IONIC EUILIBRIUM

dissocial inco
↑cholytes: The substance which

wake is called
dissolving
ions after in

as
electrolyte.
The produces large
no
substance which
Strong sholyze: ions
of on dissociation is called as

strong electrolyte.
less
which produces no

weak
-
elcholyte: The substance
are called
after dissociation
ofions

as weak dechrolyte

Note: weak electrolyte

and
dissociates palliatly
establishes equilibrium
between reactant and

product.

Degree diation:
the
Itis defined as

m
that
ratio
moles ofthe
oftotal number of electrolyte
is attained.
into ichs when equillitium
dissociates
moles dissociated
·. a =
Number of
x 100
total no moles
of

# MUSTAFA
STR
 ACID
-n
BASE
AND

&
*

Arrenhius Bronsred- Lewis

Lowry
Theory Theory
Theory

Avenhirs
mn They ·

substance which produces

are
ACID the

Itions on dissociation
+
1
-

Hc1 -> +
11

BASE
are the substance which produces
options on dissociation

Naon -> Na+ +oH-

Brousted-Lowry
man

is a substance that donates

ALID
substance.
proton (H+)
to another

is
BASE a substance that accepts
(let) from another substance
proton
LEWIS THEORY 8
mm

is species that accepts a

ACIX
any is called
share in an electron pair as

Lewis acid

substance that donates a

is
BASE any
shall
in election pain

water
Amphoteic
-
nature
-
-F
-

acid as well as
as
act an

ability
to
An
is known as amphotaic nature

base
has such ability.
ware

NH3 =Of + HHn+

M20 +

+
HC1 =430 c-
M20 +

Ionisation of
anase:
+
HC1
-
> 1 +
11

Noon->Nat + on-
# MUSTAFA
STR
Dissociation
weak acid
constantof base

For weak acid HA;

+
+

A
-

=H
HA

1
)A
-

i.ka 1
=

For weak base;

+
BON =
-

B et
+

:ks
coul
4)
=

# MUSTAFA
STR
Ostward Dilution Law

For weak Acid

+ -

HA =n A
+

ka 1
=

# -

HA = H f A

moles D
NOOF I
o
initially x
x
21 a)
-

equilibrium
At

concentration
at equilism
(9) (f)(E)
i. [1 1 [A]
+
=

=
[+A]
(F)
=

subshtoting
the above
values in Ka= 1
[A],
CHAJ
we
get;
 Ka
1,x , ,-
=

-
I

- x 1 1

1
For weak acid (1 -6) =

x'x +
ka
=
=

or
:ka /
-
ka q
=
c

Note: Similar
to this;
a- c can
1 k, =

&
k5 =

base B04.
be derived par weak
AUTO FONIZATION OF WATER

wake is
The ionization of

represented as

130+
-

+
0r
+0 H20 =
+

:k =
]COr]
[H20]2
a

:[150+]
11420] [ON]
Now;[M20] k' =

XK =[130 +] [05]
8.1
is kw [130 +] (01).....
=
[1XK kw] =

where know is
called as ionic product
water.
of

Also;kw (x107)
=
x (1x10 -)
-

14
= 10
->
-

# MUSTAFA
STR
 it and t
within to

pH
is defined as
negative logAstime
base 10 ofconcentration of
the
1
+

:pH
-
=
109..(130
to

pOH
is defined as
negative logarithm
OF ims
base 10 ofconcubation of
the
LON]
: pOR=-109,.
tween el and pod
Relationship
m

is
The ionic productofwater
kW [130 +] [ON]
=

10
-
14
BOU;Kw =

= 10'1[130+] Con]
both sides;
Taking logarity
on

log (H30+) 10g(0n)

+
=- 14

(130+] (-log (00]) 14

+ =

10g
-

:pH +

pH 14 # =

MUSTAFASTR
 ↑polysis :

Types ofas ·
base
Acid and
strong
As salts of
strong
NaCl, KC I
acid and weak base
B) Saltofstrong
CsOn. NMuLI

and base
as salts weak
of
acid
strong
KCN
CH3COONG,
acid and weak base
weak
⑬ salts of
CH3COONHG, NHuCN

salt is defined as the

Hydrolysis of
or
anions or
calions
reaction in which
with ions
reacts
both ions ofsalts
acidity or
basicity
wares
of
to produce

# MUSTAFA
STR
 and base
⑰ salts of
song
acid
shong
into ions water
when Nall dissociate in

Nacl -> Nat C1-

+

Also;water dissociates as;

-
+
+

or
H20 ->
H30

Na+
+
2T +
-

Nat 1i +
-> H30 04
+

H20
+

:
+

above
Note: similar to
hydrolysis the
of
can be
all combination
other
salts of
salt,
and 55)
Formed. (Refere Tearbook Pg 54

WEAK
OF ACID AND HEAK BASE
~

Conside, a weak salt;

+
+ -

BA B
= A

: On
hydrolysis
+
B04
+

B A
+
H20 = HA
+

for acidic or alkaline

The socursion
may
and
strenght ofacid
depending
base
upon
Butter solutions :
mm
solution
solution is defined as
Butter
in value of
which
drastic
resist change
acid or base
small amountof
when
pH
added to it.
is

TYPES OF SOLUTION
BUFFER

Solution
A) ADIC BEFER: A

acid and sails with

weak
containing
a

is called as acidic buffer.

base
shong
Example:
solution
A containing weak
m
and its salt
Cescoot
acid such as

CH3COONa a

pka at
logs
+

pH
=

where
Pka=-10g Ka

# MUSTAFA
STR
A) BASIC BUFFER: Soltion
A
-m

base and salts with

weak
containing
a

is called as basic buffer.

base
shong
Example:
solution
A containing weak
m
and its salt
as NHyoh
base such

NMyCI

pk +10g [01]
=

p
Chase

where
Pk =-10g K
is called as
This equation
Henderson - Hassel back

equation.

# MUSTAFA
STR
 BFFER AON &
&

contain
consides an acidic butter

CHICOON
and CUILOONa.
Nat
CH3COONa->CH3C00 +

+ H+
CH3C00N =CH100
added to the
acid is
Ifa
strong
butter sourion; added titions will be

base
consumed
by conjugate CH3c00r

large concentration. base

in IP
present
is added options will be neutralized

by large concentration of CH3C001.

toffee neutralizes both

Hence the

It and orions. MUSTAFA

STR
PROPERTIES OF BOFFER
mobility ducts
Consider a compound AgCI
+
+

c1-
Ag
-

AgCI =

k (n
=
(ci]
[AgCT)
The Concentration undissolved
of AgCI
is constant;

·a k
[AgSaI
=

:.kx k = [Ag +] [21]

This kok' is called as
soubility
product denoted as
ksp
:Ksp [Ag+] [ci)
=
For reaction;
a
general x
xBy +
-

Bx Ay = yA
+

ksp (Be +)x[Axy9

=

For example
(a2
+ -

CaFz = 2F
+

ksp
i
[ca2+] [F-y2
=

cas(POU) =3ca2+ 2P0u3-

+

:Ksp [Ca2+]
=
[P0y3.52
Relationship between
solubility and

mode soubity

9/2 in
Mola solubility iir y
=

g/ms
molar mass in
 defined as makes
is
· Molas solubility
that dissolve give
to

of
a
compound
samared solution is
one life of

called as mold soubility.

Consider;
xB3 +yAx
+

=
Buty

IFS is the mole Soubility;

[Bx y xS
+

[A3 y yS
-

:Ksp (sy4[ys]]
=

(x)Y(s]
=

(y)
"
(s)?
(x)(y)ys(x 1)
+

#eX:caFz =caF++ 27 -

x 1;
=
y 2
=

Ksp (1)'(232-(1
=
+2)

13 # MUSTAFA
STR
 A,3+ 304
AlCON3
+
=

3
x 1;y
=
=

3)
(1)(3)3s(1
+

:Ksp =

ash
condition
m
ipilion
of

EFFECT
-MON ION
~ -

common ion effectstates that

The
is
the ionisation of weak
electrolyte
supressed by strong electrote in

a presence ofcommonion containing

smong electrolyte.