LIMITS (EPSILON and DELTA)

Epsilon |f ( x ) −L|<ε
Delta 0<| x−a|< δ
Epsilon (Right-handed) |f ( x ) −L|<ε
Delta (Right-handed) 0< x −a< δ or a< x< a+δ
Epsilon (Left-handed) |f ( x ) −L|<ε
Delta (Left-handed) −δ < x−a< 0 or a−δ < x< a

LIMIT THEOREMS
The limit of a constant is itself. lim k=k
x →c
The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c. lim x=c
x →c
The Constant Multiple Theorem. This says that the lim k ⋅f (x)=k ⋅ lim f (x)=k ∙ L
x →c x→c
limit of a multiple of a function is simply that multiple
of the limit of the function.
The Addition Theorem. This says that the limit of a lim ( f ( x ) + g ( x ))=lim f ( x )+ lim g ( x )=L+ M
x →c x→ c x→c
sum of functions is the sum of the limits of the
individual function. It also includes subtraction.
The Multiplication Theorem. The limit of a product lim ( f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ))=lim f ( x)⋅lim g ( x )=L ⋅ M
x →c x→c x→ c
of functions is equal to the products of its limits.
The Division Theorem. The limit of a quotient of lim f ( x )
f ( x ) x →c L
functions is equal to the quotient of the limit of the lim = = , M≠0
individual functions, provided the denominator limit is x →c g ( x ) lim g ( x ) M
x→c
not equal to 0.
P
The Power Theorem. This theorem states that the lim ( f ( x ) ) =¿
limit of an integer power p of a function is just that x →c

power of the limit of the function.

√
lim √ f (x )= n lim f (x )=√ L
n n
The Radical/Root Theorem. This theorem states if n
is a positive integer, the limit of the nth root of the x →c x→ c

limit of the function, provided the nth root of the limit

is a real number. Thus, it is important to keep in mind
that if n is even, the limit of the function must be
positive.
Let f be a polynomial of the form
lim f (x )=f (c )
x →c

Theorem 3. Let h be a rational function of the form lim f ( x )

x →c f (c)
f (x ) lim h(x )= =
h( x)= x →c lim g ( x ) g(c)
g(x ) x→c
where f and g are polynomial functions. If c is a real
number and g(c) 6= 0, then:
MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVE
Definition of Derivative ' f ( x+ h )−f (x)
f ( x )=lim
h →0 h
Notations of Derivatives y=f (x ) ' ' df dy d d
f ( x ) = y = = = ( f ( x ) )= ( y )
dx dx dx dx

DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS
The Sum/Difference rule ( f ( x ) ± g ( x ) )' =f '(x )± g ' (x ) d df dg
( f ( x ) ± g ( x ) )= ±
dx dx dx
The Constant multiple rule '
( cf ( x ) ) =cf ' (x) d df
( cf ( x ) )=c
dx dx
The Constant rule: f ( x )=c '
f ( x )=0 d
( c )=0
dx
Power rule: f ( x )=x n '
f x=n x
n−1
d n
( x )=n x n−1
dx
' '
Product rule ( f ⋅ g ) =f ⋅g +f ⋅ g '

()
' '
Quotient rule f f ⋅ g−f ⋅g '
= 2
g g

DERIVATIVES OF SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Derivative of sine x d
( sin ( x ) )=cos ⁡( x )
dx
Derivative of cosine x d
( cos ( x ) ) =−sin(x )
dx
Derivative of tangent x d
( tan ( x ) ) =sec 2 ( x )
dx
Derivative of cotangent x d
( cot ( x ) )=−csc 2 ( x )
dx
Derivative of secant x d
( sec ( x ) ) =sec ( x ) tan ⁡( x )
dx
Derivative of cosecant x d
( csc ( x ) )=−csc ( x ) cot ⁡(x)
dx

DERIVATIVES OF THE EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

d x
( e ) =e x
dx

d 1
( ln x )=
dx x
 d x
( a )=a x ln a
dx

d 1
dx
( log a x ) = x ln a
DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
d
Derivative of arcsine x
( sin−1 x )= 1 2
dx √ 1−x
Derivative of arccosine x d
( cos x ) = −1 2
−1
dx √1−x
d
Derivative of arctangent x
( tan−1 x ) = 1 2
dx 1+ x
Derivative of arccotangent x d
( cot−1 x )= −1 2
dx 1+ x
d
Derivative of arcsecant x
( sec−1 x ) = 12
dx x √ x −1
Derivative of arccosecant x d
( csc −1 x )= −12
dx x √ x −1

DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Derivative of hyperbolic sine x d
( sinh x )=cosh x
dx
Derivative of hyperbolic cosine x d
( cosh x )=sinh x
dx
Derivative of hyperbolic tangent x d
( tanh x )=sech 2 x
dx
Derivative of hyperbolic cotangent d
( coth x )=−csch 2 x
x dx
Derivative of hyperbolic secant x d
( sech x )=−sech x tanh x
dx
Derivative of hyperbolic d
( csch x )=−csch x coth x
cosecant x dx