Computer Networks, Computer

Security and Safety

 Discuss the importance of computer networks and
Discuss computer security and safety.

Identify Identify the types of computer networks.

Objectives
Differentiate Differentiate network topologies.

Identify the network devices used in creating

Identify networks and explain how each devices work.
 • A computer network refers to a
What is a set of computers connected
together for the purpose of
computer sharing resources and/or for
sending and receiving data from

network? one computer to the other.

 Local Area Network (LAN)
Classification
of Computer Metropolitan Area Network
Networks (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

 A network that connects computers and devices
in a limited geographical area such as a home,
school computer laboratory, office building, or
closely positioned group of buildings.

Local Area Each computer or device on the network, called

a node, often shares resources such as printers,
Network large hard disks, and programs. Often, the nodes
(LAN) are connected via cables.

A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a LAN that uses no

physical wires. Very often, a WLAN
communicates with a wired LAN for access to its
resources.
LAN Network Diagram
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is similar to a local area network
(LAN) but spans an entire city or campus.
• MANs are formed by connecting multiple LANs.
• Thus, MANs are larger than LANs but smaller than wide area
networks (WAN).
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• MANs are extremely efficient and provide fast communication via
high-speed carriers, such as fiber optic cables.
• A MAN is ideal for many kinds of network users because it is a
medium-size network.
• MANs are used to build networks with high data connection speeds
for cities and towns.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
• A wide area network (WAN) is a network that exists over a large-scale
geographical area, as compared to other network types, such as a
local area network (LAN).
 Wide • A WAN connects different smaller
networks, including local area
networks (LANs) and metro area
Area networks (MANs), so that computers
and users in one location can
communicate with computers and
Network users in other locations.
• WAN implementation can be done

(WAN) through either a public transmission

system or a private network.
Network
Architectures
 • Network architecture refers to the
way network devices and services
are structured to serve the
connectivity needs of client
Network devices.
Architectures
• Client/Server Network
• Peer-to-peer
• Internet Peer-to-peer
 A client/server LAN consists of several devices
(the clients) connected to a central server.

The server manages file storage, application

access, device access, and network traffic.
Client/Server
Network A client can be any connected device that runs
or accesses applications or the Internet.

The clients connect to the server either with

cables or through wireless connections.
Example of
Client Server
Network
 • A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is a
type of decentralized and
distributed network architecture in
which individual nodes in the
Peer-to- network (called "peers") act as
both suppliers and consumers of

peer
resources, in contrast to the
centralized client-servers model
where client nodes request access
to resources provided by central
servers.
Peer-to-peer
• In a peer-to-peer network, tasks (such as searching for files or
streaming audio/video) are shared among multiple
interconnected peers who each make a portion of their
resources (such as processing powers, disk storage or
network bandwidth) directly available to other network
participants, without the need for centralized coordination by
servers.
Peer-to-peer
Internet Peer-to-peer
• Another type of peer-to-peer, called P2P, describes an Internet network
on which users access each other’s hard disks and exchange files directly.
• This type of peer-to-peer network sometimes is called a file sharing
network because users with compatible software and an Internet
connection copy files from someone else’s hard disk to their hard disks.
 • As more users connect to the

Internet network, each user has access to

shared files on other users’ hard
disks. When users log off, others no

Peer-to- longer have access to their hard disks.

• Examples of networking software
that support P2P are BitTorrent,
peer Gnutella, Kazaa, and LimeWire, which
allow users to swap music and other
files via the Web.
 • Network topology refers to the
physical or logical layout of a
network. It defines the way
Network different nodes are placed and
interconnected with each other.
Topologies • Alternately, network topology may
describe how the data is
transferred between these nodes.
Two Types of Network
Topologies
• There are two types of network topologies: physical and
logical.
• Physical topology emphasizes the physical layout of the
connected devices and nodes, while the logical topology
focuses on the pattern of data transfer between network
nodes.
Basic Network Topology Models
 All the devices/nodes are
connected sequentially to
the same backbone or
Bus transmission line.

Topology This is a simple, low-cost

topology, but its single
point of failure presents a
risk.
 • All the nodes in the network are
connected to a central device like a
hub or switch via cables.
Star • Failure of individual nodes or
cables does not necessarily create
Topology downtime in the network, but the
failure of a central device can.
• This topology is the most preferred
and popular model.
 • All network devices are connected
sequentially to a backbone as in
bus topology except that the
Ring backbone ends at the starting
node, forming a ring.

Topology • Ring topology shares many of bus

topology's disadvantages so its use
is limited to networks that demand
high throughput
 • A root node is connected to two or
more sub-level nodes, which
themselves are connected
Tree hierarchically to sub-level nodes.
• Physically, the tree topology is
Topology similar to bus and star topologies;
the network backbone may have a
bus topology, while the low-level
nodes connect using star topology.
 • The topology in each node is
directly connected to some or all
the other nodes present in the
Mesh network.
• This redundancy makes the
Topology network highly fault-tolerant but
the escalated costs may limit this
topology to highly critical
networks.
 In a point-to-point connection, a
communication link is established
between two devices with one
Point-to- wire or air (in the case of
wireless).
point
A simple example of point-to-
connections point connection is talking over
telephone between two persons
where anyone else is not allowed
to use the phone on either side.
How
Network
Topologies
Work

https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=oembed&v=zbqrNg4C98U
Devices Used in
Computer Networks
 • The devices which are used for
communication between different

What are
hardware’s used in the computer network
are known as network devices.
• These devices are also known as physical

Network devices, networking hardware, and

network equipment otherwise computer
networking devices.

Devices? • In a computer network, each network

device plays a key role based on their
functionality and works for different
purposes at different segments.
 Network Hub
Types of Network Switch
Network
Network Router
Devices
Modem
 • The network hub is one kind of
networking device in a computer
Network network, used to communicate
with various network hosts and

Hub
also for data transferring.
• The transferring of data in a
computer network can be done in
the form of packets.
 • Switches facilitate the sharing of
resources by connecting together all the
devices, including computers, printers,

Network
and servers, in a small business network.
• A network switch connects devices within
a network (LAN) and forwards data

Switch
packets to and from those devices.
• Unlike a router, a switch only sends data
to the single device it is intended for
(which may be another switch, a router, or
a user's computer), not to networks of
multiple devices.
 • Just as a switch connects multiple
devices to create a network, a
router connects multiple
switches, and their respective
Router networks, to form an even larger
network.
• These networks may be in a single
location or across multiple
locations.
 • When building a small business
network, you will need one or more
routers.
• In addition to connecting multiple
networks together, the router also

Router allows networked devices and

multiple users to access the Internet.
• A router works as a dispatcher,
directing traffic and choosing the most
efficient route for information, in the
form of data packets, to travel across a
network.
Sample Layout with
Switch
Hubs,
Switches
and
Routers
Explained

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1z0ULvg_pW8
 • A modem is a small box that
connects your devices to the
Internet using cables.

What is • Unlike a router, a modem doesn’t

provide your home with Wi-Fi
connectivity.
Modem? • A modem acts as a digital
translator, taking an information
signal from your cable, fiber or
phone lines and making it
accessible to your computer.
What is a Modem?
• There are three types of modems: cable, digital subscriber line (DSL)
and dial-up. A cable modem uses coaxial cables that connect to the
back of the modem and the bolt-like outlet in your wall or on your
cable box.
• This type of modem delivers high speed internet to your device.
• DSL and dial-up modems use a cable that connects to your phone
line. DSL, however, still allows you to use your landline telephone
while connected to the internet.
• Fiber-optic technology doesn’t require a modem for its Internet
service.
Modem
vs.
Router

https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=oembed&v=Mad4kQ5835Y
Transmission
Media
What is a transmission media
• A transmission medium is a physical path between the transmitter
and the receiver, example it is the channel through which data is sent
from one place to another.
Transmission Media is broadly classified into
the following types:
 • It is also referred to as Wired or
Bounded transmission media.
• Signals being transmitted are directed

Guided
and confined in a narrow pathway by
using physical links.
• Features:

Media • High Speed

• Secure
• Used for comparatively shorter
distances
 Twisted Pair Cable
Three Types of
Guided Media
Coaxial Cable

Fiber Optic Cable

 Twisted Pair Cable
• It consists of 2 separately insulated

Guided
conductor wires wound about each other.
• Generally, several such pairs are bundled
together in a protective sheath. They are

Media the most widely used Transmission Media.

• Twisted Pair is of two types:
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
This type of cable has the ability to block interference and does not
depend on a physical shield for this purpose.
It is used for telephonic applications.
Advantages:
• Least expensive
• Easy to install
• High speed capacity
UTP Cable
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
• This type of cable consists of a special jacket to block external
interference.
• It is used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and data channels of
telephone lines.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Ethernet
Cables

https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=oembed&v=_NX99ad2FUA
Coaxial Cable
• It has an outer plastic covering containing 2 parallel conductors each
having a separate insulated protection cover.
• Coaxial cable transmits information in two modes: Baseband
mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and Broadband mode(cable
bandwidth is split into separate ranges).
• Cable TVs and analog television networks widely use Coaxial cables.
Coaxial Cable Advantages

• High Bandwidth
• Better noise Immunity
• Easy to install and expand
• Inexpensive
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
• It uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of
glass or plastic.
• The core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering called
the cladding.
• It is used for transmission of large volumes of data.
• The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional.
• The WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexer) supports two modes,
namely unidirectional and bidirectional mode.
Fiber Optic Cable
 • It is also referred to as Wireless or
Unbounded transmission media.
• No physical medium is required for
the transmission of electromagnetic
Unguided signals.
Features:
Media • Signal is broadcasted through air
• Less Secure
• Used for larger distances
Three (3) Radiowaves
• These are easy to generate and
major can penetrate through buildings.
• The sending and receiving
types of antennas need not be aligned.

Unguided
• Frequency Range:3KHz – 1GHz.
AM and FM radios and cordless
phones use Radiowaves for
Media transmission.
Three (3) Microwaves
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the

major
sending and receiving antennas need to be
properly aligned with each other.
• The distance covered by the signal is
types of directly proportional to the height of the
antenna.

Unguided • Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz.

• These are majorly used for mobile phone

Media
communication and television
distribution.
Three (3) Infrared
• Infrared waves are used for very short
major distance communication.
• They cannot penetrate through

types of obstacles.
• This prevents interference between

Unguided systems.
• Frequency Range:300GHz – 400THz. It is
used in TV remotes, wireless mouse,
Media keyboard, printer, etc.