DeepFace

DeepFace is a deep learning facial recognition system created by a research group at Facebook. It
identifies human faces in digital images. The program employs a nine-layer neural network with
over 120 million connection weights and was trained on four million images uploaded by Facebook
users.[1][2] The Facebook Research team has stated that the DeepFace method reaches an accuracy
of 97.35% ± 0.25% on Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) data set where human beings have
97.53%.[3] This means that DeepFace is sometimes more successful than human beings. As a result
of growing societal concerns Meta announced[4] that it plans to shut down Facebook facial
recognition system, deleting the face scan data of more than one billion users.[5] This change will
represent one of the largest shifts in facial recognition usage in the technology's history. Facebook
planned to delete by December 2021 more than one billion facial recognition templates, which are
digital scans of facial features. However, it did not plan to eliminate DeepFace which is the
software that powers the facial recognition system. The company has also not ruled out
incorporating facial recognition technology into future products, according to Meta
spokesperson.[5]

Commercial rollout

Origin

DeepFace was produced by a collection of scientists from Facebook's artificial intelligence research
team. The team includes Yainiv Taigman and a Facebook research scientist Ming Yang. They were
also joined by Lior Wolf, a faculty member from Tel Aviv University. Yaniv Taigman, came to
Facebook when Facebook acquired Face.com in 2012.

Facebook started rolling out DeepFace to its users in early 2015, and have continuously expanding
DeepFace's use and software,.[6] DeepFace, according to the director of Facebook's artificial
intelligence research, is not intended to invade individual privacy. Instead, DeepFace alerts
individuals when their face appears in any photo posted on Facebook. When they receive this
notification, they have the option of removing their face from the photo.[6]

European Union

When the DeepFace technology was initially deployed, users had the option to turn DeepFace off.
However, they were not notified that it was on.[7] Because of this, DeepFace was not released in the
European Union. A data privacy law in the EU argued that Facebook's facial recognition did not
comply with EU data protection laws. Because users do not consent to all the uses of their
biometric data, it does not comply.[8]

Accuracy
DeepFace systems can identify faces with 97% accuracy, almost the same accuracy as a human in
the same position. Facebook's facial recognition is more effective than the FBI's technology, which
has 85% accuracy.[9] Google's technology, FaceNet is more successful than DeepFace using the
same data sets. FaceNet set a record for accuracy, 99.63%. Google's FaceNet incorporates data
from Google Photos.[10]

Applications
Facebook uses individual facial recognition templates to find photos that an individual is in so they
can review, engage, or share the content. DeepFace protects individuals from impersonation or
identity theft. Take, for example, an instance where an individual used someone's profile photo as
their own. Through DeepFace, Facebook can identify and alert the person whose information is
being misused.[11] To ensure that individuals have control over their facial recognition, Facebook
does not share facial templates. Additionally, Facebook will remove images from facial recognition
templates if someone has deleted their account or untagged themself from a photo. Individuals
also have the ability to turn their facial recognition off on Facebook. If the feature is turned off,
Facebook will cease facial recognition for that individual.

Following the release of DeepFace in 2015, its uses have remained fairly stagnant. Because more
individuals have uploaded images to Facebook, the algorithm has gotten more accurate.
Facebook's DeepFace is the largest facial recognition dataset that currently exists. Because of this,
some individuals argue that Facebook's facial ID database could be distributed to government
agencies.[12] These uses, however, would be prohibited by most data privacy laws. In response to
privacy concerns, Facebook removed their automatic facial recognition feature – allowing
individuals to opt in to tagging through DeepFace. This change was implemented in 2019.

Architecture
The DeepFace system consists of four modules: 2D alignment, 3D alignment, frontalization, and
neural network. An image of a face is passed through them in sequence, resulting in a 4096-
dimensional feature vector representing the face. The feature vector can then be further processed
for many different tasks. For example, to identify the face, one can compare it against a list of
feature vectors of known faces, and identify the face with the most similar feature vector.

DeepFace uses fiducial point detectors based on existing databases to direct the alignment of faces.
The facial alignment begins with a 2D alignment, and then continues with 3D alignment and
frontalization. That is, DeepFace's process is two steps. First, it corrects the angles of an image so
that the face in the photo is looking forward. To accomplish this, it uses a 3-D model of a face.[13]

2D alignment

The 2D alignment module detects 6 fiducial points on the detected face — the center of the eyes, tip
of the nose and mouth location. These points are translated onto a warped image to help detect the
face. However, 2D transformation fails to compensate for rotations that are out of place.

3D alignment

In order to align faces, DeepFace uses a generic 3D model wherein 2D images are cropped as 3D
versions. The 3D image has 67 fiducial points. After the image has been warped, there are 67
anchor points manually placed on the image to match the 67 fiducial points. A 3D-to-2D camera is
then fitted that minimizes losses. Because 3D detected points on the contour of the face can be
inaccurate, this step is important.

Frontalization

Because full perspective projections are not modeled, the fitted camera is only an approximation of
the individual's actual face. To reduce errors, DeepFace aims to warp the 2D images with smaller
distortions. Also, thee camera P is capable of replacing parts of the image and blending them with
their symmetrical counterparts.

Neural network

The neural network is a sequence of layers, arranged as follows: convolutional layer - max pooling -
convolutional layer - 3 locally connected layers - fully connected layer.

The input is an RGB image of the face, scaled to resolution , and the output is a real
vector of dimension 4096, being the feature vector of the face image.

In the 2014 paper,[13] an additional fully connected layer is added at the end to classify the face
image into one of 4030 possible persons that the network had seen during training time.

Reactions

Industry

AI researcher Ben Goertzel said Facebook had "pretty convincingly solved face recognition" with
the project, but said it would be incorrect to conclude that deep learning is the entire solution to
AI.

Neeraj Kumar, a researcher at the University of Washington said that Facebook's DeepFace shows
how large sets of outside data can result in a "higher capacity" model. Because of Facebook's wide
access to images of individuals, their facial recognition software can perform better than other
software with much smaller data sets.[14][15]

Media

A Huffington Post piece called the technology "creepy", citing data privacy concerns, noted that
some European governments had already required Facebook to delete facial-recognition data.[16]
According to Broadcasting & Cable, both Facebook and Google had been invited by the Center for
Digital Democracy to attend a 2014 National Telecommunications and Information Administration
"stakeholder meeting" to help develop a consumer privacy Bill of Rights, but they both declined.
Broadcasting & Cable also noted that Facebook had not released any press announcements
concerning DeepFace, although their research paper had been published earlier in the month.
Slate said that DeepFace was not being publicized by Facebook because it is wary of another round
of headlines decrying DeepFace's creepiness.

Users
Many individuals fear facial recognition technology.[17][18] The technology's nearly perfect accuracy
allows social media companies to create digital profiles of millions of Americans.[19] However, an
individual's fear of facial recognition and other privacy concerns does not correspond to a decrease
in social media use. Instead, attitudes towards privacy and privacy settings do not have a large
impact on an individual's intention to use Facebook apps.[20][21][22] Because Facebook is a social
media site, individual fears about privacy get over ruled by a desire to participate in social
media.[23]

Privacy concerns

BIPA lawsuit

Facebook users raised a class action lawsuit against Facebook under Illinois Biometric Information
Privacy Act (BIPA).[24] Illinois has the most comprehensive biometric privacy legislation,
regulating the collection of biometric information by commercial entities.[25] Illinois' BIPA
requires a corporation that obtains a person's biometric information to obtain a written release,
provide them notice that their information is being collected, and state the duration the
information will be collected. The lawsuit raised against DeepFace alleges that Facebook's
collection of facial identification information for the purpose of the tag suggestion tool violates
BIPA.[26] Because Facebook does not give notice or consent to individuals when they use this tool,
Facebook users argue that it violates BIPA.[27] The Ninth Circuit denied Facebook's motion to
dismiss the case and ultimately certified the case. Facebook sought to appeal to the certification of
the Ninth Circuit decision which was ultimately granted. Facebook claims that the case should not
have been verified because Plaintiffs have no alleged any harm beyond Facebook's violation of
BIPA. Facebook removed their automatic facial recognition tagging feature in 2019, in response to
the concerns raised in the lawsuit.[28] Facebook proposed a $550 million settlement to the case,
which was rejected. When Facebook increased the settlement to $650 million, the court accepted
it. Facebook was ordered to pay their $650 million settlement in early March 2021. 1.6 million
residents of Illinois will receive at least $345.[29]

In July 2020, Facebook announced that it is building teams that will look into racism in its
algorithms.[30] Facebook's teams will work with Facebook's Responsible AI team to study bias in
their systems. The implementation of these programs is recent, and it is still unclear what reforms
will be made.[31]

Ten-year challenge

In 2019, a Facebook challenge went viral asking users to post a photo from 10 years ago and one
from 2019. The challenge was coined the "10 Year challenge." More than 5 million people
participated in the challenge, including many celebrities. Worry arose that Facebook's 10 year
challenge was designed to train Facebook's facial recognition database. Kate O'Neill, a writer for
Wired, wrote an op-ed that echoed this possibility.[32] Facebook denied that they played a role in
generating the challenge.[33] However, individuals have argued that the concerns that underscore
theories around the 10 year challenge are echoed by broader concerns about Facebook and the
right to privacy.[34]

Racism in facial identification technology

Facial recognition algorithms are not universally successful.[35] While the algorithms are capable
of classifying faces with over 90% accuracy in some cases, accuracy is lower when the algorithms
are pled to women, black individuals, and young people.[36] The systems falsely identify black and
Asian faces 10 to 100 times more than they do with white faces.[37] Because algorithms are
primarily trained with white men, systems like DeepFace have a more difficult time identifying
them.[38] It is projected that once facial recognition data bases are trained to identify people of
color — exposing them to more diverse faces — they will be more successful at identification.[39]

See also
Criticism of Facebook
Biometric Information Privacy Act

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Further reading
Taigman, Yaniv; Yang, Ming; Ranzato, Marc'Aurelio; Wolf, Lior (June 24, 2014), "DeepFace:
Closing the Gap to Human-Level Performance in Face Verification" (https://research.facebook.
com/publications/480567225376225/deepface-closing-the-gap-to-human-level-performance-in-
face-verification/), Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Facebook
Research Group
Bohannon, John (5 February 2015), "Facebook will soon be able to ID you in any photo" (http
s://www.science.org/content/article/facebook-will-soon-be-able-id-you-any-photo), Science
(website), American Association for the Advancement of Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaa7804
(https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaa7804)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DeepFace&oldid=1198971498"