Lec Note - Research

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Introduction
Searching it again and again means Re-search. It is an act of studying

something carefully and extensively in order to acquire deep
knowledge in the same. Research is the creation of new knowledge
and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new or creative way so as
to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.
Research is an art of scientific investigation. There are several forms
of research such as scientific, artistic, economic, social, business,
marketing, life, technological etc. For being successful, research
should be systematic, arranged, summarized and recorded properly.
Definition of research
Research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for

the advancement of knowledge. According to Waltz and Bansell, “
Research is a systematic, formal, rigorous and precise process
employed to gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret
new facts and relationships ”.
Another definition of research is given by Creswell: “ Research is a
process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase
our understanding of a topic or issue ”. It consist of three steps such
as - 2. Collect data
1. Pose a
to answer the
question
question
3. Present an
answer to the
question
Characteristics of research
The characteristics of research are as follows -
Originates with a question or problem
Requires clear articulation of a goal
Follows a specific plan or procedure
Often divides main problem into sub

problems
Accepts certain critical assumptions
Requires collection and interpretation of data

Steps for making a good research
Steps are as follows -
1 Raising a question 2 Suggest hypothesis 3 Literature review

4
Data analysis 6 Acquire data 5 Literature evaluation
Data interpretation 8 Hypothesis support

Steps in conducting research
 Identification of research problem.

 Literature review.
 Specifying the purpose of research.
 Determining specific research questions.
 Specification of a conceptual framework.
 Choice of a methodology.
 Data collection.
 Verifying data.
 Analyzing and interpreting the data.
 Reporting and evaluating research.
 Communicating the research findings and possibly recommendations.
Research process
Scientific research involves a systematic process that focuses on
being objective and gathering a multitude of information for analysis
so that the researcher can come to a conclusion. Research process
steps are as follows –
Step 1 Identify the problem
Review the literature Step 2
Step 3 Clarify the problem
Clearly define terms and concepts Step 4
Step 5 Define the population
Develop the instrumentation plan Step 6
Step 7 Collect data.
Analyze the data. Step 8

Types of research
Research can be classified in many different ways on the basis of the

methodology of research, the knowledge it creates, the user group, the
research problem it investigates etc. Major types of research are -
Applied Quantitative Qualitative
Basic research
research research research
(Enhancement of
(To solve (Numeric figures (Gather non-
knowledge)
problem) or numbers) numerical data)
Problem Problem
oriented solving
research research
Objectives of research
Research objectives should be relevant, feasible, logical, observable,
unequivocal & measurable. The objectives of research are as follows -
To identify areas where research evidence could make
O the most difference
B
J To ensure the existing research evidence used optimally
E To establish new research to contribute to program planning
C and evaluation
T
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables
I
V To identify the influencing factor or determinations
E
S To test the significance and validity and reliability of the
research
Significance of research
To gather necessary information: Provides all necessary information
in the field of work, study or operation before the beginning of the
work.
In business decisions: Research has its special significance in solving
various operational and planning problems of business and industry.
For social life: Important for social scientists in studying social
relationships and in seeking answers to various social problems.
In the field of economics: Provides the basis for nearly all
government policies in our economic system.
For a safer life: Research has made ground breaking discoveries and
development in the field of health, nutrition, food technology and
medicine.
To know the truth: Research is needed to investigate and expose
these and bring out the truth.
To make changes : Sometimes, there are in-built problems in a process or a
project that is hard to discover & a demand for changing & sometimes is
successful in producing changes as well.
Explore our history : Provide information about how things will shape up
in years to come & how we need to respect our planet & work closely
together to stop global warming & other scenarios of destruction.
Understanding art : This helps us in understanding the work of artist in
literature, paintings, sculptures & everything that can be attributed with
artistic touch.
In practical life : Solving problems on population explosion, drug
addiction, juvenile delinquency & the like. Research also develops &
evaluates methods that test concepts, practices & theories.
Importance of knowing how research is done
The importance of knowing the methodology of research or how

research is done stems from the following considerations -
For one who is preparing himself for a career of carrying out research,
the importance of knowing research methodology and research
techniques is obvious since the same constitutes the tools of his trade
Knowledge of how to do research will inculcate the ability to evaluate

and use research results with reasonable confidence
When one knows how research is done, then one may have the
satisfaction of acquiring a new intellectual tool which can become a way
of looking at the world and of judging every day experience
The knowledge of methodology helps the consumer of research results

to evaluate them and enables him to take rational decisions
Research approach
Research approach is a plan and procedure that consists of the steps of
broad assumptions to detailed method of data collection, analysis and
interpretation.
Research approach can be divided into three types –
1. Deductive research approach 2. Inductive research approach
3. Abductive research approach

Criteria for good research
Scientific research is expected to satisfy the following criteria –
 The aim of the research should be clearly mentioned, along with the
use of common concepts.
 The research procedural design should be carefully planned to obtain
results.
 The data analysis should be adequate to reveal its significance.
 The method used during the analysis should be appropriate.
 The reliability and validity of the concerned data should be checked
carefully.
 The conclusions are needed to be confined and limited to only those
data, which are justified and adequately provided by the research.
In other words, we can state the qualities of a good research as following
-
1. Systematic 2. Logical 3. Empirical 4. Replicable
Conclusion
Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem,

concern or issue using the scientific method. It is an art as well as
science of investigation. It is a part and parcel of human knowledge.
Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and
evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions and at
last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit for
the formulating hypothesis.
Thank you all for cooperating so much
THE END

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M‡elYvi cÖ¯w‘ Z

Searching it again and again means Re-search. It is an act of studying

Research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for

Originates with a question or problem

Requires clear articulation of a goal

Follows a specific plan or procedure

Often divides main problem into sub

Accepts certain critical assumptions

Requires collection and interpretation of data

Steps are as follows -

1 Raising a question 2 Suggest hypothesis 3 Literature review

Data analysis 6 Acquire data 5 Literature evaluation

Data interpretation 8 Hypothesis support

 Identification of research problem.

Review the literature Step 2

Step 3 Clarify the problem

Clearly define terms and concepts Step 4

Step 5 Define the population

Develop the instrumentation plan Step 6

Step 7 Collect data.

Analyze the data. Step 8

Research can be classified in many different ways on the basis of the

The importance of knowing the methodology of research or how

Knowledge of how to do research will inculcate the ability to evaluate

The knowledge of methodology helps the consumer of research results

1. Deductive research approach 2. Inductive research approach

3. Abductive research approach

Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem,

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