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Therefore, a fractal can be a line, which is coming to the surface. The multiplicity of antenna
elements allows more particular control of the radiation pattern, thus resulting in lower side lobe level
and high directive scanned beams. Due to these fundamental properties, array antennas play a vital
role in military, defence and other space applications. Ur browser will take you to a Web page (URL)
associated with that DOI name. It consists of a set of affine transformations that include shearing,
scaling, translating and rotating the current stage to result in the next stage of iteration. Figure 3.3:
the standard Koch curve as an iterated function system (IFS) 3.2.2 SIERPINSKI GASKET
GEOMETRY Page 33. Various fields of science and technology have inspired by these self-similar
structures to develop easy and reliable systems. Application of fractal concepts to the antenna
engineering leads to new insights into the antenna parameters. Wu Awarded Litton Fellowship. 03
Office of Naval Research (ONR) Young Investigator Award 1 Antenna Design for Ultra Wideband
Radio by Johnna Powell B. Hence, we decided to construct an UWB antenna with a pentagon as the
base geometry. The hexagon shape patch is printed on the one of the side of the. Performing
simulations using CST Microwave Studio software Studying the antenna properties. However, the
original shape is generally counted as the first iteration. As far as attaching the wires to the aluminum
foil fractal we simply maneuvered the wires underneath the foil so they were between the foil and
the paper. Steps for constructing this fractal are described. 1st a triangle is taken in a plane. IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2012; 11:10-13 25. Hara Prasad RV, Purushottam Y,
Misra VC, Ashok N. The Koch Snowflake is a derivative of the Koch Curve. Hilbert, Koch, Peano
fractals are especially useful in the design of small antennas. This chapter is distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The antenna
performance has been demonstrated via a Finite Element Program, HFSS. The disadvantage of this
method is that, as substrate thickness increases, the surface waves and the spurious feed radiation
increases which limits the bandwidth. The impedance circuit besides giving rise to spurious radiation
cannot be accommodated in. Since both the proposed antennas have a fractional bandwidth much
greater than 25% in the ultra-wide band region of 3.6 to 10.2 GHz, they are both capable of handling
UWB operations. The microstrip antenna consists of a very thin metallic patch placed a small fraction
of a. An MSA in its simplest form, consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate
and a ground plane on the other side. From the point of view of antenna engineering, interpretation
shown in Figure 8a is such that the dark areas of the triangle represent the conductive metallic
surfaces, white areas of the triangle represent surfaces where metal has been removed. Electronics
Letters. 1999; 35:945-946 20. Vinoy K. Fractal shaped antenna elements for wideband and multi
band wireless applications. Ph.d. dissertation. The Pennsylvania State University; 2002 21. Best S.
On the performance properties of the Koch fractal and other bent wire monopoles. Addition of the
slots has greatly improved the results as well as the variation in their position has increased the
bandwidth. Moreover, the cost of mass production should be minimized as much as possible. To date
our community has made over 100 million downloads. In: IEEE International Workshop on Antenna
Technology (iWAT); 2009; pp. 1-4 37. Mei ZL, et al. A half Maxwell fish-eye lens antenna based on
gradient-index metamaterial. Trends in Computing and communication (IJRITCC), Volume 3 Issue
3,2015. By Zeinab Eskandari, Asghar Keshtkar, Javad Ahmadi?Sh. 1606 downloads Chapter 5
Application of Fractal Analysis While Designing of.
Interference avoidance mechanism for Chinese Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is proposed
in this paper. The curves are iterative, both fill the entire surface, when the number of iterations (so
called curve order) tends to infinity; this means that the curves pass through each points on the
surface of the square. Wroclaw, Poland: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Press; 2011.
p. 239 19. Krzysztofik WJ, Baranski M. In: IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology
(iWAT); 2009; pp. 1-4 37. Mei ZL, et al. A half Maxwell fish-eye lens antenna based on gradient-
index metamaterial. Figure below shows some of the popular geometries. Page 31. Chapter 4: This
chapter includes the design process and simulation results of the proposed pentagonal fractal
antenna. The second iteration, A 2, of the Koch’s curve can be obtained by applying to the A 1 same
four affine transformations. Falahati, “Classic miniature fractal Monopole antenna for UWB
applications”, ICTTA’08 Page 59. Trinadha Rao, “Design and Analysis of Slot Antenna Parameters.
IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2011; 10:873-875 32. IRJET- Circularly Polarized
Ultra Wide Band Ring Shaped DGS Microstrip An. Figure 4 exemplifies the process of fractal image
compression. By changing the gaps G 2 between two adjacent Sierpinski triangles inside EBG unit
cell, it can separately introduce two EBG structures that have broadband and dual band-gap. The
Ninth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications. Abstract. Prabal Dutta
Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Intel Early Career Faculty
Honor Program Fellow National Science Foundation CAREER. By their geometrical constructions,
fractal patterns come in two main variations: Random fractals Deterministic or geometric fractals
Figure 1. (a) Eye strain of a peacock. (b) Fractal-shaped leaf. Fractal geometry has many applications
in life and open up new research directions in many fields such as biology and economics. However,
fractal antennas plugged into HDTV televisions, or even other types with the aid of a converter box,
can receive several local channels, free of charge and completely legal.Throughout our project, we
will show you how to build your very own fractal antennas from three different materials. It has been
shown that fractal spheres have a lower resonant frequency than those solid spheres of the same
physical size. The most popular IFS and complex number fractals are the Koch curve, the Sierpinski
triangle, Julia sets and the Sierpinski square which are shown in Figure 3. Any increase in the
generation of iteration brings the geometry of fractal away from the linear one-dimensional dipole
and closer to the ideal fractal. This will help us to solve any arbitrary 3D geometry, especially.
Chapter 3: This chapter describes how the use of fractal geometry in MA design had been of a great
use. Small and fractal antennas in modern antenna handbook the theory and design of antenna arrays.
To do this, we would rip off 12 inch pieces at a time and then fold them. The simulated results are in
good agreement with experimental results. The Koch’s curves of higher order are generated by
repeating the iterative process, until you reach the desired resolution. On the behavior of the
Sierpinski multiband fractal antenna. In addition, the antenna efficiency for the entire resonating
frequency band is presented. Generally, all deterministic fractals are generated using iterated
function system (IFS), recurrent iterated function systems (RIFS) and complex number methods. The
MTMs are also used, as energy absorbers of electromagnetic waves in order to eliminate the effects
of surface currents, which can cause unwanted EM-coupling between nearly situated elements or
produce the reflected signals (echoes) in radar applications.
Periodical MTM can be divided into two groups: (1) the three-dimensional volumetric structure and
(2) the two-dimensional surfaces. This has led to antenna research in various directions; one of them
is using fractal shaped antenna elements. In: EUCAP 2009, 3rd European Conference on Antennas
and Propagation; 2009; Berlin, Germany; 2009. pp. 2407-2410 21. Krzysztofik WJ, Komaryczko M.
The MSA has proved to be an excellent radiator for many applications because of its several
advantages, but it also has some disadvantages. Such geometry of the antenna effectively increases
the length of the path for the electrical current comparably to a simple antenna IFA, occupying the
same surface. In fact, Mandelbrot suggested that fractal can be defined as an object that has a
Hausdorff dimension, exceeding its topological dimension. The results show that the antenna covers
the frequency range from 3.1-11.1 GHz with VSWR ? 2. Dimensions of antenna are 14 ? 18 ? 1. The
simulation results of the EBG structures based on Sierpinski are shown in Figure 26. Figure 26.
Operation bandwidth of HIS MTM based on an array of hexagonal cells of Sierpinski fractal
triangles. This has initiated research on antennas in various directions. As UWB operates under a
wide range of frequency band, for achieving band rejection function, a Folded T-Shaped Element
(FTSE) is embedded in the radiating patch. The dimension contains a lot of information about the
geometric properties of the fractal structure. This size corresponds to 63% of the size of the spiral
cell and 32% of the size of the SRR cell (see Figure 19 ). 4.2. MTM composed of fractal tree sphere
Properties of an artificial dielectric MTM depend primarily on the type of inclusions, as well as their
distribution in the host environment. The fractional bandwidth can then increase to 144.8% in the
single slot antenna case and to 152.7% in the 3-slot antenna case. S11 is a measure of how much
power is reflected back at the antenna port due to mismatch from the transmission line. Antonino-
Daviu M. Cabedo-Fabres M. Ferrando-Bataller A. So, if the current will be forced to pass through
the convoluted path of a fractal structure rather than a conventional Euclidean pathway, the area
needed to engage the resonant transmission line will be reduced. They cover a wide range of
functionalities and can be used in communication networks using those frequencies. e.g. Personal
Area Network. Page 57. IEEE Xplore: IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. 2003; 45 (1):38-
57 37. Permittivity is positive above the plasma frequency (EPS). By changing the gaps G 2 between
two adjacent Sierpinski triangles inside EBG unit cell, it can separately introduce two EBG structures
that have broadband and dual band-gap. Structure based on fractal geometry cannot be described in
the traditional Euclidean geometry. These inclusions change the electromagnetic properties of
dielectric material of interest. We will focus on the use of the similarity dimension, DS, to
characterize the properties of regular fractals. Therefore an external impedance matching circuit is
used between the patch edge and the. Many research groups in the world have been studying various
aspects of this class of MTM, where a number of ideas and suggestions for future applications of
these materials have been proposed. As you can see that the affine transformation is a combination of
translation, rotation, dilation and reflection ( Figure 4b ). As we increase the number of iterations
return loss gets excellent deep. Moreover, the cost of mass production should be minimized as much
as possible. Generally, the fractal antenna technology is a term used to describe these antenna
engineering techniques, which are based on such mathematical concepts that provide generation of
new antennas with some features that were not possible even in the mid-1980s. This antenna has low
profile, is lightweight and easy to be fabricated and has successfully demonstrated multiband and
broadband characteristics.
Antenna Polarization is a key factor for all wireless networks and can apply to all wireless
communications including WiFi, wimax, lte and public safety. In this process of design, the
behaviour of fractal nature should apply to the regular concentric elliptical antenna array. To get this
design you can either A: draw it by hand or B: print it out from a reliable math website. The latter,
have such advantages as low profile, low weight and low-cost production. Fractal finite element
mesh generation for vibration problems. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1987;
82:1829-1833 9. Interference avoidance mechanism for Chinese Wireless Body Area Network
(WBAN) is proposed in this paper. Fractal multiband antenna based on the sierpinski gasket. Chapter
3: This chapter describes how the use of fractal geometry in MA design had been of a great use.
Near resonance of the inclusions, the strong currents are induced on the surface of the material,
which causes the material to behave as an equivalent magnetic conductor. Characteristics of three
iterations of hexagonal fractal. The best results were obtained by moving the slots 3 mm away from
the center of the ground plane. Figure 4.14: the results obtained by varying the position of the
symmetrical slots. (The numbers on the right of the figure corresponding to each curve depict the
distance the slots were moved away from or towards the centre of the ground plane in mm.) Page
49. In the previous section, it was mentioned that pre-fractals limit the complexity of fractal
geometry, which is not recognized for specific applications. Various broadband MSA configurations
are summarized in this chapter. 2.3.3 APPLICATIONS OF MSAS The advantages of MSAs make
them suitable for numerous applications. The transmission line is uniplanar in construction, implying
that all of the conductors are on the same side of the substrate. The proposed methodology permits
choice in broadening the shape of a radiation beam or for designing multiple beams for any
deterministic 1D and 2D fractal array antennas without entailing any amplitude variation and with
less power constrain. Designing the fractal geometry with desired characteristics. Further changes in
its design parameters will be necessary for obtaining a wideband bandwidth. Flat antenna can be
seen, as a microstrip line with extended transverse dimensions. Fractal antennas: A novel antenna
miniaturization technique, and applications. Wu Awarded Litton Fellowship. 03 Office of Naval
Research (ONR) Young Investigator Award 1 Antenna Design for Ultra Wideband Radio by Johnna
Powell B. Enhancing the BW of MSAs has been the major thrust of research in this field. The total
lengths of these Peano, D P, and Hilbert, D H, curves as a function of the iteration order number i,
are given by Eqs. (22a) and (22b), respectively. Near resonance frequency on inclusions of strong
surface currents is induced and together with the conductive ground plane, this structure behave as
an equivalent magnetic conductor PMC also known as HIS, for a frequency range corresponding to
the vicinity of a resonance of the surface. The area self-filling properties by the Hilbert fractal and
related curves, e.g. the Peano fractal, make them attractive candidates for use in the design of
antennas. When we used this geometry we were able to obtain narrowband characteristics and then
by reducing the surface area of the ground plane wide band characteristics over several bands Page
43. New structures, despite of the other shapes, provide unchanged mechanism of its operation.
Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen
Institute for AI. One of the most important uses of HIS surface is to use them to improve the
performance of low-profile antennas. 4.4. EBG structures based on fractal cells Recently, a novel
electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure design based on fractal, the Sierpinski gaskets are
proposed. By Jonathan Linman. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2010. A separation distance was of 3.75
mm between each Peano curve inclusion within the array.