Sultana P.

Rahman
Chem 1052 7-232

Prelaboratory Assignment

1. What apparatus is commonly used for extraction? What is the proper technique of
handling them?
A separatory funnel is commonly used for extraction.
Before use:
1. Inspect the funnel for cracks, chips, or leaks. Never use a damaged
funnel.
2. Grease the stopcock lightly with silicone grease to ensure smooth
operation and prevent leaks.
3. Secure the funnel in a clamp with the stopcock facing away from you.
Adding liquids:
1. Never fill the funnel past ⅔ of its capacity to allow room for mixing and
pressure buildup.
2. Add the heavier liquid first, followed by the lighter liquid. Ensure good
separation before proceeding.
Mixing:
1. Close the stopcock and stopper firmly.
2. Invert the funnel gently and hold the stopper securely.
3. Shake the funnel carefully to mix the liquids, avoiding vigorous shaking
that can create emulsions.
4. Vent the pressure regularly by carefully opening the stopcock
momentarily, pointing it away from yourself and others.
Separation:
1. Place the funnel in the clamp and allow the layers to separate completely.
This may take time, depending on the liquids involved.
2. Open the stopcock slowly and carefully to drain the lower layer into a
suitable container.
3. Control the flow rate to avoid disturbing the upper layer.
4. Repeat the draining process for the upper layer.
5. Clean the funnel thoroughly with appropriate solvents and water after use.
Additional safety tips:
1. Wear gloves and safety glasses at all times while handling the funnel.
2. Work in a well-ventilated fume hood when using volatile or hazardous
solvents.
3. Dispose of waste liquids responsibly according to their properties and
safety regulations.
4. Never force the stopcock if it's stuck. Seek help to avoid breakage.
5. Be aware of the potential for pressure buildup and release it safely
through venting.
6. Never heat a separatory funnel unless specifically designed for it.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using ether as an extraction
solvent?
Advantages of using ether as an extraction solvent:
● Good solvent for many organic compounds: Ether effectively dissolves a wide
range of non-polar compounds, making it suitable for extracting various materials
from their sources.
● Low boiling point: This allows for easy removal of the solvent from the
extracted product through evaporation at moderate temperatures, minimizing
potential thermal degradation of sensitive compounds.
● Immiscible with water: This facilitates easy separation of the organic extract
from aqueous phases, simplifying the purification process.
● Good volatility: Ether evaporates quickly, making it convenient for concentrating
the extract.
● Can be redistilled: Ether can be readily purified after use for further extractions,
reducing waste and costs.
Disadvantages of using ether:
● Highly flammable: Ether vapors readily ignite, posing a significant fire hazard.
Extreme caution is required during handling and storage.
● Volatile and odorous: The strong vapors can be irritating and potentially
intoxicating, requiring proper ventilation and personal protective equipment.
● Health risks: Chronic exposure to ether can have adverse health effects,
including neurological damage and respiratory issues.
● Not environmentally friendly: Ether emissions contribute to smog formation
and pose environmental concerns.
● Explosive potential: Under certain conditions, particularly presence of
peroxides, ether can form explosive peroxides, necessitating proper storage and
handling procedures.
● Restricted and regulated: Due to its safety concerns, ether is subject to various
regulations and restrictions, increasing its handling complexity.

3. What is the structure of crystal violet and amyl alcohol?

C25N3H30Cl
 4-{Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium
chloride.

C5H12O
1-pentanol
or normal amyl alcohol

4. Determine the solubility of crystal violet in water and in alcohol.

Water:
● Solubility of crystal violet in water is 4 grams per liter (g/L) at 25°C. This means you can
dissolve 4 grams of crystal violet in 1 liter of water at room temperature.
● It's considered moderately soluble in water due to its ionic nature. The positively charged
nitrogen atom interacts with the polar water molecules to some extent, but the large
hydrocarbon structure limits its overall water solubility.
Alcohol:
● Crystal violet is much more soluble in alcohol than in water. Unfortunately, precise values
can vary depending on the specific alcohol type. Here's an overview:
● Ethanol: Solubility can be as high as 10% to 20% (w/v), meaning you can dissolve up to
20 grams of crystal violet in 100 ml of ethanol.
● Methanol: Similar to ethanol, solubility can be around 10% to 20% (w/v).
● Amyl alcohol: Solubility may be lower than ethanol or methanol, potentially around 5% to
10% (w/v).
Reasons for higher solubility in alcohol:
● Alcohol molecules are also polar due to the hydroxyl group (-OH), allowing them to
interact with the charged nitrogen of crystal violet.
● However, unlike water, alcohol molecules also have a non-polar hydrocarbon chain
similar to crystal violet. This creates interactions between the non-polar regions of both
molecules, further aiding dissolution.

5. What is meant by salting-out effect?

The salting-out effect, also known as salt-induced precipitation or anti-solvent
crystallization, is a phenomenon where the solubility of a non-electrolyte solute in an
aqueous solution decreases as the concentration of an ionic solute (salt) increases. This
means that adding salt to a solution can make it harder for another substance to dissolve
in that solution.

6. Provide the MSDS of crystal violet, amyl solution, and petroleum ether.
 MSDS
Crystal Violet
Crystal violet, also known as gentian violet, is a triphenylmethane dye commonly used in
various applications like histology, textile dyeing, and pH indicators. Due to its potential health
hazards, it's crucial to handle it with caution and consult the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
before use. Here's the link to the MSDS for crystal violet from Sigma-Aldrich:
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/sds/sigma/c3886

Key points from the MSDS:

● Hazards: Crystal violet is classified as harmful if swallowed, may cause skin and eye
irritation, and is suspected of causing cancer.
● Precautionary statements: Wear appropriate PPE, avoid contact with skin, eyes, and
clothes, and wash hands thoroughly after handling.
● First-aid measures: In case of contact with skin or eyes, rinse immediately with plenty
of water. If swallowed, call a poison center or doctor.
● Fire-fighting measures: Use water spray, foam, or dry powder to extinguish fires.
● Accidental release measures: Wear PPE, clean up spills carefully, and dispose of
waste according to regulations.
● Handling and storage: Keep container tightly closed in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated
place.
● Exposure controls/personal protection: Wear gloves, safety glasses, and a lab coat
when handling crystal violet.
● Physical and chemical properties: Crystal violet is a dark green powder with a slight
metallic odor. It is soluble in water and organic solvents.
● Stability and reactivity: Crystal violet is stable under normal conditions but may
decompose on heating or burning.
● Toxicological information: Crystal violet is harmful if swallowed and may cause skin
and eye irritation. It is also suspected of causing cancer.
● Ecological information: Crystal violet is toxic to aquatic life.
● Disposal considerations: Dispose of crystal violet waste according to local regulations.

Amyl Solution
● Product Name: 1-Pentanol
● CAS Number: 71-41-0
● Synonyms: n-Amyl Alcohol, Amyl Alcohol, Pentyl Alcohol
● Molecular Formula: C₅H₁₂O
● Molecular Weight: 88.15 g/mol
● Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid with a mild alcohol odor
● Melting Point: -78 °C (-110 °F)
● Boiling Point: 138 °C (280 °F)
 ● Density: 0.814 g/mL (at 20 °C)
● Vapor Pressure: 12.3 mmHg (at 20 °C)
● Flash Point: 35 °C (95 °F)
● Autoignition Temperature: 310 °C (590 °F)
● Lower Flammability Limit: 1.4%
● Upper Flammability Limit: 8.0%
● Odor Threshold: 0.1 ppm
● Solubility in Water: 2.3% (by weight)
● Viscosity: 1.3 mPa·s (at 20 °C)
● Log Kow: 1.48
Hazards:
● Flammable liquid
● Irritant to skin, eyes, and respiratory system
● May cause central nervous system depression
● Harmful if swallowed
● Aspiration hazard
Precautionary statements:
● Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames.
● Use only in a well-ventilated area.
● Wear eye protection, gloves, and protective clothing.
● Do not breathe vapors or mists.
● Do not swallow.
● Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
First-aid measures:
● If inhaled, move person to fresh air and call a doctor if necessary.
● If on skin, wash with plenty of soap and water.
● If in eyes, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if
present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
● If swallowed, call a poison center or doctor immediately. Do not induce vomiting.
Fire-fighting measures:
● Use water spray, foam, or dry powder to extinguish fires.
Accidental release measures:
● Remove all ignition sources.
● Evacuate the area.
● Ventilate the area.
● Absorb the spill with an inert absorbent material.
● Dispose of the waste material according to local regulations.
Handling and storage:
● Keep container tightly closed.
● Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place.
● Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames.
● Exposure controls/personal protection:
● Wear eye protection, gloves, and protective clothing.
● Use a respirator if necessary.
Stability and reactivity:
● Stable under normal conditions.
● May react with strong oxidizing agents.
Ecological information:
● Harmful to aquatic life.
Disposal considerations:
● Dispose of waste material according to local regulations.

Petroleum Ether
https://www.carlroth.com/medias/SDB-0731-IE-EN.pdf?context=bWFzdGVyfHNlY3VyaXR5
RGF0YXNoZWV0c3wzMTY3NTR8YXBwbGljYXRpb24vcGRmfHNlY3VyaXR5RGF0YXNoZW
V0cy9oYmEvaDYxLzkxMDc2NDU3NTk1MTgucGRmfGZkOGVlNmViNjViNjNiOWI3OTU1Yj
U5OGIzYmY0NjBlMjYxZjVhNDRmMmI3NDI2ZjM4MGVmYTg1ODVmZTE0NTU
Hazards:
● Highly flammable: Petroleum Ether vapors ignite easily and can create explosive
mixtures with air. Keep it away from heat, sparks, and open flames.
● Skin and eye irritant: Contact can cause redness, burning, and even damage. Wear
gloves, eye protection, and appropriate clothing.
● Harmful if inhaled: Breathing vapors can irritate the lungs and nervous system. Use in
a well-ventilated area and consider respiratory protection.
● Aspiration hazard: Swallowing even small amounts can be fatal. Do not ingest.
● Potential carcinogen: Long-term exposure may increase cancer risk. Handle with care
and minimize exposure.
Precautions:
● Store safely: Keep in a cool, dry place away from heat sources and incompatible
chemicals. Use appropriate containers.
● Handle with care: Minimize exposure and use personal protective equipment like
gloves, eye protection, and proper ventilation.
● Never smoke or use open flames around it.
● Label containers clearly and dispose of waste properly.
● Be aware of emergency procedures.
Remember:
● Petroleum Ether is a dangerous substance. Always read and follow the full MSDS and
safety guidelines before using it. If you have any questions or concerns, consult a
qualified professional.