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Design and Analysis of Sewage Treatment Plant with Sequential

Batch Reactor for an Educational Institute
Mr. Shubham Dashore1, Aaditya Shrivastava2, Anish Singh3, Deepak Kumar
Koshle4 , Gaurav Kumar Shrivas5, Bhogesh Raj Patel6
1 Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh,
India
2,3,4,5,6Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg,
Chhattisgarh, India

Abstract - One of major source of wastewater are educational institutions. Educational

institutions do not have proper treatment unit for treatingthe sewage created by it. The raw
institutional wastewater contains various toxic organic and inorganic compounds,
chemicals, pathogenicmicroorganisms etc. If they are released into the environment without
any treatment, our natural water bodies will be severely affected by them. As we cannot
deny the contribution of educational institutes, industries and agricultural practices in our
life, we must find a solutionto minimize the pollution. For this, the wastewater must be
treated before releasing into the environment. Sewage treatment is a process that removes
unusual contaminants from wastewater and brings back it to the environment for reuse. Our
institute BIT Durg also generates both domestic and laboratory wastewaters which is
directly going to the municipal sewerage system.With a view to treat and recover water from
the sewage, here we arediscussing about constructing a STP Based on SBR concept for its
sewage.
Keywords: Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Sewage treatment plant , STAAD-Pro analysis

Introduction
An estimated 72,368 million liters per day (MLD) sewage is generated in urban areas, while
the treatment capacity across India is only 31,841 MLD according to data released by the
government in June 2021. Sewage wastewater is a type of wastewater that is produced by
acommunity of people and it is Sewage treatment plant (STP) that makes the water of the
sewage clean. The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a fill-and draw activated sludge
system for wastewater treatment. In this system, wastewater is added to a single “batch”
reactor, treated to remove undesirable components, and then discharged. Wastewater
generated in school and colleges have to take careas it may pollute the ground water if not
treated properly. Thispaper discusses the details of the analysis carried out recentlyon the
wastewaters and present a design for the STP based on Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
concept.
Table 1 Characteristics of Raw Sewage

CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW SEWAGE

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL
TEMPERATURE ORGANIC MATTER BACTERIA

COLOUR CHLORIDE , SULPHITE FUNGI

ODOR pH ALGAE

TURBIDITY BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND VIRUS

DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROTOZOA

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Literature Review
Murthy Polasa (2014) reviewed about design of sewage treatment plant for gated
community. In this project three types of treatment unit operations are conducted. Like
physical, chemical and biological processes. By increasing the detention time of sewage in
each treatment unit increases the efficiency of removal unwanted impurities.
Kim et al. (2008) researched the treatment of low strength wastewater with municipal
wastewater in enhanced SBR. It was proved that independent nitrification can be achieved
by incorporating the contact period within the system and nitrification in the external
reactor. The COD, TN and TP removal were 87%, 81 % and 60 % respectively which can
be considered far better than conventional treatments. As the ammonia nitrogen was
nitrified 70% in the external reactor, this system does not require any externally added
carbon for effective removal of nutrients and biodegradation of organic matter. Finally it
was concluded that the system is best suited for regular as well as advanced wastewater
treatment particularly for low strength wastewaters.
Lin S.H. and Cheng K.W., (2001) carried out the study in which the treatment of
municipal sewage is done with coagulation as a first process followed by SBR treatment.
A different design for the SBR reactor was attempted in this study which allows continuous
inflow of sewage wastewater while the other batch-wise operating steps of the SBR process
are retained. The SBR cycle is 12 hrs. Two perforated baffle plates containing a large
number of 2-mm holes that occupied a total surface area about 20% of the plate, divided
the SBR tank into three equal compartments. The perforated baffle plates served to
minimise the influence of the continuously in-flowing sewage wastewater on the “settle”
and “draw” operations of the SBR process. The results of the modified SBR were compared
with conventional SBR and concluded that modified SBR gives the same results with added
advantage of continuous flow. The COD and BOD removal was 93.6% and 91.8 %
respectively. Author also concluded that chemical coagulation is good option for
wastewater pre-treatment for SBR input. As modified SBR does not provide any significant
change in result, also may increase the maintenance, the modifications carried out have
certain scope for improvement.

Sequential Batch Reactor

The SBR was first introduced by Arden and Lockett in 1914 which was based on active
biomass process. Fifty years later, in 1970‟s research on SBR began rapidly with the
development of other discontinuous processes (Goroszy et al., 1970). From the current
study we can directly say that now SBR can be used with small and medium size waste
water treatment plants.
The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a fill-and draw activated sludge system for
wastewater treatment. In this system, wastewater is added to a single “batch” reactor,
treated to remove undesirable components, and then discharged. Equalization, aeration, and
clarification can all be achieved using a single batch reactor.
They are uniquely suited for wastewater treatment applications characterized by low or
intermittent flow conditions. SBR performs equalization, biological treatment, and
secondary clarification in a single tank using a timed control sequence. In a conventional
activated sludge system, these unit processes would be accomplished by using separate
tanks. SBR process depends more on time rather on space. So, operating cycle time is
crucial part in the SBR process.

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Figure 1 SBR Principle

Methodology
A rectangular-shaped receiving chamber is designed to collect the sewage and control its
flow. After that sewage is allowed to pass through a coarse screen. A screen is used to trap
the floating matters such as sachets, plastic milk packets, grocery bags etc., which could
disturb the impeller.
Table 2 SBR Operating Cycle Time

Design
SBR Steps Description
Time

Static Fill The raw wastewater enters in the SBR tank where no mixing or 0.75 hours
aeration is performed.

Aerated Fill Both aeration and mechanical mixing are activated in this step. 1.5 hours
The aerated filling time will start when the maximum filling time
is completed or top water level is reaches up to the mark.

React No-additional influent wastewater is added in this step and both 2 hours
aeration and mixing units are on. Nitrification is also resumed in
this step. In addition to this, the maximum organic matter is also
get reduced in this step.
Settle Aeration is stopped in this phase, that will allow to maintain a 1 hours
static condition, which will promote settling of the biological
flocs.

Decant This step extracts the treated effluent from the SBR basin. When 0.75 hours
treated supernatant reaches the bottom water level in the SBR,
the decantation step comes to an end.

Idle Waste activated sludge can be extra-cted in order to attain rapid 0 hours
settling (if require)

Total Total operation cycle time to run one SBR cycle. 6 hours

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Figure 2 STP based on SBR

Advantages of SBR
Improvements in equipment and technology, especially in aeration devices and computer
control systems, have made SBRs a viable choice over the conventional activated-sludge
system. In areas where there is a limited amount of space, treatment takes place in a single
basin instead of multiple basins, allowing for a smaller footprint. Low total-suspended-solid
values of less than 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) can be achieved consistently through the
use of effective decanters that eliminate the need for a separate clarifier.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels of less than 5 mg/L can be achieved
consistently. Total nitrogen limits of less than 5 mg/L can also be achieved by aerobic
conversion of ammonia to nitrates (nitrification) and anoxic conversion of nitrates to
nitrogen gas (denitrification) within the same tank. Low phosphorus limits of less than 2
mg/L can be attained by using a combination of biological treatment (anaerobic phosphorus
absorbing organisms) and chemical agents (aluminium or iron salts) within the vessel and
treatment cycle.
Older wastewater treatment facilities can be retrofitted to an SBR because the basins are
already present. Wastewater discharge permits are becoming more stringent and SBRs offer
a cost-effective way to achieve lower effluent limits. Note that discharge limits that require
a greater degree of treatment may necessitate the addition of a tertiary filtration unit
following the SBR treatment phase. This consideration should be an important part of the
design process.
Design of Sewage Treatment Plant
Table 3 Salient Components of the Project Layout

Study area BIT Durg

Total land area 150 acres
Population of college 3875
Design period 30 years
STP proposal With design details 200 KLD

Sewage generation details-

Water demand is determined dependent on the rules of NBC.

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Total sewage generated from hostel Qs1= 280X135X0.8=30240 l/d

Total sewage generated from college Qs2 = 4758X45X0.8 =171288 l/d
Total Sewage generated = 201528 l/d = 0.2 MLD =8.397 m3/hr
Assume peak factor = 3.0
Design flow capacity = Qmax= 8.397X3= 0.007m3/s
Table 4 Characteristics of Raw Sewage

Turbidity 15.5 NTU Mg. Hardness 30mg/l

Total Solids 2000 mg/l Chloride content 112.49mg/l

ph 7.79 Total Alkalinity 125 mg/l
Total Hardness 190 mg/l Phen. Alkalinity 0 mg/l
Ca. Hardness 220 mg/l BOD 18 mg/l

Civil and Structural Design

Design of Receiving Bar screen chamber:
Design flow = 0.007 m3/sec
Assume the detention time = 10 min
Volume of receiving chamber V = 0.007(10x60) = 4.2 m3
Chamber size = 1m x 0.6m x 1m
Design of coarse screen:
Velocity through the screen at maximum flow (annually) = 0.6 m/s
Bar thickness = 10 mm
Clear spacing = 25 mm
Average discharge of wastewater = 0.007 m/s
Peak discharge of sewage = Qavg x peak factor = 0.007 x 3 = 0.021 m/s
Vertical projected area of screen, A = Q/V = 0.007/0.6 =
0.0116 m3
Gross area of screen
A= 0.0116((25+10)/25) = 0.0163 m2
Assuming, screen is inclined @60O
Horizontal gross sectional area of the screen = area/ sin(60) = 0.0163/ sin(60) = 0.0201
Width of screen = 1.5 m
Width of screen = (no. of bars x thickness) + (no. of openings x spacing)
1 = (n x 0.01) + ((n+1) x 0.025)
n = no. of bars = 28
Assuming depth as 0.9m including free board
Coarse screen is designed for the size of 1m x 0.9m
Equalization tank design:
Equalization tank volume calculation
 Hydraulic retention time (HRT) is general taken as 6 to 8 hours
 Providing Equalization tank of 6 hours of hydraulic retention time
 Q maximum = 100 m3/day
 Flow rate per hr= 8.397 m3/hr

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 Required chamber volume=8.397x 6 = 50.38 m3

 Let effective depth to be provided = 3 m
 Area = 50.38/3 = 16.79 m2
Size of the chamber = 4.2m x 4m x3m SWD+0.5m FB
 Equalization chamber air required = 0.5 m3 of air/ m3of chamber volume when more
than 2 hrs of retention time is to be provided = 0.5 x 50.32 = 25.19 Cu.m /Hr
Design of SBR Reactor:
Organic Load: 200 Cum/day x (138 x 10-3) = 27.6 Kg/Day
Calculation of Aeration time
F/M ratio range: 0.1 – 0.18 [4]
Adopt F/M = 0.125
For a SBR F/M ratio shifts from as high as 0.3 to as low as 0.10. We take 0.20 for design
 Assuming the Total oxygen requirement as 27.6 Kg of O2/kg of BOD extracted : 27.6
x 2 = 55.2 Kg/day
 MLSS in the reactor = 4000 mg/L
 Hydraulic retention time = BOD (mg/l)/ (MLSS x F/M)
= (55.2 / (0.2 x 4000)) x24 = 1.66 Hours (Say 2 Hours)
(50% Decantation)
So the cycle time = 1.66 (Aeration) + 0.5 (Decantation) + 0.5 (Settling) = 2.66 Hours (Say
3 Hours)
Hence designed for 4 batches a day
Design of tank:
 Design Flow = 200 m3/ day
 BOD = 138 mg / lit
 Volume SBR tank =( Q x BOD ) / ( MLSS x F/M )
= (200x138) / (0.2 x 4000) = 34.5 m3
 Sludge accumulation provided is 30%
 Total volume of SBR tank provided = 34.5 m3 + 30% of 34.5 = 44.5 (say 50 m3)
 SWD assumed is 3 m
 plan area = 50/3 = 16.67 m2
Size of Tank: 4.2 x 4.0 x 3.0(SWD) + 0.3m F.B.
Oxygen Requirement for SBR Reactor:
Oxygen requirement = 1.5 x BOD Load = 1.5 x 27.6/4 = 10.35Kg/Batch = 10.35/ 3 = 3.45
Kg/Hr
Oxygen to be supplied = 3.45 Kg/Hour
 Assuming Oxygen transfer efficiency of 3.5 % per meter depth of water column
 Total SWD of the reactor = 3.0 m
 Overall Efficiency = 3.0 x 3.5 = 10.50 %
 Oxygen to be supplied = 3.45 / 0.105 = 32.85 Kg /Hour
 Air to be supplied = Oxy. Required /( Density of air x W/W % of Oxy in air) = 32.85 /
(0.23 x 1.4 ) = 102.04 Cum / Hr
 Total Air required = Air for equalization tank + Air for SBR reactor = 25.19+ 102.04 =
127.23 cum / Hr
 Assuming 80 % efficiency for blower = 127.23 / 0.8 = 159.03 Cu.m /Hr
Assuming compression factor of 1.4,
 Required volume is 159.03 / 1.4 = 113.59 Cu.m / Hr

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Provide Blower with a capacity of 200 Cu.m /Hr considering air to be provided in
sludge tank.
Decant Tank Design:
 Average flow = 8.39 m3/hr
 Providing holding capacity of 3 hours
 Tank required Volume = 25.17 m3
 SWD provided is 2.5 m
Final collection size of tank is 3m x 3.3m x 2.5m SWD+0.3 m FB
Tertiary Treatment:
Pressure Sand Filter
 Assuming 20 Hours of operation in a day,
 So, average flow rate = 200/20 = 10 cu.m/hr
 Filter type = Vertical type sand filter
 Rate of Filtrations = 120 lit/m2.min
=0.120 x 60 m3/m2.hr =7.2 m3/m2.hour
 Cross section area of Filter = 10/7.2 = 1.4 m2
 Filter dia. = 1.3 m
Provide Filter size= 1.3 m dia. x 1.5 m ht (1 nos)
Activated Sand Filter
 Period of filtration of 20 hrs / day
 Flow rate = 200/20 = 10 m3/hr
 Filter type = Vertical type
 Rate of Filtrations = 120 lit/m2.min
=0.120 x 60 m3/m2.hr =7.2 m3/m2.hr
 Cross section area of Filter = 10/7.2 = 1.4 m2
Provide Filter size= 1.3 m dia. x 1.5 m ht (1 nos)
Sludge Calculation for design of filter press:
 Reduction of BOD in aeration tank = 138 – 10= 128 mg/L
Net yield considering average age of sludge of 20 days 25%
 Sludge production from secondary sludge = 0.128 kg/Cum x 200cu.m/Day x 0.25 =6.4
Kg/day of secondary sludge
 Contribution of Sludge by TSS = 0.5 x 300 g/Cu.m x 200 Cu.m/Day = 30 Kg / day on
dry basis
 Total Produced sludge = 30 + 6.4 = 36.4 Kg , Say 37 Kg.
Sludge is drawn from the SBR reactor at the end of settling at 1% concentration.
 Volume of produced sludge = 37/0.01 = 3700 Lit or 3.7 Cu.m/ Day
The excess sludge generated is dried from the above treatment; filter press is used for sludge
de-watering. The filtrate will be connected with the screen chamber.
Assuming the type of sludge : Organic
 Designed sludge flow: 3700 ltrs/day
 Solids concentration: 1%
 Solids specific gravity: 1.2
 Dry solids minimum to be allowed in: 25-30 % in cake of sludge
Sludge solids generated on daily basis
 Generation rate : 3700 x 1.2 x 0.01 =44.4 kg/ day

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 Quantity of Sludge load on filter: 44.4 x 3 (three days of operation per week) = 133.2
kg/day
Assuming sludge holding capacity as 40 kg/m2
 The size of the filter press required = 133.2/40 =3.33 m2
 Size of each plate taken will be (0.6 x 0.6 m) = 0.36 sq.m.
 No. of chambers required = 3.33/0.36 = 10 nos
Hence, provide 10 chambers with 30mm of spacing and filter press of 0.6m x 0.6m.

FINAL COLLECTION TANK:

 Average flow = 8.3 m3/hr
Provide 6 hour of capacity of holding
 Tank vol. required= 49.8 = 50 m3
 Providing SWD 3 m
Size of Final collection tank is 4.5m X 3.7m X 3m SWD+0.3 m FB

Table 5 Indicative Civil Items

Name of unit Sizes (in m)

Bar Screen chamber 1x1x1
Equalization Tank 4.2x4x3
SBR 4.2x4x3
Decant Tank 3x3.3x2.5
Final Collection Tank 4.5x3.7x3
Sand Bed Filter 1.3 dia x 1.5 ht
Filter Press 10 chamber-30mm spacing

STAAD PRO ANALYSIS

Figure 3 Dimension of Tank

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Figure 4 Reaction at Bottom Support of Tank

Figure 5 Self Weight And Hydrostatic Loading Over The Tank

 Taking the specific gravity of the sewage as 1.03

 So the specific weight of sewage = 1.03 x 9810 N/m3 = 10104.3 N/m3
 So the Maximum Hydrostatic Pressure at Bottom of Tank
= Specific weight of sewage x Depth of Tank
= (10104.3 x 3) N/m3
= 30.313 KN/m3

Figure 6 Details of Stress Distribution on Side Walls

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Figure 7 Details of Stress Distribution on Bottom Slab

Deflection Diagram and Deflection Values

Figure 8 Displacement Values

Figure 9 Deflection Diagram

Assumptions -
Plate Thickness: - 250mm
Specific Gravity of Sewage: - 1.03
Tank Resting over ground surface

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Figure 10 Rendered View

Figure 11 Reinforcement Details

Conclusion
In line with Swachh Bharat Mission, with a drive to reduce pollution, the institutional
sewage disposal system is to be upgraded for meeting the standards. This project is aimed
to solve wastewater management problem in the educational institute like BIT, DURG.
However, the hazardous waste water coming from laboratory was not considered here. We
choose SBR in our project because it requires less area than other treatment processes and
it can be also adopted for various concentration of waste water. The treated water will be
supplied for the gardening, horticulture and cleaning purposes in BIT, DURG campus
which will reduce the demands of fresh water. Treated wastewater can cater to horticulture

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needs in public parks and areas of gardening. It can even be used for flushing of toilets,
cleaning of floors, tools, plants and machinery by laying specific lines. Moreover, the
treated sludge can be used in increasing soil fertility. As Mr. Ismail Serageldin, Vice
President, World Bank-1995 rightly pointed out “Many of the wars this century were about
oil, but those of the next century will be over water”. Recycle and reuse is the need of the
day for preserving our precious natural resources.

REFERENCES
1. Analysis and Design of an Institutional Waste Water Management Scheme by R.Ranjon Roy ,T.R.
Sreekrishnan ,B. J. Alappat.
2. Design of Sewage Treatment Plant with Sequential Batch Reactor for Public Buildings Complex by
Shubham M. Dongre, Dr. Maya R. Ray.
3. Sequencing Batch Reactor Design And Operational Considerations Prepared By The New England
Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission.
4. EE Lab Manual Semester VII.
5. Design Of Sewage Treatment Plant( Stp) For Dayananda Sagar Institute, Bengaluru by Somya HN,
PiyushTome, MD Wasiuddin, Mohammed Parvez, Madhu HS.
6. Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution Engineering by S.K. Garg.
7. Bid document for SBR – Government of Haryana 2020-21.
8. Analysis and design if 10 MLD sewage treatment plant by using STAAD.PRO.

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