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Quality of Water in and Around Chandigarh Region - A Review

Article in Journal of Chemistry Environmental Sciences and its Applications · September 2014
DOI: 10.15415/jce.2014.11004

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Quality of Water in and Around Chandigarh
Region – A Review
Sandeep Singh1,*, Nirankar Singh1 and Sunil Kumar2

1
Department of Chemistry, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh
2
Department of Physics, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh
*Email: [email protected]

Abstract It is well documented that water is an essential component for

the survival of all living beings and development processes on earth. Water
is used for domestic purposes, industrial processes and agriculture. All these
processes require good quality water. River water and underground water is
generally used for almost all these processes. So it is very important to know
the water quality of sources time to time for the sustainable development. In
this paper we have discussed the quality of ground water, surface water and
river water of Chandigarh and nearby places such as Parwanoo, Panchkula,
S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) on the basis of reports available online. The different
water quality parameters such as hardness, alkalinity, Ca2+, Mg2+, BOD, COD,
TDS, pH, conductivity, temperature etc was considered for this review study.
Although very few studies have been conducted to check the water quality of
this area but on carefully reviewing the available reports and published work,
it has been observed that the water quality in some of the places is below the
standards of water quality prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
Proper functioning of Sewerage Treatment Plants (STPs) need to be checked
and Industrial waste should be properly treated before going to the catchment
areas.

Keywords: Water quality, hardness, river water quality, BOD, COD,

sewerage treatment plant
Journal of Chemistry,​
Environmental Sciences
1. INTRODUCTION and its Applications

Q
Vol. 1, No. 1
uality of water refers to the biological, chemical and physical September 2014
pp. 33–43
characteristics of water (Diersing Nancy 2009; Mary et al. 2011). It
is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of
one or more biotic species to any human need (Johnson, 1997). Sources of
drinking water are subjected to contamination and require appropriate treatment
to remove disease-causing contaminants. Contamination of drinking water ©2014 by Chitkara
supplies can occur in the source water as well as in the distribution system even University. All Rights
after water treatment process. The presence of contaminants in water can lead Reserved.

33
Singh, S. to adverse health effects like gastrointestinal illness, reproductive problems,
Singh, N. and neurological disorders in people with weak immune systems.
Kumar, S. In recent years, the interest in water quality control has increased
considerably, since water quality interventions have a great influence on all
living organisms including human. Although water covers 80% of the earth
surface but only 1% is available to use directly without any purification. The
composition and concentration of substances in ground and surface water is a
resultant of geological structure of the earth’s crust and anthropogenic activity
associated with agriculture, industry and public utilities (Lahiry, 1996). As
water travels through the soil’s profile, various water-soluble substances are
added with water (Pulikowski et al. 2006).
High level of alkalinity in industrial phases make water unpalatable and
the soil is affected by percolating water (Sawyer and McCarty, 1967,Sundaray
et al., 2009). Generally degree of hardness is categorized into soft (0 to 60
mg/L), moderately hard (60 to 120 mg/L), hard (120 to 180 mg/L) and very
hard (180 mg/L) (Durfer and Backer, 1964). The optimal range of hardness in
drinking water is from 80-100 mg/L. In areas where drinking water is harder
than 500 mg/L, higher incidence rates of gallbladder disease, urinary stones,
arthritis and arthropathies (Memon et al., 2011 ; Muzalevskaya et al. 1993),
and cancer (Memon et al., 2011; Golubev and Zimin 1994) have been reported.
So, regular monitoring of water quality is required.
There are different specifications of water for different uses. Water for
domestic use should be clean, colorless, odorless and free from disease
producing microorganisms. Its total hardness should not exceed the limit of
600 ppm while pH should be in the range of 6.5-8.5 (Palanna, 2009; BIS,
2009). Bureuo of Indian Standards (BIS) has prescribed some standards
for drinking water quality. Standard as well as permissible limits (IS 10500
second revision, 2009) of some of the parameters are provided below in the
table (Table 1).
Generally water quality can be checked by analyzing water samples for
the concentration of above parameters, heavy metals and microorganisms. The
purposes and intent of the water quality related research is to provide better
water quality and prevent it from pollution (Balan, 2012). Water quality research
also help to maintain the water quality for agricultural, industrial, recreational
and other reasonable and necessary uses and to maintain and improve the
biological integrity of the waters of the region conservation of fishes, wildlife
and other beneficial aquatic life, (EPA’s Water Quality Standards 1993).
In this review paper we have summarized the findings of water quality
studies conducted in Chandigarh, Panchkula, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) and
Parwanoo by various researchers.

34
 Table 1: Drinking water standards (IS 10500 second revision, 2009) for Quality of Water
different water quality parameters. in and Around
Chandigarh Region
S. Standard Permisible
Parameters – A Review
No. Value values
1 pH 6.5 – 8.5 No relaxation
2 Turbidity (NTU) 1 5
3 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 500 2000

4 Total Hardness (as CaCO3, mg/L) 200 600

5 Sulphates (mg/L) 200 400
6 Magnisium (mg/L) 30 No relaxation
7 Nitrate (mg/L) 45 No relaxation
8 Chloride (mg/L) 250 1000
9 Residual Free Chlorine, (mg/L) 0.2 1
10 Calcium (mg/L) 75 200
11 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3, mg/L) 200 600

Table 2: Description of areas selected to review the water quality and their
grid location

Sr. No. Region/Place Location

1. Chandigarh, Union Territory 30° 43´ N/ 76° 46´ E
2. Panchkula, Haryana 30° 41´ N/ 76° 51´ E
3. S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 30° 42´ N/ 76° 43´ E
4. Parwanoo, Himachal Pradesh 30° 50´ N/ 76° 57´ E

2. CHANDIGARH REGION
Chandigarh city with a population of 10,55,450 (as per 2011 census), is
located in the fringes of the Shivalik range at 30° 43’ N latitude and 76° 46’ E
longitude. The area falls under the Indo-Gangetic plain, a few miles south of
the Shiwalik Hills and between two seasonal hill torrents, Sukhna Choe and
Patiali Rao. The land of the area is a flat and fertile tract of alluvial soils. It
covers an area of approximately 114 km² and shares common boundaries with
the states of Haryana in the south and east and Punjab in the north and west.

35
Singh, S.
Singh, N.
Kumar, S.

Figure 1: Map showing the location of

Chandigarh region

The temperature varies between 0°C to 44°C while average annual rainfall
remains near about 105 cm. It also receives occasional winter rains from the
western chaos.
Underground water through tube wells and Bhakra main line flowing at a
distance of 27 Kms from Chandigarh city are the two main sources of water
supply in Chandigarh region to meet the growing requirement. Chandigarh
city is a beautifully planned city with good network of roads. It also has a
specified area in its vicinity for small Industrial Units. A few studies have been
conducted on the water quality of this area.
A study was conducted in 2012 by Simranjit Kaur and Promila Malik
(Simranjit Kaur and Promila Malik, 2012) to check the water quality in
different sectors of Chandigarh. This study indicates the effect of chemical
pollution on surface water and ground water in industry dominating sectors
of Chandigarh. In this study, samples of surface water (SW) and ground water
(GW) were collected in the month of November, 2011 from different locations
of Chandigarh and analyzed for temperature, pH, alkalinity, total hardness,
dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), calcium and magnesium.
Results obtained in this study from the analysis of water samples are presented
in the Table 3.
This study showed that the temperature of water in industrial areas was
higher than the temperature of water in other sectors of Chandigarh. Slightly
acidic character of surface water was observed in the study. High values of
total hardness (200-400 mg/L) have been reported in groundwater (GW) and
surface water (SW) samples and consequently the GW as well as SW at all the
sampling sites was considered hard due to high amount of hardness. In non-

36
 Table 3 Quality of Water
in and Around
Sr. Sectors-22,35,38,42,44,48 Industrial Phase I, II Chandigarh Region
Parameter
No. SW GW SW GW – A Review
1. Temperature (°C) 22 – 27 20 – 25 26 – 28 24 – 25
2. pH 6.4 – 6.8 7.0 – 7.2 6.3 – 6.5 6.9 – 7.1
3. Total Hardness (mg/L) 250 – 350 200 – 350 375 – 400 275 – 300
4. Alkalinity (mg/L) 500 – 650 400 – 500 700 – 1100 500 – 750
5. DO (mg/L) 4–7 7 – 11.6 3–4 5–6
6. COD (mg/L) 25 – 40 10 – 15 45 – 50 15 – 17
7. Ca (mg/L) 120 – 180 130 – 220 120 – 240 98 – 220
8. Mg (mg/L) 27 – 60 23 – 40 60 – 70 35 – 45

industrial areas, the concentration of magnesium in surface water varied from

27-60 mg/L while concentration varied between 23-40 mg/L in ground water
samples. The magnesium concentration was quite high in industrial water
samples. Low concentration of dissolved oxygen has been reported in SW
samples in the industrial phases. High calcium concentration was also reported
in the area.
Another study was conducted by Neelam Sidhu and co-workers in 2013
(Neelam Sidhu et. al., 2013). They monitored the differences in the composition
of the groundwater taken from shallow and deeper aquifers within the study
area. Shallow aquifer system in the study area was found more contaminated
as compared to the deeper aquifer system. In this study groundwater samples
were collected from shallow and deeper aquifers during pre- and post-monsoon
periods in the year 2012 from different sites of Chandigarh. These samples
were analyzed for the pH, EC, TDS and the major ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+,
SO42-, F-, Cl-, HCO3-, CO32- and NO3-) using APHA methods (APHA, 2005).
Analysis of this study has been shown in Table 4.
Elevated concentrations of EC, TDS and TH in shallow water samples
were reported in this paper. Water was alkaline in both deeper and shallow
aquifer as indicated by the values of pH (7.52-7.58). The levels of electrical
conductivity (EC) show that shallow aquifer was more mineralized as compare
to deeper aquifer. High TDS values and hardness were reported in shallow
aquifer samples. Highest value of calcium was recorded in the sample taken
from village Hallomajra. The concentrations of nitrate were found to be higher
in shallow aquifers as compared to deeper aquifer. The concentration of Ca2+,

37
Singh, S. Table 4
Singh, N.
Kumar, S. Deeper Aquifer Shallow Aquifer
Sr. No. Parameter
Depth (70-202 m) Depth (15-30 m)
1. pH 7.58 7.52
2. EC(µS/cm) 493.25 696.5
3. TDS (mg/L) 281.75 391
4. TH (mg/L) 186.6 266.19
5. Ca (mg/L)
2+
51 89.57
6. Mg2+ (mg/L) 15.4 15.52
7. Na (mg/L)
+
40.3 39.76
8. K (mg/L)
+
1.59 2.4
9. Cl (mg/L)
-
14.5 28.04
10. HCO3-(mg/L) 287 333.23
11. F- (mg/L) 0.32 0.19
12. SO4 (mg/L)2-
9.95 31.28
13. NO3- (mg/L) 4.6 13.47

Mg2+ and NO3- was found within the prescribed limits for drinking water (BIS
standards).

3. PARWANOO REGION
Parwanoo (30’ 50 °N 76’ 57°E) with a population of 8,609 (2001 census) is
an industrial town in district Solan of Himachal Pradesh, India. It borders
Panchkula district of Haryana and is separated by a river bed from the town of
Kalka, Haryana. Parwanoo to Pinjore (after Kalka towards Panchkula city) is
almost a continuous urban belt. Parwanoo has different types of industries such
as plastic industries, chemical industries and electronic industries. Kaushalya
River is an important source of water supply for Parwanoo town. Some natural
waters in the areas of Dharampur and Dakshai contribute to form this river
which flows through Jabli, Koti, and Parwanoo and finally joins Ghaggar
river.
A study was conducted by Rhythm Aggarwal and Shakti Arora (Aggarwal
R. and Arora S., 2012) to check the water quality of Kaushalya River in

38
Parwanoo. In this study river water samples were collected and analyzed for Quality of Water
physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of pollution. The water quality in and Around
was studied quarterly at two sites at upstream and downstream regions during Chandigarh Region
2011 in the months of January, April, July and October. The physiochemical – A Review
analyses of water samples were performed using standard analytical methods
for the examination of water and wastewater (APHA, 2005). The results
obtained in the study are presented below in Table 5.

Table 5
Sr.
Parameter Jan-2011 Apr-2011 Jul-2011 Oct-2011
No.
1. Temperature (oC) 14.9-15.5 22.5-23.0 23.5-24.2 21-21.4
2. pH 7.6-8.11 7.75-7.96 8.1-8.19 7.33-8.29
Electrical Conductivity
3. 222-225 258-286 305-317 238-247
(EC), μS/cm
Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
4. 9.5-9.9 8.9-9.2 7.2-7.6 8.5-8.9
mg/L
Biological Oxygen Demand
5. 0.4-0.5 0.1-0.3 0.1-0.2 0.4-1.0
(BOD), mg/L
Chemical Oxygen Demand
6. 3.8-20.0 4.5-24.4 0.4-1 3-8
(COD), mg/L
7. Total Hardness (TH), mg/L 145-160 130-150 155-176 140-156
8. Total Alkalinity (TA), mg/L 234-250 255-306 273-283 290-330
9. Calcium (Ca), mg/L 48.44-56.00 47.98-56.85 59.83-70.25 30-40
10. Magnesium (Mg), mg/L 4.8-6.2 1.85-2.43 1.04-1.49 13.65-16

The increase in COD values (3.8-20.0 mg/L) with downstream indicated

the increase in pollution in the river. The increase in pH (8.29) in downstream
seems to be due to greater input of waste from sewage of Parwanoo. Hardness
increases (176mg/L) with downstream which may cause scaling in boilers.
High alkalinity (330 mg/L) may cause problems if water is used for irrigation
purposes. So, the data of COD, Hardness, and Alkalinity shows that this water
is unfit for domestic and commercial purposes and cannot be used without
prior treatment.
Studies have been conducted by state and central pollution control boards
to check the water quality of major rivers of the region (ADSORBS, 2010;
HPPCB 2008, 2012 ). Study conducted by Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control

39
Singh, S. Board (HPPCB) in 2011-2012 showed almost similar results (with little
Singh, N. increase) as reported by CPCB in 2010 for Kaushalya River. Central Pollution
Kumar, S. Control Board (CPCB) has also published a report on pollution status of river
Ghaggar (ADSORBS, 2010). This report covers the water quality of Ghaggar
River from Parwanoo in Himachal Pradesh where Kaushalya River, the main
source of River Ghaggar joins it to STP Diggian, Mohali. Various physio-
chemical parameters such as DO, COD, BOD, pH were analyzed in this study
(Table 6). Analysis of pollution load of Ghaggar Basin from drains at Sukhna
Nallah showed the high value of COD (18 mg/L) and BOD (7 mg/L). Highest
values of TDS, BOD and COD have been reported in the assessment from
STP, Kalka.

Table 6
HPPCB
CPCB Report, 2010
Report, 2012
Pollution Pollution Pollution
Pollution
Assessment Pollution Assessment Load Kaushalya
Assessment
Sr. at the Assessment at Amravati from River at
Parameter from STP
No. source, from STP, Enclave, Drains at Parwanoo.
Diggian,
Kaushlaya Kalka, H.R. Panchkula, Sukhna H.P.
Mohali, Pb.
River (HP) H.R. Nallah
Total
Suspended
1. Solids --- 228 ---- ---- 46 ---
(TSS)
mg/L
BOD
2. 1 393 1 7 22 0.6
(mg/L)
COD
3. 2 921 5 18 120 ---
(mg/L)
4. pH 7.5 7 7.5 7.3 6.9 8
5. DO (mg/L) 7.8 --- 7.4 --- --- 8.96

--- data not available

4. PANCHKULA REGION
Panchkula city, the district head quarter of Panchkula district (total population
of 561293) in Haryana is a planned city situated near Chandigarh, India. It
has the boarders with Panjab and Himachal Pradesh states district has a sub
tropical continental monsoon climate having, hot summers, cool winters and
good monsoon rainfall. It has great variation in temperature (6°C to 40°C). The

40
rainfall is mostly received in the monsoon season. The district also receives Quality of Water
winter rains from the western disturbance. Morni hills constitute the highest in and Around
point of the district as well as of Haryana. The Ghaggar is the only perennial Chandigarh Region
river, which is very shallow outside of the monsoons. Generally the slope of the – A Review
district is from north east to south west and in this direction, most of the rivers/
streams rainfed torrents flow down and spread much gravel and pebbles in their
beds. The soils in the district are mainly light loam (panchkula.nic.in).
The study conducted by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) also
covers the water quality of Ghaggar River of this area (ADSORBS, 2010). In
this study sampling points from the possible sources were selected as outlets of
drains, Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) and industries and confluence points
of the river with its tributaries and the analysis of various parameters has been
shown in Table 6. STP, Kalka need to be efficiently operated as high value of
TSS (228 mg/L), BOD (393 mg/L) and COD (921 mg/L) has been observed
during the study. The effluent quality of these STPs does not comply with rules
to the prescribed standards for BOD and TSS.

5. S.A.S. NAGAR (MOHALI) REGION

S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) is a city in Punjab and a commercial hub lying adjacent
to Chandigarh city. It has a sub-tropical continental monsoon climate
characterized by a seasonal rhythm: hot summers, slightly cold winters,
unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature (6°C to 44 °C). The
average annual rainfall is recorded at 617 millimeters. The city also receives
occasional winter rains from the west. The Ghaggar river and its tributaries
form the natural drainage system in Derabassi block of the district. While
north-eastern part is drained by Siswan Nadi, Jainti Devi Ki Rao and Patiala
Ki Rao, which emerge from the Siwalik Hills. The Siswan Nadi drains the
northern part of the district and finally converges with Sutlej river in the Ropar
district while Jainti Devi Ki Rao and Patiala Rao drains in NE-SW direction
and joins the Ghaggar River (cgwb.gov.in).
The report published by Central Pollution Control Board (ADSORBS, 2010)
also includes the pollution status of river Ghaggar. In this study the analysis
of water from Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP), based upon MBBR (Moving
Bed Biofilm Reactor) technology Diggian located at sector 66 of S.A.S Nagar
(Mohali), Punjab, is conducted. This place is a source of sewerage discharge
in Ghaggar river. Source of sewerage is Sector 20,21,43,44,47,48, 36,50,51
,52,49,61,62,64,80,81,83 of Chandigarh city (Prerna Sharma et al., 2013).
The Pollution assessment of Ghaggar basin from this STP has been shown in
Table 6. High value of COD and BOD indicates that STP, Diggian Mohali, is
not working efficiently and need to be efficiently operated.

41
Singh, S. 6. CONCLUSION
Singh, N.
Kumar, S.
From the review of available reports and research papers on the water quality
of selected regions, it can be concluded that water should not be used directly
without proper purification. The levels of water quality parameters at some
places are not within the safe range as prescribed by the WHO and BIS. The
water needs prior treatment before being used for household and commercial
purposes. The water may cause undesirable effects on public health and
environment if consumed directly without any treatment. Higher values of
hardness and TDS may cause adverse impact on the health of residents. High
value of COD indicates the poor quality of water.
Functioning of sewerage treatment plants needs to be checked so that proper
treatment of industrial wastes and sewerages can be done before discharge into
nearby water bodies and catchment areas. It would reduce the risk of surface
water and ground water pollution in this region. There is a great scarcity of the
water quality research in this region hence more studies need to be conducted
using highly sophisticated instruments for more accurate and authentic results.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are thankful to the Management and Administration of Chitkara
University, H.P. for providing all necessary facilities.

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