facilities: The airport is equipped with several
navigation and communication facilities to ensure safe and efficient air traffic
control. These include a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) and distance

43
 measuring equipment (DME) system, as well as an instrument landing system
(ILS) and a non-directional beacon (NDB).
• Parking Apron: The airport has a parking apron that can accommodate up
to two aircraft at a time. The apron is made of concrete and is equipped with
a taxiway that connects to the runway.
• Security Features: The airport has security personnel and CCTV cameras to
ensure the safety and security of passengers and airport personnel. Baggage
screening machines are also available at the airport.
• Accessibility: The airport is located approximately 5 kilometers away from the
town proper and is accessible by car or public transportation.

44
 CONCEPTUAL SHEET

DESIGN STYLE

Contemporary Architecture

Contemporary architecture is the architecture of the 21st century – the

current style of architecture. Also, it reflects our current view, that is, being open and
inclusive to ideas. In contemporary architecture, no style is dominant, everything
can be included. In other words, there is no stopping to the ideas that contemporary
architecture can offer.

Vernacular Architecture

Vernacular architecture is very local. It is a style that reflects the regional

culture. It is also practical because it uses locally available materials as building
materials. Plus, the style is dependent on the regional climate, so expect a building
that adapts to the local natural environment of the place. So I probably would say
that vernacular is quite restrictive, for a building depends on what the local culture
and climate has to offer.

Contemporary Plus Vernacular

The two concepts of “contemporary” and “vernacular” seem opposing to

each other that combining them is not possible. Well, contemporary architecture is
so unrestrictive that it can go out of control and possibly could produce messy and
impractical designs. On the contrary, vernacular is so restrictive that it is unable to
adapt and can go out of style.

Usually, nature seeks balance, so does design. Here, contemporary

vernacular architecture tries to balance what contemporary and vernacular
architectures have to offer. In this design, the dynamic and innovative design
concept meets with the traditional and practical design concept of the region.

Contemporary Vernacular Architecture in Airports

A contemporary vernacular architecture in airport refers to the design that is

built in a modern style that reflects the local or regional culture and language. In
other words, it is an airport that is designed to blend in with the local environment,
reflecting the culture and traditions of the community it serves.
45
 Contemporary vernacular airports may incorporate elements of local
architecture, artwork, and landscaping into their design, creating a unique sense of
place and identity. For example, an airport located in a coastal region might
incorporate design elements that reflect the area's maritime heritage, while an
airport located in a mountainous region might use local stone and wood in its
construction.

In addition to reflecting local culture and identity, contemporary vernacular

airports also prioritize sustainability and efficiency, using modern technologies to
reduce their environmental impact and enhance the passenger experience. This
might include features like energy-efficient lighting and heating systems, waste
reduction and recycling programs, and smart technologies that help passengers
navigate the airport more easily.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. Functionality
The airport should be designed with the primary function of facilitating the
safe and efficient movement of passengers and aircraft. The design should
prioritize ease of navigation, intuitive wayfinding, and efficient operational
processes.
2. Sense of Place
The airport should be designed to create a positive and memorable
experience for passengers. The design should incorporate features like
comfortable seating, natural lighting, and pleasing aesthetics, to create a
welcoming and calming environment.
3. Parking
The airport should have adequate parking facilities for passengers and
staff. The parking facilities should be located close to the terminal and should be
easily accessible and secure.
4. Safety and Security
The design should prioritize safety and security, with robust measures in
place to protect passengers, staff, and the airport facilities. The design should

46
 incorporate features like secure perimeters, advanced surveillance systems, and
effective emergency response plans.
5. Accessibility
The airport should be designed to be accessible for people with disabilities.
The terminal should have wheelchair ramps, accessible restrooms, and other
accommodations to ensure that everyone can use the airport safely and
comfortably.
6. Environmental Considerations
The design of the airport should consider environmental factors such as
noise pollution, air pollution, and carbon emissions. The airport should be
designed to minimize the impact on the surrounding environment and to reduce
the airport's carbon footprint.
7. Efficiency
The design should minimize the time passengers spend in queues, and
streamline processes like check-in, security screening, and boarding. The airport
should be designed with a clear understanding of passenger flow, to minimize
congestion and optimize operations.
8. Lighting
The use of natural light in airport design can reduce energy consumption
and create a more welcoming environment for passengers. Incorporating
skylights, large windows, and open spaces can allow natural light to penetrate
the building and reduce the need for artificial lighting.
9. Ventilation
Air quality is critical in airport design, as air pollutants can cause respiratory
issues and affect passenger comfort. The airport's ventilation system should also
ensure appropriate temperature control throughout the building. Comfortable
temperatures can significantly improve passenger comfort, reduce stress, and
improve the overall experience.
10. Zoning
Land use zoning is a crucial consideration in airport design. It involves
defining the areas where different activities can take place within the airport,
such as aircraft operations, passenger terminals, cargo facilities, and support
services. Proper zoning ensures the safety of airport users, prevents conflicts

47
 between airport operations and surrounding communities, and facilitates
efficient use of land.
11. Aesthetics
The visual impact of an airport can significantly affect its appeal to users
and surrounding communities. The airport design should aim to create an
aesthetically pleasing environment through the use of attractive landscaping,
architectural features, and public art installations.
12. Signage and Wayfinding
Clear signage and wayfinding systems are critical design considerations in
airport design. Properly designed signs help passengers and other users navigate
the airport easily, reducing confusion and stress.

DESIGN STRATEGIES

1. Terminal Building Design

The terminal building design should be simple, intuitive, and easy to
navigate for passengers. The use of clear signage, color-coded wayfinding, and
lighting can help passengers find their way around the airport quickly and
efficiently.
2. Baggage Handling Systems
Efficient baggage handling systems can help reduce passenger waiting
times and enhance their overall experience. The use of conveyor belts,
automated baggage drop-offs, and advanced baggage tracking systems can
help streamline the baggage handling process.
3. Passenger Flow Analysis
Passenger flow analysis is critical in designing an efficient airport layout. By
analyzing passenger flows, designers can optimize the airport layout, minimize
walking distances, and reduce congestion.
4. Renewable Energy
Domestic airports can incorporate sustainable design strategies such as
the use of solar panels, rainwater harvesting systems, and energy-efficient
lighting. These strategies can help reduce the environmental impact of the
airport and create a more sustainable environment.

48
5. Security Design
Security design is crucial in ensuring the safety of passengers and airport
personnel. Design strategies such as the use of CCTV cameras, metal detectors,
and baggage screening systems can help create a more secure airport
environment.
6. Waste Disposal System
Domestic airports generate a significant amount of waste, including food
waste, plastic bottles, and packaging. To reduce the environmental impact of
waste, airports should implement waste disposal systems that promote recycling
and composting. This can be achieved by installing separate waste bins for
different types of waste and providing clear signage to encourage passengers
to dispose of waste properly.
7. Disaster Reduction
Domestic airports should have a disaster reduction plan in place to
minimize the impact of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and
hurricanes. The airport design should incorporate structural elements that can
withstand natural disasters, such as reinforced concrete and steel. The airport
should also have emergency procedures in place, such as evacuation plans and
emergency response teams.

BUILDING MATERIALS

Airport construction requires a variety of building materials to create a safe

and efficient infrastructure. Here are some of the most commonly used building
materials in airport construction:

1. Concrete
Concrete is a durable and versatile building material commonly used in
airport runways, taxiways, aprons, and terminal buildings. It is strong, fire-resistant,
and can withstand heavy loads.
2. Steel
Steel is a strong and durable material that is commonly used in airport
construction for structural elements such as beams, columns, and trusses. It is also

49
 used for hangars, cargo buildings, and other structures that require large open
spaces.
3. Glass
Glass is used extensively in airport construction for windows, facades, and
interior walls. It allows natural light to enter the building and provides passengers
with a clear view of the airfield.
4. Aluminum
Aluminum is a lightweight and corrosion-resistant material commonly used
in airport construction for cladding, roofing, and façade systems. It is also used
for the construction of aircraft maintenance hangars and cargo buildings.
5. Asphalt
Asphalt is commonly used in airport construction for pavement surfaces
such as taxiways and runways. It provides a smooth and durable surface for
aircraft operations.
6. Bamboo
Bamboo is a sustainable building material that is widely available in Cavite.
It can be used for a variety of purposes, including roofing, walling, and flooring.
7. Natural Stone
Natural stone, including granite and marble, is available in Cavite and can
be used for flooring, cladding, and other decorative purposes.
8. Composite Materials
Composite materials such as fiberglass and carbon fiber are increasingly
used in airport construction for their strength, durability, and light weight. They are
used in the construction of aircraft parts, hangars, and other structures.

DESIGH PHILOSOPY

“A balancing act of integrating and somehow responding to all the needs of a

project: material and measurable; as well as the spiritual and intangible, the
subjective; it is somehow about making all those value judgments.''

-Norman Foster

The philosophy of balancing material and measurable needs with the spiritual
and intangible, subjective needs in airport design is particularly relevant because
50
airports serve both practical and emotional functions. An airport needs to be
functional, safe, and efficient, but it also needs to be welcoming, calming, and
aesthetically pleasing. The balance between these needs can be a challenging
and value-driven process.

For example, in designing an airport terminal building, the practical needs

may include efficient passenger flow, security screening areas, baggage handling
systems, and efficient aircraft loading and unloading. The subjective needs may
include comfortable waiting areas, pleasing aesthetics, and a sense of calmness
and relaxation for passengers. These needs must be balanced in a way that creates
a space that is both practical and enjoyable for passengers.

Furthermore, airports can also have a significant impact on the surrounding

community, both in terms of economic development and environmental impact.
Therefore, designers must balance the material and measurable needs of the
project, such as cost-effectiveness and sustainability, with the spiritual and
intangible needs of the community, such as social and environmental responsibility.

In summary, airport design is a balancing act that requires designers to

integrate and respond to all the needs of a project, both material and measurable
and spiritual and intangible. The philosophy of balancing these needs helps create
an airport that is not only functional and efficient but also aesthetically pleasing,
emotionally satisfying, and responsible to the surrounding community.

51
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