1. A car covers a distance of 300km with an average speed of 60 km/h.

How much time does it take

to cover the distance?

2. A train travels a distance of 150 km with an average speed of 25 km/h. How much time does it
take to cover the distance?

3. A boy travels with an average speed of 10 m/s for 20 min. How much distance does he travel?

4. A boy walks a distance of 30 m in 1 minute and another 30 m in 1.5 minutes. Describe the type of
motion of the boy and find his average speed in m/s.

5. A cyclist travels a distance of 1 km in the first hour, 0.5 km in the second hour and 0.3 km in the
third hour. Find the average speed of the cyclist in km/h.

6. For the above problem also find the result in m/s.

7. A car travels with speed 30 km/h for 30 minute and then with speed of 40 km/h for one hour.
Find the total distance travelled by the car and the total time of travel.

8. For the above problem also find the average speed of car.

9. Two trains going in opposite opposite directions with the same speed are at rest relative to each
other. Is it true or false?

10. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Its motion is uniform throughout. Is it true or false?

11. The motion of train starting from one station and reaching at another station is non-uniform. Is
it true or false?

12. A motion which repeats itself after a fixed interval of time is called periodic motion. Is it true or
false?

13. A ball thrown by a boy from a roof to has oscillatory motion. Is it true or false?

14. Two boys cycling on the road with the same speed are what relative to each other?

15. The motion in what is rectilinear motion?

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Organisms which prepare food for themselves using simple naturally available raw
materials are referred to as [NCERT Exemplar]

(a) heterotrophs (b) autotrophs (c) parasites (d) saprophytes

Question 2. In the process of photosynthesis, which of the following energy conversions occur?

(a) Solar energy is changed into chemical energy. (b) Solar energy is changed into mechanical energy.
(c) Bioenergy is converted into chemical energy. (d) Chemical energy is changed into light energy.

Question 3. The raw material used by plants during photosynthesis

(a) N2 and O2 (b) O2, H2 and CO2 (c) CO2 and water (d) water and minerals Answer: (c) CO2 and water

Question 4. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(i) All green plants can prepare their own food. (ii) Most animals are autotrophs. (iii) Carbon dioxide is
not required for photosynthesis. (iv) Oxygen is liberated during photosynthesis. choose the correct
answer from the options below (a) (i) and (iv) (b) only (ii) (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (ii)

Question 5. The symbiotic association is seen in which of the following?

(a) Lichens (b) Algae (c) Fungi (d) Bacteria Answer: (a) Lichens

Question 6. Pitcher plant traps insects because it

(a) is a heterotroph (b) grows in soils which lack in nitrogen (c) does not have chlorophyll (d) has a
digestive system like human beings

Question 7. Insectivorous plant among the following is

(a) lichen (b) Cuscuta (c) pitcher plant (d) bread mould

Question 8. In the plant of cactus leaves are modified into

(a) branches (b) spines (c) leaf vein (d) pitcher

Question 9. If iodine is dropped on the boiled leaf it gives blue-black colour due to the presence of

(a) starch (b) protein (c) fat (d) vitamin Answer: (a) starch

Question 10. When we observe the lower surface of a leaf through a magnifying lens, we see
numerous small openings. Which of the following is the term given to such openings

(a) Stomata (b) Lamina (c) Midrib (d) Veins

Question 11. Two organisms are good friends and live together. One provide? shelter, water and
nutrients while the other prepares and provides food. Such an association of organisms is termed
as

(a) saprophyte (b) parasite (c) autotroph (d) symbiosis

Question 12. In the process of photosynthesis, plants

(a) take O2 and release CO2 (b) take CO2 and release O2 (c) take and release O2 (d) take O2 and
release water

Question 13. Which of the following raw material is available in the air for photosynthesis? [NCERT
Exemplar]

(a) Oxygen (b) Carbon dioxide (c) Nitrogen (d) Hydrogen Answer: (b) Carbon dioxide

Question 14. The ultimate source of food on earth is

(a) plants (b) sunlight (c) animals (d) proteins

Question 15. Farmers use manure and fertilisers to

(a) replenish plant (b) replenish soil (c) replenish air (d) replenish fungi
1. An oxide is acidic and has a pungent odour. It could be

(a) sulphur dioxide (b) carbon dioxide (c) sodium oxide (d) nitrogen dioxide

2. Out of these gases which one is used in fire extinguishers

(a) CO2 (b) SO2 (c) NO2 (d) H2S

3. The correct way of making a solution of acid in water is to

(a) add water to acid (b) add acid to water (c) mix acid and water simultaneously (d) add water to acid
in a shallow container

4. Products of a neutralisation reaction are always:

(a) an acid and a base (b) an acid and a salt (c) a salt and water (d) a salt and a base

5. Turmeric is a natural indicator. On adding its paste to acid and base separately, which colours
would be observed.

(a) Yellow in both acid and base (b) Yellow in acid and red in base (c) Pink in acid and yellow in base
(d) Red in acid and blue in base

6. Phenolphthalein is a synthetic indicator and its colours in acidic and basic solutions, respectively
are:

(a) red and blue (b) blue and red (c) pink and colourless (d) colourless and pink

7. When the soil is too basic, plants do not grow well in it. To improve its quality what must be
added to the soil?

(a) Organic matter (b) Quick lime (c) Slaked lime (d) Calamine solution

8. Which of the following set of substances contain acids?

(a) Grapes, lime water (b) Vinegar, soap (c) Curd, milk of magnesia (d) Curd, vinegar

9. On adding phenolphthalein indicator to a colourless solution, no change is observed. What is the

nature of this solution?

(a) Basic (b) Either acidic or basic (c) Either acidic or neutral (d) Either basic or neutral

10. Which of the following is an acid-base indicator?

(a) Vinegar (b) Lime water (c) Turmeric (d) Baking soda
1. What is the test for acids and bases using litmus paper?

Acids turn blue litmus paper red while bases turn red litmus paper blue.

2. What name is given to those substances which do not change the colour of either red or blue
litmus paper?

The solutions or substances which do not change the colour of either red or blue litmus paper are
neutral.

3. Name the salt formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution (a base).

When hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution, then sodium chloride salt is formed.

4. Write two basic substances which we use in our daily life.

Baking soda, Soap or detergent

5. Name one acid which is responsible for acid rain.

Carbonic acid.

6. Name two gaseous pollutants which are responsible for acid rain.

Two gaseous pollutants are nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2).

7. (a) Name one indicator which turns red on adding an acid. (b) Name one indicator which turns
red on adding a base.

(a) Litmus (blue litmus paper) (b) Turmeric

8. While playing in a park, a child was stung by a wasp. Some elders suggested applying paste of
baking soda and others lemon juice as remedy. Which remedy do you think is appropriate and why?

Was sting inject a liquid in the skin which is acidic in nature. Hence, baking soda is the appropriate
remedy as it is basic in nature and neutralises the acid.

9. A small amount of hydrochloric acid is always produced in the stomach. Is it useful or harmful for
us? If excess of acid is produced in the stomach, what should we do?

A small amount of hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach is useful as it can kill the harmful bacteria
that may enter into the stomach along with the food. However, if excess of acid is produced, there is
a burning sensation in the stomach. We should take milk of magnesia as an antacid medicine to
neutralise the excess acid.

10. To test the presence of an acid in any substance, what methods can be used?

Acid can be tested in any substance by the following methods

(a).Take a drop of the dilute solution of the substance on the tips of your tongue. If tastes sour, it is
acidic.

(b)Dip a blue litmus paper in the solution. If the colour of the litmus paper turns red, the solution is
acidic.

11. After carrying out the neutralisation reaction, the test tube immediately found to be somewhat
hot. Explain why.
In neutralisation reaction, heat is always produced or evolved. The evolved heat raises the
temperature of the reaction mixture. Therefore, if we touch the test tube immediately after the
neutralisation reaction, it is found to be hot. Acid + Base → Salt + Water (heat is evolved)

12. After carrying out the neutralisation reaction, the test tube immediately found to be somewhat
hot. Explain why.

No, because orange juice is acidic in nature. Excess of acid in the stomach causes indigestion. We take
an antacid such as milk of magnesia which contains magnesium hydroxide
Question 1. Potato and ginger are both underground parts that store food. Where is the food
prepared in these plants? [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer: In both the plants, shoot system and leaves are above ground. They prepare food through
photosynthesis and transport it to the underground part for storage.

Question 2. Plants prepare their food using a different mode of nutrition than us. What is it?

Answer: The mode of nutrition in plant is autotrophic, i.e. they synthesise their own food.

Question 3. Photosynthesis requires chlorophyll and a few other raw materials. Add the missing raw
materials to the list given below: Water, minerals,

(a) …… (b) …….

Question 4. The tiny openings present on the leaf surface. What are they called?

Answer: Stomata are the tiny pores present on the surface of leaves through which gaseous exchange
takes place in plants.

Question 5. What is the function of guard cells of stomata?

Answer: Guard cells help in controlling the opening and closing of stomata for gaseous exchange.

Question 6. Which parts of the plant are called food factories of the plant?

Answer: Leaves are referred to as food factories of plants. This is because, leaves synthesise food by
the process of photosynthesis.

Question 7. A carbohydrate is produced by plants as food source. It is constituted from which

molecules?

Answer: Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Question 8. Why do some plants feed on insects?

Answer: Insectivorous plants grow in soil which lack nitrogen, therefore they eat insects to fulfill their
need of nitrogen.

Question 9. Define parasites.

Answer: Parasites they are those organisms which grow on other plants or animals for their food, e.g.
Cuscuta.

Question 10. Name the bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Answer: Rhizobium is the bacterium which can fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Question 11. Except plants, why can’t other living organisms prepare their food using CO2, water
and minerals? [HOTS]

Answer: Our body does not contain chlorophyll for absorbing solar energy which is necessary for
preparing food using air, water, etc.

Question 12. A leguminous plant can restore the soil’s concentration of mineral nutrients. Can you
give examples of some such plants?

Answer: Plants such as gram, pulses and beans are leguminous.

Question 13. Algae are green in colour. Why?

Answer: Algae contain chlorophyll which imparts green colour to them.

Question 14. What do you understand by nutrition?

Answer: The process of utilising nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, etc., to generate energy
is called nutrition.

Question 15. Fungus can be harmful and useful. Give an example showing both of these traits of
fungus.

Answer: Fungus produces antibiotics like penicillin used to treat diseases and fungus can also harm us
by causing fungal infections on skin and hair.

Question 16. A unique feature in leaves allows them to prepare the food while other parts of plants
cannot. Write the possible reason for this. [HOTS]

Answer: Leaves contain chlorophyll which is essential for food preparation and is absent in other parts
of plant.

Question 17. Algae and fungi form a unique association sharing benefits from each other. What is
the name of association between them?

Answer: Lichens.

Question 18. In a plant, photosynthesis occurs in a part other than leaf. Name that plant and the
part where photosynthesis occurs.

Answer: Cactus, the part where photosynthesis occurs are stem and branches which are green.

Question 19. Why is Cuscuta, categorised as a parasite?

Answer: Cuscuta derives its nutrition using an association where it deprives its host of all valuable
nutrients and absorbs them itself. Hence, it is called a parasitic plant.

Question 20. Plant cannot use the nitrogen present in the soil directly. Why?

Answer: Plants can use nitrogen only in soluble form while in soil nitrogen is present in inorganic form.

Question 21. Why are insectivorous plants called partial heterotrophs?

Answer: Insectivorous plants are autotrophs, i.e. they prepare their own food. They are partial
heterotrophs as they eat insects for obtaining nitrogen.

Question 22. What is the stored food form in sunflower seeds?

Answer: In sunflower seeds, glucose is stored in the form of oils (fats).

Question 23. What do you understand by saprotrophic mode of nutrition?

Answer: The mode of nutrition in which organisms take their nutrients from dead and decaying matter
is called saprotrophic mode of nutrition.

Question 24. A mutually beneficial relationship that occurs between two plants. It is known by what
name? Give an example.

Answer: Symbiosis is the mutually benefitting association between two plants, e.g. lichens.
Question 25. For testing the presence of starch in leaves, a boiled leaf is used. Why?

Answer: Boiling the leaf remove chlorophyll/green colour from the leaves.

Question 26. Mosquitoes, bed bugs, lice and leeches suck our blood. Can they be called as parasites?
[HOTS]

Answer: Yes, these animals/insects are parasites as they harm the hosts while they suck blood.

Question 27. Insectivorous plants have one or the other specialised organs to catch their prey. What
is that organ?

Answer: Leaves of insectivorous plants catches the prey.

Question 28. Farmers spread manure of fertilisers in the field or in gardens, etc. Why are these
added to the soil?

Answer: Plants absorb mineral nutrients from soil. Thus, declining their concentration in soil fertilisers
and manures enhance or add these essential nutrients back in soil.

Question 29. A cell is formed of many sub-components. Identify different constituents of the cell.
Are animal and plant cells similar?

Answer: A cell contains nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole, cell organelles like chloroplast, mitochondria, etc.
No, animal cells are different from plant cells.

Question 30. A goat eats away all the leaves of a small plant (balsam). However, in a few days, new
leaves could be seen sprouting in the plant again. How did the plant survive without leaves? [NCERT
Exemplar; HOTS]

Answer: The plant of balsam survived on the food stored in the stem and roots.
1. Why do we wear woollen clothes in winters?

Ans–Since wool is a very good thermal insulator, woollen clothes keep our body warm and prevent us
from cold. So, we wear woollen clothes in winters.

2. Why is silk suitable for wearing in both summer and winters?

Ans – Silk does not conduct heat and is a good insulator. So, it can be worn in any season as it keeps a
person warm in winter and cool in summer.

3. Define sericulture.

Ans – The breeding and management of silkworms for the production of silk is called sericulture.

4. Write the flowchart of production of wool.

Ans – (a) Shearing > (b) Scouring > (c) Grading/Sorting > (d) Removing Burrs > (e) Dyeing >(f) Drying >
(g) Carding > (h) Spinning, Weaving & Knitting.

5. Write different types of silk.

Ans – Mulberry silk is the most common form of silk. Tassar, mooga, kosa and spider silk are the other
types of silk.

6. Write some examples of synthetic fibres.

Ans – Rayon, Nylon, Acrylic& Polyesters are some examples of synthetic fibres.

7. Write the fibres obtained from Flax and Coconut plant.

Ans – Linen is obtained from flax plant and coir is obtained from the husk of coconut.

8. Name the disease related to the workers of wool industry and the causing organism.

Ans – Workers in the wool industry may get infected by a bacterium called Anthrax. This can lead to a
fatal disease called Sorter’s disease.

9. Name different types of camel from which we can obtain wool based on their origin.

Ans – The Bactrian camel is found in Siberia, Mongolia & China which gives better quality of wool.
Another breed named Alpaca & Llama are found in South America.

10. Name different types of goat from which we can get wool according to their origin.

Ans – Cashmere goats are found in the mountains of Tibet & China from which we can obtain
Cashmere fibre and Mohair wool is spun from the fleece of the Angora goat found in the hilly regions
of both Jammu and Kashmir.
1. What is the motion of your hands while running?

Ans: Oscillatory motion, because it is a to and fro motion where the hand comes back to the same
position it started following the same path.

2. What is the motion of a horse pulling a cart on a straight road?

Ans: Linear motion, because the motion continues in a straight path and never returns to the point it
started with.

3. What is the motion of a child in a merry go round?

Ans: Circular motion, because the motion is in circle where the child come back to the position it
started with however it doesn’t follow the same path it took.

4. The basic unit of time is second. Is it true or false?

Ans: True. Because any other unit of time can be obtained from second such as min or hour.

5. The distance between two cities is measured in km. Is it true or false?

Ans: True. Because the distance between cities is very large and if we use meters instead of km, we
will get a very big number. (Note: though the number will be very big the answer will not be wrong.)

6. A simple pendulum takes 32s to complete 20 oscillations, what is the time period of the
pendulum?

Ans: The time taken by the pendulum to complete 20 oscillations is 32s. Thus the time taken by the
pendulum to complete 1 oscillation will be 32/20=1.6s. Hence the time period is 1.6s.

7. Distance between two station is 240 km. A train takes 4h to cover this distance. Calculate the
speed of the train.

Ans: Given distance = 240 km, time = 4h. Thus speed = distance/time = 60 km/h.

8. The odometer of a car reads 57321.0 km at 8:30 am. How much distance it has moved if at 8:50
am, the odometer shows 57336.0 km?

Ans: Distance covered is 57336.0 – 57321.0 = 15 km.

9. For the above car find the speed in km/h.

Ans: Time taken is (8h 50min – 8h 30min) = 20min. Thus speed = Distance/ Time = 15/20 = 0.75
km/min. To convert it in km/h, we know that 1h=60min or 1min=1/60 h. Thus 0.75km/min = 0.75 x 60
km/h = 45 km/h.

10. A girl takes 15 min from her house to reach her school on a bicycle. If the bicycle has speed of 2
m/min, calculate the distance between her house and the school.

Ans: Given Time = 15 min, and speed = 2m/min. Thus distance= speed x time=15 x 2 = 30 m.

11. Convert 6 m/s into km/h.

Ans: We know 1km = 1000m, which implies, 1m=1/1000 km. Similarly, 1h=3600s, so 1s=1/3600 h. Thus
6 m/s=6 x 3600/1000 = 21.6 km/h.

12. Convert 82 km/h into m/s.

Ans: We know 1km = 1000m. Similarly, 1h=3600s. Thus 82 km/h = 82 x 1000/3600 = 22.78 m/s.
Question 1. Different modes of nutrition has been observed in plants. What are they? Give example
of each.

Answer: Plants show two major modes of nutrition, i.e. (i) Autotrophs are those which can synthesise
their own food. (ii) Heterotrophs are those which are dependent on other plants and animals for their
food. They are of following types: (a) Parasites, e.g. Cuscuta (b) Saprotrophs, e.g. fungi.

Question 2. Sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water and minerals are raw materials essential
for photosynthesis. Do you know where they are available? Fill in the blanks with the appropriate
raw materials. (a) Available in the plant: ……… (b) Available in the soil: ……… (c) Available in the air:
……… (d) Available during day : ……… [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:

(a) Available in the plant: chlorophyll (b) Available in the soil : water, minerals (c) Available in the air :
carbon dioxide (d) Available during day : sunlight

Question 3. Plants are considered an essential part of earth as they keep a check on lot of process
occurring all over. What would happen if all the green plants are wiped from earth? [HOTS]

Answer: Green plants are the source of energy for all the living organisms so that they can perform
their normal functions. If all green plants and trees disappear, all the organism depending on them for
food and shelter will also die.

The lack of gaseous exchange will lead to increase in amount of CO2, causing death in humans and
other animals also. The cycle of life will gradually disappear.

Question 4. Autotrophs and heterotrophs are two different organisms with distinct modes of
nutrition state. How are they different from each other?

Answer: The difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs are as follows:

Question 5. Wheat dough if left in the open, after a few days, starts to emit a foul smell and becomes
unfit for use. Give reason. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]

Answer: Carbohydrates in wheat dough encourage the growth of yeast and other saprophytic fungi
which breakdown carbohydrates into simpler compounds like CO2 and alcohol and emit a foul smell.

Question 6. What are the various raw materials for photosynthesis?

Answer: Plants utilise carbon dioxide from air and water and minerals are derived from soil (through
roots) as raw material for photosynthesis. Besides these chlorophyll present in green leaf is necessary
for the process and sunlight is the source of energy which is converted into chemical energy during
the process of photosynthesis.

Question 7. Observe the given figure and label the following terms given in the box. Stomatal
opening, guard cell

Answer: Labelled figure is given below:

Question 8. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plants growth. But farmers who cultivate pulses as
crops like green gram, bengal gram, black gram, etc., do not apply nitrogenous fertilisers during t
cultivation. Why? [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]

Answer: Roots of pulses (leguminous plants) have a symbiotic association with a bacterium called
Rhizobium. This bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen of air into water soluble nitrogen compounds and
give them to the leguminous plants for their growth. Hence, farmers need not use nitrogenous
fertilisers.

Question 9. Pooja is worried about her new shoes which she wore on special occassions that they
were spoiled by fungus during rainy season. Is she right to worry, if yes, then tell why does fungi
suddenly appears during the rainy season? [HOTS]

Answer: Yes, the fungi reproduces by spores which are generally present in the air and grow on any
article that are left in hot and humid weather for a long time. During rainy season they land on wet
and warm things and begin to germinate and grow.

Question 10. In what unique manner does a pitcher plant derive its nutrition?

Answer: Nepenthes or pitcher plant modifies its leaf axis into a long tubular pitcher to form a pitfall
trap. Inside the pitcher sticky liquid is present. When any insect comes in contact with the leaf, the lid
present on it is closed and insect is trapped. The liquid contains digestive enzymes which slowly digest
the trapped insects.

Question 11. Water and minerals are absorbed by the roots and then transported to leaves. How?

Answer: Water and minerals are transported to the leaves by the vessels which run like pipes
throughout the root, stem, branches and the leaves. These vessels are xylem and phloem, forming a
continuous path or passage for the nutrients to make them reach the leaf.

Question 12. Some plants have deep red, violet or brown coloured leaves. Can these leaves perform
the photosynthesis process? [HOTS]
Answer: Yes, plants having deep red, violet or brown coloured leaves can also carry out photosynthesis
because they contain chlorophyll. But their green colour of chlorophyll is masked by the large amount
of all other coloured pigments.

Question 13. If plant has a requirement for nitrogen, then from where will they obtain it?

Answer: Soil contains nitrogen in the form that is not usable by plants. Bacteria like Rhizobium
converts nitrogen into soluble form that can be easily used by plants. So, if plant has a requirement
for nitrogen, then it will obtain that which the help of bacteria.

Question 14. In the absence of photosynthesis, life would be impossible on earth. Is it true or false?

Answer: True, because photosynthesis is important for the existence of life on the earth.
Photosynthesis is important process as it is provides food to all living organisms and maintains CO2 –
O2 balance of nature.

EXTRA QUESTION ANSWERS:

Question 1. Describe the process by which plants prepare their food using different raw materials.

Answer: The process by which green plants can prepare their own food is called photosynthesis. Green
plants possess chlorophyll in their leaf and utilises carbon dioxide (from air) water, minerals (from soil,
through root) as raw material and sunlight as source of energy and convert light energy into chemical
energy. The food thus synthesised is in the form of starch (carbohydrate). The overall reaction for
photosynthesis can be given as follows:

Question 2. Describe the method for replenishing the soils with minerals and other essential
constituents used by plants growing in those soil by farmers.

Answer: Replenishment of Nutrients in Soil

Crops require a lot of nitrogen to make proteins. After the harvest, the soil becomes deficient in
nitrogen. Plants cannot use the nitrogen gas available in atmosphere directly. Action of certain
bacteria can convert this nitrogen into form readily used by plants. Rhizobium bacteria live in the root
nodules of leguminous plants. These bacteria take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and convert it
into water soluble nitrogen compounds making it available to the leguminous plants for their growth.

In return, leguminous plants provide food and shelter to the bacteria as Rhizobium cannot prepare its
food. They, thus have a symbiotic relationship. This association is very important for the farmers, as
they do not need to add nitrogen fertilisers to the soil in which leguminous plants are grown.

Question 3. Harish went to visit his grandfather in village where he saw that his grandfather’s field
of wheat are infected with fungus but no one is aware of this. Harish rushed to his grandfather’s
side and told him that the field have been infected with fungi. He should use an antifungal agent in
his fields to stop this infection. (a) What is fungus? (b) Can fungus only cause diseases or can it be
helpful also? (c) What values are shown by Harish? [Value Based Question]

Answer: (a) Fungus are saprophytic organisms usually present as spores in atmosphere which can
germinate on any substrate in optimal conditions. (b) Fungus are also useful in that they produce many
antibiotics which can cure different types of infections like penicillin. (c) Harish is sincere, curious and
knowledgeable with a keen sense of applying it where necessary.

Question 4. Wild animals like tiger, wolf, lion and leopard do not eat plants. Does this mean that
they can survive without plants? Can you provide a suitable explanation? [HOTS]
Answer: Animals like tiger, wolf, lion and leopard are carnivores and do not eat plants. They hunt and
eat herbivorous animals like deer, gaur, bison, zebra, giraffe, etc., which are dependent on plants for
food.

If there are no plants, herbivorous animals will not survive and ultimately animals like tiger, wolf, lion
and leopard will have nothing to eat.

Question 5. Asha went to visit her grandfather in his village. He was having a serious discussion with
his fellow members regarding the productivity level of crops for present year. They all were worried
about how to increase the productivity of crop Asha listened to this and then suggested to the group
that the reason may be decreased level of minerals in soil. She told her grandfather to plant crops
like pulses, gram, beans, etc., for a year then follow with regular crops. This will increase the crop
productivity? (a) What will you name the process suggested by Asha? Why is there decrease in crop
productivity? (b) What are noted benefits of this process? Will the results be as what Asha
expressed? (c) What values are shown by Asha? [Value Based Question]

Answer: (a) This process is known as crop rotation. All the plants/crops grown in soil use the minerals
present in soil for their own use. This continuous usage depletes the concentration of mineral in soil.
(b) After growing leguminous plants, the mineral content of soil is restored and enriched to new level.
Yes, the benefit of leguminous plant is the re-enrichment of soil minerals. (c) Asha is observant, sincere
and interested in applying her knowledge to situations.
1. Write short note on nutrition of HYDRA.

Ans – Hydra is a simple multicellular organism having numerous tentacles present around its
mouth. During feeding, Hydra uses its tentacles to catch the prey. The prey is killed by the
stinging cells and is passed into the mouth. The digestive juices inside the body help in
digestion of food. Absorption of the digested food takes place through the walls of the cavity.
The food is then assimilated inside the cells.

2. How frog does its nutrition?

Ans – Frogs catch insects with the help of their sticky tongue. The tongue is attached to the
lower jaw and remains folded in the mouth. It catches the prey and then pulls it inside the
mouth. This whole process takes place very quickly. Frogs have a well-developed digestive
system. Food is digested with the help of digestive juices.

3. Write short note on nutrition in Ruminants.

Ans – Ruminants are plant-eating animals that bring back food swallowed into their mouth
for chewing again. Sheep, deer and giraffes are some of the examples of ruminants. Cellulose
is present in grass and leaves. Ruminants can digest cellulose with the help of bacteria present
in their digestive system. Digestion in ruminants occurs sequentially in a four-chambered
stomach. The four chambers of ruminant stomach are rumen, reticulum, omasum and
abomasum.

Plant material that an animal swallows is first taken into rumen. The rumen stores food for
further digestion. The food is partially digested and is called cud. The cud is brought back to
the mouth, re-chewed and reswallowed. The rumen has millions of bacteria and protozoa
that can break down cellulose present in grass and hay that ruminant eats.

The reticulum allows the animal to bring back swallowed food for further chewing. This is
called chewing the cud. This food is then passed to the third part of stomach called omasum.
Excess water is absorbed in this part. The mass is finally passed to the true stomach, the
abomasum. The digested food is absorbed and the undigested food is expelled from the body.
CHAPTER – ACID BASE SALTS

1. Define Acid.

Ans - Acids are chemicals which gives H+ ion while dissociation. Acids are sour in taste and corrosive
in nature.

There are two types of acids - (a) Natural acids- Acids which are present in natural source such as oxalic
acid (spinach) , lactic acid (curd) , malic acid (apple) etc.

1. Mineral acids- Acids which are found from inorganic sources such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric
acid, nitric acid etc.

According to the number of H+ ion present while dissociation acids are further subdivided into two
categories - (1) strong acids - Acids which give more number of H+ ion while dissociation are called
strong acids. Ex - sulphuric acid, nitric acid et.

(2) Weak acids- Acids which give less number of H+ ion while dissociation while dissociation are known
as weak acids. Ex- oxalic acid, tartaric acid etc.

2. Define base and alkali.

Ans - Bases are chemicals which gives OH- ion while dissociation. Bases are bitter in taste and soapy
in nature.

Depending on the number of OH- ion given while dissociation bases are further subdivided into two
categories - (1) strong base - Bases which give more number of OH- ion during dissociation are known
as strong base. Ex- sodium hydroxide , potassium hydroxide etc

(b) Weak base - Bases which give less number of OH- ion during dissociation are known as weak base.
Ex - ammonium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide etc.

Bases which are soluble in water are specially termed as alkali. Ex - sodium hydroxide, potassium
hydroxide etc. Unlike acids not every bases are soluble in water. So we can say every alkali is a base
but every base is not an alkali.

3. Define neutralization and salts.

Ans - Salts are chemicals which are neutral in nature and generally produced from the action of acids
and bases which is particularly termed as neutralization reaction. Example-

Hydrochloric acid(HCl) + sodium hydroxide (NaOH) = sodium chloride (NaCl) + water (H2O)

4. What do you mean by indicators?

Ans - Indicators are those compounds which helps us to differentiate between acid and bases by
changing its colour in that particular solution. Ex- in acidic solution blue litmus paper turns red and in
basic solution red litmus turns blue .

According to the sources indicators are further subdivided into two categories

(b) Natural indicator - Indicators which are obtained from natural sources are known as natural
indicator. Ex - litmus paper which is obtained from lichen(an symbiotic association of algae and fungi)

(c) Synthetic indicator - Indicators which are synthesized chemically are known as synthetic indicators.
Ex- phenolphthalein - remains colourless in acidic solution while turns pink in basic solutions.
5. What is pH?

Ans - pH is a measure of how acidic/basic any solution is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being
neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really
a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. pH typically
indicates the power of hydrogen ion.

While 7 indicates neutral in a pH scale, below the mark of 7, lesser the pH stronger will be the acid
whereas above 7, more the pH, stronger will be the base.

6. What is universal indicator?

Ans - A universal indicator is a pH indicator made of a solution of several compounds that exhibits
several smooth colour changes over a wide range pH values to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of
solutions.

7. Give example where we use acid base and salt in our daily life.

Ans - Our toothpaste contain sodium salts which helps us to remove the acidity from our teeth.

Generally we intake vitamin-C from our food source as a daily basis for the growth of our immunity
which contain Ascorbic acid.

The soap we use during bathing or washing clothes contain bases.

So these are the 3 common examples where we use acid, base and salts in our everyday life.