MODUL DEFRA

KIMIA
TINGKATAN 4

E D IS I
GURU

SEKTOR PEMBELAJARAN
 SEKALUNG BUDI
SEKTOR PEMBELAJARAN, JPN
PERAK

PN HJH BAINAH BINTI AB. DOLAH

KETUA PENOLONG PENGARAH KANAN MATEMATIK DAN
SAINS

PN MUSFIRAH SALMA BINTI MOHD RADZI

PENOLONG PENGARAH MATEMATIK DAN SAINS

PANEL PENULIS

PN NORIZA BINTI AWANG

SMK ANDERSON
PN KOMATHY A/P VEERASINGHAN
SMK AVE MARIA CONVENT
PN NOOR HAFIZAH BT HUSSAIN
SMK RAJA CHULAN
CIK WAN NORAZIEAN BT WAN ZAWAWI SMK
TARCISIAN CONVENT
PN AINI RASYIDAH BT AHMAD ZUHAIRI
SMK ANDERSON
 BAB 2: JIRIM DAN STRUKTUR ATOM / MATTER AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE FORM 4
A. Definisi / Definition
Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/ notes
1. Nyatakan maksud jirim? State the
meaning of matter?

2. Nyatakan maksud takat lebur?

State the meaning of melting
poing?

3. Nyatakan maksud takat didih?

State the meaning of boiling
point?

4. Nyatakan jenis zarah yang wujud

di dalam wayar kuprum.
State the type of particle exist in
copper wire.

5. Nyatakan zarah-zarah subatom

dalam nukleus.

State the type of subatomic

particles in the nucleus.

6. Berikan definisi nombor proton.

Define the meaning of proton

number.

7. Nyatakan maksud nombor

nukleon.

State the meaning of nucleon

number.

8. Nyatakan definisi isotop.

State the meaning of isotopes

B. Rajah/ Diagram

Melukis gambar rajah yang berfungsi dan berlabel dengan lengkap

Draw the functional diagram with a complete label
Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/
notes

1. Lukis gambar rajah berlabel

pemanasan naftalena .

Draw a labelled diagram

heating of
naphtalene

a.Perlu label bahan seperti air

dan nafftalena/ It is necessary
to label ingredients such as
water and naphthalene
Air/water
b.Termometer tidak boleh
Naftalena/
sentuh dasar tabung uji/ It is
necessary to label ingredients
such as water and
naphthalene/The thermometer
must not touch the bottom of
the test tube

c. Air mesti meliputi naftalena

dan dilorek/Water must cover the
naphthalene and shaded
Dipanaskan // heat
 2. Lakarkan satu lengkung
pemanasan untuk asid Suhu/ temperature 0C
laurik, C12H24O2 .
Sketch a heating curve for
lauric acid,C12H24O2 .

1. Lakaran yang licin dan

Betul/ Smooth and
right sketch

2. Berlabel / with lable

Masa/time, min

3. Berdasarkan jadual di
bawah.

Based on the table below:

.

i. Lukiskan rajah susunan

elektron atom X, Y dan Z
Draw a diagram of the
electron arrangement of
atoms X, Y and Z

a. Lukis dengan bilangan

elekron yang tepat./Draw with
the correct number of
electrons
b. Mesti lukis nukleus/ must
draw the nucleus

Lukiskan rajah struktur atom

X,Y dan Z
Draw a diagram of X,Y and
Z atomic structure

Lukis dengan bilangan

a.
elekron yang tepat./Draw with
the correct number of
electrons
b. Mesti lukis nukleus dengan
bilangan proton dan nukleon
yang tepat/ must draw the
nucleus with the correct
number of proton and nucleon
C. Pengiraan / Calculation
Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/ notes

1. Magnesium secara semula

jadi wujud dalam tiga isotop,
iaitu 79.0% 24Mg, 10.0% 25Mg
dan 11.0% 26Mg. Hitungkan
jisim atom relatif magnesium.

Magnesium exist naturally as

three isotopes which are
wujud dalam tiga isotop, iaitu
79.0% 24Mg, 10.0% 25Mg dan
11.0% 26Mg. Calculate the relative
atomic mass of magnesium.

= 10.0x 24+11.0 x 25+79x26

100

BAB 3: KONSEP MOL, FORMULA KIMIA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA / THE MOLES
CONCEPT, CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION.
A. Definisi / Definition

Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/Notes

 1. Nyatakan maksud Jisim
Atom Relatif (JAR)

State the meaning of Relative

atomic Mass (RAM)

2. Nyatakan maksud Formula

Molekul?

State the meaning

of Molecular
Formula?

3. Nyatakan maksud Formula

Empirik?

State the meaning of

empirical formula?

B. Rajah/ Diagram

Melukis gambar rajah yang berfungsi dan berlabel dengan lengkap

Draw the functional diagram with a complete label

Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/Notes

 1. Lukis gambar rajah
berlabel untuk
menentukan formula
empirik Magnesium
Oksida

Draw a labelled
diagram
to determine the
empirical formula of
Magnesiun Oxide

2. Lukis gambar rajah

berlabel untuk
menentukan formula
empirik Kuprum (II)
Oksida.

Draw a labelled
diagram to
determine the
empirical formula
of Copper (II)
Oxide.

C. Pengiraan / Calculation
 A sample of Iron (III) Oxide Fe203 is Step 1 : No. of mol Fe
heated in a stream and excess
Hydrogen gas H2 to produce 5.6g of
iron metal according to the following Step 2 : Ratio
equation.

Fe2O3(g) + 3H2 (g)

2Fe (p) + H2O(ce) Step 3 : Mass of Iron(III)
Oxide sample.
Calculate the mass of the Iron
(III) Oxide sample
[RAM :H=1, O=16,Fe=56]

BAB 4: JADUAL BERKALA/ PERIODIC TABLE

A. Definisi / Definition
 Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/Notes

1. Nyatakan maksud kumpulan

State the meaning of Group

2. Nyatakan maksud kala.

State the meaning of period

BAB 5: IKATAN KIMIA / CHEMICAL BOND

A. Definisi / Definition

Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/Notes

1. Nyatakan maksud ikatan kimia

State the meaning of

chemical bond

2. Nyatakan maksud ikatan ion

State the meaning of ionic

bond

3. Nyatakan maksud ikatan

kovalen

State the meaning of

covalent bond

4. Nyatakan maksud ikatan

hidrogen

State the meaning of

hidrogen bond

5. Nyatakan maksud ikatan datif

State the meaning of dative

bond
 6. Nyatakan maksud ikatan logam

State the meaning of metallic

bond

B. Rajah/ Diagram

Melukis gambar rajah yang berfungsi dan berlabel dengan lengkap

Draw the functional diagram with a complete label
Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/Notes

1. Lukiskan susunan
elektron untuk
menunjukkan
pemindahan elektron
dalam pembentukan
ikatan ion dalam
sebatian Natrium
Klorida, NaCl
Mempunyai nukleus.
Bilangan petala dan susunan elektron setiap
Draw the electron atomnya betul. Mempunyai cas yang betul
arrangement to show bagi setiap ion.
the electron transferred
in formation of chemical Has a nuclues
bond The number of shell and electron
in Sodium Chloride, arrangement for each atom are correct
NaCl Has a correct charge of each ions.
 Lukiskan
pembentukan
ikatan kovalen di
dalam molekul air
2.

Draw the formation of

covalent bond in water
molecule.

Mempunyai nukleus.
Bilangan petala dan susunan elektron setiap
atomnya betul.

Has a nuclues
The number of shell and electron
arrangement for each atom are correct

BAB 6: ASID, BES DAN GARAM

ACID, BASE AND SALT

A. Definisi / Definition
Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/ notes
Nyatakan maksud asid.
State the meaning of acid.

Nyatakan maksud asid

monoprotik.
State the meaning of
monoprotic acid.
Nyatakan maksud asid diprotik.
State the meaning of diprotic
acid.

Nyatakan maksud asid triprotik.

State the meaning of triprotic
acid.

Nyatakan maksud bes.

State the meaning of base.

Nyatakan maksud alkali.

State the meaning of alkali.
Nyatakan maksud pH.
State the meaning of pH.

Nyatakan maksud asid kuat.

State the meaning of strong
acid.

Nyatakan maksud asid lemah.

State the meaning of weak acid.

Nyatakan maksud alkali kuat.

State the meaning of strong
alkali.

Nyatakan maksud alkali lemah.

State the meaning of weak
alkali.

Apakah maksud kepekatan

suatu larutan?
What is the meaning of
concentration of a solution?

Apakah maksud kepekatan

dalam unit g dm–3? What is
the meaning of
concentration in unit g dm–3?
Apakah maksud kepekatan
dalam unit mol dm–3? What is
the meaning of concentration
in unit mol dm-3?

Apakah maksud kemolaran?

What is the meaning of
molarity?
Apakah maksud larutan piawai?
What is the meaning of
standard solution?

Apakah maksud peneutralan?

What is the meaning of
neutralization?

Apakah maksud kaedah

pentitratan?
What is the meaning of
titration method?

Apakah maksud takat akhir?

What is the meaning of end
point?

Apakah maksud garam?

What is the meaning of salt?

Apakah maksud garam

terlarutkan?
What is the meaning of soluble
salts?
Apakah maksud garam tak
terlarutkan?
What is the meaning of
insoluble salts?
Apakah maksud kation?
What is the meaning of cation?
Apakah maksud anion?
What is the meaning of anion?
2. Tidak perlu lukis kaki
 retort (retort stand).
Lukis pengepit (clamps)
sahaja.
3. Salur penghantar
(delivery tube) mesti
tenggelam dalam air
kapur (limewater).
Lakarkan gambar rajah
berfungsi untuk pentitratan
antara 25 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0
mol dm-3 dan 50cm3 larutan
natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm-3 Asid
sulfuriK
menggunakan penunjuk
fenolftalein.
Sketch a functional diagram for
titration between 25 cm3 of 1.0
mol dm-3 sulphuric acid and
50cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium Larutan
hydroxide solution using the natrium
phenolphthalein indicator. hidroksida
1. Buret (burette) dikepit
dengan pengepit (clamps).
2. Label bahan sahaja
Label materials only
Hakim ingin menyediakan garam
tak terlarutkan kuprum (II)
karbonat. Kuprum (II) bonat
Lukis dan label gambar rajah kar pper
Co(II) car bonate
yang sesuai untuk penyediaan
garam tersebut.
Hakim wants to prepare
insoluble salt of copper (II)
carbonate. Draw and label the
appropriate diagram for the
preparation of the salt.
1. Rajah berfungsi
2. Label
Ujian anion – ujian ion karbonat.
Anion test – carbonate ion test.

MOC method:
1. Method
2. Observation
3. Conclusion

*Tambahkan sebarang asid

dalam sampel larutan garam.
*Add any acid in sample of salt
solution.
Eg: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4

1. Tambahkan 2.0 cm3 asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol

dm–3 ke dalam tabung uji berisi larutan garam.

2. Alirkan gas itu ke dalam air kapur.

3. Air kapur bertukar keruh.
4. Ion karbonat hadir.
1. Add 2 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl
into the test tube containing salt solution.

2. Flow the gas into limewater.

3. Lime water turns cloudy.
4. Carbonate ion presents.

Ujian anion – ujian ion

klorida Anion test – chloride
ion test.

MOC method:
1. Method
2. Observation
3. Conclusion

1. Tambahkan asid nitrik, HNO3 2.0 mol dm–3 secara

berlebihan ke dalam tabung uji berisi larutan
garam, diikuti dengan 2.0 cm3 larutan argentum
nitrat, AgNO3 0.1 mol dm–3.
2. Mendakan putih terbentuk.
3. Ion klorida hadir.
1. Add excess of 2.0 mol dm–3 nitric acid, HNO3 into
the test tube containing salt solution, followed by 2
cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 silver nitrate solution, AgNO3.

2. White precipitate formed.

3. Chloride ion present.
Ujian anion – ujian ion sulfat.
Anion test – sulphate ion test.

MOC method:
1. Method
2. Observation
3. Conclusion

Tambahkan asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol dm–3

secara berlebihan ke dalam tabung uji, diikuti
dengan 2.0 cm3 larutan barium klorida, BaCl2 1.0
1. mol dm–3.
2. Mendakan putih terbentuk.
3. Ion sulfat hadir.

Add 2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl into the

1.
test tube containing salt

solution , followed by 2.0 mol dm-3 barium

chloride solution, BaCl2.
2. White precipitate formed.
3. Chloride ion present.

Ujian anion – ujian ion nitrat.

MOC method:
1. Method
2. Observation Tambahkan 2.0 cm3 asid sulfurik,
3. Conclusion H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3 ke dalam tabung uji berisi
larutan garam, diikuti dengan 2.0 cm3 larutan
ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4
1. 1.0 mol dm–3.
2. Goncangkan campuran.
3. Dengan cermat, titiskan beberapa titis asid sulfurik,
H2SO4 pekat secara perlahan-lahan melalui dinding
tabung uji yang dicondongkan.

4. Cincin perang terbentuk.

5. Ion nitrat hadir.
1. Add 2 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4
into the test tube.
 2. 2 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 iron (II) sulphate solution,
FeSO4.
3. Shake the mixture.
4. Carefully, drip a few drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid, H2SO4 slowly down the wall of the
tilted test tube

5. Brown ring produced.

6. Nitrate ion present.

Rajah menunjukkan tindak

balas melibatkan pepejal P.
Pepejal P ialah garam karbonat.
Apabila pepejal P dipanaskan
dengan kuat, ia terurai kepada
pepejal Q dan gas R. Pepejal
Q ditambah dengan asid nitrik
menghasilkan larutan T.
Kenalpasti P, Q, R dan T.
The diagram shows the
reaction involving the solid P.
Solid P is a carbonate salt.
Solid Q added with nitric acid
produces solution T. When
solid P is strongly heated, it
decomposes into solid Q and P= plumbun (II) karbonat / lead (II) carbonate
gas R. Q= Plumbum (II) oksida / lead (II) oxide
Identify P, Q, R and T. R= karbon dioksida/ carbon dioxide
T= plumbum (II) nitrat / lead (II) nitrate

Rajah menunjukkan tindak

balas melibatkan plumbum
(II) nitrat. Apabila plumbum Tindak balas A
(II) nitrat dipanaskan dengan
Reaction A
kuat, ia terurai kepada pepejal
J, gas X dan gas Y. Apabila
larutan plumbum (II) nitrat
ditambah dengan larutan Z,
mendakan plumbum (II)
karbonat terbentuk.
Kenalpasti tindak balas A,
larutan Z, pepejal J, gas X
dan gas Y. The diagram
A= tindak balas penguraian ganda dua // double
shows the reaction involving
decomposition
lead (II) nitrate. When lead
reaction
(II) nitrate is strongly
Z = natrium karbonat // kalium karbonat//
heated, it decomposes into
ammonium karbonat
solid J, gas X and gas Y.
Sodium carbonate// potassium
When lead (II) nitrate
carbonate// ammonium carbonate
solution is added with a
X = nitrogen dioksida// nitrogen dioxide
solution Z, lead (II)
Y= oksigen// oxygen (vice versa)
carbonate precipitate is
formed.
Identify reaction A, solution Z,
solid J, gas X and gas Y.

C. Pengiraan / Calculation

Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/ notes

Tentukan nilai pH larutan barium hidroksida , Ba(OH)2
yang berkepekatan 0.05 mol dm-3.
Determine the pH value of the barium hydroxide
solution, Ba(OH)2 which is 0.05 mole dm-3.
[Ans: 12.7]
1. pOH = –log [OH-] = X
2. pH= 14- X
Berapakah kemolaran larutan natrium hidroksida ,
NaOH dengan nilai pH 12.0?
What is the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution,
NaOH with a pH value is 12.0?
[Ans: 0.01 mol dm-3]
1. pOH= 14- pH
2. pOH = –log [OH-]
Dalam penyediaan larutan piawai natrium karbonat,
Na2CO3, 10.6g natrium karbonat, dilarutkan dalam air
suling menjadikan isi padu sehingga 100cm3.
Berapakah isi padu larutan piawai yang disediakan
perlu digunakan jika Ahmad ingin menyediakan 50cm3
larutan natrium karbonat 0.5 mol dm-3? In preparing
the standard solution of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
10.6g of sodium carbonate, is dissolved in distilled
water and making the volume up to 100cm3.
What is the volume of standard solution prepared that
should be used if Ahmad wants to prepare 50cm3 of 0.5
mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution?
[JFR/RFM of Na2CO3: 106]
[Ans: 25.0cm3]
1. Cari bil.mol Na2CO3
Find no.of mole of Na2CO3, n
2. n= MV/1000
3. M1V1= M2V2
20cm3 larutan hidroksida logam X 0.5 mol dm-3
bertindak balas lengkap dengan 20cm3 larutan asid
nitrik 1.0 mol dm-3.
Apakah formula garam nitrat logam X yang dihasilkan?
20cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 metal X hydroxide solution reacts
completely with 20cm3 of 1.0 mole dm-3 nitric acid
solution.
What is the formula of metal X nitrate salt produced?
[Ans: X(NO3)2] 1.
a= ? , b=?
𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 𝑎
2. =
𝑀𝑏𝑉𝑏
Persamaan kimia berikut mewakili tindak balas antara
asid sulfurik dengan larutan natrium hidroksida. The
following chemical equation represents a reaction
between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Apakah isi padu asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm-3 yang
diperlukan untuk meneutralkan 25cm3 larutan natrium
hidroksida 0.1 mol dm-3?
What is the volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
required to neutralize 25cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium
hydroxide solution? [Ans: 25cm3]
𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 𝑎
1. = or
𝑀𝑏𝑉𝑏 𝑏
2. MRS
Persamaan kimia berikut menunjukkan perceraian
barium hidroksida dalam air.
The following chemical equation shows the dissociation
of barium hydroxide in water.
Ba(OH)2 → Ba+ + 2OH-
Berapakah bilangan mol ion hidroksida dalam 250cm3
barium hidroksida 0.2 mol dm-3?
What is the number of mole of hydroxide ions in250cm3
of 0.2 mol dm-3 barium hydroxide?
[Ans: 0.10 mol]
1. MRS
Nisbah bil mol/ Ratio of mole

Rajah menunjukkan penyediaan plumbum (II) klorida.

Diagram shows the preparation of lead (II) chloride.

Berapakah kepekatan larutan natrium klorida yang

diperlukan untuk berrindak balasdengan larutan
plumbum (II) nitrat?
What is the concentration of sodium chloride solution
needed to react completely with lead (II) nitrate?
[Ans: 2.0 mol dm-3]
1. Persamaan kimia seimbang Balanced
chemical equation.
2. MRS
BAB 7: KADAR TINDAK BALAS
RATE OF REACTION
A.Definisi / Definition
Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/ notes
Nyatakan maksud kadar
tindak balas.
State the meaning of rate
of reaction.

Nyatakan maksud kadar

tindak balas purata.
State the meaning of the
average rate of reaction.

Nyatakan maksud kadar

tindak balas pada masa
tertentu.
State the meaning of the
instantaneous rate of
reaction.

B.Rajah/ Diagram
Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/
notes

Kaedah mengumpul gas

terbebas untuk menghitung
kadar tindak balas antara asid
hidroklorik, HCl dan zink, Zn.
• Buret dipegang oleh kaki
retort.
• Larutan dilorekkan.
• Salur kaca masuk ke dalam
buret.
• Buret boleh diganti dengan
picagari.
• Bahan dilabelkan. Collecting
gas method to calculate the
rate of reaction of
 hydrochloric acid, HCl and
zinc, Zn.
• Burette is clamped with
retort stand.
• Solution is shaded.
• Tube delivery enter the
burette properly.
• Materials are labelled.
• Burette can be displaced
with syringe.
Kaedah pembentukan mendakan
untuk menghitung kadar tindak
balas antara larutan natrium
tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 dengan asid
sulfuric, H2SO4.
• Larutan dilorekkan.
• Bahan dilabelkan. The
method of formation of a
precipitate to calculate the
reaction rate between a solution
of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3
with sulfuric acid, H2SO4.
• Solution is shaded.
• Materials are labelled.

Graf pembebasan gas melawan

masa.
Graph of gas released against
time.

Eksperimen/ experiment I:
Serbuk CaCO3 berlebihan +
20cm3 HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Excess of CaCO3 powder
+ 20cm3 HCl 1.0 moldm-3
Eksperimen/ experiment II:
Serbuk CaCO3 berlebihan +
20cm3 HCl 0.5 mol dm-3
Excess of CaCO3 powder +
20cm3 HCl 0.5 moldm-3
Eksperimen/ experiment III:
Ketulan CaCO3 berlebihan +
20cm3 HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Excess of CaCO3 granules +
20cm3 HCl 1.0 moldm-3
• Paksi berlabel dan berunit.
• Graf tidak mendatar pada
hujungnya selagi tindak
balas belum tamat)
• Isi padu gas terbebas -
bilangan mol HCl (isi padu
Eksp.I mesti dua kali ganda
Eksp.II dan III).
• Axes must be labelled with
correct unit.
• Graph are not horizontal at
the end as long as the
reaction still not complete
yet.
• The volume of gas released –
number of mole of HCl
( volume of gas released in
Exp.I is twice than Exp.II
and III)
 Gambar rajah aras tenaga
(eksotermik) bagi penggunaan
mangkin dan tanpa mangkin.
Energy level diagram
(exothermic) while using
catalyst and without catalyst.
• Dua aras tenaga berbeza
antara bahan tindak balas dan
hasil tindak balas- aras bahan
tindak balas lebih tinggi.
• Aras tenaga pengaktifan
menggunakan mangkin, Ea’
mesti lebih rendah daripada
yang tiada mangkin, Ea.
• Two energy levels differ
between the reactants and
the products of the reaction-
the level of the reactants is
higher.
• The activation energy level
using the catalyst, Ea' is
lower than without catalyst,
Ea.
 Gambar rajah aras tenaga
(endotermik) bagi penggunaan
mangkin dan tanpa mangkin.
Energy level diagram
(endothermic) while using
catalyst and without catalyst.
• Dua aras tenaga berbeza
antara bahan tindak balas dan
hasil tindak balas- aras bahan
tindak balas lebih rendah.
• Aras tenaga pengaktifan
menggunakan mangkin, Ea’
mesti lebih rendah daripada
yang tiada mangkin, Ea.
• Two energy levels differ
between the reactants and
the products of the reaction-
the level of the reactants is
lower.
• The activation energy level
using the catalyst, Ea' is
lower than without catalyst,
Ea.
 C.Pengiraan / Calculation

Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/

notes
Apakah kadar tindak balas purata bagi tindak balas ini?
KTB = 60/ 20 =
3.0cm3 s-1

What is the average rate of reaction for this reaction?

[Ans: 3.0cm3 s-1]

Kadar tindak balas purata bagi keseluruhan tindak balas

= Jumlah isi padu gas yang terkumpul = V/ t cm3 s-1
Tempoh masa yang diambil
The overall average rate of reaction
= Total volume of gas collected = V/ t cm3 s-1
Time taken
Berapakah kadar tindak balas pada masa 60 saat? KTB =
What is the rate of reaction at the 60th second?
(48-17)/(120-0)

= 31/120

= 0.258cm3 s-1

[Ans: 0.25 cm3 s-1]

• Lukis tangen pada lengkung pada 60s.
• Gunakan tangen untuk lengkapkan satu segitiga bersudut tegak.
• Hitung kecerunan tangen lengkung graf.
Kadar tindak balas pada masa 60s= Kecerunan tangen pada masa
60s
= ΔV = V2 − V1 cm3 s-1
Δt t2 − t1
• Draw a tangent to the curve at time 60s.
• Use the tangent to complete a vertically-angled triangle.
• Calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve.
Rate of reaction at time 60s = Gradient of the tangent at time 60s
= ΔV = V2 − V1 cm3 s-1
Δt t2 − t1

Berapakah kadar tindak balas purata?

KTB= 33.0/ 180
= 0.18 cm3 s-1

What is the average rate of reaction?

[Ans: 0.18 cm3 s-1]
• Tentukan isi padu yang malar.
• Ambil masa untuk isi padu mula malar.
• Determine a constant volume.
• Take time for the volume to start to constant.

Kadar tindak balas purata bagi keseluruhan tindak balas

= Jumlah isi padu gas yang terkumpul = V/ t cm3 s-1
Tempoh masa yang diambil
The overall average rate of reaction
= Total volume of gas collected = V/ t cm3 s-1
Time taken
BAB 8: BAHAN BUATAN DALAM INDUSTRI MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
A. Definisi / Definition
Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/
notes
Nyatakan maksud aloi.
State the meaning of
alloy.

Nyatakan maksud
seramik.
State the meaning of
ceramic.
Nyatakan maksud bahan
komposit.
State the meaning of
composite material.

B.Rajah/ Diagram
Soalan / Question Jawapan / Answer Nota/ notes
Lukiskan susunan atom logam tulen
(kuprum) dan aloinya (gangsa).
Draw the arrangement of atom in pure
metal (copper) and its alloy (bronze).
Atom logam tulen / Pure metal atoms:
a) Susunan atom teratur/ atoms
arrange in orderly manner.
b) saiz atom yang sama/ same size.
Aloi/ alloy:
a) Atom tidak tersusun/ atoms not in
orderly manner.
b) Dua saiz atom yang berbeza
(saiz atom stanum lebih besar
daripada saiz atom kuprum)
Two different size of atoms
(size of tin atom is bigger than
copper atom)

Buku teks m/s257

Lukiskan susunan radas menkaji
perbandingan sifat aloi dengan logam
tulen. Draw an apparatus
arrangement studying the comparison
of the properties of an alloy with a
pure metal.

[Buku teks m/s256]

 Sektor Pembelajaran,
Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Perak
Jalan Tawas Baru Utara
Tasek Damai
30010, Ipoh,
Perak

Tahun 2022