ABSTRACT

1
ABSTRACT

The Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System (SWEVCS) is a cutting-

edge solution that enables electric vehicle owners to charge their vehicles wirelessly

using solar energy. The proposed SWEVCS system is powered by a microcontroller,

and it features coils, an LCD display, a rechargeable battery, and a boost converter.

The system harnesses solar energy to charge the battery and wirelessly transfer the

charge to the vehicle's battery. The LCD display provides clear indications of the

charging progress, making it easy for the user to monitor the charging process. With

the SWEVCS, electric vehicle owners can charge their cars without relying on the

grid, making it a sustainable and eco-friendly option.

2
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

3
CHAPTER-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to an increasing demand for
innovative and sustainable charging solutions. While traditional charging
methods require physical connections to the grid, wireless charging using
renewable energy sources is becoming an increasingly popular option.
The Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System (SWEVCS) is a
revolutionary solution that enables EV owners to charge their vehicles
wirelessly using solar energy. The SWEVCS utilizes several components to
provide a seamless and efficient charging experience. microcontroller is the
core of the system, providing control and coordination of the charging process.
The coils are used to wirelessly transfer the energy from the charging system to
the EV's battery. The LCD display provides clear indications of the charging
progress, including the battery charge level, charging speed, and time remaining
for a full charge. The rechargeable battery stores the solar energy, and the boost
converter ensures efficient transfer of the energy to the EV's battery.
The SWEVCS system operates by harnessing solar energy through solar
panels and converting it into electrical energy that is stored in a rechargeable
battery. The stored energy is then transferred wirelessly to the EV's battery,
providing an eco-friendly and sustainable solution. The wireless charging
system eliminates the need for physical connections and cables, providing a
convenient and hassle-free charging experience.
The SWEVCS offers several advantages over traditional EV charging
solutions. Firstly, the system reduces the reliance on the power grid, providing a
sustainable and independent charging option. Additionally, wireless charging
eliminates the need for physical connections, reducing the risk of damage or
wear and tear.

4
 The LCD display provides real-time information, enabling the user to
monitor the charging process and manage the battery charge level effectively.
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing EV charging system that uses a standard (three-prong) 220V

plug is known as Level 1 charging. This is the slowest method of charging an
EV, and it typically takes between 8 to 12 hours to fully charge a battery,
depending on the vehicle's size and capacity. Level 1 charging is typically done
at home or at work, using a standard electrical outlet, and it is the most basic
and widely available form of EV charging. However, there are several
disadvantages to Level 1 charging. First and foremost, it is a slow charging
method, which means it is not ideal for drivers who need to charge their EVs
quickly. Secondly, it can put a significant strain on the electrical grid and may
cause power outages or brownouts, especially if multiple EVs are being charged
simultaneously in the same area. Thirdly, it can be unsafe if the electrical outlet
is not properly installed or if the charging cable is damaged or frayed. Lastly,
Level 1 charging may not be compatible with all types of EVs, as some vehicles
require a higher voltage to charge their batteries. Overall, while Level 1
charging is a widely available and convenient way to charge an EV, it is not the
most efficient or sustainable method. As more people adopt EVs, there is a
growing need for more advanced and efficient charging infrastructure, including
Level 2 and DC fast charging options, which can provide faster charging times
and help to reduce the strain on the electrical grid.

5
 CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

6
CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

LCD DISPLAY

MICRO RELAY
CONTROLLER
SOLAR BATTERY
PANEL
T COIL

R COIL
LED

7
 CHAPTER-3
SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION

CHAPTER-3

8
3.1 SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION

3.1.1. DIRECT METHOD

3.1.1.1 Photo Voltaic Method
3.1.1.2 Thermal Method

3.2 DIRECT METHOD OF UTILIZATION OF SOLAR ENERGY:

The most useful way of harnessing solar energy is by directly converting

it into electricity by means of solar photo-voltaic cells. Sunshine is incident on
Solar cells, in this system of energy Conversion that is direct conversion of solar

9
radiation into electricity. In the stage of conversion into thermodynamic from is
absent. The photo-voltaic effect is defined as the generation of an electromotive
force as a result of the absorption of ionizing radiation. Energy conversion
devices, which are used to convert sunlight to electricity by use of the photo-
voltaic effect, are called solar cells.

In recent years photo-voltaic power generation has been receiving

considerable attention as one of the more promising energy alternatives. The
reason for this rising interest lie in PV’s direct conversion of sunlight to
electricity, the non polluting nature of the PV widespread are of PV generation
has been hampered by economic factors. Here to force, the low cost of
conventional energy sunlight has obviated the development of a broad-based PV
technology. At the present time, PV generation can be justified only for special
situations mostly for remote sites where utility lines on other conventional
means of furnishing energy may be prohibitively expensive and is one of the
most attractive non-conventional energy sources of proven reliability from the
micro to the Mega-watt level.

Like other energy system this system also has some disadvantages

(1) Distributed nature of solar energy,

(2) Absence of energy storage,
(3) Relatively high capital cost.

3.3 PHOTOVOLTAIC PRINCIPLES:

The photo-voltaic effect can be observed in nature in a variety of

materials that have shown that the best performance in sunlight is the
semiconductors as stated above. When photons from the sun are absorbed in a
semiconductor, that create free electrons with higher energies than the created
there must be an electric field to induce these higher energy electrons to flow

10
out of the semi-conductor to do useful work. A junction of materials, which
have different electrical properties, provides the electric field in most solar cells.

11
 To obtain a useful power output from photon interaction in a
semiconductor, three processes are required.

1) The photon has to be absorbed in the active part of the material and
result in electrons being excited to a higher energy potential.
2) The electron hole charge carriers created by the absorption must be
physically separated and moved to the edge of the cell.

12
 3) The charge carriers must be removed from the cell and delivered to
useful load before they loose extra potential.

For completing the above processes a solar cell consists of:-

(a) Semi-conductor in which electron hole pairs are created by

absorption of incident solar radiation.
(b) Region containing a drift field for charge separation
(c) Charge collecting fronts and back electrodes.

The photo-voltaic effect can be described easily for p-n junction in a

semi-conductor. In an intrinsic semi-conductor such as silicon, each one of the
four valence electrons of the material atom is tied in a chemical bond, and there
are no free electrons at absolute zero. If a piece of such a material is doped on
one side by a five valance electron material, such as arsenic or phosphorus,
there will be an excess of electrons in that side, becoming an n-type semi-
conductor.

The excess electrons will be practically free to move in the semi-

conductor lattice. When a three valence electron material, such as boron dopes
the other side of the same piece, there will be deficiency of electrons leading to
a p-type semi-conductor. This deficiency is expressed in terms of excess of
holes free to move in the lattice. Such a piece of semi-conductor with one side
of the p-type and the other, of the n-type is called p-n junction. In this junction
after the protons are absorbed, the free electrons of the n-side will tends to flow
to the p-side, and the holes of the p-side will tend to flow to the n-region to
compensate for their respective deficiencies. This diffusion will create an
electric field from the n-region to the p-region. This field will increase until it
reaches equilibrium for V, the sum of the diffusion potentials for holes and
electrons.

13
3.4 . COMMISSIONING
The panel is mounted over the top the pole with a help of a clamp at an
angular distance 11º south of equator, so it is able to collect the solar energy at
the maximum level then the frame with light is mounted at a height of 125º
from the pole. Then a metal box with the LDR control and a charge controller
and with the 24V battery is mounted over the pole, at a height of 2m from the
ground level.

The connections are made as per, first the panel is connected to charge
controller and then to the battery and to an inverter, then the connection is given
to the light with LDR control.

3.4.1 POLE DATA:

Galvanized steel pole
Pole diameter = 10cm
Height = 5.5m
Thickness of the pole = 3mm
3.4.2 CONCRETE:
Cement
Sand
Aggregate (40mm size)
Cement, sand and aggregate ratio = 2:4:8
Water cement ratio= 0.5
Then a trench of 1 = b = h = 1.5m is made and the cement mixture made
is filled upto 1.5m in the trench and the pole is mounted inside the trench upto
1.5m from the ground level. The pole is mounted inside the trench and the
trench is filled with the cement mixture and made to set. And brickwork is done
above the ground level of 1.5m with 1:3 ratio and plastered with 1:4 ratio of
cement and sand.

14
3.5 SOLAR PANEL COMMISSIONING:

During the day time the battery gets charged and when the intensity of
light decreases, the LDR makes the light to gets ON and the light glows by
using the stored charge in the battery.

If electrical contacts are made with the two semiconductor materials and
the contacts the connected through an external electrical conductor, the free
electrons will flow from the n-type material through the conductor to the p-type
material (figure 2). Here the free electrons will enter the holes and holes and
become bound electrons thus both free electrons and hole will be removed. The
flow of electrons through the external conductor constitutes an electric current,
which will continue as long as move free electrons and holes are being formed
by the solar radiation. This is the basis of photo-voltaic conversion that is the
conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. The combination of n-type
and p-type semiconductors thus constitutes a photo-voltaic cell or solar cell. All
such cells some rate direct current that can be converted into alternating current
it desired.

The photo-voltaic effect can be observed in almost any junction of

material that have different electrical characteristics, but the best performance to
date has been from cells using semiconductor materials especially all of the
solar cells used for both space and terrestrial applications have been made of the
semiconductor silicon. Future cells may use such materials as the
Semiconductors like Gallium arsenate, copper sulphate cadsulphide etc.

15
 CHAPTER-4

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

16
CHAPTER-4

4.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software

and additional mechanical parts, designed to perform a specific function .An
embedded system is designed to do a specific task within a given time frame,
repeatedly, without human interaction. Embedded system do not need a
complete operating system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating
system in a real-time environment, that is, a real time operating system.
(RTOS). Frequently, embedded system does not have a user interface.

Application Area of embedded system include aerospace/defense

systems, telecommunication equipments and switches, mobile computing,
broadcast, automotives, industrial process control and monitoring, medical
electronics, consumer electronics, etc. Main hardware components of an
embedded system are microprocessor or micro controller, and supporting ICs.
The combination of micro-controller and ICs are application specific.
Commonly used microprocessors include the following. Motorola 680XX
series, IBM PowerPC series processors, MIPS processors, Intel 386 and
compatible CPUs, ARM processors, Sun SPARC series, etc. Embedded systems
need memory for storing programs and data, and usually programs are stored in
ROM or EPROM. Often these systems have a serial port network interface, I/O
interface for interacting with sensors and actuators in the case of process
controlling systems.

17
4.2 MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is a general-purpose device which has an in-built CPU,

Memory and peripherals, which make it, function as a mini computer.

Both Microcontroller and microprocessor can be employed for designing

products or applications in Embedded System. But Microcontroller has its own
advantages over microprocessor. They are as follows:

 For transfer of data from external memory to the CPU, microprocessor needs
many operational codes. But in Microcontroller, one or two codes are
enough.

 Microcontrollers have many bit-handling instructions, but microprocessors

have only one or two.

 Microcontrollers have built-in peripherals whereas microprocessors lack in-

built peripherals.

 Microcontroller work faster than microprocessor because of rapid movement

of bits within the chip.

 Microcontrollers have simple circuit structure compared to microprocessor.

 Microcontrollers have only 35 instructions whereas microprocessors have

75.

 Microcontrollers are costly when compared with microprocessor.

 Microcontroller can function as a mini computer without any additional

parts.

 Microcontroller instructions are simple, single word instructions.

18
 CHAPTER-5
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

19
 CHAPTER-5

5.HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

5.1POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTIONS

The present chapter introduces the operation of power supply circuits built
using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. Starting with an ac voltage, a
steady dc voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc
level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. The regulation is
usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and
provides a somewhat lower dc voltage, which remains the same even if the input
dc voltage varies, or the output load connected to the dc voltage changes.

A block diagram containing the parts of a typical power supply and the
voltage at various points in the unit is shown in fig 19.1. The ac voltage, typically
120 V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the
level for the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified
voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage.
This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A
regulator circuit can use this dc input to provide a dc voltage that not only has
much less ripple voltage but also remains the same dc value even if the input dc
voltage varies somewhat, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes.
This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of a number of popular
voltage regulator IC units.

Transformer Rectifier Filter IC regulator Load

20
 5.2 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device,
and overload protection all in a single IC. Although the internal construction of
the IC is somewhat different from that described for discrete voltage regulator
circuits, the external operation is much the same. IC units provide regulation of
either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set
voltage.A power supply can be built using a transformer connected to the ac
supply line to step the ac voltage to a desired amplitude, then rectifying that
ac voltage, filtering with a capacitor and RC filter, if desired, and finally
regulating the dc voltage using an IC regulator.

5.3 THREE-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Fig shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to

a load. The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi,
applied to one input terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, Vo, from a second
terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. For a selected regulator,
IC device specifications list a voltage range over which the input voltage can
vary to maintain a regulated output voltage over a range of load current. The
specifications also list the amount of output voltage change resulting from a
change in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation).

Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators:

IN OUT

UNREGULATE 7805
D DC
VOLTAGE

GND

21
 The series 78 regulators provide fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 V.
Figure 19.26 shows how one such IC, a 7812, is connected to provide voltage
regulation with output from this unit of +12V dc. An unregulated input voltage
Vi is filtered by capacitor C1 and connected to the IC’s IN terminal. The IC’s
OUT terminal provides a regulated + 12V which is filtered by capacitor C2
(mostly for any high-frequency noise). The third IC terminal is connected to
ground (GND). While the input voltage may vary over some permissible
voltage range, and the output load may vary over some acceptable range, the
output voltage remains constant within specified voltage variation limits. These
limitations are spelled out in the manufacturer’s specification sheets. A table of
positive voltage regulated ICs is provided in table

Positive Voltage Regulators in 7800 series

IC Output Voltage Minimum Vi (V)

Part (V)
7805 +5 7.3
7806 +6 8.3
+8 10.5
7808
+10 12.5
7810
+12 14.6
7812
+15 17.7
7815
+18 21.0
7818

22
5.4 LCD DISPLAY

The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's
HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In this
project document, we will discuss about character based LCDs, their interfacing
with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming,
special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can
give a new look to your application.

Usually these days single controller LCD modules are used more in the
market. So in the project document we will discuss more about the single
controller LCD, the operation and everything else is same for the double
controller too.

23
5.5 TRANSMITTING COIL & RECEIVING COIL

Wireless power transmission, also known as wireless charging, is the

process of transmitting electrical energy from a power source to an electrical
load without the need for wires or cables. The transmission is achieved by using
two coils, a transmitting coil and a receiving coil, that are in close proximity to
each other. The transmitting coil, also known as the primary coil, is typically
connected to a power source and generates an oscillating magnetic field when
an alternating current is applied. The receiving coil, also known as the
secondary coil, is placed in the proximity of the transmitting coil and is used to
pick up the magnetic field generated by the transmitting coil. This magnetic
field induces an electrical current in the receiving coil, which can be used to
power an electrical load or charge a battery. The transmitting coil is typically
designed as a flat, circular coil made of copper wire or a printed circuit board
(PCB) trace. The number of turns, size, and shape of the coil can vary
depending on the application, but the goal is to create a strong magnetic field
that can be picked up by the receiving coil.
The receiving coil is also typically designed as a flat, circular coil made
of copper wire or a PCB trace. The number of turns, size, and shape of the coil
can vary depending on the application, but the goal is to create a coil that can
pick up the magnetic field generated by the transmitting coil and convert it into
an electrical current

5.6CURRENT SENSOR:
24
 In practice a current transformer can be used as acurrent sensor. The
current sensor is to be connected inseries with the transmission lines. When
current in acircuit is too high to directly apply to measuringinstruments, a
current transformer produces a reducedcurrent accurately proportional to the
current in thecircuit, which can be conveniently connected tomeasuring and
recording instruments. A currenttransformer also isolates the measuring
instrumentsfrom what may be very high voltage in the monitoredcircuit.

The ACS712 Current Sensors offered on the internet are designed to be

easily used with micro controllers like the Arduino.

These sensors are based on the Allegro ACS712ELC chip.

These current sensors are offered with full scale values of 5A, 20A and 30A.

The basic functional operation of each of these devices is identical. The

only difference is with the scale factor at the output as detailed below.

Pay attention to the polarity at the load end of the device. If you are
connected as illustrated below, the output will raise. If you connect it opposite
of this picture, the output will decrease from the 2.5 volt offset.

Basic Hook Up and Functional Description As mentioned before, these

modules are primarily designed for use with micro-controllers like the Arduino.

5.7VOLTAGE SENSOR:

25
 In practice a voltage transformer can be used as avoltage sensor. The
voltage transformer must beconnected across the transmission lines. The
primaryof the transformer must be connected to thetransmission lines and the
secondary must be given tothe microcontroller. A step down voltage
transformeris used.

5.8.1What is a Voltage Sensor?

A voltage sensor is a sensor is used to calculate and monitor the amount

of voltage in an object. Voltage sensors can determine both the AC voltage or
DC voltage level. The input of this sensor can be the voltage whereas the output
is the switches, analog voltage signal, a current signal, an audible signal, etc.

Sensors are basically a device which can sense or identify and react to
certain types of electrical or some optical signals. Implementation of voltage
sensor and current sensor techniques have become an excellent choice to the
conventional current and voltage measurement methods.

5.9 SOLAR PANEL

26
 A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electrical energy
using photovoltaic (PV) cells. These cells are made of semiconductor materials
such as silicon, and when exposed to sunlight, they generate a flow of electrons
which can be harnessed as electrical power. A solar panel typically consists of
multiple PV cells arranged in a grid-like pattern and enclosed in a frame. The
most common type of solar panel is the flat-plate PV module, which is made up
of a layer of PV cells, a layer of glass or plastic, and a layer of protective
material on the back. When sunlight hits a solar panel, the photons in the
sunlight interact with the electrons in the PV cells, causing them to move and
create a flow of electrical current. This current is then sent to an inverter, which
converts the DC current into AC current that can be used to power homes or
businesses. The amount of electricity generated by a solar panel depends on
several factors, including the efficiency of the PV cells, the amount of sunlight
available, and the temperature. To maximize the amount of electricity
generated, solar panels are usually installed on rooftops or in areas that receive a
lot of direct sunlight. Solar panels are a renewable energy source and produce
no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, making them a clean and
sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. They have become increasingly
popular in recent years due to their falling costs, improved efficiency, and
government incentives and policies that support their adoption.

27
5.7 BATTERIES

The batteries are used in order to store the electricity that is produced
from wind and solar energy. The capacity of battery may vary depending on the
size of wind turbine or solar power plant. Battery should be having low
maintenance and charge leakage should also be low.

Lead-acid batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that has been used
for over a century and remains one of the most common types of batteries in use
today. They are known for their reliability, relatively low cost, and ability to
deliver high surge currents, making them suitable for a wide range of
applications, from automotive starting batteries to uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS) for data centers.

28
5 MICRO CONTROLLER

The ATmega328P is a popular microcontroller chip developed by Atmel, which

is now a part of Microchip Technology. It belongs to the AVR family of
microcontrollers and is widely used in various embedded systems and DIY
electronics projects. Some key features of the ATmega328P include:

ARCHITECTURE: It is based on the Harvard architecture with a modified Harvard

architecture, 8-bit RISC architecture.
MEMORY: The ATmega328P has 32KB of flash memory for program storage, 2KB
of SRAM for data storage, and 1KB of EEPROM for non-volatile data storage.
CLOCK SPEED: It can operate at speeds up to 20 MHz (though typically used at 16
MHz), making it suitable for a wide range of applications.
PERIPHERALS: It has a variety of built-in peripherals including timers/counters,
analog-to-digital converters (ADC), serial communication interfaces (USART, SPI,
I2C), PWM outputs, and more.
LOW POWER CONSUMPTION: It features several power-saving modes, making
it suitable for battery-powered applications.
I/O PORTS: It has a number of General PurposeInput/Output (GPIO) pins that can be
configured and used for various purposes.
DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT:The ATmega328P is typically programmed
using the Arduino development environment, making it very popular among hobbyists
and professionals alike.
Overall, the ATmega328P is known for its versatility, ease of use, and wide range of
applications, from simple LED blinking projects to complex embedded systems.
29
 CHAPTER-6
PROGRAMMING

30
CHAPTER-6

6.PROGRAMMING

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software

(IDE)).The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a
bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500
protocol.

6.2 Power

The Arduino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with
an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter

(wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm
center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be
inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

Arduino Power Supply

6.3 Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also

has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM

31
6.4 ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT "IDE"

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the
Processing programming language and the Wiring projects. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting,
brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and
uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is typically no need
to edit make files or run programs on a command-line interface

Developer(s) Arduino Software

Stable release 1.0.3 / December 10, 2012; 3months ago

Written in Java, C and C++

Operating system Cross-platform

Type Integrated development environment

Website arduino.cc

32
 Arduino programs are written in C or C++ The Arduino IDE comes with
a software library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which
makes many common input/output.

Operations much easier. Users only need define two functions.

To make a run able cyclic executive program:

 Setup (): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize
settings.

 Loop (): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

33
CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

34
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System

(SWEVCS) developed usingATMEGA328P, coils, LCD display, rechargeable
battery, and boost converter provides a sustainable and efficient solution for
charging electric vehicles. The system's use of wireless power transmission
technology, coupled with a solar panel, allows for flexibility and sustainability
in charging, while the ATMEGA328P control of the charging process ensures
optimal charging efficiency and safety. The LCD display provides clear
indications of the charging process, making it easy for users to monitor the
progress of the charging cycle. The SWEVCS project shows great potential for
reducing dependence on grid power and minimizing the carbon footprint of the
charging process, contributing to a more sustainable future for transportation.
However, further testing and refinement of the system are needed to optimize its
performance and ensure its safety and reliability in real-world applications.
Overall, the SWEVCS project provides a promising solution for charging
electric vehicles sustainably and efficiently, contributing to the global efforts
towards a more sustainable future.

35
CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES

36
CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES

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