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While, their anti-metastatic activity is mainly due to enhancing penetration properties ( Kadry et al.,
2018; Amirani et al., 2020 ). The migration of MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells
weakened with elevated concentration of chitosan ( Nam and Shon, 2009 ). In this regard, it should
be mentioned that when mouse alveolar macrophages took up chitosan or chitin NPs by
phagocytosis, the generation of reactive oxygen species was increased. A key challenge for the
biomedical and clinical science fields is the risk of bacterial colonization of biomedical devices.
Recently, the use of self-assembled biodegradable CH NPs has emerged as an efficient vaccine
delivery system ( Uto et al., 2007 ). The interaction of NPs with antigens leads to improved antigen-
specific acquired immune responses by increasing the uptake by antigen presenting cells, such as
dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages ( Figure 2 ) ( Akagi et al., 2005 ). FIGURE 2 Figure 2 Use of
chitosan as an adjuvant for vaccine delivery. CH NPs often show a higher encapsulation efficiency
(EE%), and the ability for sustained release after uptake into the cells. TABLE 1 Table 1 Chitosan
nanoparticles used as drug delivery systems for viral infections. Recent Advances in Chitosan and its
Derivatives in Cancer Treatment Here, we make a brief review of the main achievements in chitosan
and its derivatives in pharmacology with a special focus on their agents delivery applications,
immunomodulation, signal pathway modulation and antitumor activity to highlight their role in
cancer treatment. Viscometry is a powerful tool for determining the molecular weight of chitosan
because it is a simple and rapid method, although it is not the only method ( Wang and Xu, 1994 ).
However, its off-targeting property and degradation by enzymes in serum and the extracellular
matrix prevent it application in cancer therapy. Figure 1 depicts the different methods applied for the
synthesis of ChNPs. Fungus mediated biogenic synthesis and characterization of chitosan In the
present study, chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized from four different fungal sources viz.,
Fusarium oxysporum, Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma viride and from
one commercial source of chitosan.UV-VIS spectroscopy study of synthesized nanoparticles showed
absorption peaks at the range of 310.02 to 342.00 nm. Functional groups of chitosan nanoparticle as.
Rizeq, B.R.; Younes, N.N.; Rasool, K.; Nasrallah, G.K. ChitoLytic makes no representation that the
information contained within this article is original to ChitoLytic. One study reported the synthesis
of lactosaminated N-succinyl-CH, and investigated its potential as a liver-specific drug carrier (
Kato et al., 2001 ). This carrier bound to the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) and accumulated
in the liver. Engineered nanomaterial-based biomedical devices and biosensors can achieve a new
level of sensitivity, selectivity, effectiveness, and biological stability for biological application. To
improve therapeutic potency and minimize the side effects, more targeted therapies are highly needed
( Perez-Herrero and Fernandez-Medarde, 2015 ). Many regions of the eye are relatively inaccessible
to systemically administered drug and, consequently topical drug delivery remains preferred route
generally. Phase separation and coacervation are the foundations of the desolvation technique.
Furthermore, the abundance of protonated-NH2 groups on the chitosan structure determines its
solubility in acid medium, since its pKa value is about 6.5. However, the solubility window of
chitosan can be changed by use of hydrogen bond disruptors such as urea or guanidine
hydrochloride. During this study, ocular hypertension was caused in rabbits using the approach to
(Bonomi et al.1978), comprised of repeated subconjunctival injections of betamethasone. Since CH
is a naturally occurring biopolymer, its biocompatibility and lack of toxicity are viewed as
advantages. The chitosan derivative showed virtually no cytotoxicity towards these cell cultures (
Chirkov, 2002; Kim, 2013 ). Chitosan NanoParticles Preparation Methods Particulate chitosan
structures are 3D crosslinked networks where polymeric chains are interconnected by crosslinkers.
Hoppe Seiler was the first to call this deacetylated chitin “chitosan” ( Badawy and Rabea, 2011 ). In
addition, CH has multi-faceted applications because of its non-toxicity, bio-degradability, and
intrinsic antimicrobial properties. However, future researchers must optimize the CH modification
procedures for full realization. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant
potential for high impact in the field. A Feature. Paul MN; AIRx Medical, Pleasanton CA; FIR
Industries, Inc. Drugs can be loaded into the nanofiber by premixing the polymer solution with the
therapeutic before electrospinning. Although acyclovir is used as a topical treatment (Zovirax), due
to its hydrophilic nature and its poor solubility in both aqueous and fatty solvents, it does not
penetrate well into the stratum corneum.
It could be possible to combine PC NPs with a recombinant sub-unit influenza antigen
manufactured on a large scale by a prokaryotic expression system ( Moon et al., 2012 ). However,
low uptake of antigens by the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) leads to decreased
effectiveness. Different anti-herpes drugs like famciclovir, valacyclovir or acyclovir have been
approved, and are used for treating acute symptomatic herpetic infections ( Andrews et al., 2006; Le
Cleach et al., 2014 ). Moreover, recurrent orolabial mucocutaneous herpes will usually be treated
with topical anti-viral agents to accelerate wound healing and reduce symptoms like pain, tingling,
itching, and burning ( Spruance and Kriesel, 2002 ). Chitosan inhibited the reproduction of
Chlamydia trachomatis (an obligate intracellular parasite) within HeLa cells, mainly by suppressing
the uptake of parasites by neighboring cells ( Pawar et al., 2008 ). Chitosan enhanced antiviral
immune responses by increasing the production of IgG and IgA antibodies against influenza A
(Texas H1N1) and influenza B (Panama) viruses ( Chirkov, 2002 ). Only rabbits answering the
therapy with IOP increases above 25 mmHg were selected for the experiments. Additionally, unlike
covalently crosslinked NPs, ionically crosslinked particles are generally pH sensitive, a desired trait
for drug delivery purposes. Applications of chitosan nanoparticles are discussed. This ability is
highly relevant when it comes to consider viral diseases, which often gain entry to the human body
via a mucosal route. The abnormal activation of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway has been implicated
in numerous malignancies including endometrial, hepatocellular, breast, colorectal, prostate and
cervical cancer ( Franke, 2008; Amirani et al., 2020 ). Thus regulation and blockage of this kinase
and its key molecules may be a potential approach in cancer therapy, and tremendous efforts have
been made to achieve this goal. The chitosan coated copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles therapy
shows a more effective effect than immunotherapy or photothermal therapy alone, resulting in
synergistic effects against both primary treated and distant untreated tumors ( Guo et al., 2014; Niu
et al., 2021 ). Table 3 lists a few examples of chitosan based other therapeutic agents nanoparticles
and their application in cancer treatment. To support this hypothesis, particle formation was studied
in the presence of NaCl (see Supplementary Fig. Applications include drug delivery, encapsulation,
antimicrobial agent, plant growth-promoting agent and plant protector. The use of polymeric
nanoparticles as drug delivery systems through this route has always been controversial.
Photosensitizers are activated by light and transfer energy to molecular oxygen to produce reactive
oxygen species (ROS), resulting in the death of targeted cells ( Sun et al., 2022 ). PDT rapidly
increases in cancer treatment due to its minimal toxicity. Chitosan-based nanoparticles have exhibited
exciting antitumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo, which indicates that there is vast scope of
clinical application. Overcoming cancer has become a big global challenge. Provided by the Springer
Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) Magnetic nanoparticle Biomedicine
Find a journal Publish with us Track your research 264 IMAGES chitosan nanoparticles thesis
Synthesis of Chitosan Magnetic Nanoparticles using Glutaraldehyde and chitosan nanoparticles
thesis (a) A schematic of chitosan nanoparticles prepared by ionic gelation Diagram of the chitosan
nanoparticle formation. We also obtained the poison property of berberine mantled by CS NPs to
human breast cancer cell. This derivative was effective in inhibiting the replication of HIV-1 in MT-4
lymphocytes. Several natural antimicrobials were investigated and applied in the bio and
pharmaceutical industry. Treatment of viral infections has been challenging because viruses hijack the
host cells in order to proliferate, and killing the virus often means killing the host cell as well.
Furthermore, chemical modification made to the siRNA itself may enhance the stability of the NPs,
although this approach can make the siRNA activity less efficient. In particular, more research is
required to comprehensively investigate the toxicity of ChNPs for human beings and other living
organisms. Moreover, green and environmentally benign synthesis methods for Ch derivatives should
be developed to protect the environment. Chitin and chitosan source, chemistry, general method of
preparation and thei. Also, the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles at lower
concentrations decreased drastically in the presence of salt, mainly due to reduced stiffness and
charge repulsion of chitosan chains in the presence of monovalent salts leading to the formation of
more compact particles, in accordance with previous studies which had also shown that multivalent
ions lead to the formation of even more highly compact polyelectrolyte structures 6, 16, 23, 33. Find
support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. The mild and aqueous
processing conditions, the non-toxic reagents, and the very low energy requirements make this
production route the best suited for any biological application, such as oral drug delivery 2, protein
formulation 3, and gene therapy 4, to mention a few. Moreover, it was possible to obtain ultra-fine
NPs in a narrow size range by this technique ( Divya and Jisha, 2018 ). The Tween modified ChNPs
(TmCS-NPs) size 251 nm showed significantly decreased hatching rate as well. The abundant amino
and hydroxyl groups on the chitosan skeleton represent more target parts of chemical modification,
which improves water solubility and endow chitosan with some new functions, such as targeted and
environmentally sensitive drug release, and enhances therapeutic effect and minimize side effects.
Design of Experiments A full factorial design was used to study the main factors influencing the
production of chitosan nanoparticles.
Ch modifications can be carried out, and derivatives can be developed by tuning and controlling the
surface chemistry, including chemical modifications via the hydroxyl and amino groups using
chemical reactions like cross-linking, carboxymethylation, etherification, and graft copolymerization,
to name a few. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. The presence of
salt may enhance the flexibility within the polymer chain as well as its stability ( Ilium, 1998 ). To
support this hypothesis, particle formation was studied in the presence of NaCl (see Supplementary
Fig. This approach can enhance patient satisfaction by decreasing the number of injections, reducing
the overall dose, and increasing the specificity for the diseased site. Synthesis, Bioapplications, and
Toxicity Evaluation of Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5776. Chitin, one of
the richest natural polymers, is a polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. DLS provides a hydrodynamic
size and is more quantitative, while AFM and TEM offer both qualitative and quantitative
information such as particle shape, surface morphology, and size of the NPs. Preparation,
characterization, and evaluation of chitosan-based Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic
gelation, and the nanoparticles size and surface charge were measured by dynamic light
spectroscopy and zeta potential analyzer, respectively. The modifications performed to synthesize Ch
derivatives are primarily determined by the type of reactants used. Engineered nanomaterial-based
biomedical devices and biosensors can achieve a new level of sensitivity, selectivity, effectiveness,
and biological stability for biological application. Chemotherapy is the most commonly used measure
in the existing cancer treatments. Additional information Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Imaging
was performed using Philips TEM CM10 (Eindhoven, Netherlands) fitted with a bottom mounted
camera TVIPS TEMCam F416. The economic burden associated with cancer has a profound impact
on the health and non-health outcomes of cancer survivors. Expand 35 1 Excerpt Save. 1 2. Related
Papers Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related Papers Figures 11 References Related Papers Figure 1.
HSV-2, which is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, causes genital herpes which affected
about 417,000,000 people globally in 2012 ( Roizman, 2006; D’Affronte and Platia, 2020 ).
Therefore, PC NPs were capable of functioning as a potent mucosal adjuvant in comparison to
cholera toxin (CT), which is a frequently used mucosal adjuvant. Characterization of Chitosans The
DA of the different chitosan samples was determined using 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. Because of its
biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity, Ch is used as a bactericidal and anti-fungal agent, and as
a coating in a wide variety of biomedical and industrial applications. CH has been used in biomedical
preparations, genetic engineering, agricultural sector, environmental pollution control, food
manufacturing, paper manufacturing, photography, and water treatment ( Cheba, 2011 ). Thus, the
present knowledge on Ch-based nanomaterials is not developed enough, and extensive research on
the fabrication of ChNPs and their biological properties is urgently needed. However, it is accepted
that oral vaccination shows higher efficiency. Biomedical applications include the use of chitosans as
a component of more complex materials, such as scaffolds or nanocomposites 12, 13, 14, 15.
European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE). Figure: An
illustration for the carboxymethylation and binding onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles of chitosan. The
molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of CH also play an important role in defining the
biological activity ( Tong and Chen, 2013 ). Some nucleoside or nucleotide analogs have been used
as anti-viral drugs, to efficiently suppress HBV replication. Ch has wide-ranging properties and
characteristics that make it useful in a number of applications over a variety of fields. In gene
delivery, ChNPs can inter-react with negatively charged DNA and transform into a polyelectrolyte
complex.
The steps in this strategy are depicted in Figure 3 A. For this reason many groups have studied the
use of various NPs to deliver different kinds of vaccines, whether they be whole inactivated viruses,
recombinant viral antigens, or DNA and RNA sequences. The remaining authors declare that the
research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be
construed as a potential conflict of interest. Moreover, both NPs inhibited axonal development of the
motor neurons and remarkably affected the muscle structure of the embryos. These limitations
reduce the therapeutic benefit, require larger doses, and lead to side effects well as drug resistance.
Previous Article in Special Issue Enhancing the Thermo-Stability and Anti-Biofilm Activity of
Alginate Lyase by Immobilization on Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Nanoparticles. The Tween
modified ChNPs (TmCS-NPs) size 251 nm showed significantly decreased hatching rate as well.
The chitosan NS-loaded with acyclovir had a spherical shape about 200 nm in diameter and a 40.0
mV negative zeta-potential. In the next step, the organic solvent is removed via evaporation under
vacuum ( Mohammed et al., 2017 ). Excessive surfactant can be removed via precipitation with
calcium chloride and centrifugation. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and
Privacy Policy. In particular, chitosan based nanoparticles have drawn considerable attention as
chemotherapeutic drug delivery carriers because of their easy accessibility, terrific stability, toxicity
free, and modification friendly ( Zhang et al., 2019 ). 4 Chitosan: Source, Structure, Physicochemical
Properties and Application in Oncotherapies 4.1 source, structures and physicochemical properties,
4.1.1 source of chitosan. TABLE 2 Table 2 Chitosan nanoparticles investigated for vaccination
against viral infections. Previous Article in Journal Impact of Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN on
Grapevine Phenolic Metabolism. What’s more, the degree and site of substitutions grafted onto
chitosan also affects the physical, biochemical traits and the antitumor potency. It is reported that
chitosan suspension or nanoparticles have immunostimulatory activities and inhibit tumor growth by
inducing polarization of macrophage to enhance antitumor activity ( Nandgude and Pagar, 2021 ).
Since the smaller particle size was revealed in sodium chloride, nanoparticles disseminated in saline
solution were also found to be more stable. Nevertheless, strong acids result in partial
depolymerization of Ch, affecting the biological activity. View all journals My Account Login
Explore content About the journal Publish with us Sign up for alerts Open access Published: 16
March 2018 Parameters influencing the size of chitosan-TPP nano- and microparticles Sruthi
Sreekumar 1, Francisco M. The chitosan coated copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles therapy shows a
more effective effect than immunotherapy or photothermal therapy alone, resulting in synergistic
effects against both primary treated and distant untreated tumors ( Guo et al., 2014; Niu et al., 2021
). Table 3 lists a few examples of chitosan based other therapeutic agents nanoparticles and their
application in cancer treatment. The cellular and humoral immune responses were examined, showing
an increased titer of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody in both groups in comparison with
controls. The main circulating strains of SwIAV in pigs are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 ( Vincent et al.,
2008 ). Since pig respiratory tract epithelial cells have receptors for human IAVs as well as avian
IAVs, pigs may become infected with IAV strains from various hosts. Due to its cationic
characteristic and primary amino groups, Ch is among one of the most important polysaccharides for
several drug delivery purposes, including controlled drug release, in situ gelation, and transfection.
Applications of chitosan nanoparticles are discussed. Probably the most period of fact is discovered
with FM-5 around 24 hrs. 1% pure drug shows effect around 4hrs plus a pair ofPercent Pilocarpine
marketed preparation (eye drops) shows improves the magnitude of response whilst not the time-
frame of response figure 3. Additional information Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Quick links
Explore articles by subject Guide to authors Editorial policies Sign up for the Nature Briefing
newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. The association of antigens with
chitosan-based nanoparticle systems, has shown that antigen uptake by mucosal lymphatic tissues is
increased, resulting in more potent mucosal and systemic immune responses to different antigens (
Bramwell and Perrie, 2006 ). The final product was weighed, characterized for DA and DP as
described below, and stored under dry conditions (sample numbers 1 and 8 in Table 1 ). The
conjugates of some anticancer drugs with chitosan and its derivatives selectively accumulate in
tumors and prolong retention time in the blood circulation, thus show excellent anticancer effects
with much milder adverse effects than that of the original drug due to cancer site-specific
distribution and sustained release characteristics.
However, a lack of inter-laboratory reproducibility and a poor physicochemical understanding of the
process of particle formation have been slowing their potential market applications. After
centrifugation within the aqueous suspension, amount of free drug was detected within the
supernatant and the quantity of incorporated drug was resolute because of the first drug without any
free. (Lin HR et al 2006). The Tween modified ChNPs (TmCS-NPs) size 251 nm showed
significantly decreased hatching rate as well. The formation of the nanoparticles is instantaneous and
needs only one step so it has the advantage of a rapid and straightforward operation. The novel CH
nanospheres were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), TEM, and in-vitro drug release
studies. Unlike conventional approaches using a large number of independent experiments, this
method enabled us to simultaneously test an array of factors 19, 19 and to thus screen the processing
conditions. Relatively, China has a lower cancer incidence but higher cancer mortality compared
with the developed countries, such as United States and United Kingdom. Journal of Experimental
and Theoretical Analyses (JETA). Chitosan was acquired as gift sample from Indian Ocean Foods,
Cochin India. Rizeq, B.R.; Younes, N.N.; Rasool, K.; Nasrallah, G.K. Crosslinked Chitosan
Nanoparticles and Chemical Modifications for Drug Delivery Applications Figure 2. Drug loaded by
soaking in CS particles the preformed particles with the saturated solution of drug. Viruses can
spread within the body by local invasion, or by long distance transport via the bloodstream,
lymphatics, or neuronal pathways. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). The site
of carboxymethylation on chitosan can influence the stability and deformability of nanoparticles,
which is also strongly correlated with the antitumor activity and cellular uptake of carboxymethyl
chitosan conjugates. Since the smaller particle size was revealed in sodium chloride, nanoparticles
disseminated in saline solution were also found to be more stable. International Journal of
Translational Medicine (IJTM). As seen in Fig. 3, the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles
increased with increasing chitosan concentrations in all cases, confirming our earlier conclusion. CH
NPs can increase drug or gene delivery to the site of the viral infection and also improve the cellular
uptake. The amino function can be protected before reacting with the alcohol group to create
selectively O -modified Ch derivatives without affecting the molecular weight. Additionally, unlike
covalently crosslinked NPs, ionically crosslinked particles are generally pH sensitive, a desired trait
for drug delivery purposes. Notably, titers of SwIAV in nasal swabs and BAL fluid were
substantially reduced in pigs vaccinated with CNPs-KAg, but not in the KAg control group. These
systems achieved successful in vivo delivery of therapeutic genes siRNA with desirable tumor
specificity and transfection efficiency, which suggested that adjusting the binding strength between
vector and siRNA is very important to improve both transfection efficiency and antitumor activity.
The experimental error was assumed to be random and, therefore, the error can be considered
estimable through replicate studies at the center of the design. Chitosan is already widely used as a
food additive and in food packaging, bandages and wound dressings. The steps in this strategy are
depicted in Figure 3 A. Interestingly, viscosimetry studies indicated that the particle formation and
the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles formed were highly dependent on the presence
or absence of salts in the medium. The physicochemical properties like size, shape, and surface
morphology of ChNPs are well characterized and reported in the literature. For this reason many
groups have studied the use of various NPs to deliver different kinds of vaccines, whether they be
whole inactivated viruses, recombinant viral antigens, or DNA and RNA sequences. In traditional
method, the DD of chitosan obtained is nearly 80%, while ultra-high DD chitosan is still difficult to
obtain for medical application scale.
Chitosan Modifications: NPs and Nanomicelles In addition to M w diversity, chitosan has a variety
of reactive groups, including hydroxyl and amino groups ( Figure 1), which allow for the possibility
of chemical modification to obtain amphiphilic properties.1 This gives it a new or improved
property. We describe the toxicity of different Ch nanocomposites using zebrafish embryos at
multiple levels, including mortality, teratogenicity, organ-specific toxicity, and genotoxicity. In
particular, more research is required to comprehensively investigate the toxicity of ChNPs for human
beings and other living organisms. Moreover, green and environmentally benign synthesis methods
for Ch derivatives should be developed to protect the environment. Results and Discussion Using a
range of well-defined chitosans (see Table 1 ), different particulate formulations were prepared by
changing the preparation conditions following a full factorial design. Generally, the chitosan with
MW up to 10 kDa is known as chitosan oligosaccharide, which obtains from degradation of
chitosan, and exhibits a lot of exciting molecular weight-dependent biological traits, especially
antitumor activities ( Bonin et al., 2020 ). Therefore, extensive studies have been conducted to
convert chitosan to chitosan oligosaccharides with specific molecular weight in order to find more
effective nanocarriers with both economy and environment friendly properties. It is projected to
infect up to 3.7 billion people under 50 years old ( D’Affronte and Platia, 2020 ). The action of
tripolyphosphoric groups of TPP crosslinked with ammonium groups on chitosan in the nanoparticles
and it was identified by FTIR. Sreekumar, S., Goycoolea, F.M., Moerschbacher, B.M. et al.
Parameters influencing the size of chitosan-TPP nano- and microparticles. Moreover, the NPs
themselves can act as an adjuvant, by increasing the uptake of the vaccine by antigen presenting
cells. Finally, we briefly prospected the future trends and challenges of chitosan nanoparticles in
cancer treatment. 2 Cancer and its Epidemiology Cancer is not only the main cause of death, but also
a vital obstacle to longevity all over the world. For many years chitosan was considered useful as a
bioadhesive material because of its ability to form non-covalent bonds with biological tissues, mainly
epithelia and mucous membranes. Moreover, the chitosan matrix is able to incorporate a wide variety
of different types of cargo, including antiviral drugs, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and even
whole inactivated viruses. CH can have a broad range of degree of deactylation (F A ), as well as
variable chain length and molecular weight. Viral inhibition studies were done on Vero cells infected
with HSV-2 and HSV-1 strains. Used to controlled delivery and release anticancer drugs. The use,
distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the
copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance
with accepted academic practice. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) is the concentration
at which the polymer aggregation starts. For instance some systems can target the liver by relying on
passive accumulation of DDS by the reticulo-endothelial system (RES), or else by active targeting of
the liver by recognition of the ligand-modified DDS by specific hepatic receptors. The possible long-
term accumulation of non-biodegradable nanoparticles in tissue and organs, has led to some concerns
about possible carcinogenicity and genotoxicity. However, the off-target problems and effective
release strategies stand in front of us when using immune cells as drug carrier. To verify this simple
influence of chitosan concentration on the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles formed,
we repeated the experiments using the conditions identified in the experimental design study but
using a larger number of different chitosan concentrations. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health (IJERPH). Recent Advances in Chitosan and its Derivatives in Cancer
Treatment Here, we make a brief review of the main achievements in chitosan and its derivatives in
pharmacology with a special focus on their agents delivery applications, immunomodulation, signal
pathway modulation and antitumor activity to highlight their role in cancer treatment. The F-values
and the p-values were used to define the order of the model (linear, square, cubic, or special cubic).
Moreover the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) can be activated by vaccines encapsulated
in CH NPs and delivered to the mucosal surface, particularly by the intranasal administration route.
Secondly, the chemical versatility of chitosan makes it more difficult to identify each entity. Earlier
investigations revealed that the molecular activity of anti-HBV drugs largely takes place in
subcellular organelles of the host cells, in addition to inhibiting HBV binding to its receptors (
Zoulim and Perrillo, 2008 ). Figure: Schematic representation of a proposed mechanism for the.
Mechanisms of chitosan nanoparticle formation and hydrophobically modified chitosan self-assembly
nanomicelles Identification of the most appropriate mechanism for chitosan nanoparticle formation
can be complicated. CH is a naturally occurring water-soluble cationic polysaccharide that is
generated by alkaline deacetylation of chitin.
Special attention is dedicated to their preparation, properties, and application in cancer therapeutics,
as well as their use as wound-healing dressings, as therapeutic delivery systems, and for drug
delivery and transfection. The SEM was operated at low speeding up current of roughly 15KV with
load current of roughly 80MA. Nanotechnology-based approaches have been suggested to deal
effectively with viral diseases, and overcome some limitations of anti-viral drugs. Generally, all of
these methods come from chemical or enzymatic approaches. The Tween modified ChNPs (TmCS-
NPs) size 251 nm showed significantly decreased hatching rate as well. We found some conditions
in which it was not possible to form particles, due to precipitation or unstable particle formation
upon addition of TPP. Chitosan nanorods explored for the adsorption of Cr(VI) and observed an
uptake of 323.6 mg g?1 by the adsorbent. Sreekumar, S., Goycoolea, F.M., Moerschbacher, B.M. et
al. Parameters influencing the size of chitosan-TPP nano- and microparticles. Intensive studies on
chitosan have made it to be one of the most important and potential polymers for cancer treatment.
This allows the production of small, narrow particle sizes. Polymers and drugs are dissolved in a
water-miscible organic solvent, for example, acetone or methanol. They also measured the
encapsulation efficacy, swelling properties, zeta potential, and dimensions of the NPs. Preparation,
characterization, and evaluation of chitosan-based Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic
gelation, and the nanoparticles size and surface charge were measured by dynamic light
spectroscopy and zeta potential analyzer, respectively. ChNPs are extensively studied for biological,
biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications, including drug delivery and gene delivery, as well as a
therapeutic delivery system and nanosystem for cancer, for wound healing, and as bactericidal
agents. In particular, chitosan based nanoparticles have drawn considerable attention as
chemotherapeutic drug delivery carriers because of their easy accessibility, terrific stability, toxicity
free, and modification friendly ( Zhang et al., 2019 ). 4 Chitosan: Source, Structure, Physicochemical
Properties and Application in Oncotherapies 4.1 source, structures and physicochemical properties,
4.1.1 source of chitosan. This approach eliminates the unreacted particles by dialysis or washing with
water. Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI
journals from around the world. Due to the Ch properties of non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and
biodegradability, it is possible to encapsulate and deliver DOX with reduced side effects. Incline
Village, NV; Niraxx Light Therapeutics, Inc, Boston, MA. Additional information Publisher's note:
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations. DLS provides a hydrodynamic size and is more quantitative, while AFM
and TEM offer both qualitative and quantitative information such as particle shape, surface
morphology, and size of the NPs. Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer related-
mortality all over the world. 3 Cancer Treatment: Prospects and Dilemmas Cancer is one of the most
deadly and life-threatening diseases in the world, causing about 13% of deaths every year. Synthesis
optimization and characterization of chitosan-coated iron The chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles
(CS MNPs) were in situ synthesized by cross-linking method. The novel CH nanospheres were
characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), TEM, and in-vitro drug release studies. The
chitosan derivative showed virtually no cytotoxicity towards these cell cultures ( Chirkov, 2002;
Kim, 2013 ). To our knowledge, the ability to control the diameter of chitosan particles form the
nano- to the microscale using ionic gelation has not been reported before. The negatively charged
gene products can bind to protonated cationic amino groups on chitosan backbone via electrostatic
interaction, which shield them from being degraded by nucleases. This article presents a
comprehensive overview of recent advances in chitosan derivatives and nanoparticle synthesis, as
well as emerging applications in medicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, gene therapy, and cancer
therapy. The abundant amino and hydroxyl groups on the chitosan skeleton represent more target
parts of chemical modification, which improves water solubility and endow chitosan with some new
functions, such as targeted and environmentally sensitive drug release, and enhances therapeutic
effect and minimize side effects. Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA).