TRADE PROJECT

AN AUTOMATIC SATIRCASE ROOM LIGHT USING A PIR SENSOR

AND RELAY MODULE.

CANDIDATES NAME : AARON KIPNGENO

INDEX NUMBER : 1061200425

COURSE :

PRESENTED TO : KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONA

COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF

SUPERVISOR : MR.PATRIC MENYA

COURSE CODE :

SERIES :

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 DECLARATION
I hear by declare that this is my original work and has never been presented by anyone. It is is
my supervision guidance and parents who helped in choosing this project.

THE CANDIDATE AARON KIPNGENO OF INDEX NUMBER 1061200425

i) I the project named above was approved by KNEC and supervised by

SUPERVISOR

ii) I personally carried out the project whose report follows after this declaration.

iii) I received no undue help from unauthorized persons other than the normal guidance from
my supervision.

iv) The report submitted to the council is Original

SIGNATURE ………………………………………………….
DATE…………………………….

THE SUPERVISOR:

Declare that, I supervised the above named candidates project and report contained herein is
the genuine work of the candidate

SIGNATURE OF THE SUPERVISOR………………………………….

DATE………………….

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 DEDICATION
I dedicate the project to my beloved parents, my brother and sister for their financial and
moral support. I would also wish to dedicate it to the entire family members for their
patience, support and understanding during the entire period of study.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I would like to give praise and honor to the almighty God for giving me sufficient grace
and energy to write this. This work is the result of the support from different people. Whom
their efforts cannot be underscored as they have made this work to undergo through a
complete wish to express my sincere gratitude to them all. My heartfelt thanks go to my
supervisor for Helpful professional technical guidance, advice and positive critic through the
study. My special thanks also go to my fellow students for helping me during the project. It is
now my honor and humble privilege to pass my sincere gratitude to KENYA COAST
NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC fraternity for their support. May the lord bless you all.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................i

DEDICATION...........................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................vi

CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1

Automatic Room Controller...................................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND..................................................................................................................2

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM....................................................................................2

1.3 OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................2

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.....................................................................................3

1.5 SCOPE.................................................................................................................................4

1.5.1 Scope of the study.........................................................................................................4

1.5.2 Limitations of the study................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO........................................................................................................................6

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................6

2.1 AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT SENSOR BACKGROUND...............................................6

2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM.........................................................................................................6

CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................9

3.0 DESIGN...............................................................................................................................9

3.1 IMPLEMENT DECISION...................................................................................................9

BLOCK DIAGRAM..................................................................................................................9

CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................10

4.1 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECTS..............................10

Energy efficiency.................................................................................................................10

Convenience.........................................................................................................................10

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 Enhanced safety...................................................................................................................10

Cat effective.........................................................................................................................10

Easy solution........................................................................................................................10

1. False triggers....................................................................................................................10

Power source........................................................................................................................10

Maintenance.........................................................................................................................10

Advantages...........................................................................................................................12

Conclusion................................................................................................................................13

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................14

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 ABSTRACT
The fear of theft and burglary always annoys many people. When Lock and keys became less
safe one can seek the help of electronic security system.

Such a portable security is described here;-

This electronic setup auto activated whenever the intruders enter today unauthorized no entry
area it acts activate the landline number and redial the last dial the number from the
conventional telephone. All we need is to do minor changes to activate this telephone as it
works as to become auto dealer circuit.

This whenever the intruder enters now to the area it activates the sensor circuit of either
sound activation or infrared light beam obstruction circuit, the radial circuit became active
and give a ring tone to the receiving end it may be a mobile phone or any landline phone or
even police control room.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Automatic Room Controller.
On this project, I will show you how to design and build a simple automatic washroom light
switch circuit, which will automatically turn on when you enter the washroom and turns it off
when you leave.

We turn on the lights in our room when we enter it and turn them off when we leave
sometimes we forget to turn the lights off after leaving the washroom. This may lead to
power wastage and also the lifetime of the light bulbs may decrease. To avoid these problems,
I will show you how to make a simple circuit which will automatically turn it off when he or
she leaves the washroom.

By automating the process this way, there are many advantages like the person need to care
about turning the light on or off whenever he or she is using the washroom, the circuit which
you will know about it a moment does it automatic for that reason.

The circuit is also designed to consume lesser power so that the circuit can be used in any
household or public washrooms without worrying about the power bill.

This project automatic room light controller with the visitor counter using microcontroller is
a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well as counting
number of persons / visitors In the room very accurately when somebody enters into the room
then the counter is incremented by one and the light is in the room will be switched on and
anyone leaves the room then the counter is decimated by one .The light will be only switched
off until all the person in the room go out the total number of persons inside the room is also
displayed on the seven segments displays.

The microcontroller does the above job it receives the signals from the sensors and the
signals is operated under the control of software which is stored in room microcontroller yeah
AT39552 Continuously monitor the infrared receivers They mentioned when any object
passed through the I are receivers then the IRS falling on the receiver are obstructed. I don’t
know any this obstruction is sensed by the microcontroller.

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1.1 BACKGROUND.
The background of a room light controller lies in the pursuit of energy efficiency convenience
and automation within indoor environment with advertisements in sensor technologies and
microcontroller the development of automatic room light controller has become a viable
solution.

These controllers typically employ a various sensors such as motion detectors, ambience call
my light sensors or visit counters to make monitor the occupancy and environmental
conditions of a room. The goal is to dynamically adjust lighting levels or turn on or off
according optimizing energy wedge and providing a comfortable user experience.

The integration of wireless communication technologies enables remote control and services
connectivity within other smart devices contributing to the brother ecosystem of smart homes
or buildings. The evolution of these controllers aligns with the increasing emphasis on
sustainable practices and the abduction of smart technologies for efficient resources
utilization.

In summary the background of a room light controller involves the convergence of sensor
technologies, automation and energy efficiency to create eternal legend system that enhance
both user comfort and environmental sustainability.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem involves designing and automatic room light controller integrated with a visitor
counter. The goal is to create a system that senses the presence of visitors in a room that
adjust

The lightning accordingly. This requires implementing sensors to detect occupancy,

developing a mechanism to county visitors, and integrating these components to control the
room lightening automatically.

1.3 OBJECTIVES
Occupancy sensing; Employment a valuable occupancy detection system using sensors,
such as persuasive infrared (PIR) or ultra-Sonic sensors to identify when someone enters or
exit the room.

Visitor counting: Develop a visitor mechanism that accurately tallies the number of people
present in a room this could involve using sensors like infrared beam sensors or a
combination of occupancy sensors.

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Micro controller: Utilize a microcontroller (e.g. Arduino, Respbenyps) to process data from
the sensors and make decision based on occupancy and visitors count.

Automatic light control; Integrate the system with the room lightning infrastructure to
enable automatic adjustment based on the occupancy and visitors count implement energy
efficient strategies to optimize lightning conditions.

Data display: Include a display system to show real time visit account or other relevant
information providing feedback to users about the system status.

User friendly interface: Design a user friendly interface, possibly through a mobile of or
control panel allowing users to configure settings or monitor the systems easily.

Power efficiency: Optimize power consumption by implementing sleep modes for sensors
and the microcontroller when the room is unoccupied to enhance energy efficiency.

Security and reliability: Implement measures to ensure the system reliability such as Sarah
handling and consider security aspects preventing unauthorized access or tampering.

Scalability; Design the system with scalability in mind allowing for potential expansion or
integration with other smart home systems.

Documentation: Provide comprehensive documentation outlining the systems architecture

components and instructions for installation maintenance and troubleshooting.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.

1.Energy Conversation:-The automatic room light controller with a visitor counter to
contributes to energy conversation by ensuring lights only active when necessary reducing
overall energy consumption and promoting sustainability.

2. Cost efficiency: By optimizing lighting based on occupancy the system helps in reducing
electricity bills making it economically beneficial for both residential and commercial
settings.

3. Environmental impact; A decrease in unnecessary energy consumption aligns with

environmental conversation efforts reducing the carbon footprint associated with electricity
generation.

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4. User comfort; the system enhances user comfort by automatically adjusting lightening
conditions according to the number of occupants providing a convenient and tailored
environment.

5.Security enhancement; The visitor counting feature adds a layer of security allowing users
to be aware of the number of people in room which can be especially useful in monitoring
suited or sensitive areas.

6. Technological advancement; the study contributes to the field of smart home and
automation technology showcasing the practical applications of sensors microcontrollers and
intelligent systems for everyday use.

7.Adaptability to various settings; The systems flexibility makes it suitable for diverse
settings including homes offices public spaces and then environments where efficient lighting
control is essential.

8.Educational value; The project provides educational values by offering a hand on

opportunity for individuals to learn about sensor integration call mom microcontroller,
programming and the principles of smart home technology.

9.Occupancy analytics; The visitors counting aspect of the system can be valuable for
business and public spaces providing insights into occupancy patterns for improved space
management and resource allocation.

In summary the automatic room light controller with a visitor controller not only addresses
practical concerns related to energy consumption but also aligns with broader so short roll
and environmental goals while showcasing advancements in technology and enhancing user
experiences.

1.5 SCOPE
1.5.1 Scope of the study.
Room size and configuration: The study focuses on rooms of varying sizes and
configurations adapting to common residential and commercial spaces.

Lightning systems; the system is designed to work with common lightning systems
including in incandescent, fluorescent And LED light providing facility in its application.
Umm

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Occupancy scenario; the study considers different occupancy scenarios such as single or
multiple occupants to ensure the system adaptability to various real world situations.

User interface; the scope includes a user friendly interface for configuration and monitoring
accessible through a control panel or mobile app.

Energy efficient strategies; the system implements energy efficient strategies such as
gradual timing and instant lightning adjustments to optimize energy consumptions based on
occupancy.

Visitor counter accuracy; the study aims to achieve accurate visitor counting utilizing
suitable sensors and algorithms to minimize errors in counting.

Compatibility; the system is designed to be compatible with the commonly used

microcontroller (Arduino, Respbenyps) and the sensors available in the market.

1.5.2 Limitations of the study

The project is limited to the age of old version of counting people manually and also
switching on and off the lights to be in use.

Sensor range and precision; The accuracy of occupancy detection and visitor counting may
be influenced by the sensor range and precision leading to potential limitations in extremely
large or irregularly shaped rooms.

Depending on power supply; the system relies on a stable power supply and interruption or
power failures may temporarily disrupt in functionality.

Initial cost; the implementation of the system may involve an initial cost for sensors,
microcontrollers and installation potentially limiting its adoption and budget constraint
scenarios.

User interface complicity; the complexity of the user interface may pose limitations for
users with minimal technical knowledge requiring clear documentation and user support.

Maintenance requirements; Regular maintenance may be necessary to ensure the continued

accuracy and reliability of census at the overall system.

While the study strives to address these aspects acknowledging those limitations provides a
realistic perspective on the practical application and potential challenges associated with the
automatic room light controller with the visitor counter.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT SENSOR BACKGROUND

The background of an automatic room light sensor lights in the pursuit of energy efficiency
and user convenience. Please technology addresses the need to optimize lightning based on
occupancy, reducing unnecessary energy consumption.

Researchers have explored various sensor types such as passive inferred (PIR) you transonic
and the ambient light sensor to detect human presence and ambient light levels. It will also
count the number of persons inside you to collect the actual figure. The integration of
microcontroller smart algorithms enables precise control offering.

Traditional lightning system often lack adaptability to occupancy patterns leading to high
cost of energy consumption the background research explores algorithms sensor technologies
and control system to ensure precision to visitor accounting and efficient room illumination.
The goal is to create Seamless and intelligent system that enhances energy conversation and
user comfort.

2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system for an automatic room light controller using a visitor counter involves
the integration of sensors and intelligent algorithms to optimize Lightening based on
occupancy here are the key components as follows:

Sensor integration; employing sensor like infrared or ultrasonic to detect the presence of
visitors in the room. These sensors play a crucial role in accurately counting the number of
occupants.

Visitor accounting algorithm; developing a robust algorithm to process a sensor data and
the differential between actual visitors and potential ensuring accurate counting.

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 Microcontroller/ processor: Implementing a microcontroller or processor to manage the
data from sensors run the counting algorithms and control the room lighting system based on
the occupancy information.

Lightning control system; integrating a responsive lightning control system that adjust the
intensity of switches lights on or off in real time aligning with the detected visitor counter.

User interface: creating a user friendly interface, possibility through mobile app or a control
panel allowing users to consume my settings and manually controlled the lightning if needed.

Energy efficiency features: incorporating energy saving features such as damping control
stimulus and the ability to set 3 defined lightning profiles to optimize energy consumption?

Feedback mechanism for: implementing a feedback mechanism to inform users about energy
savings occupancy patterns and system performance.

Adapting and scalability; Designing the system to be doctor ball to different rooms sizes
configurations scrambles for broader applications in various environments.

Hardware requirement of this project.

Microcontroller or process unit: a microcontroller (e.g. Arduino, Respbenyps pi) To

manage the overall operation of this system, processed the data from sensors and controls the
lightning system.

Visitor accounting census; Infrared (IR) Census, ultrasonic sensors or other occupancy
sensors to detect the presence of visitors and counted them accurately.

Lightning system: an interface to control the room lightening this may involve smart bulbs,
lead drivers or others controllable lightning devices compatible with the chosen
microcontroller.

Power supply: a stable power supply to ensure continuous operation this could be a power
adapter of battery depending on the systems requirements and location.

User interface components: if applicable, components such as an LCD displays, LED, or

buttons for a physical interface.

Connectivity modules (Optional): For remote monitoring or control you may include
communication modules such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.

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 Enclosure: a protective and to house and shield the electronic components from
environmental factors.

Wiring and connectors: necessary wiring and connectors to establish connections between
components and ensure reliable communications.

Voltage regulator in (optional); A voltage regulator to ensure stable voltage levels for
sensitive electronic components.

PCB (Printed circuit board): Designing and implementing a custom printed circuit board
for a more organized and compact circuit layout if needed.

Additional components: resistors comma capacities and other Passive components as

required by the specific design.

Ensure compatibility and proper integration of these components to achieve the desired
functionality of the automatic room light controller with a visitor account additionally
consider the scalability and adaptability of the hardware for different room size and
components.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DESIGN

3.1 IMPLEMENT DECISION

In this project there are some general steps being followed component needed. Bye

Step1; Arduino (as a microcontroller) Infrared sensors for visitors counting relay module for
controlling lights light source (LED or bulb) and the connecting.

Step2; Set up infrared sensors: Install infrared sensors at the entrance of the room to count
visitors and connect the sensors to the microcontroller.

Step 3; Code the visitor; in current the car count when a person enters and deferment when
they leave also use the sensor data to apparel to update the count for variable.

Step 4; connect relay module: Connect a relay module to the microcontroller. The relay will
control the power supply to the lights.

Step 5; called the light controller, right code to check the vistas count, if the count grades
than turn on the lights using the relay when it is zero turn off circuits.

Step 6; Power supply: ensure a stable power supply for the microcontroller and the relay
module.

Step 7: Paste and contribute: paste the system by entering and leaving the room to verify
accuracy of the visitor counter adjust sensitivity.

Step 8; Implement additional features: you keep the lights off for a certain duration after
the last visitor leaves implement energy saving features.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

LM358 BC 547
LDR Transistor Relay
OR AMP IC 9
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECTS.

The proposed automatic staircase light project using a PIR Motion sensor and relay module
has several advantages;

Energy efficiency
The system only activates the lights when motion is detected, reducing unnecessary energy
consumption.

Convenience
Users don’t need to manually operate the light making it more convenient and superscript
especially in low traffic areas.

Enhanced safety
Improved safety by ensuring the staircase is well lit when someone is present reducing the
risk of accidents.

Cat effective
The components required for this project are relatively affordable making it a cost effective
solution.

Easy solution
The circuit is simple making it easy to install and implement without extensive technical
expertise.

However there are some considerations to keep in mind;

1. False triggers
PIR Sensors might occasionally trigger false positive due to factors like pets or dangers in
temperature adjustments to sensitivity and delay can help mitigate this.

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Power source.
Ensure our liable power source for continuance functional consider using a backup power
supply or battery in case of power outages.

Maintenance
Regular maintenance may be needed to ensure the components are functioning correctly over
time.

In conclusion the project offers an efficient and convenient solution for staircase lightening
proving safety and energy efficiency problem solution adjustments and periodic maintenance
are crucial for optimal performance.

This automatic staircase light cycle can be easily explained whenever PIR Sensor detects any
body movement, its output pin becomes that which applies the triggering voltage to the base
of the transistor. Transistor get on and current started flowing through the coil. Coil in relay
gets energies and create electromagnetic field, which attract the lever and com and No get
connected. This allows a much larger current (220V AC) to flow, which turns on the bulb.
You can increase or decrease the bulb on duration by setting up PIR sensor.

The PIR sensor detects motion and sends a signal to the relay module when motion is
detected. The relay module get a switch when the PIR sensor sends a signal, the relay

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switches, allowing power to flow to the light bulb, turning it on some PIR sensor have
sensitivity and delay adjustments. You can adjust these settings based on your preferences.

1. Components needed;

1. PIR motion.
2. Relay module.
3. Light bulb.
4. Power supply (e.g. 5v for PIR sensor).

Relay is configured by using a small driver circuit which consists of a transistor diode and
resistor. Transistor is used to amplify the current so that full current (from the DC source-9v
battery).can flow through coil to fully energies it. Resistor is used to provide biasing to
transistor and diode is used to prevent reverse current flow, when the transistor is switched
off. Every inductor coil produced equal and opposite EMF. Suddenly this may cause
permanent damage to components, so diode must be used to reverse current. A relay module
is easily available in the market with all its driver circuits on the board or you can create it by
using above components.

Advantages
Using an LM358 Operational amplifier as a component is an automatic room light controller
provides several advantages;

Low cost; The LM358 is a cost effective operational amplifier making the overall system
economic also implementation.

Why the voltage range: the LM3558 Operate a wide voltage range allowing flexibility in
power supply options and car compatibility with various environments.

Low power consume; The LM358 comes in a dual package providing 2 partial refills in a
single IC.

Dual operation amplifier; The LM358 comes in a dual package providing the operational
amplifiers.

Versatility; The LM358 is a versatile and can be used in various configurations making it
suitable for different electronic projects including. Tight control systems

Ease of integration: the LM. 358 is easy to integrate into cycles facilitating the design and
implementation of automatic room light controller

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 Stability and reliability: the LM358 is known for its stability variability in different
applications.

Industry standard: the LM358 is known in widely used and well established operational
amplifiers making it easy to source and replace it needed.

Ease of troubleshooting: due to its popularity finding resources and community support for
troubleshooting and optimizing the LM358 based circuit is relatively straight software.

Analog signal processing: the LM358 is well suited for analog signal processing making it
suitable for applications like sensor interfacing in the automatic room light controller.

Conclusion.
In conclusion, the implementation of an automatic room light controller using a visitor
counter and an LM358 operational amplifier offers a practical and cost effective solution for
energy efficient lighting the integration of infrared sensors for visitors counting coupled with
the facility and vulnerability of LM358 because there’s in a system with several advantages.
The advantages include low cost, wide voltage range, low power consumption and the dual
operational amplifier feature of the LM358 allowing for a flexible.

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[1]. ARM7 Datasheet -LPC2148_datasheet.pdf

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[3]. http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components

[4]. www.slideshare.net

[5]. Automatic Room Light Controller with bidirectional visitor counter, VOL-I Issue-4. [6].
Microelectronics circuit by SEDRA & SMITH 5th edition.

[7]. Electronics devices & circuit by BOLYESTAD.

[8]. Bai Y. and Ku Y. (2008). Automatic Room Light Intensity Detection and Control using a
Microprocessor and Light Sensors, IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics
54: 1173-1176.

[9]. LiD., Bai Y., Wang and Li H.(2011). Design of intelligent lighting control system, IEEE
International Conference on Robotics & Control System, 134-137, Xi’’an.

[10]. Joon Heo et al, “Design and Implementation of Control Mechanism for Standby Power
Reduction,” IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol.53, no.1, pp.179-185, Feb. 2008.

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