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Assessment of The Various Type of Mangrove Areas by Avifaunal Diversity and

Community in Tamban Beach, Sumbermanjing Wetan, East Java

Article · November 2021

DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2021.009.03.06

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BIOTROPIKA Journal of Tropical Biology

https://biotropika.ub.ac.id/
Vol. 9 | No. 3 | 2021 | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2021.009.03.06
ASSESSMENT OF THE VARIOUS TYPE OF MANGROVE AREAS BY AVIFAUNAL
DIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY IN TAMBAN BEACH, SUMBERMANJING
WETAN, EAST JAVA

PENILAIAN VARIASI TIPE AREA MANGROVE OLEH DIVERSITAS DAN STRUKTUR

KOMUNITAS AVIFAUNA DI PANTAI TAMBAN, SUMBERMANJING WETAN, JAWA
TIMUR
Agus Nurrofik1), Achmad Dadang Burhanuddin1), Lutfita Fitriana1), Luchman Hakim1), Nia Kurniawan1)*

Received : August, 7 2021 ABSTRACT

The restoration effort in Tamban Beach may reflect the role services of mangroves as
Accepted : October, 4 2021 suitable habitats for those surrounding diversity, especially on avifauna. Here we assess
the diversity and community of avifaunal throughout types of mangrove ecosystems. We
surveyed the avifaunal within four stations (i.e., natural mangrove area, restored
mangrove area since 2009 and 2014, and degraded mangrove area) in Tamban Beach,
Authors affiliation: Sumbermanjing Wetan, East Java during March 2021 using Audiovisual Encounter
1) Department of Biology, Faculty Survey (AES) methods. We present the statistic descriptive analysis of α-diversity index
of Mathematics and Natural (taxa diversity, dominance index, Simpson’s index, Evenness, Shannon-Wiener diversity
Sciences, Universitas index, Brillouin index, and Margalef species richness) as diversity assessment also
Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia conservation status of each species. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was
performed to investigate the community variation within each site. We found 38 species
from 22 families and 11 orders of avifaunal across the sites. The diversity of avifauna
Correspondence email: was high in a degraded area due to the mixture of habitats, although the natural and
restored area yields some specialists. The type of mangroves might not be the sole factor
*[email protected] affecting the avifauna diversity correlation, highlighting the importance of conservation
strategies in the area.

Keywords: habitat assessment, avifaunal diversity and community, Malang, mangrove

ecosystem

ABSTRAK
Upaya restorasi di Pantai Tamban dapat mencerminkan pentingnya peran hutan
mangrove sebagai habitat yang cocok untuk keragaman hayati sekitarnya, khusunya
avifauna. Disini kami menilai diversitas dan komunitas avifaunal pada tipe mangrove
dalam kawasan. Survei avifauna dilakukan di empat stasiun (area mangrove alami, area
mangrove yang direstorasi sejak 2009 dan 2014, dan mangrove yang terdegradasi) di
Pantai Tamban, Sumbermanjing Wetan, Jawa Timur selama Maret 2021 menggunakan
metode Audiovisual Encounter Survei (AES). Kami menyajikan analisis statistik
deskriptif berdasarkan indikasi α-diversity (keragaman taksa, indeks dominasi, indeks
Simpson, Kemerataan, indeks Shannon-Weiner, indeks Brillouin, dan kekayaan spesies
Margalef) sebagai parameter penilaian diversitas avifauna beserta status konservasi tiap
How to cite: spesies avifauna yang ditemukan. Principal Componen Analysis (PCA) juga kami
Nurrofik A, AD Burhanuddin, L gunakan untuk menyelidiki variasi komunitas pada tiap stasiun. Kami menemukan total
Fitriana, L Hakim, N Kurniawan. 38 spesies dari 22 famili dan 11 ordo avifauna di seluruh lokasi. Diversitas avifauna
2021. Assessment of the various tertinggi terdapat pada kawasan terdegradasi dengan tipe ekosistem heterogen, meski
type of mangrove areas by pada zona mangrove natural dan restorasi terdapat beberapa spesialis. Tipe mangrove
avifaunal diversity and mungkin bukan menjadi faktor utama yang mempengaruhi korelasi keragaman avifauna
community in Tamban beach, dan tipe habitatnya sehingga perlu menyoroti pentingnya strategi konservasi di daerah
tersebut.
Sumbermanjing Wetan, East Java.
Journal of Tropical Biology 9 (3): Kata kunci: penilaian habitat, diversitas dan komunitas avifauna, Malang, ekosistem
218-228. mangrove

INTRODUCTION abrasion [2]. The county’s record of mangrove

area covers around 3.36 million hectares in 2017
Mangroves ecosystem takes up to 31% of
[3], by the proportion of 22.6% of the world's total
coastal area in Indonesia [1], which plays a crucial
mangrove ecosystem [4]. However, the occurrence
role in preserving the coastal biome and provides
of human disturbances as impact by population
ecological services such as carbon sequestration,
growth imposes a significant impact on the
biomass stock, and protection from coastal
mangrove ecosystem [5]. The prominent threat is

218 Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology | Vol. 9 No. 3 | 2021

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alteration into agricultures, fishponds, and human restoration [10]. Therefore, to assess the avifauna
settlement, which slowly but significantly community, we conduct the comparison across the
degraded the mangrove's covered area [6]. In Java type of mangroves plot in the study location
island, the mangrove lost around 800.000 hectares divided into natural, restored, and degraded areas.
in three decades [7], while in East Java Province, We also aim to report, compare, and evaluate the
the mangrove lost around 38.100 hectares in diversity of avifauna across various mangrove
periods 1991-2019 [8]. This serious problem not habitats. We hope that the results can be used as the
only threatens livelihood but also impacts the baseline data to support future habitat
surrounding community of biodiversity in the management. Also, it can assist to be an example
mangroves [9]. Hence, to mitigate the effect of the of study preferences, especially in East Java.
problems, local public awareness has been
conducted for several movements of rehabilitation METHODS
and restoration of the remaining mangroves Study area. The survey at Tamban Beach was
ecosystem [10]. In East Java province, it was conducted on the coastal mangrove ecosystem of
recorded in Delta Porong, Sidoarjo Region [11], the GPMC area, Tambakrejo village,
Clungup Beach, and Tamban Beach, Malang Sumbermanjing Wetan subdistrict, East Java. Four
Region [12]. stations were selected as the representative sites,
Tamban Beach is one of the rehabilitation sites including (1) natural mangrove area, (2) restored
of the threatened mangrove ecosystem in East Java mangrove area since 2009, (3) restored mangrove
Province. It is located in Malang along the area since 2014, (4) degraded area (Figure 1).
northeast of the Sempu Island Nature Reserve. Natural mangroves were a reference site of 1.71
Recent studies have been carried on tourism hectares wide and habitus of mangrove trees
development [13], and the detail of its mangrove including Sonneratia alba, Ceriops tagal, and
ecosystem is observed by Harahab & Setiawan Avicennia alba. The restored mangrove area since
[12]. Formerly, the remaining mangrove 2009 was located near site 1, at the end of an
ecosystem as natural sites in Tamban Beach was estuary covering an area of 0.88 hectares,
only 15 hectares as the effect of massive habitat dominated by the mangrove species of Bruguiera
alteration. The periodical mangrove restoration sp. The restored mangrove area since 2014 was
programs, first implemented in 2006 around the located on the west side of the river banks, slightly
areas, then developed into 50 hectares of intersecting with the agricultural, 0.67 hectares
rehabilitated area in our survey. The restoration wide, and dominated by mangrove species of
program was conducted by a local civilization Xylocarpus sp. The degraded area was a mixture of
belonging to Kelompok Sadar Wisata mangrove forests and lowland forests, covering an
(POKDARWIS), changed into Gunung Pithing area of 2.66 hectares, but later was converted into
Mangrove Conservation (GPMC) as office a banana plantation and composed of several
manager of this area. They applied periodical sites remaining canopy trees such as Ficus retusa
restoration (held in 2009 and 2014) to control the (Iprik), Corypha utan (Gebang), and Inocarpus
mangrove growth as succession effect easier. By fagiferus (Gayam). Each of the habitats was shown
the type of periodical site, each mangrove site may in Figure 2.
serve its ecology roles and type of association, Field survey and species identification. Field
which is poorly understood. Therefore, it needs to surveys were conducted audiovisually during
be assessed using by type of surrounding March 2021 for two consecutive days for each
community, such as avifauna diversity. observation station. Surveys were started from
The avifauna diversity has been used as a 06.00–10.00 AM using the Audiovisual Encounter
bioindicator across various habitats, such as Survey (AES) method around the study area [18].
mangroves [14]. So far, about 170 species of The observation was supported by binocular
avifauna are known in Indonesia, which depend on (Binocular Swift 10x50D), tele-camera (Nikon
mangrove ecosystems [5]. Mangroves provided Coolpix B600), while the audio was recorded using
environmental services for avifauna, including an audio recorder (Sony ICD-PX240). In addition,
shelters, foraging, and breeding site [15]. In we identified avifauna observed using field guide
addition, mangroves also facilitated the hiding and books [19, 20], and vocalization was confirmed
perching place [16], especially for the niches of using the Avian vocal database Xenocanto [21].
water birds and arboreal bird families [17]. For Data analysis. We categorized the taxa by the
mangrove restoration efforts, the avifauna presence/absence in each of the stations. We
parameter assessment such as species diversity, followed the conservation status of the
abundance, families community structure, and International Union for Conservation of Nature
specialization roles could be the key factors to (IUCN) [22] and nationally protected species under
monitor the success of long-term mangrove Permen LHK No.106 [23].

Nurrofik et al. 219

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Figure 1. Map showing the observed stations in Tamban Beach, Sumbermanjing Wetan, East Java

Figure 2. Habitat condition of each station in Tambang beach: A) Natural mangrove area, B) Restored
mangrove area since 2009, C) Restored mangrove area since 2014, D) Degraded area.

We analyzed the community by the descriptive Below is the formula used to α-diversity index
statistic of an α-diversity index, including taxa analysis:
diversity, dominance index, Simpson’s index (D), 1. Simpson’s Dominance Index [25]
Evenness, Shannon-Wiener Diversity index (H’), 𝑛𝑖 2
Brillouin index (Ḣ), Margalef species richness (d) 𝐷𝑖 = ∑ ( )
𝑁
[24]. In addition, we used Principal Component 𝑖
where: Di = Dominance Index
Analysis (PCA) in PAST 4.07 software to
ni = number of individual each species
investigate the community variation within each
N = Total number from all species
station using the avifaunal composition.

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2. Simpson’s Diversity Index [25] while C. nigrorufus had a preference for insects,
𝐷 = 1 − 𝐷𝑖 prey, and small vertebrates [15]. Other species,
including F. mollucensis, C. leucopterus, and R.
3. Buzas-Gibson’s Evenness [26] javanica (Figures 3A, 3J, and 3K), were also listed
𝐸 = 𝑒 𝐻 /𝑆 in Permen LHK No.106, although their
conservation status by IUCN was stated as Least
where: E = Buzas-Gibson’s Evenness Concern.
eH = Logarithm base for Shannon-Wiener The species richness by Table 1 showed in the
index natural mangrove area were 13 species, restored
S = Species richness mangrove area since 2009 were 16 species,
restored mangrove area since 2014, 20 species, and
4. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index [27] 24 species from degraded mangrove, respectively.
𝐻′ = −∑𝑛𝑖. 𝑁 −1 . ln (𝑛𝑖. 𝑁 −1 ) The circumstances of the degraded mangrove area
by species richness showing the highest avian
where: H’ = Shannon-Wiener Index diversity might be due to the heterogeneous habitat
ni = number of individual each species (i.e., a transition of mangrove habitat and the
N = Total number from all species mixture of lowland forests). This condition might
support the high diversity of both generalist and
5. Brillouin’s Index [28] specialist avifauna, including the complexity of
insect diversity as their main prey [16]. In
Ḣ = (ln(N!) − ln ∑ 𝑙𝑛𝑖 (n!))/𝑁
terrestrial landscapes, the pattern of heterogeneous
𝑖
where: Ḣ = Brillouin’s Index habitat was related to the improvement of the
N! = Total number from all species diversity of microhabitat that suits avifauna [30].
n = Total of individual numbers by the Even though the habitat has been degraded, the
sample existence of canopy tree remains still provided
ecological corridors as well as the feeding ground
6. Margalef’s Species Index [29] for most avifauna [31]. While, in natural and
𝑆−1 restored mangroves, the lower species richness
d= might be influenced by selective niches integrated
ln (𝑛) by the type due to the food webs [32].
where: d = Margalef’s Species Index
Based on Table 2, all site conditions were
S = Total number of Species
reflected by the relative abundance of the avifauna
n = Total of individual numbers by the
community, which was reflected by α-diversity
sample indices. Four sites had scores ranging from 0.80-
0.89 for Simpson’s Diversity Index, and Evenness
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION indices ranged 0.71-0.91, which serve good quality
(Table 2). This condition was also related to the
Avifaunal diversity and community. A total dominance value, which showed a low score.
of 254 individuals from 38 species, 22 families, Those parameters generally showed the abundance
and 11 orders were recorded in Tamban Beach of prey, low competition, and species inhabiting
(Table 1). This species diversity included 22% their specific niche [16]. The avian quality by
avifauna in mangrove areas in Java compared by Shannon-Wiener, Blirrouin, and Margalef index
[5] and consisted of 35% avifauna species of showed low until moderate biodiversity value. The
Sempu Island [19]. The documentation of species low scores were shown by natural mangroves and
represented for each family was shown in Figure 3. restored areas from 2009, while moderate scores
Based on the IUCN conservation status [22], 36 showed by restored mangroves from 2014 and
species were considered as Least Concern. degraded areas. Those biodiversity indexing
Moreover, one species was categorized as Near parameters' quality depended on the actual
Threatened (L. pusillus) (Figure 3B), and one condition of the avifaunal community at each site
species was categorized as Vulnerable (C. at certain times, which longer duration of research
nigrorufus) (Figure 3E). Both species were was needed [18]. The latest consensus by the scores
endemic Java–Bali and listed as nationally revealed the urgency of sustaining and improving
protected species under Permen LHK No.106. L. the habitat quality to support avifaunal community
pusillus served as a seed-dispersing agent [23], and diversity [33].

Nurrofik et al. 221

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Figure 3. Avifaunal species represented for each family in Tamban Beach, Sumbermanjing Wetan, East Java:
A) F. mollucensis [Falconidae]; B) L. pusillus [Psittacidae]; C) G. striata [Columdidae]; D) D. trochileum
[Dicaeidae]; E) C. nigrorufus [Cuculidae]; F) A. phoenicurus [Ralliade]; G) L. punctulata [Estrildidae]; H) A.
tiphia [Aegithinidae]; I) C. jugularis [Nectariniidae]; J). C. leucopterus [Lariidae]; K) R. javanica
[Rhipiduridae]; L) P. mollucensis [Picidae]; M) P. haemocephalus [Capitonidae]; N) P. cinnamomeus
[Campephagiade]; O) T. chloris [Alcedinidae]; P) O. sepium [Cisticolidae]; Q) A. leucoryn [Artamidae]; R)
H. striolata [Hirundinidae]; S) T. nebularia [Scolopacidae]; T) C. linchi [Apodidae]; U) P. goiavier
[Pycnonotidae]; V) A. speciosa [Ardeidae]

Composition of avifauna’s family across a Estrildidae, Lariidae, and Rhipiduridae. The

variety of mangrove habitats. The result of PCA positive correlation of some avian families and
reflected 85.5% information of composition and their particular habitat, such as natural and restored
complexity based on the avifauna family mangroves, constituted a reference site supporting
demonstrated to the ecosystem services to the each family's roles [30]. Also, by utilization
avifauna's life by all sites, shown by PC 1 and PC patterns in study sites, both accessible habitats
2 (Figure 4). The 2009 restored area showed might serve different sources for those families to
similarities to natural mangroves, which strongly feed and breed [34], except for Apodidae, which
correlated to Alcedinidae, Scolopacidae, and was used only as a feeding place, by its character
Apodidae families due to proximity habitat. [15].
Alcedinidae and Scolopacidae were specialist The family composition in the 2014 restored
families in mangrove areas as fish eaters, area showed a positive correlation by
crustaceans, and bivalves, while Apodidae had a Campephagidae, Hirundinidae, Columbidae,
general function as aerial insect eaters [15]. In Ardeidae, and Rallidae. Its abundance might be
addition, both stations were also positively affected by the type of adjacent habitat
correlated with the families Nectariniidae, (Agricultural area covers rice fields and coconut

222 Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology | Vol. 9 No. 3 | 2021

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groves) from the 2014 restored area. The adjacent In the degraded area, the family of terrestrial
habitat could support specific food resources for avifauna such Falconidae, Aegithinidae,
avifauna’s family [35]. Agricultures type, such as Cuculidae, Capitonidae, Psittacidae, Artamidae,
coconut groves, had a huge amount of arboreal Cisticolidae, Pycnonotidae, and Dicaeidae was
insects [36] potentially to feed insectivorous positively correlated. Its richness may be supposed
avifauna, while the rice field as artificial wetlands by the heterogeneity proportion, such mangroves
might be worked as foraging sites for carnivorous and lowland forest, assumed the lowland forest
and granivorous avifauna [34]. In the study, we mostly covered than the mangroves area in the past.
found restored mangroves from 2014, as a recovery The heterogeneous area consisted of more
zone, just provided a shelter for perching and vegetation mosaic, such as scrubs, bushes,
hiding places for those families. Therefore, we mangroves, and dense tree vegetation to attract
assumed it might also be influenced by the more avifaunas families [32]. By the time of
domination of single species by type of restored degradation occurrence, the entire family in the
mangroves. By the time, the services of the degraded site presented an adaptation to respond to
restoration zone potentially increased as a habitat change [17]. They might be adapted by
succession effect [37]. To maximize it, the support opened areas, potentially provided a location for
of mangrove-associated vegetation further was grooming and hunting [16].
needed. Thus, the effect of succession would raise
the avifauna's ecological communities [5].

Figure 4. PCA diagram showing the variation of avifaunal family in Tamban Beach, Sumbermanjing Wetan,
East Java

Table 2. Score of α-diversity parameters each site in Tamban Beach, Sumbermanjing Wetan, East Java
Natural Restored mangrove Restored mangrove Degraded
Parameters
mangrove area areas 2009 areas 2014 area
Family richness 9 9 10 14
Individu 55 77 64 68
Dominance (Di) 0.1987 0.1746 0.1187 0.1029
Simpson Index 0.8013 0.8254 0.8813 0.8971
(D)
Evenness 0.7167 0.7521 0.9093 0.8077
Shannon-Wiener 1.864 1.912 2.207 2.426
(H’)
Brillouin (Ḣ) 1.642 1.738 1.971 2.138
Margalef (d) 1.996 1.842 2.164 3.081

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The implication of restoration for avifauna ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
conservation. Overall, the avifauna’s family
We are grateful to Mr. Edi Sulaksono from the
presence by all sites, besides the vegetation
Gunung Pithing Mangrove Conservation (GPMC),
condition, was easily influenced by the abiotic
who provided a great assist in field survey and data
factors [30]. Natural coastal climatic conditions
collection. We thank the Tamban Beach survey
(strong wind and big waves), temperatures,
team and colleagues for their help and suggestions
salinity, and humidity could be impacted the
during the studies. We thank L. Septiadi
avifauna’s occurrence [32]. Besides that,
(Chulalongkorn University, Thailand), M. Fathoni
anthropogenic factors such as fragmentation,
(Animal Diversity Laboratory, Universitas
deforestation, pollution, garbages, noises, and
Brawijaya), and Riri Retnaningtyas (Arkansas
poaches also impacted avifaunas distribution,
University) in reviewing our initial version of the
which may also be related to the decline of its
manuscript.
habitat [38]. Hence, to reduce the risk of avifauna's
absence and habitat loss in study location, the
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Table 1. List of avifaunal species in Tamban Beach, Sumbermanjing Wetan, East Java by family, species, conservation status (International Union for the Conservation
Nature [IUCN]: LC—Least Concern, NT—Near Threatened, Vu—Vulnerable; and list of species under national protected law [Permen LHK No. 106]: NP—Non-
Protected, P—Protected)

No. 106
P LHK
Sites

IUCN
Family Scientific Name
Natural mangrove area Restored mangrove area 2009 Restored mangrove area 2014 Degraded area
Geopelia striata LC NP √ √
Columbidae Treron grisericauda LC NP √
Streptopelia chinensis LC NP √ √
Halcyon cyanoventris LC NP √
Alcedinidae Todiramphus chloris LC NP √ √ √ √
Alcedo coerulescens LC NP √ √ √
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus LC NP √
Ardeola speciosa LC NP √ √ √
Ardeidae
Butorides striata LC NP √ √
Egretta sacra LC NP √ √ √
Rallidae Amaurornis phoenicurus LC NP √
Laridae Childonias leucopterus LC P √
Tringa nebularia LC NP √
Scolopacidae
Actitis hypoleucos LC NP √ √
Lonchura maja LC NP √ √
Estrildidae Lonchura leucogastroides LC NP √ √
Lonchura punctulata LC NP √ √ √
Anthreptes malacensis LC NP √ √ √
Nectarinidae
Cinnyris jugularis LC NP √ √ √
Orthotomus sepium LC NP √ √
Cisticolidae
Orthotomus sutorius LC NP √ √ √ √
Pycnonotus aurigaster LC NP √ √ √ √
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotus goiavier LC NP √ √ √ √
Dicaeidae Dicaeum trochileum LC NP √
Aegithinidae Aegithina tiphia LC NP √ √
Artamidae Artamus leucoryn LC NP √
Hirundinidae Hirundo striata LC NP √
Rhipiduridae Rhipidura javanica LC P √
Campephagidae Pericrocotus cinnamomeus LC NP √
Apus pacificus LC NP √
Apodidae
Collocalia linchi LC NP √ √ √ √
Psilopogon australis LC NP √
Capitonidae
Psilopogon haemacephalus LC NP √

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No. 106
P LHK
Sites

IUCN
Family Scientific Name
Natural mangrove area Restored mangrove area 2009 Restored mangrove area 2014 Degraded area
Picidae Picoides moluccensis LC NP √
Psittacidae Loriculus pusillus NT P √
Centropus nigrorufus VU P √
Cuculidae
Cacomantis merulinus LC NP √
Falconidae Falco moluccensis LC P √

228 Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology | Vol. 9 No. 3 | 2021

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